C1 domains exposed: From diacylglycerol binding to protein-protein interactions

Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids

Volumn 1761, Issue 8, 2006, Pages 827-837

  Colón González, Francheska ^a   Kazanietz, Marcelo G ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

Author keywords

C1 domain; Chimaerins; Diacylglycerol; Phorbol esters; Protein kinase C

Indexed keywords

CHIMERIN; CYSTEINE; DIACYLGLYCEROL; ISOENZYME; PHORBOL ESTER; PROTEIN KINASE C;

AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; CONFORMATIONAL TRANSITION; CRYSTAL STRUCTURE; MOLECULAR RECOGNITION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN BINDING; PROTEIN CONFORMATION; PROTEIN DOMAIN; PROTEIN PROTEIN INTERACTION; PROTEIN STRUCTURE; PROTEIN TRANSPORT; REVIEW; SECOND MESSENGER;

AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; ANIMALS; CHIMERIN PROTEINS; DIACYLGLYCEROL KINASE; DIGLYCERIDES; ENZYME ACTIVATION; HUMANS; ISOENZYMES; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; MODELS, MOLECULAR; MOLECULAR SEQUENCE DATA; PHORBOL ESTERS; PROTEIN BINDING; PROTEIN KINASE C; PROTEIN KINASE C-DELTA; PROTEIN STRUCTURE, TERTIARY; PROTEIN TRANSPORT; RECEPTORS, DRUG;

EID: 33748764383     PISSN: 13881981     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2006.05.001     Document Type: Review

References (96)

