The metabolic syndrome and endothelial dysfunction: Common highway to type 2 diabetes and CVD?

Current Diabetes Reports

Volumn 6, Issue 4, 2006, Pages 279-286

  Diamant, Michaela ^a   Tushuizen, Maarten E ^b  

^a VU UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

2,4 THIAZOLIDINEDIONE DERIVATIVE; ANGIOTENSIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; ANTIOXIDANT; CYANOCOBALAMIN; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; EZETIMIBE; FOLIC ACID; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; INSULIN; METFORMIN; PIOGLITAZONE; PYRIDOXINE; RAMIPRIL; ROSIGLITAZONE; SIMVASTATIN; SULFONYLUREA; VITAMIN;

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CLINICAL TRIAL; DIET; DYSLIPIDEMIA; ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION; EXERCISE; GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE; INCIDENCE; INSULIN RESISTANCE; LIFESTYLE; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; OBESITY; REVIEW; RISK REDUCTION;

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2; ENDOTHELIUM, VASCULAR; GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HUMANS; HYPERTENSION; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; OBESITY; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 33748305533     PISSN: 15344827     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11892-006-0061-4     Document Type: Review

References (77)

1. Yach D, Stuckler D, Brownell KD: Epidemiologic and economic consequences of the global epidemics of obesity and diabetes. Nat Med 2006, 12:62-66.
2. Roglic G, Unwin N, Bennett PH, et al.: The burden of mortality attributable to diabetes: realistic estimates for the year 2000. Diabetes Care 2005, 28:2130-2135.
3. Hu F, Stampfer MJ, Haffner SM, et al.: Elevated risk of cardiovascular disease prior to clinical diagnosis of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2002, 25:1129-1134.
4. Reaven GM: The role of insulin resistance in human disease. Diabetes 1988, 37:1595-1607.
5. Reaven GM: Why syndrome X? From Harold Himsworth to the insulin resistance syndrome. Cell Metab 2005, 1:9-14.
6. Expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults. Executive summary of the third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) [no authors listed]. JAMA 2001, 285:2486-2497.
7. Pinkney JH, Stehouwer CD, Coppack SW, Yudkin JS: Endothelial dysfunction: cause of the insulin resistance syndrome. Diabetes 1997, 46(suppl 2):S9-S13.
8. Clark MG, Wallis MG, Barrett EJ, et al.: Blood flow and muscle metabolism: a focus on insulin action. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2003, 284:E241-E258.
9. Lerman A, Zeiher AM: Endothelial function: cardiac events. Circulation 2005, 111:363-368.
10. Ganz P, Vita JA: Testing endothelial vasomotor function: nitric oxide, a multipotent molecule. Circulation 2003, 108:2049-2053.
11. Herrmann J, Lerman LO, Rodriguez-Porcel M, et al.: Coronary vasa vasorum neovascularization precedes epicardial endothelial dysfunction in experimental hypercholesterolemia. Cardiovasc Res 2001, 51:762-766.
12. Hill JM, Zalos G, Halcox JP, et al.: Circulating endothelial progenitor cells, vascular function and cardiovascular risk. N Engl J Med 2003, 348:593-600.
13. Nieuwdorp M, Mooij HL, Kroon J, et al.: Progressive glycocalyx perturbation coincides with microvascular complications in patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 2006, 55:1127-1132.
14. Saltiel AR, Kahn CR: Insulin signalling and the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism. Nature 2001, 414:799-806.
15. Steinberg HO, Brechtel G, Johnson A, et al.: Insulin-mediated skeletal muscle vasodilation is nitric oxide dependent: a novel action of insulin to increase nitric oxide release. J Clin Invest 1994, 94:1172-1179.
16. Hsueh WA, Quiñones MJ: Role of endothelial dysfunction in insulin resistance. Am J Cariol 2003, 92(suppl):10J-17J.
17. Eringa EC, Stehouwer CD, Walburg K, et al.: Physiological concentrations of insulin induce endothelin-dependent vasoconstriction of skeletal muscle resistance arteries in the presence of TNF-alpha dependence of c-Jun N-terminal kinase. Arterioscl Thromb Vasc Biol 2006, 26:274-280.
18. Hirosumi J, Tuneman G, Chang L, et al.: A central role for JNK in obesity and insulin resistance. Nature 2002, 420:333-336.
19. Cusi K, Maezono K, Osman A, et al.: Insulin resistance differentially affects the PI3K- and MAPK-mediated signaling in human muscle. J Clin Invest 2000, 105:311-320.
20. Dandona P, Aliada A, Mohanty P: The anti-inflammatory and potential anti-atherogenic effect of insulin: a new paradigm. Diabetologia 2002, 45:924-930.
21. Cai H, Harrison DG: Endothelial dysfunction in cardiovascular disease: the role of oxidant stress. Circ Res 2000, 87:840-844.
22. Ceriello A, Motz E: Is oxidative stress the pathogenic mechanism underlying insulin resistance, diabetes and cardiovascular disease? The common soil hypothesis revisited. Arterioscl Thromb Vasc Biol 2004, 24:816-823.
23. Houstis N, Rosen ED, Lander ES: Reactive oxygen species have a causal role in multiple forms of insulin resistance. Nature 2006, 440:944-948.
