Applications of nanotechnology in drug delivery systems for the treatment of cancer and diabetes

International Journal of Nanotechnology

Volumn 3, Issue 4, 2006, Pages 557-580

  Subramani, Karthikeyan ^a  

^a NEWCASTLE UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Cancer; Diabetes; Drug delivery systems; Gene therapy; Nanoparticles; Nanotechnology; Pharmacotherapeutics

Indexed keywords

CARCINOGENS; CONTROLLED DRUG DELIVERY; DISEASE CONTROL; METABOLISM; PHYSICAL PROPERTIES; TUMORS;

DIABETES; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS; GENE THERAPY; NANOPARTICLES;

NANOTECHNOLOGY;

EID: 33845780555     PISSN: 14757435     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1504/IJNT.2006.011179     Document Type: Article

References (106)

1. Nanoscale Science and Technology - What is it?, http://www.inex.org.uk/ page.asp?pageid=25
2. Roco, M.C., Williams, R.S. and Alivisatos, P. (2000) Nanotechnology Research Directions, Chapter 8, Kluwer Academic Publications, Boston.
3. Siegel, R. W., Hu, E. and Roco, M.C. (2000) Nanostructure Science and Technology, Kluwer Academic Publications, Boston.
4. McGehee, M.D., Grüner, S.M., Yao, N., Chun, C.M., Navrotsky, A. and Aksay, I.A. (1994) 'Synthesis of mesoscopic structure by co-assembly', Proc. of 52nd Microscopy Society of America Conference, San Francisco Press, San Francisco, pp.448-449.
5. Stupp, S.I., Lebonheur, B.V. and Walker, K. (1997) 'Supramolecular materials: self-organized nanostructures', Science, Vol. 276, pp.384-389.
6. Nanotechnology-the Issues, http://www.rsc.org/pdf/policy/nanotechnology. pdf
7. Wilkinson, J.M. (2003) 'Nanotechnology applications in medicine', Med. Device. Technol., Vol. 14, No. 5, pp.29-31.
8. Roco, M.C. (2003) 'Nanotechnology: convergence with modern biology and medicine', Curr. Opin. Biotech., Vol. 14, pp.337-346.
9. Routes of Drug Administration, http://www.boomer.org/c/p2/Ch16W.pdf
10. Pharmacokinetics, www.mercy.edu/Faculry/buell/220Presentations/ Pharmacokinetics.ppt
11. Thummel, K.E., Kunze, K.L. and Shen, D.D. (1997) 'Enzyme-catalyzed processes of first-pass hepatic and intestinal drug extraction', Adv. Drug. Deliver. Rev., Vol. 27, Nos. 2-3, pp.99-127.
12. Huynh, G.H., Deen, D.F. and Szoka Jr., F.C. (2006) 'Barriers to carrier mediated drug and gene delivery to brain tumors', J. Control. Release, Vol. 110, No. 2, pp.236-259.
13. Tormey, D.C., Gray, R. and Taylor, S.G. (1986) 'Postoperative chemotherapy and chemohormonal therapy in women with node-positive breast cancer', Natl Cancer I. Monogr., Vol. 1, pp.75-80.
14. Barton, C. and Waxman, J. (1990) 'Effects of chemotherapy on fertility', Blood. Rev., Vol. 4, pp. 187-195.
15. Van Leeuwen, B.L., Kamps, W.A., Jansen, H.W.B. and Hoekstra, H.J. (2000) 'The effect of chemotherapy on the growing skeleton', Cancer Treat. Rev., Vol. 26, No. 5, pp.363-376.
16. Sear, J.W. (1991) 'Drug interactions and adverse reactions', Bailliere. Clin. Anaes., Vol. 5, No. 3, pp.703-733.
17. Kam, N.W., O'Connell, M., Wisdom, J.A. and Dai, H. (2005) 'Carbon nanotubes as multifunctional biological transporters and near-infrared agents for selective cancer cell destruction', Proc. of. Nat. Acad. Sci. of USA, Vol. 102, No. 33, pp.11606-11605.
18. Ajima, K., Yudasaka, M., Murakami, T., Maigne, A., Shiba, K. and Iijima, S. (2005) 'Carbon nanohoms as anticancer drug carriers', Mol. Pharmacol., Vol. 2, No. 6, pp.475-480.
19. Chen, J., Ding, H., Wang, J. and Shao, L. (2004) 'Preparation and characterization of porous hollow silica nanoparticles for drug delivery application', Biomaterials, Vol. 25, No. 4, pp.723-727.
