Gene therapy for viral hepatitis

Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy

Volumn 6, Issue 12, 2006, Pages 1263-1278

  González Aseguinolaza, Gloria ^a   Crettaz, Julien ^a   Ochoa, Laura ^a   Otano, Itziar ^a   Aldabe, Rafael ^a   Paneda, Astrid ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NAVARRA   (Spain)

Author keywords

Adeno associated virus; Adenovirus; Animal models; Antisense oligonucleotides; Baculovirus; Chronic viral hepatitis; Genetic vaccines; Hepatitis B virus; Hepatitis C virus; Herpes virus; Hydrodynamic injection; Immunogene therapy; Liposomes; Polymers; Retrovirus

Indexed keywords

ADEFOVIR; ANTISENSE OLIGODEOXYNUCLEOTIDE; APTAMER; CANARYPOX VACCINE; DNA MULTIANTIGEN; DNA VACCINE; GAMMA INTERFERON DERIVATIVE; HEPATITIS B CORE ANTIGEN; HEPATITIS B SURFACE ANTIGEN; HEPATITIS C VACCINE; HEPTAZYME; INTERLEUKIN 12; INTERLEUKIN 12 VACCINE; INTERLEUKIN 2 VACCINE; MODIFIED VACCINIA ANKARA; NONSTRUCTURAL PROTEIN 3; NS3 PROTEIN MULTIANTIGEN; PLASMID DNA; RIBOZYME; SMALL INTERFERING RNA; VESICULAR STOMATITIS VACCINE;

ADENO ASSOCIATED VIRUS; ADENOVIRUS; ANTIVIRAL ACTIVITY; BACULOVIRUS; CELL CYCLE; CLINICAL TRIAL; DRUG INHIBITION; GENE DELIVERY SYSTEM; GENE EXPRESSION; GENE THERAPY; GENE TRANSFER; GENOMICS; HEPATITIS B; HEPATITIS B VIRUS; HEPATITIS C; HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS 1; HUMAN; IMMUNOGENICITY; INFECTION PREVENTION; LIVER CELL; NONHUMAN; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; RETROVIRUS; REVIEW; RNA INTERFERENCE; RNA REPLICATION; TRANSGENE; VIRUS HEPATITIS; VIRUS INFECTION; VIRUS REPLICATION; VIRUS STRAIN; VIRUS VECTOR;

ANIMALS; DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL; GENE THERAPY; HEPATITIS B, CHRONIC; HEPATITIS C, CHRONIC; HEPATITIS, VIRAL, ANIMAL; HEPATITIS, VIRAL, HUMAN; HUMANS;

ADENO-ASSOCIATED VIRUS; ADENOVIRIDAE; ANIMALIA; HEPATITIS B VIRUS; HEPATITIS C VIRUS; HERPESVIRIDAE;

EID: 33845326097     PISSN: 14712598     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1517/14712598.6.12.1263     Document Type: Review

References (130)

1. WHO: Hepatitis B vaccines. Wkly Epidemiol. Rec. (2004) 79:255-263.
2. MCHUTCHISON JG, BACON BR: Chronic hepatitis C: an age wave of disease burden. Am. J. Manag. Care (2005) 11(10 Suppl.):S286-S295; quiz S307-S211.
3. JANSSEN HL, VAN ZONNEVELD M, SENTURK H et al.: Pegylated interferon alfa-2b alone or in combination with lamivudine for HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B: a randomised trial. Lancet (2005) 365(9454):123-129.
4. FRIED MW, SHIFFMAN ML, REDDY KR et al.: Peginterferon alfa-2a plus ribavirin for chronic hepatitis C virus infection. N. Engl. J. Med. (2002) 347(13):975-982.
5. LOCARNINI S: Molecular virology of hepatitis B virus. Semin. Liver Dis. (2004) 24(Suppl. 1):3-10.
6. GRIPON P, RUMIN S, URBAN S et al: Infection of a human hepatoma cell line by hepatitis B virus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (2002) 99(24):15655-15660.
