TNF/VEGF cross-talk in chronic inflammation-related cancer initiation and progression: An early target in anticancer therapeutic strategy

In Vivo

Volumn 21, Issue 2, 2007, Pages 147-162

  Guadagni, Fiorella ^a   Ferroni, Patrizia ^a   Palmirotta, Raffaele ^a   Portarena, Ilaria ^b   Formica, Vincenzo ^b   Roselli, Mario ^b  

^a IRCCS SAN RAFFAELE PISANA   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ROME TOR VERGATA   (Italy)

Author keywords

Angiogenesis; Anticancer therapy; Cytokines; Inflammation; Review

Indexed keywords

ALPHA INTERFERON; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT; BEVACIZUMAB; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKING AGENT; CARBOPLATIN; CYCLOOXYGENASE 2 INHIBITOR; CYTOTOXIC AGENT; DEXAMETHASONE; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; DIURETIC AGENT; ERLOTINIB; ETANERCEPT; FLUOROURACIL; FOLINIC ACID; GEMCITABINE; IMATINIB; IRINOTECAN; METHOTREXATE; MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY DC101; OXALIPLATIN; PACLITAXEL; PLACEBO; PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITOR; SORAFENIB; STEROID; SUNITINIB; THALIDOMIDE; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA INHIBITOR; UNINDEXED DRUG; VASCULOTROPIN INHIBITOR; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA; VASCULOTROPIN A;

ANGIOGENESIS; ANOREXIA; ANTIANGIOGENIC ACTIVITY; ANTIEMETIC ACTIVITY; ANTINEOPLASTIC ACTIVITY; ARTERY THROMBOSIS; BREAST CANCER; CACHEXIA; CANCER GRADING; CANCER GROWTH; CANCER SURVIVAL; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CLINICAL TRIAL; COLON CARCINOMA; COLORECTAL CANCER; COMBINATION CHEMOTHERAPY; DIARRHEA; DIGESTIVE SYSTEM PERFORATION; DISEASE SEVERITY; DRUG BIOAVAILABILITY; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG FATALITY; DRUG HALF LIFE; DRUG MEGADOSE; DRUG TARGETING; DRUG TOLERANCE; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; FATIGUE; GASTROINTESTINAL STROMAL TUMOR; GENE EXPRESSION; HEADACHE; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; INJECTION SITE REACTION; KIDNEY CARCINOMA; LEUKOPENIA; LIVER CELL CARCINOMA; LOW DRUG DOSE; LUNG NON SMALL CELL CANCER; LYMPHOMA; MONOTHERAPY; MULTIPLE MYELOMA; NAUSEA; NONHUMAN; OVARY CANCER; PANCREAS CANCER; PROMOTER REGION; PROTEIN TARGETING; RECTUM CARCINOMA; REVIEW; SJOEGREN SYNDROME; SKIN DISCOLORATION; THROMBOEMBOLISM; TUBERCULOSIS; TUMOR VASCULARIZATION; VEIN THROMBOSIS; APOPTOSIS; BIOLOGICAL MODEL; CELL DIVISION; CELL FUNCTION; CELL SURVIVAL; DRUG EFFECT; INFLAMMATION; NEOPLASM; NEOVASCULARIZATION (PATHOLOGY); PATHOLOGY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY;

ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS; APOPTOSIS; CELL DIVISION; CELL PHYSIOLOGY; CELL SURVIVAL; HUMANS; INFLAMMATION; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; NEOPLASMS; NEOVASCULARIZATION, PATHOLOGIC; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA; VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR A;

EID: 34047235187     PISSN: 0258851X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (142)

1. Balkwill F and Mantovani A: Inflammation and cancer: back to Virchow? Lancet 357: 539-545, 2001.
2. Burnet FM: Immunological surveillance in neoplasia. Transplant Rev 7: 3-25, 1971.
3. Coussens LM and Werb Z: Inflammation and cancer. Nature 420: 860-867, 2002.
4. Kuper H, Adami HO and Trichopoulos D: Infections as a major preventable cause of human cancer. J Intern Med 248: 171-183, 2000.
5. Itzkowitz SH: Molecular biology of dysplasia and cancer in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 35: 553-571, 2006.
6. Levrero M: Viral hepatitis and liver cancer: the case of hepatitis C. Oncogene 25: 3834-3847, 2006.
7. Prinz C, Schwendy S and Voland P: H. pylori and gastric cancer: shifting the global burden. World J Gastroenterol 12: 5458-5464, 2006.
8. Aggarwal BB, Shishodia S, Sandur SK, Pandey MK and Sethi G: Inflammation and cancer: how hot is the link? Biochem Pharmacol 72: 1605-1621, 2006.
9. Yan L, Anderson GM, DeWitte M and Nakada MT: Therapeutic potential of cytokine and chemokine antagonists in cancer therapy. Eur J Cancer 42: 793-802, 2006.