20. Asmatulu, R., Zalich, M.A., Claus, R.O. and Riffle, J.S. (2005) 'Synthesis, characterization and targeting of biodegradable magnetic nanocomposite particles by external magnetic fields', J. Magn. Magn. Mater., Vol. 292, pp.108-119.
21. Shawgo, R.S., Grayson, A.C.R., Li, Y. and Cima, M.J. (2002) 'BioMEMS for drug delivery', Curr. Opin. Solid St. M., Vol. 6, No. 4, pp.329-334.
22. Gelperina, S., Kisich, K., Iseman, M.D. and Heifets, L. (2005) 'The potential advantages of nanoparticle drug delivery systems in chemotherapy of tuberculosis', Am. J. Resp. Crit. Care., Vol. 172, pp. 1487-1490.
23. Dinauer, N.B., Sabine, W., Carolin, K., Jorg, L. and Klaus, B.H. (2005) 'Selective targeting of antibody-conjugated nanoparticles to leukemic cells and primary T-lymphocytes', Biomaterials, Vol. 26, No. 29, pp.5898-5906.
24. Gupta, A.K. Berry, C., Gupta, M. and Curtis, A. (2003) 'Receptor-mediated targeting of magnetic nanoparticles using insulin as a surface ligand to prevent endocytosis', Trans. Nanobiosci., Vol. 2, No. 4, pp.255-261.
25. Pandey, R., Ahmad, Z., Sharma, S. and Khuller, G.K. (2005) 'Nano-encapsulation of azole antifungals: potential applications to improve oral drug delivery', Int. J. Pharm., Vol. 301, Nos. 1-2, pp.268-276.
26. Yoo, H.S., Oh, J.E., Lee, K.H. and Park, T.G. (1999) 'Biodegradable nanoparticles containing doxorubicin-PLGA conjugate for sustained release', Pharm. Res., Vol. 16, No. 7, pp.1114-1118.
27. Yih, T.C. and Al-Fandi, M. (2006) 'Engineered nanoparticles as precise drug delivery systems', J. Cell. Biochem., Vol. 97, No. 6, pp. 1184-1190.
28. Brigger, I., Dubernet, C. and Couvreur, P. (2002) 'Nanoparticles in cancer therapy and diagnosis', Adv. Drug. Deliver. Rev., Vol. 55, pp.329-347.
29. Tsapis, N., Bennett, D., Jackson, B., Weitz, D.A. and Edwards, D.A. (2002) 'Trojan particles: large porous carriers of nanoparticles for drug delivery', P. Natl. Acad. Sci., Vol. 99, pp.12001-12005.
30. Si, P.Z., Zhang, Z.D., Geng, Y.D., You, C.Y., Zhao, X.G. and Zhang, W.S. (2003) 'Synthesis and characteristics of carbon-coated iron and nickel nanocapsules produced by arc discharge in ethanol vapor', Carbon, Vol. 41, No. 2, pp.247-251.
31. Sahoo, S.K. and Labhasetwar, V. (2003) 'Nanotech approaches to drug delivery and imaging', Drug Discov. Today, Vol. 8, pp. 1112-1120.
32. Fujioka, K., Takada, Y., Sato, S. and Miyata, T. (1995) 'Novel delivery system for proteins using collagen as a carrier material: the minipellet', J. Control. Release, Vol. 33, pp.307-315.
33. Pereswetoff-Morath, L. and Edman, P. (1996) 'Immunological consequences of nasal drug delivery in dextran microspheres and ethyl (hydroxyethyl) cellulose in rats', Int. J. Pharm., Vol. 128, Nos. 1-2, pp.23-28.
34. Kim, Y.S., Shin, I.G. and Lee, Y.M. (1998) 'Preparation and characterization of biodegradable nanospheres composed of methoxy poly (ethylene glycol) and image-lactide block copolymer as novel drug carriers', J. Control. Release, Vol. 56, pp.197-208.
35. Vollath, D.D., Szabo, V. and Haubelt, J. (1997) 'Synthesis and properties of ceramic nanoparticles and nanocomposites', J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., Vol. 17, No. 11, pp.1317-1324.
36. Douglas, S.J., Davis, S.S. and Illum, L. (1987) 'Nanoparticles in drug delivery', Rev. Ther. Drug. Carr. Syst., Vol. 3, No. 3, pp.233-261.
37. Cherian, A.K., Rana, A.C. and Jain, S.K. (2000) 'Self-assembled carbohydrate-stabilized ceramic nanoparticles for the parenteral delivery of insulin', Drug. Dev. Ind. Pharm., Vol. 26, No.4, pp.459-463.