7. ENGELKE M, MILLS K, SEITZ S et al.: Characterization of a hepatitis B and hepatitis delta virus receptor binding site. Hepatology (2006) 43(4):750-760.
8. BARKER LF, MAYNARD JE, PURCELL RH et al.: Viral hepatitis, type B, in experimental animals. Am. J. Med. Sci. (1975) 270(1):189-195. •• Evidence of natural infection with HBV in chimpanzees provides a highly sensitive animal model system for experimental type B hepatitis.
9. TAKEHARA T, SUZUKI T, OHKAWA K et al.: Viral covalently closed circular DNA in a non-transgenic mouse model for chronic hepatitis B virus replication. J. Hepatol. (2006) 44(2):267-274.
10. REN S, NASSAL M: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) virion and covalently closed circular DNA formation in primary tupaia hepatocytes and human hepatoma cell lines upon HBV genome transduction with replication-defective adenovirus vectors. J. Virol. (2001) 75(3):1104-1116.
11. KETZINEL-GILAD M, ZAUBERMAN A, NUSSBAUM O et al.: The use of the hydrodynamic HBV animal model to study HBV biology and anti-viral therapy. Hepatol. Res. (2006) 34(4):228-237.
12. DANDRI M, BURDA MR, TOROK E et al.: Repopulation of mouse liver with human hepatocytes and in vivo infection with hepatitis B virus. Hepatology (2001) 33(4):981-988.
13. TENNANT BC, GERIN JL: The woodchuck model of hepatitis B virus infection. ILAR J. (2001) 42(2):89-102.
14. TENNANT BC, TOSHKOV IA, PEEK SF et al.: Hepatocellular carcinoma in the woodchuck model of hepatitis B virus infection. Gastroenterology (2004) 127(5 Suppl. 1):S283-S293.
15. SCHULTZ U, GRGACIC E, NASSAL M: Duck hepatitis B virus: an invaluable model system for HBV infection. Adv. Virus Res. (2004) 63:1-70.
16. BARTENSCHLAGER R, LOHMANN V: Replication of the hepatitis C virus. Baillieres Best Pract. Res. Clin. Gastroenterol. (2000) 14(2):241-254.
17. LOHMANN V, KORNER F, KOCH J et al.: Replication of subgenomic hepatitis C virus RNAs in a hepatoma cell line. Science (1999) 285(5424):110-113. •• The establishment of an in vitro system of HCV subgenomic RNA replication represents a milestone in HCV research.
18. BLIGHT KJ, KOLYKHALOV AA, RICE CM: Efficient initiation of HCV RNA replication in cell culture. Science (2000) 290(5498):1972-1974. •• The establishment of an in vitro system of HCV subgenomic RNA replication represents a milestone in HCV research.
19. PIETSCHMANN T, LOHMANN V, KAUL A et al.: Persistent and transient replication of full-length hepatitis C virus genomes in cell culture. J. Virol. (2002) 76(8):4008-4021. •• The establishment of an in vitro system of HCV genomic RNA replication represents a milestone in HCV research.
20. BLIGHT KJ, MCKEATING JA, RICE CM: Highly permissive cell lines for subgenomic and genomic hepatitis C virus RNA replication. J. Virol. (2002) 76(24):13001-13014. •• The establishment of an in vitro system of HCV genomic RNA replication represents a milestone in HCV research.
21. PIETSCHMANN T, BARTENSCHLAGER R: The hepatitis C virus replicon system and its application to molecular studies. Curr. Opin. Drug Discov. Devel. (2001) 4(5):657-664.
22. BARTENSCHLAGER R: Hepatitis C virus molecular clones: from cDNA to infectious virus particles in cell culture. Curr. Opin. Microbiol. (2006) 9(4):416-422.
23. WAKITA T, PIETSCHMANN T, KATO T et al.: Production of infectious hepatitis C virus in tissue culture from a cloned viral genome. Nat. Med. (2005) 11(7):791-796. •• The last major milestone in HCV research has been the production of infectious viral particles that can be passaged in cell culture, rendering the complete viral life cycle accessible to detailed analysis in vitro.
