Anthrax toxins: a paradigm of bacterial immune suppression

Trends in Immunology

Volumn 27, Issue 9, 2006, Pages 434-440

  Baldari, Cosima T ^a   Tonello, Fiorella ^b   Paccani, Silvia Rossi ^a   Montecucco, Cesare ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SIENA   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITY OF PADOVA   (Italy)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADENYLATE CYCLASE TOXIN; ADENYLATE CYCLASE TOXIN A; ANTHRAX TOXIN; CHOLERA TOXIN; CYCLIC AMP; EDEMA TOXIN; EXOTOXIN; LETHAL TOXIN; MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE; PERTUSSIS TOXIN; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ANTHRAX; B LYMPHOCYTE; BACILLUS ANTHRACIS; BACTEREMIA; BACTERIAL IMMUNITY; BACTERIAL STRAIN; BACTERICIDAL ACTIVITY; CELL FUNCTION; CELL TYPE; CYTOSOL; DENDRITIC CELL; EFFECTOR CELL; HUMAN; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE TREATMENT; INNATE IMMUNITY; MACROPHAGE; NEUTROPHIL; NONHUMAN; PHAGOCYTE; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; T LYMPHOCYTE; TOXEMIA;

ANIMALS; ANTHRAX; ANTIGENS, BACTERIAL; BACILLUS ANTHRACIS; BACTERIAL TOXINS; DENDRITIC CELLS; HUMANS; LYMPHOCYTES; MACROPHAGES; MAP KINASE SIGNALING SYSTEM;

EID: 33747066785     PISSN: 14714906     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2006.07.002     Document Type: Review

References (56)

