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Volumn , Issue 14, 2006, Pages 2418-2439

N-heterocyclic carbene-catalyzed conjugate umpolung for the synthesis of γ-butyrolactones

Author keywords

Carbenes; Cyclization; Heterocycles; Lactones; Umpolung

Indexed keywords

ALDEHYDES; CATALYST ACTIVITY; KETONES; SYNTHESIS (CHEMICAL);

EID: 33746584001     PISSN: 00397881     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-942447     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (190)

References (88)
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    • For example the use of deprotonated dithianes as masked carbonyl anion synthons has become a very popular stoichiometric approach, see: Seebach, D.; Corey, E. J. J. Org. Chem. 1975, 40, 231.
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    • For N-heterocyclic carbene catalyzed conjugate Umpolung and related reactions, see: (a) Chow, K. Y.-K.; Bode, J. W. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 8126.
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    • (i) Zeitler, K. Org. Lett. 2006, 8, 637. Very recently, the formation of spiro γ-butyrolactones by conjugate Umpolung using cyclic 1,2-diketones as the electrophiles was reported:
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    • Zeitler, K.1
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    • For excellent reviews on N-heterocyclic carbenes in organocatalysis, see: (a) Enders, D.; Balensiefer, T. Acc. Chem. Res. 2004, 37, 534.
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    • Enders, D.1    Balensiefer, T.2
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    • (d) Zeitler, K. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2005, 44, 7506. For general reviews on N-heterocyclic carbenes, see:
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    • For excellent reviews on modern organocatalysis, see: (a) Seayad, J.; List, B. Org. Biomol. Chem. 2005, 3, 719.
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    • note
    • Under a different set of reaction conditions (t-BuOH, DBU, THF) and using two equivalents of electrophilic aldehyde, Bode et al. reported improved yields: ref. 7d.
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    • note
    • 25 This data can be obtained free of charge from the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre, 12 Union Road, Cambridge CB2 1EZ, UK; Fax: +44 (1223)336033; e-mail: deposit@ccdc.cam.ac.uk.
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    • note
    • Bode et al. found that when using cis-cinnamaldehyde the same stereochemical outcome as with trans-cinnamaldehyde was observed. Moreover, stopping the reaction of cis-cinnamaldehyde prior to completion a significant amount of trans-cinnamaldehyde was observed, showcasing the importance of homoenolate resonance structure lib: ref. 7d.
  • 78
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    • note
    • Crotonaldehyde and a-methylcinnamaldehyde were reported to be unreactive under the conditions employed by Bode et al.: ref. 7 of ref. 7d.
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    • For the first step of the synthesis of aldehyde 23, see: (a) Boatman, S.; Harris, T. M.; Hauser, C. R. J. Org. Chem. 1965, 30, 3321. For the Heck reaction methodology used in the second step, see:
    • (1965) J. Org. Chem. , vol.30 , pp. 3321
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    • (a) Lehmann, C. W. private communication to the Cambridge Structural Database (2004), deposition numbers CCDC-246600 and 250238.
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    • (b) Harms, K. private communication to the Cambridge Structural Database (2006), deposition numbers CCDC-603356 and 603357.


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.