24. BUKH J: A critical role for the chimpanzee model in the study of hepatitis C. Hepatology (2004) 39(6):1469-1475.
25. MEULEMAN P, LIBBRECHT L, DE VOS R et al.: Morphological and biochemical characterization of a human liver in a uPA-SCID mouse chimera. Hepatology (2005) 41(4):847-856.
26. MAEDA N, WATANABE M, OKAMOTO S et al.: Hepatitis C virus infection in human liver tissue engrafted in mice with an infectious molecular clone. Liver Int. (2004) 24(3):259-267.
27. BEAMES B, CHAVEZ D, LANFORD RE: GB virus B as a model for hepatitis C virus. ILAR J. (2001) 42(2):152-160.
28. LIU F, TYAGI P: Naked DNA for liver gene transfer. Adv. Genet. (2005) 54:43-64.
29. WELLS DJ: Gene therapy progress and prospects: electroporation and other physical methods. Gene Ther. (2004) 11(18):1363-1369.
30. BANERJEE R: Liposomes: applications in medicine. J. Biomater. Appl. (2001) 16(1):3-21.
31. ZHENG SJ, ZHONG S, ZHANG JJ et al.: Distribution and anti-HBV effects of antisense oligodeoxynucleotides conjugated to galactosylated poly-L-lysine. World J. Gastroenterol. (2003) 9(6):1251-1255.
32. LUNGWITZ U, BREUNIG M, BLUNK T, GOPFERICH A: Polyethylenimine-based non-viral gene delivery systems. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. (2005) 60(2):247-266.
33. LEE MK, CHUN SK, CHOI WJ et al.: The use of chitosan as a condensing agent to enhance emulsion-mediated gene transfer. Biomaterials (2005) 26(14):2147-2156.
34. WANG SN, DENG YH, XU H et al.: Synthesis of a novel galactosylated lipid and its application to the hepatocyte-selective targeting of liposomal doxorubicin. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. (2006) 62(1):32-38.
35. KIM EM, JEONG HJ, PARK IK et al.: Asialoglycoprotein receptor targeted gene delivery using galactosylated polyethylenimine-graft-poly(ethylene glycol): in vitro and in vivo studies. J. Control. Release (2005) 108(2-3):557-567.
36. MCCARTY DM, YOUNG SM JR, SAMULSKI RJ: Integration of adeno-associated virus (AAV) and recombinant AAV vectors. Annu. Rev. Genet. (2004) 38:819-845.
37. GRIMM D, KAY MA: From virus evolution to vector revolution: use of naturally occurring serotypes of adeno-associated virus (AAV) as novel vectors for human gene therapy. Curr. Gene Ther. (2003) 3(4):281-304.
38. BERRAONDO P, CRETTAZ J, OCHOA L et al.: Intrahepatic injection of recombinant adeno-associated virus serotype 2 overcomes gender-related differences in liver transduction. Hum. Gene Ther. (2006) 17(6):601-610.
39. WAGNER JA, MESSNER AH, MORAN ML et al.: Safety and biological efficacy of an adeno-associated virus vector-cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (AAV-CFTR) in the cystic fibrosis maxillary sinus. Laryngoscope (1999) 109(2 Pt 1):266-274.
40. MANDEL RJ, BURGER C: Clinical trials in neurological disorders using AAV vectors: promises and challenges. Curr. Opin. Mol. Ther. (2004) 6(5):482-490.
41. WARRINGTON KH JR, HERZOG RW: Treatment of human disease by adeno-associated viral gene transfer. Hum. Genet. (2006) 119(6):571-603.
42. MANNO CS, PIERCE GF, ARRUDA VR et al.: Successful transduction of liver in hemophilia by AAV-Factor IX and limitations imposed by the host immune response. Nat. Med. (2006) 12(3):342-347. • This paper shows that therapeutic levels of Factor IX can be obtained in haemophilia patients after recombinant AAV-Factor IX liver transduction.
43. GHOSH SS, GOPINATH P, RAMESH A: Adenoviral vectors: a promising tool for gene therapy. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. (2006) 133(1):9-29.