1. Mims C., et al. Pathogenesis of infectious diseases. 4th edn (2003), Elsevier Academic Press
2. Kaufmann S.H., and Schaible U.E. 100th anniversary of Robert Koch's Nobel Prize for the discovery of the tubercle bacillus. Trends Microbiol. 10 (2005) 469-475
3. Matsumoto G. Bioterrorism. Anthrax powder: state of the art?. Science 302 (2003) 1492-1497
4. Collier R.J., and Young J.A. Anthrax toxins. Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 19 (2003) 45-70
5. Bradley K.A., et al. Identification of the cellular receptor for anthrax toxin. Nature 414 (2001) 225-229
6. Liu S., and Leppla S.H. Anthrax. J. Biol. Chem. 278 (2003) 5227-5234
7. Scobie H.M., et al. Human capillary morphogenesis protein 2 functions as an anthrax toxin receptor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 100 (2003) 5170-5174
8. Wei W., et al. The LDL receptor-related protein LRP6 mediates internalization and lethality of anthrax toxin. Cell 124 (2006) 1141-1154
9. Klimpel K.R., et al. Anthrax toxin protective antigen is activated by a cell surface protease with the sequence specificity and catalytic properties of furin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 89 (1992) 10277-10281
10. Abrami L., et al. Anthrax toxin: the long and winding road that leads to the kill. Trends Microbiol. 13 (2005) 72-78
11. Leppla S.H. Anthrax toxin edema factor: a bacterial adenylate cyclase that increases cyclic AMP concentrations of eukaryotic cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 79 (1982) 3162-3166
12. Drum C.L., et al. Structural basis for the activation of anthrax adenylyl cyclase exotoxin by calmodulin. Nature 415 (2002) 396-402
13. Vitale G., et al. Susceptibility of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase family members to proteolysis by anthrax lethal factor. Biochem. J. 352 (2000) 739-745
14. Chang L., and Karin M. Mammalian MAP kinase signaling cascades. Nature 410 (2001) 37-40
15. Zhang Y.L., and Dong C. MAP kinases in immune responses. Cell. Mol. Immunol. 2 (2005) 20-27
16. Montecucco C., et al. Stop the killer: how to inhibit the anthrax lethal factor metalloprotease. Trends Biochem. Sci. 29 (2004) 282-285
17. Hsu L.C., et al. The protein kinase PKR is required for macrophage apoptosis after activation of Toll-like receptor 4. Nature 428 (2004) 341-345
18. Ono K., and Han J. The p38 signal transduction pathway: activation and function. Cell. Signal. 12 (2000) 1-13
19. Kyriakis J.M., and Avruch J. Mammalian mitogen-activated protein kinase signal transduction pathways activated by stress and inflammation. Physiol. Rev. 81 (2001) 807-869
20. Huang C., et al. MAP kinases and cell migration. J. Cell Sci. 117 (2004) 4619-4628
21. Kammer G.M. The adenylate cyclase-cAMP-protein kinase A pathway and regulation of the immune response. Immunol. Today 9 (1988) 222-229
22. Park J.M., et al. Macrophage apoptosis by anthrax lethal factor through p38 MAP kinase inhibition. Science 297 (2002) 2048-2051
23. Popov S.G., et al. Lethal toxin of Bacillus anthracis causes apoptosis of macrophages. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 293 (2002) 349-355
24. Cordoba-Rodriguez R., et al. Anthrax lethal toxin rapidly activates caspase-1/ICE and induces extracellular release of interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18. J. Biol. Chem. 279 (2004) 20563-20566
25. Tang G., and Leppla S.H. Proteasome activity is required for anthrax lethal toxin to kill macrophages. Infect. Immun. 67 (1999) 3055-3056
26. Boyden E.D., and Dietrich W.F. Nalp1b controls mouse macrophage susceptibility to anthrax lethal toxin. Nat. Genet. 38 (2006) 240-244
27. Petrilli V., et al. The inflammasome. Curr. Biol. 15 (2005) R581. http://www.sciencedirect.com 10.1016/j.cub.2005.07.049
28. Moayeri M., et al. Bacillus anthracis lethal toxin induces TNF-α-independent hypoxia-mediated toxicity in mice. J. Clin. Invest. 112 (2003) 670-682
29. Park J.M., et al. Signalling pathways and genes that inhibit pathogen-induced macrophage apoptosis - CREB and NF-κB as key regulators. Immunity 23 (2005) 319-329
30. Tucker A.E., et al. Decreased glycogen synthase kinase 3-β levels and related physiological changes in Bacillus anthracis lethal toxin-treated macrophages. Cell. Microbiol. 5 (2003) 523-532
31. Woodgett J.R. Recent advances in the protein kinase B signalling pathway. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 17 (2005) 150-157
32. Schieven G.L. The biology of p38 kinase: a central role in inflammation. Curr. Top. Med. Chem. 5 (2005) 921-928
33. Karin M., and Gallagher E. From JNK to pay dirt: jun kinases, their biochemistry, physiology and clinical importance. IUBMB Life 57 (2005) 283-295
34. Pellizzari R., et al. Anthrax lethal factor cleaves MKK3 in macrophages and inhibits the LPS/IFNγ-induced release of NO and TNFα. FEBS Lett. 462 (1999) 199-204
35. Bergman N.H., et al. Murine macrophage transcriptional responses to Bacillus anthracis infection and intoxication. Infect. Immun. 73 (2005) 1069-1080
36. Cui X., et al. Sublethal doses of Bacillus anthracis lethal toxin inhibit inflammation with lipopolysaccharide and Escherichia coli challenge but have opposite effects on survival. J. Infect. Dis. 193 (2006) 829-840
37. Dang O., et al. Anthrax lethal toxin inhibits activation of IFN-regulatory factor 3 by lipopolysaccharide. J. Immunol. 172 (2004) 747-751
38. Wright G.G., and Mandell G.L. Anthrax toxin blocks priming of neutrophils by lipopolysaccharide and by muramyl dipeptide. J. Exp. Med. 164 (1986) 1700-1709
39. O'Brien J., et al. Effects of anthrax toxin components on human neutrophils. Infect. Immun. 47 (1985) 306-310
40. During R.L., et al. Anthrax lethal toxin paralyzes neutrophil actin-based motility. J. Infect. Dis. 192 (2005) 837-845
41. Brittingham K.C., et al. Dendritic cells endocytose Bacillus anthracis spores: implications for anthrax pathogenesis. J. Immunol. 174 (2005) 5545-5552
42. Alileche A., et al. Anthrax lethal toxin-mediated killing of human and murine dendritic cells impairs the adaptive immune response. PLoS Pathogens (2005) e19. http://pathogens.plosjournals.org 10.1371/journal. ppat. 0010019
43. Agrawal A., et al. Impairment of dendritic cells and adaptive immunity by anthrax lethal toxin. Nature 424 (2003) 329-334
44. Tournier J.N., et al. Anthrax edema toxin cooperates with lethal toxin to impair cytokine secretion during infection of dendritic cells. J. Immunol. 174 (2005) 4934-4941
45. Baillie L., et al. Role of superoxide in the germination of Bacillus anthracis endospores. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 245 (2005) 33-38
46. Pickering A.K., and Merkel T.J. Macrophages release tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-12 in response to intracellular Bacillus anthracis spores. Infect. Immun. 72 (2004) 3069-3072
47. Pickering A.K., et al. Cytokine response to infection with Bacillus anthracis spores. Infect. Immun. 72 (2004) 6382-6389
48. Raines K.W., et al. Importance of nitric oxide synthase in the control of infection by Bacillus anthracis. Infect. Immun. 74 (2006) 2268-2276
49. Dong C., et al. MAP kinases in the immune response. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 20 (2002) 55-72
50. Comer J.E., et al. Direct inhibition of T-lymphocyte activation by anthrax toxins in vivo. Infect. Immun. 73 (2005) 8275-8281
51. + T cells. J. Immunol. 174 (2005) 4966-4971
52. Rossi Paccani S., et al. Anthrax toxins suppress T lymphocyte activation by disrupting antigen receptor signalling. J. Exp. Med. 201 (2005) 325-331
53. Fang H., et al. Anthrax lethal toxin has direct and potent inhibitory effects on B cell proliferation and immunoglobulin production. J. Immunol. 176 (2006) 6155-6161
54. Quinn C.P., et al. Immune responses to Bacillus anthracis protective antigen in patients with bioterrorism-related cutaneous or inhalation anthrax. J. Infect. Dis. 190 (2004) 1228-1236
55. Mock M., and Fouet A. Anthrax. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 55 (2001) 647-671
56. Swartz M.N. Recognition and management of anthrax - an update. New Engl. J. Med. 345 (2001) 1621-1626