1. Nishizuka Y. The molecular heterogeneity of protein kinase C and its implications for cellular regulation. Nature 334 (1988) 661-665
2. Newton A.C. Diacylglycerol's affair with protein kinase C turns 25. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 25 (2004) 175-177
3. Parker P.J., and Murray-Rust J. PKC at a glance. J. Cell Sci. 117 (2004) 131-132
4. Kazanietz M.G. Novel "nonkinase" phorbol ester receptors: the C1 domain connection. Mol. Pharmacol. 61 (2002) 759-767
5. Hurley J.H., Newton A.C., Parker P.J., Blumberg P.M., and Nishizuka Y. Taxonomy and function of C1 protein kinase C homology domains. Protein Sci. 6 (1997) 477-480
6. Mosior M., and Newton A.C. Mechanism of interaction of protein kinase C with phorbol esters. Reversibility and nature of membrane association. J. Biol. Chem. 270 (1995) 25526-25533
7. Newton A.C., and Johnson J.E. Protein kinase C: a paradigm for regulation of protein function by two membrane-targeting modules. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1376 (1998) 155-172
8. Johnson J.E., Giorgione J., and Newton A.C. The C1 and C2 domains of protein kinase C are independent membrane targeting modules, with specificity for phosphatidylserine conferred by the C1 domain. Biochemistry 39 (2000) 11360-11369
9. Oancea E., Teruel M.N., Quest A.F., and Meyer T. Green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged cysteine-rich domains from protein kinase C as fluorescent indicators for diacylglycerol signaling in living cells. J. Cell Biol. 140 (1998) 485-498
10. Oancea E., and Meyer T. Protein kinase C as a molecular machine for decoding calcium and diacylglycerol signals. Cell 95 (1998) 307-318
11. Kazanietz M.G., Krausz K.W., and Blumberg P.M. Differential irreversible insertion of protein kinase C into phospholipid vesicles by phorbol esters and related activators. J. Biol. Chem. 267 (1992) 20878-20886
12. Driedger P.E., and Blumberg P.M. Specific binding of phorbol ester tumor promoters. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 77 (1980) 567-571
13. Konig B., Di Nitto P.A., and Blumberg P.M. Phospholipid and Ca++ dependency of phorbol ester receptors. J. Cell. Biochem. 27 (1985) 255-265
14. Sharkey N.A., Leach K.L., and Blumberg P.M. Competitive inhibition by diacylglycerol of specific phorbol ester binding. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 81 (1984) 607-610
15. Ono Y., Fujii T., Igarashi K., Kuno T., Tanaka C., Kikkawa U., and Nishizuka Y. Phorbol ester binding to protein kinase C requires a cysteine-rich zinc-finger-like sequence. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 86 (1989) 4868-4871
16. Burns D.J., and Bell R.M. Protein kinase C contains two phorbol ester binding domains. J. Biol. Chem. 266 (1991) 18330-18338
17. Quest A.F., Bloomenthal J., Bardes E.S., and Bell R.M. The regulatory domain of protein kinase C coordinates four atoms of zinc. J. Biol. Chem. 267 (1992) 10193-10197
18. Kazanietz M.G., Wang S., Milne G.W., Lewin N.E., Liu H.L., and Blumberg P.M. Residues in the second cysteine-rich region of protein kinase C delta relevant to phorbol ester binding as revealed by site-directed mutagenesis. J. Biol. Chem. 270 (1995) 21852-21859
19. Quest A.F., Bardes E.S., and Bell R.M. A phorbol ester binding domain of protein kinase C gamma. High affinity binding to a glutathione-S-transferase/Cys2 fusion protein. J. Biol. Chem. 269 (1994) 2953-2960
20. Kazanietz M.G., Barchi Jr. J.J., Omichinski J.G., and Blumberg P.M. Low affinity binding of phorbol esters to protein kinase C and its recombinant cysteine-rich region in the absence of phospholipids. J. Biol. Chem. 270 (1995) 14679-14684
21. Ahmed S., Kozma R., Monfries C., Hall C., Lim H.H., Smith P., and Lim L. Human brain n-chimaerin cDNA encodes a novel phorbol ester receptor. Biochem. J. 272 (1990) 767-773
22. Areces L.B., Kazanietz M.G., and Blumberg P.M. Close similarity of baculovirus-expressed n-chimaerin and protein kinase C alpha as phorbol ester receptors. J. Biol. Chem. 269 (1994) 19553-19558
23. Caloca M.J., Fernandez N., Lewin N.E., Ching D., Modali R., Blumberg P.M., and Kazanietz M.G. Beta2-chimaerin is a high affinity receptor for the phorbol ester tumor promoters. J. Biol. Chem. 272 (1997) 26488-26496
