Mitochondria in diabetes mellitus

Mitochondria in Health and Disease

Volumn , Issue , 2005, Pages 377-454

  Lee, Hong Kyu ^a  

^a Seoul National University College of Medicine   (South Korea)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 33646744011     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (177)

1. Alberti KG, Zimmet PZ: Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Part 1: Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus provisional report of a WHO consultation. Diabet. Med. 15:539-553, 1998.
2. Ceriello A, dello Russo P, Amstad P, Cerutti P: High glucose induces antioxidant enzymes in human endothelial cells in culture. Evidence linking hyperglycemia and oxidative stress. Diabetes 45:471-477, 1996.
3. Giugliano D, Ceriello A, Paolisso G: Oxidative stress and diabetic vascular complications. Diabetes Care 19:257-267, 1996.
4. Carnevale Schianca GP, Rossi A, Sainaghi PP, Maduli E, Bar-toli E: The significance of impaired fasting glucose vs. impaired glucose tolerance: Importance of insulin secretion and resistance. Diabetes Care 26:1333-1337, 2003.
5. Thorsby E, Ronningen KS: Role of HLA genes in predisposition to develop insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Ann. Med. 24:523-531, 1992.
6. Kishimoto M, Hashiramoto M, Araki S, Ishida Y, Kazumi T, Kanda E, Kasuga M: Diabetes mellitus carrying a mutation in the mitochondrial tRNA(Leu(UUR)) gene. Diabetologia38:193-200, 1995.
7. Suzuki S, Hinokio Y, Hirai S, Onoda M, Matsumoto M, Ohtomo M, Kawasaki H, Satoh Y, Akai H, Abe K: Pancreatic ß-cell secretory defect associated with mitochondrial point mutation of the tRNA(LEU(UUR)) gene: A study in seven families with mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis and strokelike episodes (MELAS). Diabetologia 37:818-825, 1994.
8. Classification and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and other categories of glucose intolerance. National Diabetes Data Group. Diabetes 28:1039-1057, 1979.
9. Kimpimaki T, Kulmala P, Savola K, Kupila A, Korhonen S, Simell T, Ilonen J, Simell O, Knip M: Natural history of P-cell autoimmunity in young children with increased genetic susceptibility to type 1 diabetes recruited from the general population. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 87:4572-4579, 2002.
10. Lee HK, Song JH, Shin CS, Park DJ, Park KS, Lee KU, Koh CS: Decreased mitochondrial DNA content in peripheral blood precedes the development of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 42:161-167, 1998.
11. Patti ME, Butte AJ, Crunkhorn S, Cusi K, Berria R, Kashyap S, Miyazaki Y, Kohane I, Costello M, Saccone R, Landaker EJ, Goldfine AB, Mun E, DeFronzo R, Finlayson J, Kahn CR, Mandarino LJ: Coordinated reduction of genes of oxidative metabolism in humans with insulin resistance and diabetes: Potential role of PGC1 and NRF1. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 100:8466-8471, 2003.
12. Petersen KF, Befroy D, Dufour S, Dziura J, Ariyan C, Rothman DL, DiPietro L, Cline GW, Shulman GI: Mitochondrial dysfunction in the elderly: Possible role in insulin resistance. Science 300:1140-1142, 2003.
13. Executive summary of the third report of The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA 285:2486-2497, 2001.
14. Purves T, Middlemas A, Agthong S, Jude EB, Boulton AJ, Fernyhough P, Tomlinson DR: A role for mitogen-activated protein kinases in the etiology of diabetic neuropathy. FASEB J. 15:2508-2514, 2001. 4 5 6 7
15. Mandarino LJ: Current hypotheses for the biochemical basis of diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes Care 15:1892-1901, 1992.
