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To the best of our knowledge, the utilization of such heating inserts (generally made out of fluoropolymers doped with graphite or carbon black, ref 29) in the context of microwave synthesis has to date only been mentioned in footnotes in three recent publications dealing with microwave-assisted pericyclic rearrangements in nonpolar solvents by the groups of Davies and Barriault, respectively (ref 23).
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A similar observation was made by Maes and co-workers with reaction vessels used in a multimode microwave instrument. See ref 10 for details.
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While investigating the behavior of ionic liquids under microwave irradiation conditions we discovered one additional problem of using these materials in conjunction with nonpolar solvents. In many instances the ionic liquid will not be soluble in the nonpolar solvent, even at higher temperatures. While this may be of advantage for subsequent product isolation (the product being extracted to the nonpolar solvent), this creates a significant problem in terms of temperature measurement and reproducibility under microwave conditions. By heating a biphasic system consisting of immiscible solvents with vastly different loss tangents, differential heating will occur (ref 28). Depending on where and how the "reaction temperature" is measured, different values will be obtained (Figure S8 in the Supporting Information). The problem is aggravated by the fact that (single-mode) microwave reactors from different vendors either measure the temperature by IR sensor from the bottom or from the side, therefore in one case measuring the temperature of the (very hot) ionic liquid phase, in the other case monitoring the temperature of the (cooler) organic layer for the same process. We therefore recommend to use ionic liquids that are soluble in the solvent system of choice in order to avoid these problems (see refs 17 and 24).
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Weflon and Carboflon are commercially available heating inserts from Milestone s.r.l. (www.milestonesci.com) and CEM Corp. (www.cem.com).
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A safety feature of the single-mode reactor aborts the experiment if the preset temperature cannot be reached after a few minutes with full power. This also prevents overheating and damage of the magnetron.
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Similar to the results by Ley (ref 38) we find that pulsed microwave heating (6 cycles of 15 min irradiation at 250 °C) gave better results (>99% conversion) than one continuous irradiation cycle for 90 min (92% conversion). This microwave pulsing effect was not investigated further, however.
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The efficiency of the SiC passive heating elements in heating larger amounts (100 mL) of a variety of nonpolar solvents in multimode environments was studied in detail. These data are reproduced in the Supporting Information (Figure S12). There is also an important safety aspect that needs to be considered. It is not advised to heat non- or low-absorbing reaction mixtures for prolonged periods of time in microwave reactors. This leads to the magnetron continuously operating at the maximum power level trying to reach the selected set temperature (cf. Figure S14), and ultimately can result in overheating and damage of the magnetron (see ref 40) or destructive coupling of microwave irradiation with sensitive instrument and/or vessel parts.
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