The biology of vascular endothelial growth factor-B (VEGF-B)

Pulmonary Pharmacology and Therapeutics

Volumn 19, Issue 1, 2006, Pages 61-69

  Nash, Andrew D ^a   Baca, Manuel ^a   Wright, Christine ^b   Scotney, Pierre D ^a  

^a Zenyth Therapeutics Limited Australia   (Australia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE   (Australia)

Author keywords

Angiogenesis; Pathological angiogenesis; VEGF A; VEGF B; VEGFR 1

Indexed keywords

NEUROPILIN 1; NEUROPILIN 2; RECOMBINANT GROWTH FACTOR; RECOMBINANT VASCULOTROPIN B; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VASCULOTROPIN A; VASCULOTROPIN B; VASCULOTROPIN C; VASCULOTROPIN D; VASCULOTROPIN RECEPTOR 1; VASCULOTROPIN RECEPTOR 2; VASCULOTROPIN RECEPTOR 3;

ANGIOGENESIS; CELL TYPE; DIMERIZATION; EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT; GENE EXPRESSION PROFILING; GENE OVEREXPRESSION; GENE TARGETING; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE; HEART MUSCLE CELL; HEART RIGHT VENTRICLE; HOMOZYGOSITY; LYMPHANGIOGENESIS; MICROANGIOGRAPHY; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN BINDING; PROTEIN DOMAIN; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN PHOSPHORYLATION; PROTEIN STRUCTURE; PROTEIN VARIANT; REPORTER GENE; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; TISSUE DISTRIBUTION;

EID: 27744516670     PISSN: 10945539     EISSN: 15229629     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2005.02.007     Document Type: Article

References (100)