10. Aggarwal BB: Signalling pathways of the TNF superfamily: a double-edged sword. Nat Rev Immunol 3: 745-756, 2003.
11. Balkwill F: Tumor necrosis factor or tumor promoting factor? Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 13: 135-141, 2002.
12. Carswell EA, Old LJ, Kassel RL, Green S, Fiore N and Williamson B: An endotoxin-induced serum factor that causes necrosis of tumors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 72: 3666-3670, 1975.
13. Old LJ: Tumor necrosis factor (TNF). Science 230: 630-632, 1985.
14. Lejeune FJ, Ruegg C and Lienard D: Clinical applications of TNF-alpha in cancer. Curr Opin Immunol 10: 573-580, 1998.
15. Kaiser GC and Polk DB: Tumor necrosis factor alpha regulates proliferation in a mouse intestinal cell line. Gastroenterology 112: 1231-1240, 1997.
16. Chen J, Diacono TG, Grenache DG, Santoro SA and Zutter MM: The alpha(2) integrin subunit-deficient mouse: a multifaceted phenotype including defects of branching morphogenesis and hemostasis. Am J Pathol 161: 337-344, 2002.
17. Iocca HA and Isom HC: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha acts as a complete mitogen for primary rat hepatocytes. Am J Pathol 163: 465-476, 2003.
18. Argast GM, Campbell JS, Brooling JT and Fausto N: Epidermal growth factor receptor transactivation mediates tumor necrosis factor-induced hepatocyte replication. J Biol Chem 279: 34530-34536, 2004.
19. Okamoto M and Oyasu R: Transformation in vitro of a non tumorigenic rat urothelial cell line by tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Lab Invest 77: 139-144, 1997.
20. Montesano R Soulie P Eble JA and Carrozzino F: Tumour necrosis factor alpha confers an invasive, transformed phenotype on mammary epithelial cells. J Cell Sci 118: 3487-3500, 2005.
21. Orosz F, Echtenacher B, Falk W, Ruschoff J, Weber D and Mannel DN: Enhancement of experimental metastasis by tumor necrosis factor. J Exp Med 177: 1391-1398, 1993.
22. Moore RJ, Owens DM, Stamp G, Arnott C, Burke F, East N, Holdsworth H, Turner L, Rollins B and Pasparakis M: Mice deficient in tumor necrosis factor-alpha are resistant to skin carcinogenesis. Nat Med 5: 828-831, 1999.
23. Scott KA, Moore RJ, Arnott CH, East N, Thompson RG, Scallon BJ, Shealy DJ and Balkwill FR: An anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha antibody inhibits the development of experimental skin tumors. Mol Cancer Ther 2: 445-451, 2003.
24. Liu ZG, Hu H, Goeddel DV and Karin M: Dissection of TNF receptor 1 effector functions: JNK activation is not linked to apoptosis, while NF-κB activation prevents cell death. Cell 87: 565-576, 1996.
25. Beg AA and Baltimore D: An essential role for NF-κB in preventing TNF-α induced cell death. Science 274: 782-784, 1996.
26. Van Antwerp DJ, Martin SJ, Kafri T, Green DR and Verma IM: Suppression of TNFα-induced apoptosis by NF-κB. Science 274: 787-789, 1996.
27. Wang CY, Mayo MW and Baldwin AS: TNF-α and cancer therapy-induced apoptosis: potentiation by inhibition of NF-κB. Science 274: 784-787, 1996.
28. Chan KF, Siegel MR and Lenardo JM: Signaling by the TNF receptor superfamily and T cell homeostasis. Immunity 13: 419-422, 2000.
29. Karin M: Nuclear factor-κB in cancer development and progression. Nature 441: 431-436, 2006.
30. Collins T, Read MA, Neish AS, Whitely M, Thanos M and Maniatis T: Transcriptional regulation of endothelial cell adhesion molecules: NF-κB and cytokine-inducible enhancers. FASEB J 9: 899-909, 1995.
31. Read MA, Whiteley MZ, Williams AJ and Collins T: NF-κB, and IκBα. An inducible regulatory system in endothelial activation. J Exp Med 179: 503-512, 1994.
32. Sarma V, Wolf FW, Marks RM, Shows TB and Dixit VM: Cloning of a novel tumor necrosis factor-alpha-inducible primary response gene that is differentially expressed in development and capillary tube-like formation in vitro. J Immunol 148: 3302-3312, 1992.
33. Frater-Schroder M, Risau W, Hallmann R, Gautschi P and Bohlen P: Tumor necrosis factor type alpha, a potent inhibitor of endothelial cell growth in vitro, is angiogenic in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84: 5277-5281, 1987.
34. Keffer J, Probert L, Cazlaris H, Georgopoulos S, Kaslaris E, Kioussis D and Kollias G: Transgenic mice expressing human tumour necrosis factor: a predictive genetic model of arthritis. EMBO J 10: 4025-4031, 1991.
35. Zhang R, Xu Y, Ekman N, Wu Z, Wu J, Alitalo K and Min W: Etk/Bmx transactivates vascular endothelial growth factor 2 and recruits phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase to mediate the tumor necrosis factor-induced angiogenic pathway. J Biol Chem 278: 51267-51276, 2003.