44. YOUNG LS, SEARLE PF, ONION D, MAUTNER V: Viral gene therapy strategies: from basic science to clinical application. J. Pathol. (2006) 208(2):299-318.
45. WARREN RS, KIRN DH: Liver-directed viral therapy for cancer p53-targeted adenoviruses and beyond. Surg. Oncol. Clin. North Am. (2002) 11(3):571-588, vi.
46. CHAISOMCHIT S, TYRRELL DL, CHANG LJ: Development of replicative and nonreplicative hepatitis B virus vectors. Gene Ther. (1997) 4(12):1330-1340.
47. UNTERGASSER A, PROTZER U: Hepatitis B virus-based vectors allow the elimination of viral gene expression and the insertion of foreign promoters. Hum. Gene Ther. (2004) 15(2):203-210.
48. YOO J, RHO J, LEE D, SHIN S, JUNG G: Hepatitis B virus vector carries a foreign gene into liver cells in vitro. Virus Genes (2002) 24(3):215-224.
49. PASEK M, GOTO T, GILBERT W et al.: Hepatitis B virus genes and their expression in E. coli. Nature (1979) 282(5739):575-579.
50. COOPER A, SHAUL Y: Recombinant viral capsids as an efficient vehicle of oligonucleotide delivery into cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. (2005) 327(4):1094-1099.
51. YU D, FUKUDA T, TUOYA et al.: Engineered bio-nanocapsules, the selective vector for drug delivery system. IUBMB Life (2006) 58(1):1-6.
52. MIYATAKE S: Gene therapy using tissue-specific replication competent HSV. Hum. Cell (2002) 15(3):130-137.
53. GHOSH S, PARVEZ MK, BANERJEE K, SARIN SK, HASNAIN SE: Baculovirus as mammalian cell expression vector for gene therapy: an emerging strategy. Mol. Ther. (2002) 6(1):5-11.
54. PAROUCHEV A, NGUYEN TH, DAGHER I et al.: Efficient ex vivo gene transfer into non-human primate hepatocytes using HIV-1 derived lentiviral vectors. J. Hepatol. (2006) 45(1):99-107.
55. GRIMM D, KAY MA: Therapeutic short hairpin RNA expression in the liver: viral targets and vectors. Gene Ther. (2006) 13(6):563-575.
56. MCCAFFREY AP, NAKAI H, PANDEY K et al.: Inhibition of hepatitis B virus in mice by RNA interference. Nat. Biotechnol. (2003) 21(6):639-644. •• One of the first reports on inhibition of HBV replication by RNAi in vivo.
57. KLEIN C, BOCK CT, WEDEMEYER H et al.: Inhibition of hepatitis B virus replication in vivo by nucleoside analogues and siRNA. Gastroenterology (2003) 125(1):9-18. •• One of the first reports on inhibition of HBV replication by RNAi in vivo.
58. UPRICHARD SL, BOYD B, ALTHAGE A, CHISARI FV: Clearance of hepatitis B virus from the liver of transgenic mice by short hairpin RNAs. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (2005) 102(3):773-778.
59. GRIMM D, STREETZ KL, JOPLING CL et al.: Fatality in mice due to oversaturation of cellular microRNA/short hairpin RNA pathways. Nature (2006) 441(7092):537-541. •• Long-term inhibition of HBV replication by AAV-delivered RNAi in vivo. Important concerns about RNAi-related safety issues were raised in this paper.
60. BAGASRA O: RNAi as an antiviral therapy. Expert Opin. Biol. Ther. (2005) 5(11):1463-1474.
61. WILSON JA, RICHARDSON CD: Future promise of siRNA and other nucleic acid based therapeutics for the treatment of chronic HCV. Infect. Disord. Drug Targets (2006) 6(1):43-56.
62. WILSON JA, RICHARDSON CD: Hepatitis C virus replicons escape RNA interference induced by a short interfering RNA directed against the NS5b coding region. J. Virol. (2005) 79(11):7050-7058.
63. ZHANG J, YAMADA O, SAKAMOTO T et al.: Down-regulation of viral replication by adenoviral-mediated expression of siRNA against cellular cofactors for hepatitis C virus. Virology (2004) 320(1):135-143.