1. J. Folkman, and M. Klagsbrun Angiogenic factors Science 235 1987 442 447
2. M. Klagsbrun, and P.A. D'Amore Regulators of angiogenesis Annu Rev Physiol 53 1991 217 239
3. P. Carmeliet, V. Ferreira, G. Breier, S. Pollefeyt, L. Kieckens, and M. Gertsenstein Abnormal blood vessel development and lethality in embryos lacking a single VEGF allele Nature 380 1996 435 439
4. N. Ferrara, K. Carver-Moore, H. Chen, M. Dowd, L. Lu, and K.S. O'Shea Heterozygous embryonic lethality induced by targetted inactivation of the VEGF gene Nature 380 1996 439 442
5. J. Folkman Angiogenesis in cancer, vascular, rheumatoid and other disease Nat Med 1 1995 27 31
6. D. Hanahan, and J. Folkman Patterns and emerging mechanisms of the angiogenic switch during tumourigenesis Cell 86 1996 353 364
7. P. Carmeliet, and R.K. Jain Angiogenesis in cancer and other diseases Nature 407 2000 249 257
8. F. Shalaby, J. Rossant, T.P. Yamaguchi, M. Gertsenstein, X.F. Wu, and M.L. Breitman Failure of blood-island formation and vasculogenesis in Flk-1-deficient mice Nature 37 1995 62 66
9. G.H. Fong, J. Rossant, M. Gertsenstein, and M.L. Breitman Role of the Flt-1 receptor tyrosine kinase in regulating the assembly of vascular endothelium Nature 376 1995 66 70
10. N.W. Gale, and G.D. Yancopoulos Growth factors acting via endothelial cell-specific receptor tyrosine kinases: VEGFs, angiopoietins, and ephrins in vascular development Genes Dev 13 1999 1055 1066
11. F. Ishikawa, K. Miyazono, U. Hellman, H. Drexler, C. Wernstedt, and K. Hagiwara Identification of angiogenic activity and the cloning and expression of platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor Nature 338 1989 557 562
12. K.A. Thomas, M. Rios-Candelore, G. Gimenez-Gallego, J. DiSalvo, C. Bennett, and J. Rodkey Pure brain-derived acidic fibroblast growth factor is a potent angiogenic vascular endothelial cell mitogen with sequence homology to interleukin 1 Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 82 1985 6409 6413
13. N. Ferrara, H.P. Gerber, and J. LeCouter The biology of VEGF and its receptors Nat Med 9 2003 669 676
14. S. Soker, S. Takashima, H.Q. Miao, G. Neufeld, and M. Klagsbrun Neuropilin-1 is expressed by endothelial and tumour cells as an isoform-specific receptor for vascular endothelial growth factor Cell 92 1998 735 745
15. G. Neufeld, O. Kessler, and Y. Herzog The interaction of Neuropilin-1 and Neuropilin-2 with tyrosine-kinase receptors for VEGF Adv Exp Med Bio 515 2002 81 90
16. N. Ferrara, and K. Alitalo Clinical applications of angiogenic growth factors and their inhibitors Nat Med 5 1999 1359 1364
17. M. Jeltsch, A. Kaipainen, V. Joukov, X. Meng, M. Lakso, and H. Rauvala Hyperplasia of lymphatic vessels in VEGF-C transgenic mice Science 276 1997 1423 1425
18. T. Makinen, L. Jussila, T. Veikkola, T. Karpanen, M.I. Kettunen, and K.J. Pulkkanen Inhibition of lymphangiogenesis with resulting lymphedema in transgenic mice expressing soluble VEGF receptor-3 Nat Med 7 2001 199 205
19. S.A. Stacker, C. Caesar, M.E. Baldwin, G.E. Thornton, R.A. Williams, R. Prevo, D.G. Jackson, S. Nishikawa, H. Kubo, and M.G. Achen VEGF-D promotes the metastatic spread of tumour cells via the lymphatics Nat Med 7 2001 186 191
20. T. Veikkola, L. Jussila, T. Makinen, T. Karpanen, M. Jeltsch, and T.V. Petrova Signalling via vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3 is sufficient for lymphangiogenesis in transgenic mice EMBO J 20 2001 1223 1231
21. M. Clauss, H. Weich, G. Breier, U. Knies, W. Rockl, and J. Waltenberger The vascular endothelial growth factor receptor Flt-1 mediates biological activities. Implications for a functional role of placenta growth factor in monocyte activation and chemotaxis J Biol Chem 271 1996 17629 17634
22. H. Wang, and J.A. Keiser Vascular endothelial growth factor upregulates the expression of matrix metalloproteinases in vascular smooth muscle cells: role of flt-1 Circ Res 83 1998 832 840
23. S. Niida, M. Kaku, H. Amano, H. Yoshida, H. Kataoka, and S. Nishikawa Vascular endothelial growth factor can substitute for macrophage colony-stimulating factor in the support of osteoclastic bone resorption J Exp Med 190 1999 293 298