36. Iruela-Arispe ML and Dvorak HF: Angiogenesis: a dynamic balance of stimulators and inhibitors. Thromb Haemost 78: 672-677, 1997.
37. Lee MJ, Thangada S, Claffey KP, Ancellin N, Liu CH, Kluk M, Volpi M and Sha'afi RI and Hla T: Vascular endothelial cell adherents junction assembly and morphogenesis induced by sphingosine-1-phosphate. Cell 99: 301-312, 1999.
38. Giraudo E, Primo L, Audero E, Gerber HP, Koolwijk P, Soker S, Klagsbrun M, Ferrara N and Bussolino F: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha regulates expression of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 and of its co-receptor neuropilin-1 in human vascular endothelial cells. J Biol Chem 273: 22128-22135, 1998.
39. Ristimaki A, Narko K, Enholm B, Joukov V and Alitalo K: Proinflammatory cytokines regulate expression of the lymphatic endothelial mitogen vascular endothelial growth factor-C. J Biol Chem 273: 8413-8418, 1998.
40. Ryuto M, Ono M, Izumi H, Yoshida S, Weich HA, Kohno K and Kuwano M: Induction of vascular endothelial growth factor by tumor necrosis factor alpha in human glioma cells. Possible roles of SP-1. J Biol Chem 271: 28220-28228, 1996.
41. Roy H, Bhardwaj S and Yla-Herttuala S: Biology of vascular endothelial growth factors. FEBS Lett 580: 2879-2887, 2006.
42. Ferrara N and Davis-Smyth T: The biology of vascular endothelial growth factor. Endocr Rev 18: 4-25, 1997.
43. Fidler IJ and Ellis LM: Neoplastic angiogenesis - not all blood vessels are created equal. N Engl J Med 351: 215-216, 2004.
44. Folkman J: What is the evidence that tumors are angiogenesis dependent? J Natl Cancer Inst 82: 4-6, 1990.
45. Jain RK: Molecular regulation of vessel maturation. Nat Med 9: 685-693, 2003.
46. Carmeliet P and Jain RK: Angiogenesis in cancer and other diseases. Nature 407: 249-257, 2000.
47. Leung DW, Cachianes G, Kuang WJ, Goeddel DV and Ferrara N: Vascular endothelial growth factor is a secreted angiogenic mitogen. Science 246: 1306-1309, 1989.
48. Keck PJ, Hauser SD and Krivi G: Vascular permeability factor, an endothelial cell mitogen related to PDGF. Science 246: 1309-1312, 1989.
49. Shibuya M, Yamaguchi S and Yamane A: Nucleotide sequence and expression of a novel human receptor-type tyrosine kinase gene (flt) closely related to the fms family. Oncogene 5: 519-524, 1990.
50. Matthews W, Jordan CT, Gavin M, Jenkins NA, Copeland NG and Lemischka IR: A receptor tyrosine kinase cDNA isolated from a population of enriched primitive hematopoietic cells and exhibiting close genetic linkage to c-kit. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88: 9026-9030, 1991.
51. Terman BI, Carrion ME, Kovacs E, Rasmussen BA, Eddy RL and Shows TB: Identification of a new endothelial cell growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase. Oncogene 6:1677-1683, 1991.
52. Nash AD, Baca M, Wright C and Scotney PD: The biology of vascular endothelial growth factor-B (VEGF-B). Pulm Pharmacol Ther 19: 61-69, 2005.
53. Enholm B, Karpanen T, Jeltsch M, Kubo H, Stenback F, Prevo R, Jackson DG, Yla-Herttuala S and Alitalo K: Adenoviral expression of vascular endothelial growth factor-C induces lymphangiogenesis in the skin. Circ Res 88: 623-629, 2001.
54. Karkkainen MJ, Haiko P, Sainio K, Partanen J, Taipale J, Petrova TV, Jeltsch M, Jackson DG, Talikka M, Rauvala H, Betsholtz C and Alitalo K: Vascular endothelial growth factor C is required for sprouting of the first lymphatic vessels from embryonic veins. Nat Immunol 5: 74-80, 2004.
55. Jeltsch M, Kaipainen A, Joukov V, Meng X, Lakso M, Rauvala H, Swartz M, Fukumura D, Jain RK and Alitalo K: Hyperplasia of lymphatic vessels in VEGF-C transgenic mice. Science 276: 1423-1425, 1997.
56. Baldwin ME, Halford MM, Roufail S, Williams RA, Hibbs ML, Grail D, Kubo H, Stacker SA and Achen MG: Vascular endothelial growth factor D is dispensable for development of the lymphatic system. Mol Cell Biol 25: 2441-2449, 2005.
57. Stacker SA, Achen MG, Jussila L, Baldwin ME and Alitalo K: Lymphangiogenesis and cancer metastasis. Nat Rev Cancer 2: 573-583, 2002.