38. Corkery, K. (2000) 'Inhalable drugs for systemic therapy', Resp. Care, Vol. 45, No. 7, pp.831-835.
39. Jones, M.C. and Leroux, J.C. (1999) 'Polymeric micelles - a new generation of colloidal drug carriers', Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm., Vol. 48, No. 2, pp. 101-111.
40. Advances in Drug Delivery Systems, http://pubs.acs.org/subscribe/ journals/mdd/v04/i04/html/MDD04FeatureVogelson.html
41. Tomalia, D.A., Baker, H., Dewald, G.R., Hall, M., Kallos, G., Martin, S., Roeck, J., Ryder, J. and Smith, P. (1985) 'A new class of polymers: starburst-dendritic macromolecules', Polym. J., Vol. 17, pp. 117-132.
42. Ihre, H., Padilla De Jesus, O.L. and Frechet, J.M. (2001) 'Fast and convenient divergent synthesis of aliphatic ester dendrimers by anhydride coupling', J. Am. Chem. Soc., Vol. 123, No. 25, pp.5908-5917.
43. Zwiorek, K., Kloeckner, J., Wagner, E. and Coester, C. (2005) 'Gelatin nanoparticles as a new and simple gene delivery system', J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci., Vol. 7, No. 4, pp.22-28.
44. Onitsuka, K., Fujimoto, M., Kitajima, H., Ohshiro, N., Takei, F. and Takahashi, S. (2004) 'Convergent synthesis of platinum-acetylide dendrimers', Chem-Eur. J., Vol. 10, No. 24, pp.6433-6446.
45. Weissmann, G., Troll, W., Van Duuren, B.L. and Sessa, G. (1968) 'Studies on lysosomes - X: effects of tumour-promoting agents upon biological and artificial membrane systems', Biochem. Pharmacol., Vol. 17, pp.2421-2434.
46. Yamazaki, N., Kojima, S. and Yokoyama, H. (2005) 'Biomedical nanotechnology for active drug delivery systems by applying sugar-chain molecular functions', Curr. Appl. Phys., Vol. 5, pp. 112-117.
47. The World's First Successful In Vivo Attempt to Produce Active Targeting DDS Nanoparticles for Missile Drugs, http://www.aist.go.jp/aist_e/ latest_research/2003/20031209/20031209.html.
48. Emerich, D.F. and Thanos, C.G. (2003) 'Nanotechnology and medicine', Expert. Opin. Biol. Th., Vol.3, No.4, pp.655-663.
49. Dubertret, P., Norris, D.J., Noireaux, V., Brivanlou, A.H. and Libhaber, A. (2002) 'In vivo imaging of quantum dots encapsulated in phospholipid micelles', Science, Vol. 298, pp.1759-1762.
50. Gao, X., Yang, L., Petros, J.A., Marshall, F.F., Simons, J.W. and Nie, S. (2005) 'In vivo molecular and cellular imaging with quantum dots', Curr. Opin. Biotech., Vol. 16, pp.63-72.
51. Jordan, A., Scholz, R., Wust, P., Fähling, H. and Felix, R. (1999) 'Magnetic fluid hyperthermia (MFH): cancer treatment with AC magnetic field induced excitation of biocompatible superparamagnetic nanoparticles', J. Magn. Magn. Part., Vol. 201, pp.413-416.
52. Petri-Fink, A., Chastellain, M., Juillerat-Jeanneret, L., Ferrari, A. and Hofmann, H. (2005) 'Development of functionalized superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for interaction with human cancer cells', Biomaterials, Vol. 26, pp.2685-2694.
53. Hilger, I., Hergt, R. and Kaiser, W.A. (2005) 'Towards breast cancer treatment by magnetic heating', J. Magn. Magn. Mater., Vol. 293, pp.314-319.
54. Gene Therapy for Cancer: Questions and Answers, http://www.cancer.gov/ cancertopics/factsheet/Therapy/gene.
55. McTaggart, S. and Al-Rubeai, M. (2002) 'Retroviral vectors for human gene delivery', Biotechnol. Adv., Vol. 20, No. 1, pp.1-31.
56. Trapnell, B.C. and Gorziglia, M. (1994) 'Gene therapy using adenoviral vectors', Curr. Opin. Biotech., Vol. 5, No. 6, pp.617-625.