64. MCCAFFREY AP, MEUSE L, PHAM TT et al.: RNA interference in adult mice. Nature (2002) 418(6893):38-39. • One of the first reports on inhibition of HCV protein expression by RNAi in vivo.
65. COUTO LB, PARKER AE, HANIFF G et al.: RNAi-based therapy for the treatment of HCV. 9th Annual Meeting of The American Society of Gene Therapy. Baltimore, MD, USA (31 May - 4 June 2006).
66. HASELOFF J, GERLACH WL: Simple RNA enzymes with new and highly specific endoribonuclease activities. Nature (1988) 334(6183):585-591.
67. XU R, CAI K, ZHENG D et al.: Molecular therapeutics of HBV. Curr. Gene Ther. (2003) 3(4):341-355.
68. NASH KL, ALEXANDER GJ, LEVER AM: Inhibition of hepatitis B virus by lentiviral vector delivered antisense RNA and hammerhead ribozymes. J. Viral Hepat. (2005) 12(4):346-356.
69. MORRISSEY DV, LEE PA, JOHNSON DA et al.: Characterization of nuclease-resistant ribozymes directed against hepatitis B virus RNA. J. Viral Hepat. (2002) 9(6):411-418.
70. PAN WH, XIN P, MORREY JD, CLAWSON GA: A self-processing ribozyme cassette: utility against human papillomavirus 11 E6/E7 mRNA and hepatitis B virus. Mol. Ther. (2004) 9(4):596-606.
71. ROMERO-LOPEZ C, SANCHEZ-LUQUE FJ, BERZAL-HERRANZ A: Targets and tools: recent advances in the development of anti-HCV nucleic acids. Infect. Disord. Drug Targets (2006) 6(2):121-145.
72. MACEJAK DG, JENSEN KL, JAMISON SF et al.: Inhibition of hepatitis C virus (HCV)-RNA-dependent translation and replication of a chimeric HCV poliovirus using synthetic stabilized ribozymes. Hepatology (2000) 31(3):769-776.
73. SCHUBERT S, KURRECK J: Oligonucleotide-based antiviral strategies. Handb. Exp. Pharmacol. (2006) (173):261-287.
74. ROBACZEWSKA M, GUERRET S, REMY JS et al.: Inhibition of hepadnaviral replication by polyethylenimine-based intravenous delivery of antisense phosphodiester oligodeoxynucleotides to the liver. Gene Ther. (2001) 8(11):874-881.
75. OFFENSPERGER WB, OFFENSPERGER S, WALTER E et al.: In vivo inhibition of duck hepatitis B virus replication and gene expression by phosphorothioate modified antisense oligodeoxynucleotides. EMBO J. (1993) 12(3):1257-262. • The first demonstration of the antiviral activity of AOs in a clinically relevant HBV animal model.
76. ZHANG H, HANECAK R, BROWN-DRIVER V et al.: Antisense oligonucleotide inhibition of hepatitis C virus (HCV) gene expression in livers of mice infected with an HCV-vaccinia virus recombinant. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1999) 43(2):347-353.
77. MCCAFFREY AP, MEUSE L, KARIMI M, CONTAG CH, KAY MA: A potent and specific morpholino antisense inhibitor of hepatitis C translation in mice. Hepatology (2003) 38(2):503-508.
78. MCHUTCHISON JG, PATEL K, POCKROS P et al.: A Phase I trial of an antisense inhibitor of hepatitis C virus (ISIS 14803), administered to chronic hepatitis C patients. J. Hepatol. (2006) 44(1):88-96. •• First clinical trial using AOs against HCV.
79. SCAGLIONI P, MELEGARI M, TAKAHASHI M, CHOWDHURY JR, WANDS J: Use of dominant negative mutants of the hepadnaviral core protein as antiviral agents. Hepatology (1996) 24(5):1010-1017.
80. BRUSS V: A short linear sequence in the pre-S domain of the large hepatitis B virus envelope protein required for virion formation. J. Virol. (1997) 71(12):9350-9357.