58. Szlosarek P and Balkwill F: Tumour necrosis factor-α: a potential target in the therapy of solid tumors. Lancet Oncology 4: 565-573, 2003.
59. Tisdale MJ: Cancer cachexia. Langenbeck's. Archive Surgery 389: 299-305, 2004.
60. Mantovani G, Maccio A and Mura L: Serum levels of leptin and proinflammatory cytokines in patients with advanced stage cancer at different sites. J Mol Med 78: 554-561, 2000.
61. Karayiannakis AJ, Syrigos KN, Polychronidis A, Pitiakoudis A, Bounovas A and Simopoulos K: Serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and nutritional status in pancreatic cancer patients. Anticancer Res 21: 1355-1358, 2001.
62. Leek RD, Landers R, Fox SB, Ng F, Harris AL and Lewis CE: Association of tumour necrosis factor alpha and its receptors with thymidine phosphorylase expression in invasive breast carcinoma. Br J Cancer 77: 2246-2251, 1998.
63. Guadagni F, Ferroni P, Basili S, Facciolo F, Carlini S, Crecco M, Martini F, Spila A, Mineo TC and Roselli M: Correlation between tumor necrosis factor-alpha and D-dimer levels in non-small cell lung cancer patients. Lung Cancer 44: 303-310, 2004.
64. Pfitzenmaier J, Vessella R, Higano CS, Noteboom JL, Wallace D Jr and Corey E: Elevation of cytokine levels in cachectic patients with prostate carcinoma. Cancer 97: 1211-1216, 2003.
65. Nakashima J, Tachibana M, Ueno M, Miyajima A, Baba S and Murai M: Association between tumor necrosis factor in serum and cachexia in patients with prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res 4: 1743-1748, 1998.
66. Yan L, Anderson GM, DeWitte M and Nakada MT: Therapeutic potential of cytokine and chemokines antagonists in cancer therapy. Eur J Cancer 42: 793-802, 2006.
67. Ardizzoia A, Lissoni P, Brivio F, Tisi E, Perego MS, Grassi MG, Pittalis S, Crispino S, Barni S and Tancini G: Tumor necrosis factor in solid tumors: increased blood levels in the metastatic disease. J Biol Regul Homeost Agents 6: 103-107, 1992.
68. Belluco C, Nitti D, Frantz M, Toppan P, Basso D, Plebani M, Lise M and Jessup JM: Interleukin-6 blood level is associated with circulating carcinoembryonic antigen and prognosis in patients with colorectal cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 7: 133-138, 2000.
69. Ito H and Miki C: Profile of circulating levels of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist and interleukin-6 in colorectal cancer patients. Scand J Gastroenterol 34: 1139-1143, 1999.
70. Ueda T, Shimada E and Urakawa T: Serum levels of cytokines in patients with colorectal cancer: possible involvement of interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 in hematogenous metastasis. J Gastroenterol 29: 423-429, 1994.
71. Matanic D, Beg-Zec Z, Stojanovic D, Matakoric N, Flego V and Milevoj-Ribic F: Cytokines in patients with lung cancer. Scand J Immunol 57: 173-178, 2003.
72. Roselli M, Guadagni F, Martini F, Spila A, Mariotti S, D'Alessandro R, Aloe S, Gazzaniga PP, Basili S, Cosimelli M and Ferroni P: Association between serum carcinoembryonic antigen and endothelial cell adhesion molecules in colorectal cancer. Oncology 65: 132-138, 2003.
73. Michalaki V, Syrigos K, Charles P and Waxman J: Serum levels of IL-6 and TNF-alpha correlate with clinicopathological features and patient survival in patients with prostate cancer. Br J Cancer 90: 2312-2316, 2004.
74. Il'yasova D, Colbert LH, Harris TB, Newman AB, Bauer DC, Satterfield S and Kritchevsky SB: Circulating levels of inflammatory markers and cancer risk in the health aging and body composition cohort. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 14: 2413-2418, 2005.
75. Gasparini G, Longo R, Toi M and Ferrara N: Angiogenic inhibitors: a new therapeutic strategy in oncology. Nat Clin Pract Oncol 2: 562-577, 2005.
76. Kim KJ, Li B, Winer J, Armanini M, Gillett N, Phillips HS and Ferrara N: Inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor-induced angiogenesis suppresses tumour growth in vivo. Nature 362: 841-844, 1993.
77. Presta LG, Chen H, O'Connor SJ, Chisholm V, Meng YG, Krummen L, Winkler M and Ferrara N: Humanization of an anti-vascular endothelial growth factor monoclonal antibody for the therapy of solid tumors and other disorders. Cancer Res 57: 4593-4599, 1997.
78. Hurwitz H, Fehrenbacher L, Novotny W, Cartwright T, Hainsworth J, Heim W, Berlin J, Baron A, Griffing S, Holmgren E, Ferrara N, Fyfe G, Rogers B, Ross R and Kabbinavar F: Bevacizumab plus irinotecan, fluorouracil, and leucovorin for metastatic colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med 350: 2335-2342, 2004.