24. H.P. Gerber, F. Condorelli, J. Park, and N. Ferrara Differential transcriptional regulation of the two vascular endothelial growth factor receptor genes. Flt-1, but not Flk-1/KDR, is up-regulated by hypoxia J Biol Chem 272 1997 23659 23667
25. C. de Vries, J.A. Escobedo, H. Ueno, K. Houck, N. Ferrara, and L.T. Williams The fms-like tyrosine kinase, a receptor for vascular endothelial growth factor Science 255 1992 989 991
26. J. Waltenberger, L. Claesson-Welsh, A. Siegbahn, M. Shibuya, and C.H. Heldin Different signal transduction properties of KDR and Flt1, two receptors for vascular endothelial growth factor J Biol Chem 269 1994 26988 26995
27. B.A. Keyt, H.V. Nguyen, L.T. Berleau, C.M. Duarte, J. Park, and H. Chen Identification of vascular endothelial growth factor determinants for binding KDR and FLT-1 receptors. Generation of receptor-selective VEGF variants by site-directed mutagenesis J Biol Chem 271 1996 5638 5646
28. N. Rahimi, V. Dayanir, and K. Lashkari Receptor chimeras indicate that the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 (VEGFR-1) modulates mitogenic activity of VEGFR-2 in endothelial cells J Biol Chem 275 2000 16986 16992
29. J.E. Park, H.H. Chen, J. Winer, K.A. Houck, and N. Ferrara Placenta growth factor. Potentiation of vascular endothelial growth factor bioactivity, in vitro and In vivo, and high affinity binding to Flt-1 but not to Flk-1/KDR J Biol Chem 269 1994 25646 25654
30. S. Hiratsuka, O. Minowa, J. Kuno, T. Noda, and M. Shibuya Flt-1 lacking the tyrosine kinase domain is sufficient for normal development and angiogenesis in mice Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95 1998 9349 9354
31. A. Luttun, M. Tjwa, L. Moons, Y. Wu, A. Angelillo-Scherrer, and F. Liao Revascularization of ischaemic tissues by PLGF treatment, and inhibition of tumour angiogenesis, arthritis and atherosclerosis by anti-Flt1 Nat Med 8 2002 831 840
32. M. Autiero, J. Waltenberger, D. Communi, A. Kranz, L. Moons, and D. Lambrechts Role of PLGF in the intra- and intermolecular cross talk between the VEGF receptors Flt1 and Flk1 Nat Med 9 2003 936 943
33. S. Grimmond, J. Lagercrantz, C. Drinkwater, G. Silins, S. Townson, and P. Pollock Cloning and characterisation of a novel human gene related to vascular endothelial growth factor Genome Res 6 1996 124 131
34. K. Paavonen, N. Horelli-Kuitunen, D. Chilov, E. Kukk, S. Pennanen, and O.P. Kallioniemi Novel human vascular endothelial growth factor genes VEGF-B and VEGF-C localize to chromosomes 11q13 and 4q34, respectively Circulation 93 1996 1079 1082
35. B. Olofsson, K. Pajusola, G. von Euler, D. Chilov, K. Alitalo, and U. Eriksson Genomic organization of the mouse and human genes for vascular endothelial growth factor B (VEGF-B) and characterisation of a second splice isoform J Biol Chem 271 1996 19310 19317
36. G. Silins, S. Grimmond, M. Egerton, and N. Hayward Analysis of the promoter region of the human VEGF-related factor gene Biochem Biophys Res Commun 230 1997 413 418
37. B. Enholm, K. Paavonen, A. Ristimaki, V. Kumar, Y. Gunji, and J. Klefstrom Comparison of VEGF, VEGF-B, VEGF-C and Ang-1 mRNA regulation by serum, growth factors, oncoproteins and hypoxia Oncogene 14 1997 2475 2483
38. A. Ristimaki, K. Narko, B. Enholm, V. Joukov, and K. Alitalo Proinflammatory cytokines regulate expression of the lymphatic endothelial mitogen vascular endothelial growth factor-C J Biol Chem 273 1998 8413 8418
39. A. Asano, K. Kimura, and M. Saito Cold-induced mRNA expression of angiogenic factors in rat brown adipose tissue J Vet Med Sci 61 1999 403 409
40. R.M. Abdel-Majid, and J.S. Marshall Prostaglandin E2 induces degranulation-independent production of vascular endothelial growth factor by human mast cells J Immunol 172 2004 1227 1236
41. J.K. Ruohola, E.M. Valve, M.J. Karkkainen, V. Joukov, K. Alitalo, and P.L. Harkonen Vascular endothelial growth factors are differentially regulated by steroid hormones and antiestrogens in breast cancer cells Mol Cell Endocrinol 149 1999 29 40
42. S. Townson, J. Lagercrantz, S. Grimmond, G. Silins, M. Nordenskjold, and G. Weber Characterisation of the murine VEGF-related factor gene Biochem Biophys Res Commun 220 1996 922 928
43. P.D. Scotney, A. MacKenzie, P. Maccarone, L.J. Fabri, S.D. Scrofani, and P.R. Gooley Human vascular endothelial growth factor B: characterisation of recombinant isoforms and generation of neutralising monoclonal antibodies Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 29 2002 1024 1029
