Is there a pre-RC checkpoint that cancer cells lack?

Cell Cycle

Volumn 5, Issue 15, 2006, Pages 1602-1606

  Lau, Eric ^a,b   Jiang, Wei ^a  

^a BURNHAM INSTITUTE   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Cdc6; Cdc7 kinase; Cdt1; Licensing; MCM; Orc; pre RC; pre RC checkpoint; The initiation of DNA replication

Indexed keywords

PHOSPHOTRANSFERASE; PREREPLICATION PROTEIN COMPLEX; REPLICATION PROTEIN A; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

CANCER CELL; CELL CYCLE ARREST; CELL CYCLE G1 PHASE; CELL CYCLE S PHASE; CELL DEATH; CELL POPULATION; DNA REPLICATION; GENOMICS; REVIEW;

EID: 33747868424     PISSN: 15384101     EISSN: 15514005     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4161/cc.5.15.3124     Document Type: Review

References (56)

1. Mendez J, Stillman B. Chromatin association of human origin recognition complex, cdc6, and minichromosome maintenance proteins during the cell cycle: Assembly of prereplication complexes in late mitosis. Mol Cell Biol 2000; 20:8602-12.
2. Nishitani H, Lygerou Z, Nishimoto T, Nurse P. The Cdt1 protein is required to license DNA for replication in fission yeast. Nature 2000; 404:625-8.
3. Blow JJ, Dutta A. Preventing rereplication of chromosomal DNA. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2005; 6:476-86.
4. Bell SP, Dutta A. DNA replication in eukaryotic cells. Annu Rev Biochem 2002; 71:333-74.
5. Machida YJ, Hamlin JL, Dutta A. Right place, right time, and only once: Replication initiation in metazoans. Cell 2005; 123:13-24.
6. Pacek M, Tutter AV, Kubota Y, Takisawa H, Walter JC. Localization of MCM2-7, Cdc45, and GINS to the site of DNA unwinding during eukaryotic DNA replication. Mol Cell 2006; 21:581-7.
7. Karakaidos P, Taraviras S, Vassiliou LV, Zacharatos P, Kastrinakis NG, Kougiou D, Kouloukoussa M, Nishitani H, Papavassiliou AG, Lygerou Z, Gorgoulis VG. Overexpression of the replication licensing regulators hCdt1 and hCdc6 characterizes a subset of nonsmall-cell lung carcinomas: Synergistic effect with mutant p53 on tumor growth and chromosomal instability-evidence of E2F-1 transcriptional control over hCdt1. Am J Pathol 2004; 165:1351-65.
8. Michor F. Chromosomal instability and human cancer. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2005; 360:631-5.
9. Freeman A, Morris LS, Mills AD, Stoeber K, Laskey RA, Williams GH, Coleman N. Minichromosome maintenance proteins as biological markers of dysplasia and malignancy. Clin Cancer Res 1999; 5:2121-32.
10. Williams GH, Romanowski P, Morris L, Madine M, Mills AD, Stoeber K, Marr J, Laskey RA, Coleman N. Improved cervical smear assessment using antibodies against proteins that regulate DNA replication. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998; 95:14932-7.
11. Gonzalez MA, Tachibana KE, Laskey RA, Coleman N. Control of DNA replication and its potential clinical exploitation. Nat Rev Cancer 2005; 5:135-41.
12. Klemm RD, Bell SP. ATP bound to the origin recognition complex is important for pre-RC formation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001; 98:8361-7.
13. Prasanth SG, Prasanth KV, Siddiqui K, Spector DL, Stillman B. Human Orc2 localizes to centrosomes, centromeres and heterochromatin during chromosome inheritance. Embo J 2004; 23:2651-63.
14. Machida YJ, Teer JK, Dutta A. Acute reduction of an origin recognition complex (ORC) subunit in human cells reveals a requirement of ORC for Cdk2 activation. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:27624-30.