79. Kabbinavar F, Hurwitz H, Fehrenbacher L, Meropol NJ, Novotny WF, Lieberman G, Griffing S and Bergsland E: Phase II, randomized trial comparing bevacizumab plus fluorouracil (FU)/leucovorin (LV) with FU/LV alone in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 21: 60-65, 2003.
80. Yang JC, Haworth L, Sherry RM, Hwu P, Schwartzentruber DJ, Topalian SL, Steinberg SM, Chen HX and Rosenberg SA: A randomized trial of bevacizumab, an anti-vascular endothelial growth factor antibody, for metastatic renal cancer. N Engl J Med 349: 427-434, 2003.
81. Kindler HL, Friberg G, Singh DA, Locker G, Nattam S, Kozloff M, Taber DA, Karrison T, Dachman A, Stadler WM and Vokes EE: Phase II trial of bevacizumab plus gemcitabine in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer. J Clin Oncol 23: 8033-8040, 2005.
82. Zhu AX, Blaszkowsky LS, Ryan DP, Clark JW, Muzikansky A, Horgan K, Sheehan S, Hale KE, Enzinger PC, Bhargava P and Stuart K: Phase II study of gemcitabine and oxaliplatin in combination with bevacizumab in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 24: 1898-1903, 2006.
83. Herbst RS, Johnson DH, Mininberg E, Carbone DP, Henderson T, Kim ES, Blumenschein G Jr, Lee JJ, Liu DD, Truong MT, Hong WK, Tran H, Tsao A, Xie D, Ramies DA, Mass R, Seshagiri S, Eberhard DA, Kelley SK and Sandler A: Phase I/II trial evaluating the anti-vascular endothelial growth factor monoclonal antibody bevacizumab in combination with the HER-1/epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor erlotinib for patients with recurrent non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 23: 2544-2555, 2005.
84. Johnson DH, Fehrenbacher L, Novotny WF, Herbst RS, Nemunaitis JJ, Jablons DM, Langer CJ, DeVore RF 3rd, Gaudreault J, Damico LA, Holmgren E and Kabbinavar F: Randomized phase II trial comparing bevacizumab plus carboplatin and paclitaxel with carboplatin and paclitaxel alone in previously untreated locally advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 22: 2184-2191, 2004.
85. Miller KD, Chap LI, Holmes FA, Cobleigh MA, Marcom PK, Fehrenbacher L, Dickler M, Overmoyer BA, Reimann JD, Sing AP, Langmuir V and Rugo HS: Randomized phase III trial of capecitabine compared with bevacizumab plus capecitabine in patients with previously treated metastatic breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 23: 792-799, 2005.
86. Jain RK: Normalizing tumor vasculature with anti-angiogenic therapy: a new paradigm for combination therapy. Nat Med 7: 987-989, 2001.
87. Winkler F, Kozin SV, Tong RT, Chae SS, Booth MF, Garkavtsev I, Xu L, Hicklin DJ, Fukumura D, di Tomaso E, Munn LL and Jain RK: Kinetics of vascular normalization by VEGFR2 blockade governs brain tumor response to radiation: role of oxygenation, angiopoietin-1 and matrix metalloproteinases. Cancer Cell 6: 553-563, 2004.
88. Ansiaux R, Baudelet C, Jordan BF, Beghein N, Sonveaux P, De Wever J, Martinive P, Gregoire V, Feron O and Gallez B: Thalidomide radiosensitizes tumors through early changes in the tumor microenvironment. Clin Cancer Res 11: 743-750, 2005.
89. Huber PE, Bischof M, Jenne J, Heiland S, Peschke P, Saffrich R, Grone HJ, Debus J, Lipson KE and Abdollahi A: Trimodal cancer treatment: beneficial effects of combined antiangiogenesis, radiation, and chemotherapy. Cancer Res 65: 3643-3655, 2005.
90. Salnikov AV, Roswall P, Sundberg C, Gardner H, Heldin NE and Rubin K: Inhibition of TGF-beta modulates macrophages and vessel maturation in parallel to a lowering of interstitial fluid pressure in experimental carcinoma. Lab Invest 85: 512-521, 2005.
91. Tong RT, Boucher Y, Kozin SV, Winkler F, Hicklin DJ and Jain RK: Vascular normalization by vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 blockade induces a pressure gradient across the vasculature and improves drug penetration in tumors. Cancer Res 64: 3731-3736, 2004.
92. Vosseler S, Mirancea N, Bohlen P, Mueller MM and Fusenig NE: Angiogenesis inhibition by vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 blockade reduces stromal matrix metalloproteinase expression, normalizes stromal tissue, and reverts epithelial tumor phenotype in surface heterotransplants. Cancer Res 65: 1294-1305, 2005.
93. Wildiers H, Guetens G, De Boeck G, Verbeken E, Landuyt B, Landuyt W, de Bruijn EA and van Oosterom AT: Effect of antivascular endothelial growth factor treatment on the intratumoral uptake of CPT-11. Br J Cancer 88: 1979-1986, 2003.