57. Xiao, X., Wanda, V. and Monahan, J. (1993) 'Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors for gene transfer", Adv. Drug. Deliver. Rev., Vol. 12, No. 3, pp.201-215.
58. Woodle, M.C. and Lu, P.Y. (2005) 'Nanoparticles deliver RNAi therapy', Mat. Today, Vol. 8, No. 8(1), pp.34-41.
59. Xu, Z.P., Zeng, Q.H., Lu, G.Q. and Yu, A.B. (2006) 'Inorganic nanoparticles as carriers for efficient cellular delivery', Chem. Eng. Sci., Vol. 61, No. 3, pp.1027-1040.
60. Salem, A.K., Searson, P.C. and Leong, K.W. (2003) 'Multifunctional nanorods for gene delivery', Nat. Mater., Vol. 2, No. 10, pp.668-671.
61. Dufès, C., Uchegbu, I.F. and Schätzlein, A.G. (2005) 'Dendrimers in gene delivery', Adv. Drug. Deliver. Rev., Vol. 57, No. 15, pp.2177-2202.
62. Bivas-Benita, M., Romeijn, S., Junginger, H.E. and Borchard, G. (2004) 'PLGA-PEI nanoparticles for gene delivery to pulmonary epithelium', Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm., Vol. 58, No. 1, pp. 1-6.
63. Brzoska, M., Langer, K., Coester, C., Loitsch, S., Wagner, T.O.F. and Mallinckrodt, C.V. (2004) 'Incorporation of biodegradable nanoparticles into human airway epithelium cells - in vitro study of the suitability as a vehicle for drug or gene delivery in pulmonary diseases', Biochem. Bioph. Res. Co., Vol. 318, No. 2, pp.562-570.
64. Zhang, X., Yu, C., Shi, X., Zhang, C., Tang, T. and Dai, K. (2006) 'Direct chitosan-mediated gene delivery to the rabbit knee joints in vitro and in vivo', Biochem. Bioph. Res. Co., Vol. 341, No. 1, pp.202-208.
65. Labhasetwar, V., Chen, B., Muller, D.W.M., Bonadio, J., Ciftci, K., March, K. and Levy, R.J. (1997) 'Gene-based therapies for restenosis', Adv. Drug. Deliver. Rev., Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 109-120.
66. Bellocq, N.C., Pun, S.H., Jensen, G.S. and Davis, M.E. (2003) 'Transferrin-containing, cyclodextrin polymer-based particles for tumor-targeted gene delivery', Bioconjugate. Chem., Vol. 14, No. 6, pp. 1122-1132.
67. Singh, K.K. (2005) 'Nanotechnology in cancer detection and treatment', Technol. Cancer. Res. T., Vol.4, No.6, p.583.
68. John, A.E., Lukacs, N.W., Berlin, A.A., Palecanda, A., Bargatze, R.F., Stoolman, L.M. and Nagy, J.O. (2003) 'Discovery of a potent nanoparticle P-selectin antagonist with anti-inflammatory effects in allergic airway disease', Fed. Amer. Soc. Exp. Biol. J., Vol. 17, No. 15, pp.2296-2298.
69. Bourges, J.L., Gautier, S.E., Delle, F., Bejjani, R.A., Jeanny, J.C., Gurny, R., BenEzra, D. and Behar-Cohen, F.F. (2003) 'Ocular drug delivery targeting the retina and retinal pigment epithelium using polylactide nanoparticles', Invest. Ophth. Vis. Sci., Vol. 44, No. 8, pp.3562-3569.
70. Dobson, J. (2006) 'Gene therapy progress and prospects: magnetic nanoparticle-based gene delivery', Gene Ther., Vol. 13, No. 4, pp.283-287.
71. Wee, K.W., Kang, G.Y., Park, J., Kang, J.Y., Yoon, D.S., Park, J.H. and Kim, T.S. (2005) 'Novel electrical detection of label-free disease marker proteins using piezoresistive self-sensing micro-cantilevers', Biosens. Bioelectron., Vol. 20, No. 10, pp.1932-1938.
72. Voura, E.B., Jaiswal, J.K., Mattoussi, H. and Simon, S.M. (2004) 'Tracking metastatic tumor cell extravasation with quantum dot nanocrystals and fluorescence emission-scanning microscopy', Nat. Med., Vol. 10, No. 9, pp.993-998.
73. Kaul, Z., Yaguchi, T., Kaul, S.C., Hirano, T., Wadhwa, R. and Taira, K. (2003) 'Mortalin imaging in normal and cancer cells with quantum dot immune-conjugates', Cell Res., Vol. 13, No. 6, pp.503-507.