81. MELEGARI M, SCAGLIONI PP, WANDS JR: Cloning and characterization of a novel hepatitis B virus x binding protein that inhibits viral replication. J. Virol. (1998) 72(3):1737-1743.
82. YAMAMOTO M, HAYASHI N, TAKEHARA T et al.: Intracellular single-chain antibody against hepatitis B virus core protein inhibits the replication of hepatitis B virus in cultured cells. Hepatology (1999) 30(1):300-307.
83. JIN YH, KWON MH, KIM K et al.: An intracellular antibody can suppress tumorigenicity in hepatitis B virus X-expressing cells. Cancer Immunol. Immunother. (2006) 55(5):569-578.
84. TOMAI E, BUTZ K, LOHREY C et al.: Peptide aptamer-mediated inhibition of target proteins by sequestration into aggresomes. J. Biol. Chem. (2006) 281(30):21345-21352.
85. UMEHARA T, FUKUDA K, NISHIKAWA F et al.: Rational design of dual-functional aptamers that inhibit the protease and helicase activities of HCV NS3. J. Biochem. (Tokyo) (2005) 137(3):339-347.
86. REHERMANN B, NASCIMBENI M: Immunology of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus infection. Nat. Rev. Immunol. (2005) 5(3):215-229.
87. MATSKEVICH AA, STRAYER DS: Exploiting hepatitis C virus activation of NFkappaB to deliver HCV-responsive expression of interferons alpha and gamma. Gene Ther. (2003) 10(22):1861-1873.
88. MATSKEVICH AA, CORDELIER P, STRAYER DS: Conditional expression of IFN-alpha and IFN-gamma activated by HBV as genetic therapy for hepatitis B. J. Interferon Cytokine Res. (2003) 23(12):709-721.
89. DUMORTIER J, SCHONIG K, OBERWINKLER H et al.: Liver-specific expression of interferon gamma following adenoviral gene transfer controls hepatitis B virus replication in mice. Gene Ther. (2005) 12(8):668-677.
90. SALUCCI V, LU M, AURISICCHIO L et al.: Expression of a new woodchuck IFN-alpha gene by a helper-dependent adenoviral vector in woodchuck hepatitis virus-infected primary hepatocytes. J. Interferon Cytokine Res. (2002) 22(10):1027-1034.
91. FIEDLER M, RODICKER F, SALUCCI V et al.: Helper-dependent adenoviral vector-mediated delivery of woodchuck-specific genes for alpha interferon (IFN-alpha) and IFN-gamma: IFN-alpha but not IFN-gamma reduces woodchuck hepatitis virus replication in chronic infection in vivo. J. Virol. (2004) 78(18):10111-10121.
92. BERRAONDO P, OCHOA L, CRETTAZ J et al.: IFN-alpha gene therapy for woodchuck hepatitis with adeno-associared virus: differences in duration of gene expression and antiviral activity using intraportal or intramuscular routes. Mol. Ther. (2005) 12(1):68-76.
93. SUZUKI K, AOKI K, OHNAMI S et al.: Adenovirus-mediated gene transfer of interferon alpha inhibits hepatitis C virus replication in hepatocytes. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. (2003) 307(4):814-819.
94. AURISICCHIO L, DE TOMASSI A, LA MONICA N et al.: Regulated and liver-specific tamarin alpha interferon gene delivery by a helper-dependent adenoviral vector. J. Virol. (2005) 79(11):6772-6780.
95. SHIN EC, PROTZER U, UNTERGASSER A et al.: Liver-directed gamma interferon gene delivery in chronic hepatitis C. J. Virol. (2005) 79(21):13412-13420.
96. MICHEL ML, MANCINI-BOURGINE M: Therapeutic vaccination against chronic hepatitis B virus infection. J. Clin. Virol. (2005) 34(Suppl. 1):S108-S114.
97. SHIINA M, REHERMANN B: Hepatitis C vaccines: inducing and challenging memory T cells. Hepatology (2006) 43(6):1395-1398.