94. Demetri GD, van Oosterom AT, Garrett CR, Blackstein ME, Shah MH, Verweij J, McArthur G, Judson IR, Heinrich MC, Morgan JA, Desai J, Fletcher CD, George S, Bello CL, Huang X, Baum CM and Casali PG: Efficacy and safety of sunitinib in patients with advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumour after failure of imatinib: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 368: 1329-1338, 2006.
95. Motzer RJ, Michaelson MD, Redman HG, Hudes OR, Wilding G, Figlin RA, Ginsberg MS, Kim ST, Baum CM, DePrimo SE, Li JZ, Bello CL, Theuer CP, George DJ and Rini BI: SU11248, a multi-targeted inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor and platelet-derived growth factor receptor, demonstrated antitumor activity in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 24: 16-24, 2005.
96. Wilhelm SM, Carter C, Tang L, Wilkie D, McNabola A, Rong H, Chen C, Zhang X, Vincent P, McHugh M, Cao Y, Shujath J, Gawlak S, Eveleigh D, Rowley B, Liu L, Adnane L, Lynch M, Auclair D, Taylor I, Gedrich R, Voznesensky A, Riedl B, Post LE, Bollag G and Trail PA: BAY 43-9006 exhibits broad spectrum oral anti-tumor activity and targets the Raf/MEK/ ERK pathway and receptor tyrosine kinases involved in tumor progression and angiogenesis. Cancer Res 64: 7099-7109, 2004.
97. Ratain MJ, Eisen T, Stadler WM, Flaherty KT, Kaye SB, Rosner GL, Gore M, Desai AA, Patnaik A, Xiong HQ, Rowinsky E, Abbruzzese JL, Xia C, Simantov R, Schwartz B and O'Dwyer PJ: Phase II placebo-controlled randomized discontinuation trial of sorafenib in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 24: 2505-2512, 2006.
98. Gasparini G, Morabito A, Magnani E, Gattuso D, Capaccetti B and Alberti AM: Thalidomide: an old sedative hypnotic with anticancer activity? Current Opin Invest Drugs 2:1302-1308, 2001.
99. Morabito A Fanelli M, Carillio G, Gattuso D, Sarmiento R and Gasparini G: Thalidomide prolongs disease stabilization after conventional therapy in patients with recurrent glioblastoma. Oncol Rep 11: 93-95, 2004.
100. Singhal S, Mehta J, Desikan R, Ayers D, Roberson P, Eddlemon P, Munshi N, Anaissie E, Wilson C, Dhodapkar M, Zeddis J and Barlogie B: Antitumor activity of thalidomide in refractory multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med 341:1565-1571, 1999.
101. Barlogie B, Desikan R, Eddlemon P, Spencer T, Zeldis J, Munshi N, Badros A, Zangari M, Anaissie E, Epstein J, Shaughnessy J, Ayers D, Spoon D and Tricot G: Extended survival in advanced and refractory multiple myeloma after single-agent thalidomide: identification of prognostic factors in a phase-2 study of 169 patients. Blood 98: 492-494, 2001.
102. Chang WJ, Lau LG, Yusof N and Mow BM: Targeted therapy in multiple myeloma. Cancer Control 12: 91-104, 2005.
103. Rajkumar SV, Dispenzieri A, Fonseca R, Lacy MQ, Geyer S, Lust JA, Kyle RA, Greipp PR, Gertz MA and Witzig TE: Thalidomide for previously untreated indolent or smoldering multiple myeloma. Leukemia 15: 1274-1276, 2001.
104. Rajkumar SV, Gertz MA, Lacy MO, Dispenzieri A, Fonseca R, Geyer SM, Iturria N, Kumar S, Lust JA, Kyle RA, Greipp PR and Witzig TE: Thalidomide as initial therapy for early-stage myeloma. Leukemia 17: 775-779, 2003.
105. Weber D, Rankin K, Gavino M, Delasalle K and Alexanian R: Thalidomide alone or with dexamethasone for previously untreated multiple myeloma. J Clin Oncol 21: 16-19, 2003.
106. Motzer RJ, Berg W, Ginsberg M, Russo P, Vuky J, Yu R, Bacik J and Mazumdar M: Phase II trial of thalidomide for patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 20: 302-306, 2002.
107. Drake MJ, Robson W, Mehta P, Schofield I, Neal DE and Leung HY: An open-label phase II study of low-dose thalidomide in androgen-independent prostate cancer. Br J Cancer 88: 822-827, 2003.
108. Tseng JE, Glisson BS, Khuri FR, Shin DM, Myers JN, El-Naggar AK, Roach JS, Ginsberg LE, Thall PF, Wang X, Teddy S, Lawhorn KN, Zentgraf RE, Steinhaus GD, Pluda JM, Abbruzzese JL, Hong WK and Herbst RS: Phase II study of the antiangiogenesis agent thalidomide in recurrent or metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Cancer 92: 2364-2373, 2001.