74. Ito, A., Shinkai, M., Honda, H. and Kobayashi, T. (2005) 'Medical application of functionalized magnetic nanoparticles', J. Biosci. Bioeng., Vol. 100, No. 1, pp. 1-11.
75. El-Sayed, I.H., Huang, X. and El-Sayed, M.A. (2005) 'Surface plasmon resonance scattering and absorption of anti-EGFR antibody conjugated gold nanoparticles in cancer diagnostics: applications in oral cancer', Nano Lett., Vol. 5, No. 5, pp.829-834.
76. Wang, J., Mongayt, D. and Torchilin, V.P. (2005) 'Polymeric micelles for delivery of poorly soluble drugs: preparation and anticancer activity in vitro of paclitaxel incorporated into mixed micelles based on poly(ethylene glycol)-lipid conjugate and positively charged lipids', J. Drug. Targ., Vol. 13, No. 1, pp.73-80.
77. Pankhurst, Q.A., Connolly, J., Jones, S.K. and Dobson, J. (2003) 'Applications of magnetic nanoparticles in biomedicine', J. phys. D Appl. Phys., Vol. 36, pp.R167-R181.
78. Asmatulu, R., Zalich, M.A., Claus, R.O. and Riffle, J.S. (2005) 'Synthesis, characterization and targeting of biodegradable magnetic nanocomposite particles by external magnetic fields', J. Magn. Magn. Mater., Vol. 292, pp. 108-119.
79. Juillerat-Jeanneret, L., Cengelli, F., Maysinger, D., Tschuddi-Monnet, F. and Hofmann, H. (2005) 'Interaction of functionalized superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles with the brain', Eur. Cells Mater., Vol. 10, No. 5, p.TM3.
80. Gupta, A.K. and Curtis, A.S.G. (2004) 'Lactoferrin and ceruloplasmin derivatized superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for targeting cell surface receptors', Biomaterials, Vol. 25, No. 15, pp.3029-3040.
81. Zhou, J., Leuschner, C., Kumar, C., Hormes, J.F. and Soboyejo, W.O. (2006) 'Sub-cellular accumulation of magnetic nanoparticles in breast tumors and metastases', Biomaterials, Vol. 27, pp.2001-2008.
82. Paciotti, G.F., Myer, L., Weinreich, D., Goia, D., Pavel, N., McLaughlin, R.E. and Tamarkin, L. (2004) 'Colloidal gold: a novel nanoparticle vector for tumour directed drug delivery', Drug Deliv., Vol. 11, No. 3, pp.169-183.
83. Colloid Gold Nanoparticles Deliver Cancer-Fighting Drugs, http://www.pharmtech.com/pharmtech/data/articlestandard/pharmtech/282003/62504/ article.pdf.
84. Zharov, V.P., Galitovskaya, E.N., Johnson, C. and Kelly, T. (2005) 'Synergistic enhancement of selective nanophotothermolysis with gold nanoclusters: potential cancer therapy', Laser. Surg. Med., Vol. 39, pp.219-226.
85. Kwon, G.S. and Okano, T. (1996) 'Polymeric micelles as new drug carriers', Adv. Drug. Deliver. Rev., Vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 107-116.
86. Yokoyama, M., Miyauchi, M., Yamada, N., Okano, T., Sakurai, Y., Kataoka, K. and Inoue, S. (1990) 'Characterization and anticancer activity of the micelle-forming polymeric anticancer drug adriamycin-conjugated poly (ethylene glycol)-poly (aspartic acid) block copolymer', Cancer Res., Vol. 50, No. 6, pp. 1693-1700.
87. Gregoriadis, G. and Florence, A.T. (1993) 'Recent advances in drug targeting', Trends. Biotechnol.,Vol. 11, No. 11, pp.440-442.
88. Roy, I., Ohulchanskyy, T., Pudavar, H., Bergey, E., Oseroff, A., Morgan, J., Dougherty, T. and Prasad, P. (2003) 'Ceramic-based nanoparticles entrapping water-insoluble photosensitizing anticancer drugs: a novel drug-carrier system for photodynamic therapy', J. Am. Chem. Soc., Vol. 125, pp.7860-7865.
89. Yan, F. and Kopelman, R. (2003) 'The embedding of meta-tetra (hydroxyphenyl)-chlorin into silica nanoparticle platforms for photodynamic therapy and their singlet oxygen production and pH-dependent optical properties', Photochem. Photobiol., Vol. 78, No. 6, pp.587-591.