24. Wajchenberg BL: Subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue: their relation to the metabolic syndrome. Endocr Rev 2000, 21:697-738.
25. Berg AH, Sherer PE: Adipose tissue, inflammation and cardiovascular disease. Circ Res 2005, 96:939-949.
26. Yudkin JS, Stehouwer CD, Emis JJ, Coppack SW: C-reactive protein in healthy subjects: association with obesity, insulin resistance and endothelial dysfunction: a potential role for cytokines originating from adipose tissue? Arterioscl Thromb Vasc Biol 1999, 19:972-978.
27. Schindhelm RK, Diamant M, Van Dijk RAJM, et al.: Elevated liver alanine transferase, insulin resistance and endothelial dysfunction in normotriglyceridemic subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Eur J Clin Invest 2005, 35:369-374.
28. Yudkin JS, Eringa E, Stehouwer CD: Vasocrine signalling from perivascular fat: a mechanism linking insulin resistance to vascular disease. Lancet 2005, 365:1817-1820.
29. Lowell BB, Shulman GI: Mitochondrial dysfunction and type 2 diabetes. Science 2005, 307:384-387.
30. Evans JL, Goldfine ID, Maddux BA, Grodsky GM: Are oxidative stress-activated signaling pathways mediators of insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction? Diabetes 2003, 52:1-8.
31. Du X, Edelstein D, Obici S, et al.: Insulin resistance reduces arterial prostacyclin synthase and eNOS activities by increasing endothelial fatty acid oxidation. J Clin Invest 2006, 116:1071-1080.
32. Meigs JB, Hu FB, Rifai N, Manson JE: Biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction and risk of type 2 diabetes. JAMA 2004, 291:1978-1986.
33. Rossi R, Cioni E, Nuzzo A, et al.: Endothelial-dependent vasodilation and incidence of type 2 diabetes in a population of healthy postmenopausal women. Diabetes Care 2005, 28:702-707.
34. Meigs JB, O'Donnell CJ, Tofler GH, et al.: Hemostatic markers of endothelial dysfunction and risk of incident type 2 diabetes: the Framingham offspring study. Diabetes 2006, 55:530-537.
35. Tushuizen ME, Diamant M, Heine RJ: Postprandial dysmetabolism and atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetes. Postgrad Med 2005, 81:1-6.
36. Brownlee M: The pathobiology of diabetic complications: a unifying mechanism. Diabetes 2005, 54:1615-1625.
37. Unger RH: Lipotoxic diseases. Annu Rev Med 2002, 53:319-336.
38. Nappo F, Esposito K, Cioffi M, et al.: Postprandial endothelial activation in healthy subjects and in type 2 diabetic patients: role of fat and carbohydrate meals. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002, 39:1145-1150.
39. Tushuizen ME, Nieuwland R, Scheffer PG, et al.: Two consecutive high-fat meals affect endothelial-dependent vasodilation, oxidative stress and cellular microparticles in healthy men. J Thromb Haemost 2006, 4:1003-1010.
40. Zilversmit DB: Atherogenesis: a postprandial phenomenon. Circulation 1979, 60:473-485.
41. Frühbeck G, Gómez-Ambrosi J, Muruzábal FJ, Burrell MA: The adipocyte: a model for integration of endocrine and metabolic signaling in energy regulation. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2001, 280:E827-E847.
42. Kougias P, Chai H, Lin PH, et al.: Effects of adipocyte-derived cytokines on endothelial functions: implication of vascular disease. J Surg Res 2005, 126:121-129.
43. Xu H, Barnes GT, Yang Q, et al.: Chronic inflammation in fat plays a crucial role in the development of obesity-related insulin resistance. J Clin Invest 2003, 112:1821-1830.
44. Klein J, Perwitz N, Kraus D, Fasshauer M: Adipose tissue as source and target for novel therapies. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2006, 17:26-32.
45. Lyon CJ, Hsueh WA: Effect of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. Am J Med 2003, 115(suppl 8A):62S-68S.
46. Diamant M, Lamb HJ, Van der Ree MA, et al.: The association between abdominal visceral fat and carotid stiffness is mediated by circulating inflammatory markers in uncomplicated type 2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005, 90:1495-1501.
47. Ridker PM, Rifai N, Stampfer MJ, Hennekens CH: Plasma concentration of interleukin-6 and the risk of future myocardial infarction among apparently healthy men. Circulation 2000, 101:1767-1772.
48. Willerson JT, Ridker PM: Inflammation as a cardiovascular risk factor Circulation 2004, 109(suppl II):II2-II10.
49. Widlansky ME, Gokce N, Keaney JF, Vita JA: The clinical implications of endothelial dysfunction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003, 42:1149-1160.
50. Tuomilehto J, Lindstrom J, Eriksson JT, et al.: Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by changes in lifestyle among subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. N Engl J Med 2001, 344:1343-1350.
51. Yki-Järvinen H: Insulin resistance and endothelial dysfunction. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003, 17:411-430.
52. Lonn E, Bosch J, Yusuf S, et al.: Effects of long-term vitamin E supplementation on cardiovascular events and cancer: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2005, 293:1338-1347.
53. Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group: MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of antioxidant vitamin supplementation in 20,536 high-risk individuals: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2002, 360:23-33.