44. H.W. Christinger, G. Fuh, A.M. de Vos, and C. Wiesmann The crystal structure of placental growth factor in complex with domain 2 of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 J Biol Chem 279 2004 10382 10388
45. C. Wiesmann, G. Fuh, H.W. Christinger, C. Eigenbrot, J.A. Wells, and A.M. de Vos Crystal structure at 1.7 A resolution of VEGF in complex with domain 2 of the Flt-1 receptor Cell 91 1997 695 704
46. B. Olofsson, K. Pajusola, A. Kaipainen, G. von Euler, V. Joukov, and O. Saksela Vascular endothelial growth factor B, a novel growth factor for endothelial cells Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93 1996 2576 2581
47. K. Aase, A. Lymboussaki, A. Kaipainen, B. Olofsson, K. Alitalo, and U. Eriksson Localization of VEGF-B in the mouse embryo suggests a paracrine role of the growth factor in the developing vasculature Dev Dyn 215 1999 12 25
48. J. Lagercrantz, C. Larsson, S. Grimmond, M. Fredriksson, G. Weber, and F. Piehl Expression of the VEGF-related factor gene in pre- and postnatal mouse Biochem Biophys Res Commun 220 1996 147 152
49. J. Lagercrantz, F. Farnebo, C. Larsson, T. Tvrdik, G. Weber, and F. Piehl A comparative study of the expression patterns for vegf, vegf-b/vrf and vegf-c in the developing and adult mouse Biochim Biophys Acta 1398 1998 157 163
50. D. Bellomo, J.P. Headrick, G.U. Silins, C.A. Paterson, P.S. Thomas, and M. Gartside Mice lacking the vascular endothelial growth factor-B gene (Vegfb) have smaller hearts, dysfunctional coronary vasculature, and impaired recovery from cardiac ischaemia Circ Res 86 2000 E29 E35
51. S. Trompezinski, O. Berthier-Vergnes, A. Denis, D. Schmitt, and J. Viac Comparative expression of vascular endothelial growth factor family members, VEGF-B, -C and -D, by normal human keratinocytes and fibroblasts Exp Dermatol 13 2004 98 105
52. D. Abraham, S. Taghavi, P. Riml, P. Paulus, M. Hofmann, and C. Baumann VEGF-A and -C but not -B mediate increased vascular permeability in preserved lung grafts Transplantation 73 2002 1703 1706
53. P. Vuorela, E. Hatva, A. Lymboussaki, A. Kaipainen, V. Joukov, M.G. Persico, and E. Halmesmaki Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and placenta growth factor in human placenta Biol Reprod 56 1997 489 494
54. S. Nag, M.R. Eskandarian, J. Davis, and J.H. Eubanks Differential expression of vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) and VEGF-B after brain injury J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 61 2002 778 788
55. D.A. Simpson, G.M. Murphy, T. Bhaduri, T.A. Gardiner, D.B. Archer, and A.W. Stitt Expression of the VEGF gene family during retinal vaso-obliteration and hypoxia Biochem Biophys Res Commun 262 1999 333 340
56. M. Laitinen, A. Ristimaki, M. Honkasalo, K. Narko, K. Paavonen, and O. Ritvos Differential hormonal regulation of vascular endothelial growth factors VEGF, VEGF-B, and VEGF-C messenger ribonucleic acid levels in cultured human granulosa-luteal cells Endocrinology 138 1997 4748 4756
57. B. Moller, B. Lindblom, and M. Olovsson Expression of the vascular endothelial growth factors B and C and their receptors in human endometrium during the menstrual cycle Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 81 2002 817 824
58. M. Mints, B. Blomgren, C. Falconer, and J. Palmblad Expression of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family in human endometrial blood vessels Scand J Clin Lab Invest 62 2002 167 175
59. P. Salven, A. Lymboussaki, P. Heikkila, H. Jaaskela-Saari, B. Enholm, and K. Aase Vascular endothelial growth factors VEGF-B and VEGF-C are expressed in human tumours Am J Pathol 153 1998 103 108
60. H.M. Sowter, A.N. Corps, A.L. Evans, D.E. Clark, D.S. Charnock-Jones, and S.K. Smith Expression and localization of the vascular endothelial growth factor family in ovarian epithelial tumours Lab Invest 77 1997 607 614
61. S. Donnini, M.R. Machein, K.H. Plate, and H.A. Weich Expression and localization of placenta growth factor and PlGF receptors in human meningiomas J Pathol 189 1999 66 71
62. T. Andre, L. Kotelevets, J.C. Vaillant, A.M. Coudray, L. Weber, and S. Prevot Vegf, Vegf-B, Vegf-C and their receptors KDR, FLT-1 and FLT-4 during the neoplastic progression of human colonic mucosa Int J Cancer 86 2000 174 181