109. Fine HA, Wen PY, Maher EA, Viscosi E, Batchelor T, Lakhani N, Figg WD, Purow BW and Borkowf CB: Phase II trial of Thalidomide and carmustine for patients with recurrent high-grade gliomas. J Clin Oncol 21: 2299-2304, 2003.
110. Hwu WJ, Krown SE, Panageas KS, Menell JH, Chapman PB, Livingston PO, Williams LJ, Quinn CJ and Houghton AN: Temozolomide plus thalidomide in patients with advanced melanoma: results of a dose finding trial. J Clin Oncol 20: 2610-2605, 2002.
111. Gasparini G, Longo R, Sarmiento R and Morabito A: COX-2 inhibitors (Coxibs): a new class of anticancer agents? Lancet Oncol 4: 605-615, 2003.
112. Altorki NK, Keresztes RS, Port JL, Libby DM, Korst RJ, Flieder DB, Ferrara CA, Yankelevitz DF, Subbaramaiah K, Pasmantier MW and Dannenberg AJ: Celecoxib, a selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, enhances the response to preoperative paclitaxel and carboplatin in early-stage non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 21: 2645-2650, 2003.
113. Gasparini G, Meo S, Comella G, Stani SC, Mariani L, Gamucci T, Avallone A, Lo Vullo S, Mansueto G, Bonginelli P, Gattuso D and Gion M: The combination of the selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor celecoxib with weekly paclitaxel is a safe and active second line therapy for non-small cell lung cancer: a phase II study with biological correlates. Cancer J 11: 209-216, 2005.
114. Bresalier RS, Sandler RS, Quan H, Bolognese JA, Oxenius B, Horgan K, Lines C, Riddell R, Morton D, Lanas A, Konstam MA and Baron JA: Cardiovascular events associated with rofecoxib in a colorectal adenoma chemoprevention trial. N Engl J Med 352: 1092-1102, 2005.
115. Solomon S, McMurray JJ, Pfeffer MA, Wittes J, Fowler R, Finn P, Anderson WF, Zauber A, Hawk E and Bertagnolli M: Cardiovascular risk associated with celecoxib in a clinical trial for colorectal adenoma prevention. N Engl J Med 352: 1071-1080, 2005.
116. Nussmeir NA, Whelton AA, Brown MT, Langford RM, Hoeft A, Parlow JL, Boyce SW and Verburg KM: Complications of the COX-2 inhibitors parecoxib and valdecoxib after cardiac surgery. N Engl J Med 352: 1081-1091, 2005.
117. Lienard D, Eggermont AM, Schraffordt Koops H, Kroon BB, Rosenkaimer F, Autier P and Lejeune F: Isolated perfusion of the limb with high-dose tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and melphalan for melanoma stage III. Results of a multi-centre pilot study. Melanoma Res 1: 21-26, 1994.
118. Koops HS, Vaglini M, Suciu S, Kroon BB, Thompson JF, Gohl J, Eggermont AM, Di Filippo F, Krementz ET, Ruiter D and Lejeune FJ: Prophylactic isolated limb perfusion for localized, high-risk limb melanoma: results of a multicenter randomized phase III trial. European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Malignant Melanoma Cooperative Group Protocol 18832, the World Health Organization Melanoma Program Trial 15, and the North American Perfusion Group Southwest Oncology Group-8593. J Clin Oncol 16: 2906-2912, 1998.
119. Fraker DL: What is the best regional therapy? Melanoma Res 7: 42, 1997.
120. Santinami M, Deraco M, Azzarelli A, Cascinelli F, Chiti A, Costagli V, Inglese MG, Manzi R, Ouagliolo V, Rebuffoni G Santoro N and Vaglini M: Treatment of recurrent sarcoma of the extremities by isolated limb perfusion using tumor necrosis factor alpha and melphalan. Tumori 82: 579-584, 1996.
121. Gutman M, Inbar M, Lev-Shlush D, Abu-Abid S, Mozes M, Chaitchik S, Meller I and Klausner IM: High dose tumor necrosis factor-alpha and melphalan administered via isolated limb perfusion for advanced limb soft tissue sarcoma results in a >90% response rate and limb preservation. Cancer 79: 1129-1137, 1997.
122. Di Filippo F, Rossi CR, Vaglini M, Azzarelli A, Anza M, Santinami M, Lise M, Cavaliere F, Giannarelli D, Quagliuolo V, Vecchiato A, Deraco M, Garinei R, Foletto M, Botti C and Cavaliere R: Hyperthermic antiblastic perfusion with alpha tumor necrosis factor and doxorubicin for the treatment of soft tissue limb sarcoma in candidates for amputation: results of a phase I study. J Immunother 22: 407-414, 1999.
123. Keane J, Gershon S, Wise RP, Mirabile-Levens E, Kasznica J, Schwieterman WD Siegel JN and Braun MM: Tuberculosis associated with infliximab, a tumor necrosis factor α-neutralizing agent. N Engl J Med 345: 1098-1104, 2001.
124. Wolfe F and Michaud K: Lymphoma in rheumatoid arthritis: the effect of methotrexate and anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy in 18, 572 patients. Arthritis Rheum 50: 1740-1751, 2004.