54. Lonn E, Yusuf S, Arnold MJ, et al.: Homocysteine lowering with folic acid and B vitamins in vascular disease. N Engl J Med 2006, 354:1567-1577.
55. Bonaa KH, Njolstad I, Ueland PM, et al.: Homocysteine lowering and cardiovascular events after acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 2006, 354:1578-1588.
56. Effect of intensive blood-glucose control with metformin on complications in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 34). UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group [no authors listed]. Lancet 1998, 352:854-865.
57. Zhou G, Myers R, Li Y, et al.: Role of AMP-activated protein kinase in mechanism of metformin action. J Clin Invest 2001, 108:1167-1174.
58. Kukidome D, Nishikawa T, Sonoda K, et al.: Activation of AMP-activated protein kinase reduces hyperglycemia-induced mitochondrial ROS production and promotes mitochondrial biogenesis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Diabetes 2006, 55:120-127.
59. Davis BJ, Xie Z, Viollet B, Zou MH: Activation of the AMP-activated kinase by antidiabetes drug metformin stimulates nitric oxide synthesis in vivo by promoting the association of heat shock protein 90 and endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Diabetes 2006, 55:496-505.
60. Caballero AE, Delgado A, Aguilar-Salinas CA, et al.: The differential effects of metformin on markers of endothelial activation and inflammation in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance: a placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004, 89:3943-3948.
61. De Jager J, Kooy A, Lehert P, et al.: Effects of short-term treatment with metformin on markers of endothelial function and inflammatory activity in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Intern Med 2005, 257:100-109.
62. Knowler WC, Barrett-Connor E, Fowler SE, et al.: Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med 2002, 346:393-403.
63. Diamant M, Heine RJ: Thiazolidinediones in type 2 diabetes mellitus: current clinical evidence. Drugs 2003, 63:1373-1405.
64. Campia U, Matuskey LA, Panza JA: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma activation with pioglitazone improves endothelium-dependent dilation in nondiabetic patients with major cardiovascular risk factors. Circulation 2006, 113:867-875.
65. Sidhu JS, Cowan D, Kaski JC: The effects of rosiglitazone, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma agonist, on markers of endothelial cell activation, C-reactive protein, and fibrinogen levels in non-diabetic coronary artery disease patients. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003, 42:1757-1763.
66. Dormandy JA, Charbonnel B, Eckland DJ, et al.: Secondary prevention of macrovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes in the PROactive Study (PROspective pioglitAzone Clinical Trial In macroVascular Events): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2005, 366:1279-1289.
67. Buchanan T, Xiang AH, Peters RK, et al.: Preservation of pancreatic beta-cell function and prevention of type 2 diabetes by pharmacological treatment of insulin resistance in high-risk Hispanic women. Diabetes 2002, 51:2796-2803.
68. Gerstein HC, Yusuf S, Holman R, et al.: Rationale, design and recruitment characteristics of a large, simple international trial of diabetes prevention: the DREAM trial. Diabetologia 2004, 47:1519-1527.
69. Viberti G, Kahn SE, Greene DA, et al.: A diabetes outcome progression trial (ADOPT): an international multicenter study of the comparative efficacy of rosiglitazone, glyburide, and metformin in recently diagnosed type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2002, 25:1737-1743.
70. LaRosa JC, Grundy SM, Waters DD, et al.: Intensive lipid lowering with atorvastatin in patients with stable coronary disease. N Engl J Med 2005, 352:1425-1435.
71. Landmesser U, Bahlmann F, Mueller M, et al.: Simvastatin versus ezetimibe: pleiotropic and lipid-lowering effects on endothelial function in humans. Circulation 2005, 111:2356-2363.
72. Van Venrooij FV, Van de Ree MA, Bots ML, et al.: Aggressive lipid lowering does not improve endothelial function in type 2 diabetes: the Diabetes Atorvastatin Lipid Intervention (DALI) Study: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Diabetes Care 2002, 25:1211-1216.
73. Yusuf S, Sleight P, Pogue J, et al.: Effects of an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients: the Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation study investigators. N Engl J Med 2000, 342:145-153.
74. Dzau V: Tissue angiotensin and pathobiology of vascular disease: a unifying hypothesis. Hypertension 2001, 37:1047-1052.
75. Scheen AJ: Prevention of type 2 diabetes by inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system. Drugs 2004, 64:2537-2565.
76. Strazzullo P, Galletti F: Impact of the renin-angiotensin system on lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2004, 13:325-332.
77. Tikellis C, Wookey PJ, Candido R, et al.: Improved islet morphology after blockade of the renin-angiotensin system in the ZDF rat. Diabetes 2004, 53:989-997.