24. Kazanietz M.G., Lewin N.E., Bruns J.D., and Blumberg P.M. Characterization of the cysteine-rich region of the Caenorhabditis elegans protein Unc-13 as a high affinity phorbol ester receptor. Analysis of ligand-binding interactions, lipid cofactor requirements, and inhibitor sensitivity. J. Biol. Chem. 270 (1995) 10777-10783
25. Ebinu J.O., Bottorff D.A., Chan E.Y., Stang S.L., Dunn R.J., and Stone J.C. RasGRP, a Ras guanyl nucleotide- releasing protein with calcium- and diacylglycerol-binding motifs. Science 280 (1998) 1082-1086
26. Maruyama I.N., and Brenner S. A phorbol ester/diacylglycerol-binding protein encoded by the unc-13 gene of Caenorhabditis elegans. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 88 (1991) 5729-5733
27. Kazanietz M.G., Areces L.B., Bahador A., Mischak H., Goodnight J., Mushinski J.F., and Blumberg P.M. Characterization of ligand and substrate specificity for the calcium-dependent and calcium-independent protein kinase C isozymes. Mol. Pharmacol. 44 (1993) 298-307
28. Hommel U., Zurini M., and Luyten M. Solution structure of a cysteine rich domain of rat protein kinase C. Nat. Struct. Biol. 1 (1994) 383-387
29. Zhang G., Kazanietz M.G., Blumberg P.M., and Hurley J.H. Crystal structure of the cys2 activator-binding domain of protein kinase C delta in complex with phorbol ester. Cell 81 (1995) 917-924
30. Quest A.F., Bardes E.S., and Bell R.M. A phorbol ester binding domain of protein kinase C gamma. Deletion analysis of the Cys2 domain defines a minimal 43-amino acid peptide. J. Biol. Chem. 269 (1994) 2961-2970
31. Kazanietz M.G., Bustelo X.R., Barbacid M., Kolch W., Mischak H., Wong G., Pettit G.R., Bruns J.D., and Blumberg P.M. Zinc finger domains and phorbol ester pharmacophore. Analysis of binding to mutated form of protein kinase C zeta and the vav and c-raf proto-oncogene products. J. Biol. Chem. 269 (1994) 11590-11594
32. Gulbins E., Coggeshall K.M., Baier G., Telford D., Langlet C., Baier-Bitterlich G., Bonnefoy-Berard N., Burn P., Wittinghofer A., and Altman A. Direct stimulation of Vav guanine nucleotide exchange activity for Ras by phorbol esters and diglycerides. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14 (1994) 4749-4758
33. Coppola J., Bryant S., Koda T., Conway D., and Barbacid M. Mechanism of activation of the vav protooncogene. Cell Growth Differ. 2 (1991) 95-105
34. Movilla N., and Bustelo X.R. Biological and regulatory properties of Vav-3, a new member of the Vav family of oncoproteins. Mol. Cell. Biol. 19 (1999) 7870-7885
35. Booden M.A., Campbell S.L., and Der C.J. Critical but distinct roles for the pleckstrin homology and cysteine-rich domains as positive modulators of Vav2 signaling and transformation. Mol. Cell. Biol. 22 (2002) 2487-2497
36. Heo J., Thapar R., and Campbell S.L. Recognition and activation of Rho GTPases by Vav1 and Vav2 guanine nucleotide exchange factors. Biochemistry 44 (2005) 6573-6585
37. Mott H.R., Carpenter J.W., Zhong S., Ghosh S., Bell R.M., and Campbell S.L. The solution structure of the Raf-1 cysteine-rich domain: a novel ras and phospholipid binding site. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 93 (1996) 8312-8317
38. Zhou M., Horita D.A., Waugh D.S., Byrd R.A., and Morrison D.K. Solution structure and functional analysis of the cysteine-rich C1 domain of kinase suppressor of Ras (KSR). J. Mol. Biol. 315 (2002) 435-446
39. Michaud N.R., Therrien M., Cacace A., Edsall L.C., Spiegel S., Rubin G.M., and Morrison D.K. KSR stimulates Raf-1 activity in a kinase-independent manner. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 94 (1997) 12792-12796
40. Sakane F., Kai M., Wada I., Imai S., and Kanoh H. The C-terminal part of diacylglycerol kinase alpha lacking zinc fingers serves as a catalytic domain. Biochem. J. 318 Pt 2 (1996) 583-590
41. Shindo M., Irie K., Ohigashi H., Kuriyama M., and Saito N. Diacylglycerol kinase gamma is one of the specific receptors of tumor-promoting phorbol esters. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 289 (2001) 451-456
42. Shindo M., Irie K., Masuda A., Ohigashi H., Shirai Y., Miyasaka K., and Saito N. Synthesis and phorbol ester binding of the cysteine-rich domains of diacylglycerol kinase (DGK) isozymes. DGKgamma and DGKbeta are new targets of tumor-promoting phorbol esters. J. Biol. Chem. 278 (2003) 18448-18454