125. Chakravarty EF, Michaud K and Wolfe F: Skin cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, and tumor necrosis factor inhibitors. J Rheumatol 32: 2130-2135, 2005.
126. Asgeirsson KS, Olafsdottir K, Jonasson JG and Ogmundsdottir HM: The effects of IL-6 on cell adhesion and e-cadherin expression in breast cancer. Cytokine 10: 720-728, 1998.
127. Bozcuk H, Uslu G, Samur M, Yildiz M, Ozben T, Ozdogan M, Artac M, Altunbas H, Akan I and Savas B: Tumour necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6, and fasting serum insulin correlate with clinical outcome in metastatic breast cancer patients treated with chemotherapy. Cytokine 27: 58-65, 2004.
128. Leek RD, Landers R, Fox SB, Ng F, Harris AL and Lewis CE: Association of tumour necrosis factor alpha and its receptors with thymidine phosphorylase expression in invasive breast carcinoma. Br J Cancer 77: 2246-2251. 1998
129. Leek RD, Hunt NC, Landers RJ, Lewis CE, Royds JA and Harris AL: Macrophage infiltration is associated with VEGF and EGFR expression in breast cancer. J Pathol 190: 430-436, 2000.
130. Madhusudan S, Muthuramalingam SR, Braybrooke JP, Wilner S, Kaur K, Han C, Hoare S, Balkwill F and Ganesan TS: Study of etanercept, a tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibitor, in recurrent ovarian cancer. J Clin Oncol 23: 5950-5959, 2005.
131. Coussens LM and Werb Z: Inflammation and cancer. Nature 420: 860-867, 2002.
132. Ness RB, Grisso JA, Cottreau C, Klapper J, Vergona R, Wheeler JE, Morgan M and Schlesselman JJ: Factors related to inflammation of the ovarian epithelium and risk of ovarian cancer. Epidemiology 11: 111-117, 2000.
133. Wu S, Boyer CM, Whitaker RS, Berchuck A, Wiener JR, Weinberg JB and Bast RC Jr: Tumor necrosis factor alpha as an autocrine and paracrine growth factor for ovarian cancer: Monokine induction of tumor cell proliferation and tumor necrosis factor alpha expression. Cancer Res 53: 1939-1944, 1993.
134. Asschert JG, Vellenga E, Ruiters MH and de Vries EG: Regulation of spontaneous and TNF/IFN-induced IL-6 expression in two human ovarian-carcinoma cell lines. Int J Cancer 82: 244-249, 1999.
135. Naylor MS, Stamp GW, Foulkes WD, Eccles D and Balkwill FR: Tumor necrosis factor and its receptors in human ovarian cancer. Potential role in disease progression. J Clin Invest 91: 2194-2206, 1993.
136. Madhusudan S, Foster M, Muthuramalingam SR, Braybrooke JP, Wilner S, Kaur K, Han C, Hoare S, Balkwill F, Talbot TC, Ganesan TS and Harrisl AL: A Phase II study of etanercept (Enbrel), a tumor necrosis factor alpha inhibitor in patients with metastatic breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 10: 6528-6534, 2004.
137. Monk JP, Phillips G, Waite R, Kuhn J, Schaaf LJ, Otterson GA, Guttridge D, Rhoades C, Shah M, Criswell T, Caligiuri MA and Villalona-Calero MA: Assessment of tumor necrosis factor alpha blockade as an intervention to improve tolerability of dose-intensive chemotherapy in cancer patients. J Clin Oncol 24: 1852-1859, 2006.
138. Weinblatt ME, Kremer JM, Bankhurst AD, Bulpitt KJ, Fleischmann RM, Fox RI, Jackson CG, Lange M and Burge DJ: A trial of etanercept, a recombinant tumor necrosis factor receptor: Fc fusion protein, in patients with rheumatoid arthritis receiving methotrexate. N Engl J Med 340: 253-259, 1999.
139. Izzo JG, Malhotra U, Wu TT, Ensor J, Luthra R, Lee JH, Swisher SG, Liao Z, Chao KS, Hittelman WN, Aggarwal BB and Ajani JA: Association of activated transcription factor nuclear factor kappaB with chemoradiation resistance and poor outcome in esophageal carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 24: 748-754, 2006.
140. Kashani-Sabet M, Shaikh L, Miller JR 3rd, Nosrati M, Ferreira CM, Debs RJ and Sagebiel RW: NF-kappa B in the vascular progression of melanoma. J Clin Oncol 22: 617-623, 2004.
141. Karin M, Yamamoto Y and Wang QM: The IKK NF-κB system: a treasure trove for drug development. Nature Rev Drug Discov 3: 17-26, 2004.
142. Jatoi A, Jett JR, Sloan J, Novotny P, Ford J, Prabhakar U and Loprinzi CL: A pilot study on safety and pharmacokinetics of infliximab for the cancer anorexia/weight loss syndrome in non-small-cell lung cancer patients. Support Care Cancer 12: 859-863, 2004.