63. V. Hanrahan, M.J. Currie, S.P. Gunningham, H.R. Morrin, P.A. Scott, and B.A. Robinson The angiogenic switch for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A, VEGF-B, VEGF-C, and VEGF-D in the adenoma-carcinoma sequence during colorectal cancer progression J Pathol 200 2003 183 194
64. J. Kurebayashi, T. Otsuki, H. Kunisue, Y. Mikami, K. Tanaka, and S. Yamamoto Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family members in breast cancer Jpn J Cancer Res 90 1999 977 981
65. A. Eggert, N. Ikegaki, J. Kwiatkowski, H. Zhao, G.M. Brodeur, and B.P. Himelstein High-level expression of angiogenic factors is associated with advanced tumour stage in human neuroblastomas Clin Cancer Res 6 2000 1900 1908
66. T. Niki, S. Iba, M. Tokunou, T. Yamada, Y. Matsuno, and S. Hirohashi Expression of vascular endothelial growth factors A, B, C, and D and their relationships to lymph node status in lung adenocarcinoma Clin Cancer Res 6 2000 2431 2439
67. S.P. Gunningham, M.J. Currie, C. Han, K. Turner, P.A. Scott, and B.A. Robinson Vascular endothelial growth factor-B and vascular endothelial growth factor-C expression in renal cell carcinomas: regulation by the von Hippel-Lindau gene and hypoxia Cancer Res 61 2001 3206 3211
68. S. Shintani, C. Li, T. Ishikawa, M. Mihara, K. Nakashiro, and H. Hamakawa Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor A, B, C, and D in oral squamous cell carcinoma Oral Oncol 40 2004 13 20
69. M.E. Stearns, M. Wang, Y. Hu, G. Kim, and F.U. Garcia Expression of a flt-4 (VEGFR3) splicing variant in primary human prostate tumours, VEGF D and flt-4t(Delta773-1081) overexpression is diagnostic for sentinel lymph node metastasis Lab Invest 84 2004 785 795
70. M.J. Karkkainen, P. Haiko, K. Sainio, J. Partanen, J. Taipale, and T.V. Petrova Vascular endothelial growth factor C is required for sprouting of the first lymphatic vessels from embryonic veins Nat Immunol 5 2004 74 80
71. K. Aase, G. von Euler, X. Li, A. Ponten, P. Thoren, and R. Cao Vascular endothelial growth factor-B-deficient mice display an atrial conduction defect Circulation 104 2001 358 364
72. P. Carmeliet, L. Moons, A. Luttun, V. Vincenti, V. Compernolle, and M. De Mol Synergism between vascular endothelial growth factor and placental growth factor contributes to angiogenesis and plasma extravasation in pathological conditions Nat Med 7 2001 575 583
73. A.W. Mould, I.D. Tonks, M.M. Cahill, A.R. Pettit, R. Thomas, and N.K. Hayward Vegfb gene knockout mice display reduced pathology and synovial angiogenesis in both antigen-induced and collagen-induced models of arthritis Arthritis Rheum 48 2003 2660 2669
74. J.C. Wanstall, A. Gambino, T.K. Jeffery, M.M. Cahill, D. Bellomo, and N.K. Hayward Vascular endothelial growth factor-B-deficient mice show impaired development of hypoxic pulmonary hypertension Cardiovasc Res 55 2002 361 368
75. V. Louzier, B. Raffestin, A. Leroux, D. Branellec, J.M. Caillaud, and M. Levame Role of VEGF-B in the lung during development of chronic hypoxic pulmonary hypertension Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 284 2003 L926 L937
76. C. Partovian, S. Adnot, B. Raffestin, V. Louzier, M. Levame, and I.M. Mavier Adenovirus-mediated lung vascular endothelial growth factor overexpression protects against hypoxic pulmonary hypertension in rats Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 23 2000 762 771
77. H.P. Gerber, V. Dixit, and N. Ferrara Vascular endothelial growth factor induces expression of the antiapoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and A1 in vascular endothelial cells J Biol Chem 273 1998 13313 13316
78. N. Ferrara, and W.J. Henzel Pituitary follicular cells secrete a novel heparin-binding growth factor specific for vascular endothelial cells Biochem Biophys Res Commun 161 1989 851 858
79. C. Favard, H. Moukadiri, C. Dorey, V. Praloran, and J. Plouet Purification and biological properties of vasculotropin, a new angiogenic cytokine Biol Cell 73 1991 1 6
80. E.N. Unemori, N. Ferrara, E.A. Bauer, and E.P. Amento Vascular endothelial growth factor induces interstitial collagenase expression in human endothelial cells J Cell Physiol 153 1992 557 562