43. Santos T., Carrasco S., Jones D.R., Merida I., and Eguinoa A. Dynamics of diacylglycerol kinase zeta translocation in living T-cells. Study of the structural domain requirements for translocation and activity. J. Biol. Chem. 277 (2002) 30300-30309
44. Los A.P., van Baal J., de Widt J., Divecha N., and van Blitterswijk W.J. Structure-activity relationship of diacylglycerol kinase theta. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1636 (2004) 169-174
45. Zhu J., Hansen H., Su L., Shieh H.L., and Riedel H. Ligand regulation of bovine protein kinase C alpha response via either cysteine-rich repeat of conserved region C1. J. Biochem. (Tokyo) 115 (1994) 1000-1009
46. Shieh H.L., Hansen H., Zhu J., and Riedel H. Differential protein kinase C ligand regulation detected in vivo by a phenotypic yeast assay. Mol. Carcinog. 12 (1995) 166-176
47. Slater S.J., Kelly M.B., Taddeo F.J., Rubin E., and Stubbs C.D. Evidence for discrete diacylglycerol and phorbol ester activator sites on protein kinase C. Differences in effects of 1-alkanol inhibition, activation by phosphatidylethanolamine and calcium chelation. J. Biol. Chem. 269 (1994) 17160-17165
48. Slater S.J., Ho C., Kelly M.B., Larkin J.D., Taddeo F.J., Yeager M.D., and Stubbs C.D. Protein kinase Calpha contains two activator binding sites that bind phorbol esters and diacylglycerols with opposite affinities. J. Biol. Chem. 271 (1996) 4627-4631
49. Stahelin R.V., Digman M.A., Medkova M., Ananthanarayanan B., Rafter J.D., Melowic H.R., and Cho W. Mechanism of diacylglycerol-induced membrane targeting and activation of protein kinase Cdelta. J. Biol. Chem. 279 (2004) 29501-29512
50. Medkova M., and Cho W. Interplay of C1 and C2 domains of protein kinase C-alpha in its membrane binding and activation. J. Biol. Chem. 274 (1999) 19852-19861
51. Stahelin R.V., Digman M.A., Medkova M., Ananthanarayanan B., Melowic H.R., Rafter J.D., and Cho W. Diacylglycerol-induced membrane targeting and activation of protein kinase Cepsilon: mechanistic differences between protein kinases Cdelta and Cepsilon. J. Biol. Chem. 280 (2005) 19784-19793
52. Iglesias T., Matthews S., and Rozengurt E. Dissimilar phorbol ester binding properties of the individual cysteine-rich motifs of protein kinase D. FEBS Lett. 437 (1998) 19-23
53. Anderson G., Chen J., and Wang Q.J. Individual C1 domains of PKD3 in phorbol ester-induced plasma membrane translocation of PKD3 in intact cells. Cell. Signal. 17 (2005) 1397-1411
54. Szallasi Z., Bogi K., Gohari S., Biro T., Acs P., and Blumberg P.M. Non-equivalent roles for the first and second zinc fingers of protein kinase Cdelta. Effect of their mutation on phorbol ester-induced translocation in NIH 3T3 cells. J. Biol. Chem. 271 (1996) 18299-18301
55. Bogi K., Lorenzo P.S., Acs P., Szallasi Z., Wagner G.S., and Blumberg P.M. Comparison of the roles of the C1a and C1b domains of protein kinase C alpha in ligand induced translocation in NIH 3T3 cells. FEBS Lett. 456 (1999) 27-30
56. Schultz A., Ling M., and Larsson C. Identification of an amino acid residue in the protein kinase C C1b domain crucial for its localization to the Golgi network. J. Biol. Chem. 279 (2004) 31750-31760
57. Caloca M.J., Zugaza J.L., and Bustelo X.R. Exchange factors of the RasGRP family mediate Ras activation in the Golgi. J. Biol. Chem. 278 (2003) 33465-33473
58. Wang H., and Kazanietz M.G. Chimaerins, novel non-protein kinase C phorbol ester receptors, associate with Tmp21-I (p23): evidence for a novel anchoring mechanism involving the chimaerin C1 domain. J. Biol. Chem. 277 (2002) 4541-4550
59. Maeda Y., Beznoussenko G.V., Van Lint J., Mironov A.A., and Malhotra V. Recruitment of protein kinase D to the trans-Golgi network via the first cysteine-rich domain. EMBO J. 20 (2001) 5982-5990
60. Baron C.L., and Malhotra V. Role of diacylglycerol in PKD recruitment to the TGN and protein transport to the plasma membrane. Science 295 (2002) 325-328
61. Newton A.C. Regulation of protein kinase C. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 9 (1997) 161-167
62. Bittova L., Stahelin R.V., and Cho W. Roles of ionic residues of the C1 domain in protein kinase C-alpha activation and the origin of phosphatidylserine specificity. J. Biol. Chem. 276 (2001) 4218-4226