98. PAOLETTI E, LIPINSKAS BR, SAMSONOFF C, MERCER S, PANICALI D: Construction of live vaccines using genetically engineered poxviruses: biological activity of vaccinia virus recombinants expressing the hepatitis B virus surface antigen and the herpes simplex virus glycoprotein D. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1984) 81(1):193-197. • The very first time a recombinant virus was used as a vaccine against HBV infection.
99. DAVIS HL, MICHEL ML, WHALEN RG: DNA-based immunization induces continuous secretion of hepatitis B surface antigen and high levels of circulating antibody. Hum. Mol. Genet. (1993) 2(11):1847-1851.
100. TACKET CO, ROY MJ, WIDERA G et al.: Phase I safety and immune response studies of a DNA vaccine encoding hepatitis B surface antigen delivered by a gene delivery device. Vaccine (1999) 17(22):2826-2829.
101. MANCINI-BOURGINE M, FONTAINE H, BRECHOT C, POL S, MICHEL ML: Immunogenicity of a hepatitis B DNA vaccine administered to chronic HBV carriers. Vaccine (2006) 24(21):4482-4489.
102. MANCINI-BOURGINE M, FONTAINE H, SCOTT-ALGARA D et al.: Induction or expansion of T-cell responses by a hepatitis B DNA vaccine administered to chronic HBV carriers. Hepatology (2004) 40(4):874-882.
103. YANG SH, LEE CG, PARK SH et al.: Correlation of antiviral T-cell responses with suppression of viral rebound in chronic hepatitis B carriers: a proof-of-concept study. Gene Ther. (2006) 13(14):1110-1117. •• This study shows the great potential of the combination of an antiviral therapy with genetic vaccination.
104. MAJOR ME, VITVITSKI L, MINK MA et al.: DNA-based immunization with chimetic vectors for the induction of immune responses against the hepatitis C virus nucleocapsid. J. Virol. (1995) 69(9):5798-5805.
105. MAKIMURA M, MIYAKE S, AKINO N et al.: Induction of antibodies against structural proteins of hepatitis C virus in mice using recombinant adenovirus. Vaccine (1996) 14(1):28-36.
106. ROLLIER C, DEPLA E, DREXHAGE JA et al.: Control of heterologous hepatitis C virus infection in chimpanzees is associated with the quality of vaccine-induced peripheral T-helper immune response. J. Virol. (2004) 78(1):187-196.
107. ROLLIER C, VERSCHOOR EJ, PARANHOS-BACCALA G et al.: Modulation of vaccine-induced immune responses to hepatitis C virus in rhesus macaques by altering priming before adenovirus boosting. J. Infect. Dis. (2005) 192(5):920-929.
108. FOLGORI A, SPADA E, PEZZANERA M et al.: Early impairment of hepatitis C virus specific T cell proliferation during acute infection leads to failure of viral clearance. Gut (2006) 55(7):1012-1019.
109. FOLGORI A, CAPONE S, RUGGERI L et al.: A T-cell HCV vaccine eliciting effective immunity against heterologous virus challenge in chimpanzees. Nat. Med. (2006) 12(2):190-197. •• A genetic vaccine protects chimpanzees against heterologous HCV challenge.
110. TRIYATNI M, JILBERT AR, QIAO M, MILLER DS, BURRELL CJ: Protective efficacy of DNA vaccines against duck hepatitis B virus infection. J. Virol. (1998) 72(1):84-94.
111. MILLER DS, KOTLARSKI I, JILBERT AR: DNA vaccines expressing the duck hepatitis B virus surface proteins lead to reduced numbers of infected hepatocytes and protect ducks against the development of chronic infection in a virus dose-dependent manner. Virology (2006) 351(1):159-169.
112. ROLLIER C, CHAROLLOIS C, JAMARD C, TREPO C, COVA L: Maternally transferred antibodies from DNA-immunized avians protect offspring against hepadnavirus infection. J. Virol. (2000) 74(10):4908-4911.
113. ROLLIER C, CHAROLLOIS C, JAMARD C, TREPO C, COVA L: Early life humoral response of ducks to DNA immunization against hepadnavirus large envelope protein. Vaccine (2000) 18(27):3091-3096.