90. Kuzuya, T., Nakagawa, S., Satoh, J., Kanazawa, Y., Iwamoto, Y., Kobayashi, M., Nanjo, K., Sasaki, A. and Seino, Y. (2002) 'Report of the Committee on the classification and diagnostic criteria of diabetes mellitus', Diabetes Res. Clin. Pr., Vol. 55, No. 1, pp.65-85.
91. Attivi, D., Wehrle, P., Ubrich, N., Damge, C., Hoffman, M. and Maincent, P. (2005) 'Formulation of insulin-loaded polymeric nanoparticles using response surface methodology', Drug. Dev. Ind. Pharm., Vol. 31, No. 2, pp. 179-189.
92. Polymers in Controlled Drug Delivery, http://www.devicelink.com/mpb/ archive/97/11/003.html.
93. Maillefer, D., Gamper, S., Frehner, B. and Balmer, P. (2001) 'A high-performance silicon micropump for disposable drug delivery systems', 14th IEEE. Int. Conf. on. MEMS-Tech. Digest., pp. 413-417.
94. Implantable Drug Delivery Systems, http://www.leadershipmedica.com/ scientifico/sciesert02/scientificamg/7ferrarie/7ferraring.htm.
95. Ziaie, B., Baldi, A., Lei, M., Gu, Y. and Siegel, R.A. (2004) 'Hard and soft micromachining for BioMEMS: review of techniques and examples of applications in microfluidics and drug delivery', Adv. Drug. Deliver. Rev., Vol. 56, No. 2, pp.145-172.
96. Wong, E., Bigdeli, A. and Abhari, M.B. (2005) 'A conducting polymer-based self-regulating insulin delivery system", Vol. 15, http://www.auckland.ac. nz/docs/perc/66_ICBMP_abbas.pdf.
97. Morishita, M., Morishita, I., Takayama, K., Machida, Y. and Nagai, T. (1992) 'Novel oral microspheres of insulin with protease inhibitor protecting from enzymatic degradation', Int. J. Pharm., Vol. 78, Nos. 1-3, pp.1-7.
98. New Delivery System to Administer Insulin Orally, http://www.pharmtech. com/phanntech/data/articlestandard/pharmtech/282003/62504/article.pdf.
99. Morcol, T., Nagappan, P., Nerenbaum, L., Mitchell, A. and Bell, S.J. (2004) 'Calcium phosphate-PEG-insulin-casein (CAPIC) particles as oral delivery systems for insulin', Int. J. Pharm., Vol. 277, Nos. 1-2, pp.91-97.
100. Venugopalan, P., Sapre, A., Venkatesan, N. and Vyas, S.P. (2001) 'Pelleted bioadhesive polymeric nanoparticles for buccal delivery of insulin: preparation and characterization', Pharmazie, Vol. 56, No. 3, pp.217-219.
101. Pandey, R., Sharma, A., Zahoor, A., Sharma, S., Khuller, O.K. and Prasad, B. (2003) 'Poly (DL-lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticle-based inhalable sustained drug delivery system for experimental tuberculosis', J. Antimicrob. Chemoth., Vol. 52, No. 6, pp.981-986.
102. Zahoor, A., Sharma, S. and Khuller, G.K. (2005) 'Inhalable alginate nanoparticles as antitubercular drug carriers against experimental tuberculosis', Int. J. Antimicrob. Ag., Vol. 26, No. 4, pp.298-303.
103. Zimmer, A. and Kreuter, J. (1995) 'Microspheres and nanoparticles used in ocular delivery systems', Adv. Drug. Deliver. Rev., Vol 16, No. 1, pp.61-73.
104. Gurny, R., Boye, T. and Ibrahim, H. (1985) 'Ocular therapy with nanoparticulate systems for controlled drug delivery', J. Control. Release, Vol. 2, pp.353-361.
105. Kayser, O., Lemker, A. and Trejo, N.H. (2005) 'The impact of nanobiotechnology on the development of new drug delivery systems', Curr. Pharm. Biotechno., Vol. 6, pp.3-5.
106. Neuberger, T., Schöpf, B., Hofmann, H., Hofmann, M. and Rechenberg, B.V. (2005) 'Superparamagnetic nanoparticles for biomedical applications: possibilities and limitations of a new drug delivery system', J. Magn. Magn. Mater., Vol. 293, No. 1, pp.483-496.