63. Lopez-Nicolas R., Lopez-Andreo M.J., Marin-Vicente C., Gomez-Fernandez J.C., and Corbalan-Garcia S. Molecular mechanisms of PKCalpha localization and activation by arachidonic acid. The C2 domain also plays a role. J. Mol. Biol. 357 (2006) 1105-1120
64. Giorgione J.R., Lin J.H., McCammon J.A., and Newton A.C. Increased membrane affinity of the C1 domain of protein kinase C delta compensates for the lack of involvement of its C2 domain in membrane recruitment. J. Biol. Chem. 281 3 (2006) 1660-1669
65. Hall C., Monfries C., Smith P., Lim H.H., Kozma R., Ahmed S., Vanniasingham V., Leung T., and Lim L. Novel human brain cDNA encoding a 34,000 Mr protein n-chimaerin, related to both the regulatory domain of protein kinase C and BCR, the product of the breakpoint cluster region gene. J. Mol. Biol. 211 (1990) 11-16
66. Hall C., Sin W.C., Teo M., Michael G.J., Smith P., Dong J.M., Lim H.H., Manser E., Spurr N.K., Jones T.A., et al. Alpha 2-chimerin, an SH2-containing GTPase-activating protein for the ras-related protein p21rac derived by alternate splicing of the human n-chimerin gene, is selectively expressed in brain regions and testes. Mol. Cell. Biol. 13 (1993) 4986-4998
67. Leung T., How B.E., Manser E., and Lim L. Germ cell beta-chimaerin, a new GTPase-activating protein for p21rac, is specifically expressed during the acrosomal assembly stage in rat testis. J. Biol. Chem. 268 (1993) 3813-3816
68. Leskow F.C., Holloway B.A., Wang H., Mullins M.C., and Kazanietz M.G. The zebrafish homologue of mammalian chimerin Rac-GAPs is implicated in epiboly progression during development. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 103 (2006) 5373-5378
69. Betz A., Ashery U., Rickmann M., Augustin I., Neher E., Sudhof T.C., Rettig J., and Brose N. Munc13-1 is a presynaptic phorbol ester receptor that enhances neurotransmitter release. Neuron 21 (1998) 123-136
70. Tognon C.E., Kirk H.E., Passmore L.A., Whitehead I.P., Der C.J., and Kay R.J. Regulation of RasGRP via a phorbol ester-responsive C1 domain. Mol. Cell. Biol. 18 (1998) 6995-7008
71. Caloca M.J., Wang H., and Kazanietz M.G. Characterization of the Rac-GAP (Rac-GTPase-activating protein) activity of beta2-chimaerin, a 'non-protein kinase C' phorbol ester receptor. Biochem. J. 375 (2003) 313-321
72. Caloca M.J., Garcia-Bermejo M.L., Blumberg P.M., Lewin N.E., Kremmer E., Mischak H., Wang S., Nacro K., Bienfait B., Marquez V.E., and Kazanietz M.G. beta2-chimaerin is a novel target for diacylglycerol: binding properties and changes in subcellular localization mediated by ligand binding to its C1 domain. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 96 (1999) 11854-11859
73. Caloca M.J., Wang H., Delemos A., Wang S., and Kazanietz M.G. Phorbol esters and related analogs regulate the subcellular localization of beta 2-chimaerin, a non-protein kinase C phorbol ester receptor. J. Biol. Chem. 276 (2001) 18303-18312
74. Wang H., Yang C., Leskow F.C., Sun J., Canagarajah B., Hurley J.H., and Kazanietz M.G. Phospholipase Cgamma/diacylglycerol-dependent activation of beta2-chimaerin restricts EGF-induced Rac signaling. EMBO J. 25 10 (2006) 2062-2074
75. Siliceo M., Garcia-Bernal D., Carrasco S., Diaz-Flores E., Leskow F.C., Teixido J., Kazanietz M.G., and Merida I. {beta}2-chimaerin provides a diacylglycerol-dependent mechanism for regulation of adhesion and chemotaxis of T cells. J. Cell Sci. 119 (2006) 141-152
76. Buttery P., Beg A.A., Chih B., Broder A., Mason C.A., and Scheiffele P. The diacylglycerol-binding protein alpha1-chimaerin regulates dendritic morphology. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 103 (2006) 1924-1929
77. Ahmed S., Maruyama I.N., Kozma R., Lee J., Brenner S., and Lim L. The Caenorhabditis elegans unc-13 gene product is a phospholipid-dependent high-affinity phorbol ester receptor. Biochem. J. 287 Pt 3 (1992) 995-999
78. Augustin I., Rosenmund C., Sudhof T.C., and Brose N. Munc13-1 is essential for fusion competence of glutamatergic synaptic vesicles. Nature 400 (1999) 457-461
79. Rhee J.S., Betz A., Pyott S., Reim K., Varoqueaux F., Augustin I., Hesse D., Sudhof T.C., Takahashi M., Rosenmund C., and Brose N. Beta phorbol ester- and diacylglycerol-induced augmentation of transmitter release is mediated by Munc13s and not by PKCs. Cell 108 (2002) 121-133