114. ROLLIER C, SUNYACH C, BARRAUD L et al.: Protective and therapeutic effect of DNA-based immunization against hepadnavirus large envelope protein. Gastroenterology (1999) 116(3):658-665.
115. LE GUERHIER F, THERMET A, GUERRET S et al.: Antiviral effect of adefovir in combination with a DNA vaccine in the duck hepatitis B virus infection model. J. Hepatol. (2003) 38(3):328-334.
116. LU M, HILKEN G, KRUPPENBACHER J et al.: Immunization of woodchucks with plasmids expressing woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) core antigen and surface antigen suppresses WHV infection. J. Virol. (1999) 73(1):281-289.
117. SIEGEL F, LU M, ROGGENDORF M: Coadministration of gamma interferon with DNA vaccine expressing woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) core antigen enhances the specific immune response and protects against WHV infection. J. Virol. (2001) 75(11):5036-5042.
118. GARCIA-NAVARRO R, BLANCO-URGOITI B, BERRAONDO P et al.: Protection against woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) infection by gene gun coimmunization with WHV core and interleukin-12. J. Virol. (2001) 75(19):9068-9076.
119. PANCHOLI P, LEE DH, LIU Q et al.: DNA prime/canarypox boost-based immunotherapy of chronic hepatitis B virus infection in a chimpanzee. Hepatology (2001) 33(2):448-454.
120. SHATA MT, PFAHLER W, BROTMAN B et al.: Attempted therapeutic immunization in a chimpanzee chronic HBV carrier with a high viral load. J. Med. Primatol. (2006) 35(3):165-171.
121. PRINCE AM, WHALEN R, BROTMAN B: Successful nucleic acid based immunization of newborn chimpanzees against hepatitis B virus. Vaccine (1997) 15(8):916-919.
122. SALLBERG M, HUGHES J, JAVADIAN A et al.: Genetic immunization of chimpanzees chronically infected with the hepatitis B virus, using a recombinant retroviral vector encoding the hepatitis B virus core antigen. Hum. Gene Ther. (1998) 9(12):1719-1729.
123. ABRAHAM JD, HIMOUDI N, KIEN F et al.: Comparative immunogenicity analysis of modified vaccinia Ankara vectors expressing native or modified forms of hepatitis C virus E1 and E2 glycoproteins. Vaccine (2004) 22(29-30):3917-3928.
124. PANCHOLI P, LIU Q, TRICOCHE N et al.: DNA prime-canarypox boost with polycistronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) genes generates potent immune responses to HCV structural and nonstructural proteins. J. Infect. Dis. (2000) 182(1):18-27.
125. WUEST T, BOTH GW, PRINCE AM, HOFMANN C, LOSER P: Recombinant ovine atadenovirus induces a strong and sustained T cell response against the hepatitis C virus NS3 antigen in mice. Vaccine (2004) 22(21-22):2717-2721.
126. GORDON EJ, BHAT R, LIU Q et al.: Immune responses to hepatitis C virus structural and nonstructural proteins induced by plasmid DNA immunizations. J. Infect. Dis. (2000) 181(1):42-50.
127. MAJID AM, EZELLE H, SHAH S, BARBER GN: Evaluating replication-defective vesicular stomatitis virus as a vaccine vehicle. J. Virol. (2006) 80(14):6993-7008.
128. FATTORI E, ZAMPAGLIONE I, ARCURI M et al.: Efficient immunization of rhesus macaques with an HCV candidate vaccine by heterologous priming-boosting with novel adenoviral vectors based on different serotypes. Gene Ther. (2006) 13(14):1088-1096.
129. CAPONE S, MEOLA A, ERCOLE BB et al.: A novel adenovirus Type 6(Ad6)-based hepatitis C virus vector that overcomes preexisting anti-ad5 immunity and induces potent and broad cellular immune responses in rhesus macaques. J. Virol. (2006) 80(4):1688-1699.
130. FORNS X, PAYETTE PJ, MA X et al.: Vaccination of chimpanzees with plasmid DNA encoding the hepatitis C virus (HCV) envelope E2 protein modified the infection after challenge with homologous monoclonal HCV. Hepatology (2000) 32(3):618-625.