81. M.S. Pepper, N. Ferrara, L. Orci, and R. Montesano Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) induces plasminogen activators and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in microvascular endothelial cells Biochem Biophys Res Commun 181 1991 90290 90296
82. J. Kroll, and J. Waltenberger VEGF-A induces expression of eNOS and iNOS in endothelial cells via VEGF receptor-2 (KDR) Biochem Biophys Res Commun 252 1998 743 756
83. H.F. Dvorak, L.F. Brown, M. Detmar, and A.M. Dvorak Vascular permeability factor/vascular endothelial growth factor, microvascular hyperpermeability, and angiogenesis Am J Pathol 146 1995 1029 1039
84. C. Bauters, T. Asahara, L.P. Zheng, S. Takeshita, S. Bunting, and N. Ferrara Physiological assessment of augmented vascularity induced by VEGF in ischaemic rabbit hindlimb Am J Physiol 267 1994 H1263 H1271
85. S. Banai, M.T. Jaklitsch, M. Shou, D.F. Lazarous, M. Scheinowitz, and S. Biro Angiogenic-induced enhancement of collateral blood flow to ischaemic myocardium by vascular endothelial growth factor in dogs Circulation 89 1994 2183 2189
86. J.J. Lopez, R.J. Laham, A. Stamler, J.D. Pearlman, S. Bunting, and A. Kaplan VEGF administration in chronic myocardial ischaemia in pigs Cardiovasc Res 40 1998 272 281
87. B. Witzenbichler, T. Asahara, T. Murohara, M. Silver, and I. Spyridopoulos Vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C/VEGF-2) promotes angiogenesis in the setting of tissue ischaemia Am J Pathol 153 1998 381 394
88. T.D. Henry, B.H. Annex, G.R. McKendall, M.A. Azrin, J.J. Lopez, and F.J. Giordano VIVA investigators. The VIVA trial: Vascular endothelial growth factor in Ischaemia for Vascular Angiogenesis Circulation 107 2003 1359 1365
89. B. Olofsson, E. Korpelainen, M.S. Pepper, S.J. Mandriota, K. Aase, and V. Kumar Vascular endothelial growth factor B (VEGF-B) binds to VEGF receptor-1 and regulates plasminogen activator activity in endothelial cells Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95 1998 11709 11714
90. S.D. Scrofani, L.J. Fabri, P. Xu, P. Maccarone, and A.D. Nash Purification and refolding of vascular endothelial growth factor-B Protein Sci 9 2000 2018 2025
91. J.S. Silvestre, R. Tamarat, T.G. Ebrahimian, A. Le-Roux, M. Clergue, and F. Emmanuel Vascular endothelial growth factor-B promotes in vivo angiogenesis Circ Res 93 2003 114 123
92. K.J. Kim, B. Li, J. Winer, M. Armanini, N. Gillett, and H.S. Phillips Inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor-induced angiogenesis suppresses tumour growth In vivo Nature 362 1993 841 844
93. L. Witte, D.J. Hicklin, Z. Zhu, B. Pytowski, H. Kotanides, and P. Rockwell Monoclonal antibodies targeting the VEGF receptor-2 (Flk1/KDR) as an anti-angiogenic therapeutic strategy Cancer Metastasis Rev 17 1998 155 161
94. H. Hurwitz, L. Fehrenbacher, W. Novotny, T. Cartwright, J. Hainsworth, and W. Heim Bevacizumab plus irinotecan, fluorouracil, and leucovorin for metastatic colorectal cancer N Engl J Med 350 2004 2335 2342
95. M.J. Karkkainen, A. Saaristo, L. Jussila, K.A. Karila, E.C. Lawrence, and K. Pajusola A model for gene therapy of human hereditary lymphedema Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98 2001 12677 12682
96. P. Carmeliet, Y.S. Ng, D. Nuyens, G. Theilmeier, K. Brusselmans, and I. Cornelissen Impaired myocardial angiogenesis and ischaemic cardiomyopathy in mice lacking the vascular endothelial growth factor isoforms VEGF164 and VEGF188 Nat Med 5 1999 495 502
97. D.J. Dumont, L. Jussila, J. Taipale, A. Lymboussaki, T. Mustonen, and K. Pajusola Cardiovascular failure in mouse embryos deficient in VEGF receptor-3 Science 282 1998 946 949
98. T. Kawasaki, T. Kitsukawa, Y. Bekku, Y. Matsuda, M. Sanbo, and T. Yagi A requirement for neuropilin-1 in embryonic vessel formation Development 126 1999 4895 4902
99. H. Chen, A. Bagri, J.A. Zupicich, Y. Zou, E. Stoeckli, and S.J. Pleasure Neuropilin-2 regulates the development of selective cranial and sensory nerves and hippocampal mossy fiber projections Neuron 25 2000 43 56
100. S. Takashima, M. Kitakaze, M. Asakura, H. Asanuma, S. Sanada, and F. Tashiro Targeting of both mouse neuropilin-1 and neuropilin-2 genes severely impairs developmental yolk sac and embryonic angiogenesis Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99 2002 3657 3662