15. Gibson DG, Bell SP, Aparicio OM. Cell cycle execution point analysis of ORC function and characterization of the checkpoint response to ORC inactivation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genes Cells 2006; 11:557-73.
16. Mihaylov IS, Kondo T, Jones L, Ryzhikov S, Tanaka J, Zheng J, Higa LA, Minamino N, Cooley L, Zhang H. Control of DNA replication and chromosome ploidy by geminin and cyclin A. Mol Cell Biol 2002; 22:1868-80.
17. Wohlschlegel JA, Dwyer BT, Dhar SK, Cvetic C, Walter JC, Dutta A. Inhibition of eukaryotic DNA replication by geminin binding to Cdt1. Science 2000; 290:2309-12.
18. 2 phase induces initiation of DNA replication. Embo J 2001; 20:4648-56.
19. Yoshida K, Takisawa H, Kubota Y. Intrinsic nuclear import activity of geminin is essential to prevent reinitiation of DNA replication in Xenopus eggs. Genes Cells 2005; 10:63-73.
20. Liu E, Li X, Yan F, Zhao Q, Wu X. Cyclin-dependent kinases phosphorylate human Cdt1 and induce its degradation. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:17283-8.
21. 2/M checkpoint. Mol Cell Biol 2004; 24:7140-50.
22. Li A, Blow JJ. Cdt1 downregulation by proteolysis and geminin inhibition prevents DNA rereplication in Xenopus. Embo J 2005; 24:395-404.
23. Tachibana KE, Gonzalez MA, Guarguaglini G, Nigg EA, Laskey RA. Depletion of licensing inhibitor geminin causes centrosome overduplication and mitotic defects. EMBO Rep 2005; 6:1052-7.
24. 1 is important for the onset of S phase and for preventing a 'reductional' anaphase in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Embo J 1995; 14:3788-99.
25. Jiang W, Wells NJ, Hunter T. Multistep regulation of DNA replication by Cdk phosphorylation of HsCdc6. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999; 96:6193-8.
26. Liang C, Stillman B. Persistent initiation of DNA replication and chromatin-bound MCM proteins during the cell cycle in cdc6 mutants. Genes Dev 1997; 11:3375-86.
27. Schepers A, Diffley JF. Mutational analysis of conserved sequence motifs in the budding yeast Cdc6 protein. J Mol Biol 2001; 308:597-608.
28. Cook JG, Park CH, Burke TW, Leone G, DeGregori J, Engel A, Nevins JR. Analysis of Cdc6 function in the assembly of mammalian prereplication complexes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002; 99:1347-52.
29. Feng D, Tu Z, Wu W, Liang C. Inhibiting the expression of DNA replication-initiation proteins induces apoptosis in human cancer cells. Cancer Res 2003; 63:7356-64.
30. 2/M in mammalian cells. EMBO Rep 2006; 7:425-30.
31. Montagnoli A, Tenca P, Sola F, Carpani D, Brotherton D, Albanese C, Santocanale C. Cdc7 inhibition reveals a p53-dependent replication checkpoint that is defective in cancer cells. Cancer Res 2004; 64:7110-6.
32. Yamashita N, Kim JM, Koiwai O, Arai K, Masai H. Functional analyses of mouse ASK, an activation subunit for Cdc7 kinase, using conditional ASK knockout ES cells. Genes Cells 2005; 10:551-63.
33. Kim JM, Nakao K, Nakamura K, Saito I, Katsuki M, Arai K, Masai H. Inactivation of Cdc7 kinase in mouse ES cells results in S-phase arrest and p53-dependent cell death. Embo J 2002; 21:2168-79.
34. Shimada K, Pasero P, Gasser SM. ORC and the intra-S-phase checkpoint: A threshold regulates Rad53p activation in S phase. Genes Dev 2002; 16:3236-52.
35. Buscemi G, Perego P, Carenini N, Nakanishi M, Chessa L, Chen J, Khanna K, Delia D. Activation of ATM and Chk2 kinases in relation to the amount of DNA strand breaks. Oncogene 2004; 23:7691-700.
36. Machida YJ, Dutta A. Cellular checkpoint mechanisms monitoring proper initiation of DNA replication. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:6253-6.