80. Lorenzo P.S., Beheshti M., Pettit G.R., Stone J.C., and Blumberg P.M. The guanine nucleotide exchange factor RasGRP is a high -affinity target for diacylglycerol and phorbol esters. Mol. Pharmacol. 57 (2000) 840-846
81. Lorenzo P.S., Kung J.W., Bottorff D.A., Garfield S.H., Stone J.C., and Blumberg P.M. Phorbol esters modulate the Ras exchange factor RasGRP3. Cancer Res. 61 (2001) 943-949
82. Irie K., Masuda A., Shindo M., Nakagawa Y., and Ohigashi H. Tumor promoter binding of the protein kinase C C1 homology domain peptides of RasGRPs, chimaerins, and Unc13s. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 12 (2004) 4575-4583
83. Canagarajah B., Leskow F.C., Ho J.Y., Mischak H., Saidi L.F., Kazanietz M.G., and Hurley J.H. Structural mechanism for lipid activation of the Rac-specific GAP, beta2-chimaerin. Cell 119 (2004) 407-418
84. Yang C., Liu Y., Leskow F.C., Weaver V.M., and Kazanietz M.G. Rac-GAP-dependent inhibition of breast cancer cell proliferation by {beta}2-chimerin. J. Biol. Chem. 280 (2005) 24363-24370
85. Shen N., Guryev O., and Rizo J. Intramolecular occlusion of the diacylglycerol-binding site in the C1 domain of munc13-1. Biochemistry 44 (2005) 1089-1096
86. Wang Q.J., Fang T.W., Nacro K., Marquez V.E., Wang S., and Blumberg P.M. Role of hydrophobic residues in the C1b domain of protein kinase C delta on ligand and phospholipid interactions. J. Biol. Chem. 276 (2001) 19580-19587
87. Kang J.H., Peach M.L., Pu Y., Lewin N.E., Nicklaus M.C., Blumberg P.M., and Marquez V.E. Conformationally constrained analogues of diacylglycerol (DAG). 25. Exploration of the sn-1 and sn-2 carbonyl functionality reveals the essential role of the sn-1 carbonyl at the lipid interface in the binding of DAG-lactones to protein kinase C. J. Med. Chem. 48 (2005) 5738-5748
88. Teng K., Marquez V.E., Milne G.W., Barchi J.J., Kazanietz M.G., Lewin N.E., Blumberg P.M., and Abushanab E. Conformationally constrained analogs of diacylglycerol-Interaction of gamma-lactones with the phorbol ester receptor of protein kinase C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 114 (1992) 1059-1070
89. Marquez V.E., Nacro K., Benzaria S., Lee J., Sharma R., Teng K., Milne G.W., Bienfait B., Wang S., Lewin N.E., and Blumberg P.M. The transition from a pharmacophore-guided approach to a receptor-guided approach in the design of potent protein kinase C ligands. Pharmacol. Ther. 82 (1999) 251-261
90. Sigano D.M., Peach M.L., Nacro K., Choi Y., Lewin N.E., Nicklaus M.C., Blumberg P.M., and Marquez V.E. Differential binding modes of diacylglycerol (DAG) and DAG lactones to protein kinase C (PK-C). J. Med. Chem. 46 (2003) 1571-1579
91. Garcia-Bermejo M.L., Leskow F.C., Fujii T., Wang Q., Blumberg P.M., Ohba M., Kuroki T., Han K.C., Lee J., Marquez V.E., and Kazanietz M.G. Diacylglycerol (DAG)-lactones, a new class of protein kinase C (PKC) agonists, induce apoptosis in LNCaP prostate cancer cells by selective activation of PKCalpha. J. Biol. Chem. 277 (2002) 645-655
92. Pu Y., Perry N.A., Yang D., Lewin N.E., Kedei N., Braun D.C., Choi S.H., Blumberg P.M., Garfield S.H., Stone J.C., Duan D., and Marquez V.E. A novel diacylglycerol-lactone shows marked selectivity in vitro among C1 domains of protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms alpha and delta as well as selectivity for RasGRP compared with PKCalpha. J. Biol. Chem. 280 (2005) 27329-27338
93. Anilkumar N., Parsons M., Monk R., Ng T., and Adams J.C. Interaction of fascin and protein kinase Calpha: a novel intersection in cell adhesion and motility. EMBO J. 22 (2003) 5390-5402
94. Nguyen T.A., Takemoto L.J., and Takemoto D.J. Inhibition of gap junction activity through the release of the C1B domain of protein kinase Cgamma (PKCgamma) from 14-3-3: identification of PKCgamma-binding sites. J. Biol. Chem. 279 (2004) 52714-52725
95. Hausser A., Storz P., Link G., Stoll H., Liu Y.C., Altman A., Pfizenmaier K., and Johannes F.J. Protein kinase C mu is negatively regulated by 14-3-3 signal transduction proteins. J. Biol. Chem. 274 (1999) 9258-9264
96. Chen D., Purohit A., Halilovic E., Doxsey S.J., and Newton A.C. Centrosomal anchoring of protein kinase C betaII by pericentrin controls microtubule organization, spindle function, and cytokinesis. J. Biol. Chem. 279 (2004) 4829-4839