37. Abraham RT. Cell cycle checkpoint signaling through the ATM and ATR kinases. Genes Dev 2001; 15:2177-96.
38. Green BM, Li JJ. Loss of rereplication control in Saccharomyces cerevisiae results in extensive DNA damage. Mol Biol Cell 2005; 16:421-32.
39. Archambault V, Ikui AE, Drapkin BJ, Cross FR. Disruption of mechanisms that prevent rereplication triggers a DNA damage response. Mol Cell Biol 2005; 25:6707-21.
40. Zhang YW, Hunter T, Abraham RT. Turning the replication checkpoint on and off. Cell Cycle 2006; 5:125-8.
41. Melo J, Toczyski D. A unified view of the DNA-damage checkpoint. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2002; 14:237-45.
42. Pasero P, Shimada K, Duncker BP. Multiple roles of replication forks in S phase checkpoints: Sensors, effectors and targets. Cell Cycle 2003; 2:568-72.
43. Shechter D, Costanzo V, Gautier J. ATR and ATM regulate the timing of DNA replication origin firing. Nat Cell Biol 2004; 6:648-55.
44. Luciani MG, Oehlmann M, Blow JJ. Characterization of a novel ATR-dependent, Chk1-independent, intra-S-phase checkpoint that suppresses initiation of replication in Xenopus. J Cell Sci 2004; 117:6019-30.
45. Shechter D, Gautier J. ATM and ATR check in on origins: A dynamic model for origin selection and activation. Cell Cycle 2005; 4:235-8.
46. Pak DT, Pflumm M, Chesnokov I, Huang DW, Kellum R, Marr J, Romanowski P, Botchan MR. Association of the origin recognition complex with heterochromatin and HP1 in higher eukaryotes. Cell 1997; 91:311-23.
47. Shareef MM, King C, Damaj M, Badagu R, Huang DW, Kellum R. Drosophila heterochromatin protein 1 (HP1)/origin recognition complex (ORC) protein is associated with HP1 and ORC and functions in heterochromatin-induced silencing. Mol Biol Cell 2001; 12:1671-85.
48. Gonzalez S, Klatt P, Delgado S, Conde E, Lopez-Rios F, Sanchez-Cespedes M, Mendez J, Antequera F, Serrano M. Oncogenic activity of Cdc6 through repression of the INK4/ARF locus. Nature 2006; 440:702-6.
49. Hoffmann I, Clarke PR, Marcote MJ, Karsenti E, Draetta G. Phosphorylation and activation of human cdc25-C by cdc2-cyclin B and its involvement in the self-amplification of MPF at mitosis. Embo J 1993; 12:53-63.
50. Strausfeld U, Fernandez A, Capony JP, Girard F, Lautredou N, Derancourt J, Labbe JC, Lamb NJ. Activation of p34cdc2 protein kinase by microinjection of human cdc25C into mammalian cells. Requirement for prior phosphorylation of cdc25C by p34cdc2 on sites phosphorylated at mitosis. J Biol Chem 1994; 269:5989-6000.
51. Watanabe N, Arai H, Iwasaki J, Shiina M, Ogata K, Hunter T, Osada H. Cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) phosphorylation destabilizes somatic Wee1 via multiple pathways. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2005; 102:11663-8.
52. Michael WM, Newport J. Coupling of mitosis to the completion of S phase through Cdc34-mediated degradation of Wee1. Science 1998; 282:1886-9.
53. Kellogg DR. Wee1-dependent mechanisms required for coordination of cell growth and cell division. J Cell Sci 2003; 116:4883-90.
54. Cuvier O, Lutzmann M, Mechali M. ORC is necessary at the interphase-to-mitosis transition to recruit cdc2 kinase and disassemble RPA foci. Curr Biol 2006; 16:516-23.
55. Biermann E, Baack M, Kreitz S, Knippers R. Synthesis and turn-over of the replicative Cdc6 protein during the HeLa cell cycle. Eur J Biochem 2002; 269:1040-6.
56. Mailand N, Diffley JF. CDKs promote DNA replication origin licensing in human cells by protecting Cdc6 from APC/C-dependent proteolysis. Cell 2005; 122:915-26.