16. Stevens MJ, Feldman EL, Greene DA: The aetiology of diabetic neuropathy: the combined roles of metabolic and vascular defects. Diabet. Med. 12:566-579, 1995
17. Barber AJ: A new view of diabetic retinopathy: A neurodegenerativo disease of the eye. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 27:283-290, 2003.
18. Di Leo MA, Ghirlanda G, Gentiloni SN, Giardina B, Franconi F, Santini SA: Potential therapeutic effect of antioxidants in experimental diabetic retina: A comparison between chronic taurine and vitamin E plus selenium supplementations. Free Radic. Res. 37:323-330, 2003.
19. Agardh CD, Stenram U, Torffvit O, Agardh E: Effects of inhibition of glycation and oxidative stress on the development of diabetic nephropathy in rats. J. Diabetes Complications16:395-400, 2002.
20. Kelly DJ, Zhang Y, Hepper C, Gow RM, Jaworski K, Kemp BE, Wilkinson-Berka JL, Gilbert RE: Protein kinase C ß-inhibition attenuates the progression of experimental diabetic nephropathy in the presence of continued hypertension. Diabetes52:512-518, 2003.
21. Obrosova IG, Minchenko AG, Vasupuram R, White L, Abatan OI, Kumagai AK, Frank RN, Stevens MJ: Aldose reductase inhibitor fidarestat prevents retinal oxidative stress and vascular endothelial growth factor overexpression in streptozoto-cin-diabetic rats. Diabetes 52:864-871, 2003.
22. Ballinger SW, Shoffner JM, Gebhart S, Koontz DA, Wallace DC: Mitochondrial diabetes revisited. Nat. Genet. 7:458-459, 1994.
23. Kadowaki T, Kadowaki H, Mori Y, Tobe K, Sakuta R, Suzuki Y, Tanabe Y, Sakura H, Awata T, Goto Y: A subtype of diabetes mellitus associated with a mutation of mitochondrial DNA. N. Engl. J. Med. 330:962-968, 1994.
24. Ballinger SW, Shoffner JM, Hedaya EV, Trounce I, Polak MA, Koontz DA, Wallace DC: Maternally transmitted diabetes and deafness associated with a 10.4 kb mitochondrial DNA deletion. Nat. Genet. 1:11-15, 1992. 8 9
25. Maechler P, Wollheim CB: Mitochondrial function in normal and diabetic ß-cells. Nature 414:807-812, 2001.
26. Poulton J, Brown MS, Cooper A, Marchington DR, Phillips DI: A common mitochondrial DNA variant is associated with insulin resistance in adult life. Diabetologia 41:54-58, 1998.
27. Poulton J, Luan J, Macaulay V, Hennings S, Mitchell J, Ware-ham NJ: Type 2 diabetes is associated with a common mitochondrial variant: Evidence from a population-based case-control study. Hum. Mol. Genet. 11:1581-1583, 2002.
28. Casteels K, Ong K, Phillips D, Bendall H, Pembrey M: Mitochondrial 16189 variant, thinness at birth, and type-2 diabetes. ALSPAC study team. Avon Longitudinal Study of Pregnancy and Childhood. Lancet 353:1499-1500, 1999.
29. Poulton J, Bednarz AL, Scott-Brown M, Thompson C, Macaulay VA, Simmons D: The presence of a common mitochondrial DNA variant is associated with fasting insulin levels in Europeans in Auckland. Diabet. Med. 19:969-971, 2002.
30. Kim JH, Park KS, Cho YM, Kang BS, Kim SK, Jeon HJ, Kim SY, Lee HK: The prevalence of the mitochondrial DNA 16189 variant in nondiabetic Korean adults and its association with higher fasting glucose and body mass index. Diabet. Med. 19:681-684, 2002.
31. Ji L, Gao L, Han X: Association of 16189 variant (T^C transition) of mitochondrial DNA with genetic predisposition to type 2 diabetes in Chinese populations. Zhonghua Yi. Xue. Za Zhi. 81:711-714, 2001.
32. Coskun PE, Ruiz-Pesini E, Wallace DC: Control region mtDNA variants: Longevity, climatic adaptation, and a forensic conundrum. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A 100:2174-2176, 2003.
33. Antonetti DA, Reynet C, Kahn CR: Increased expression of mitochondrial-encoded genes in skeletal muscle of humans with diabetes mellitus. J. Clin. Invest. 95:1383-1388, 1995.
34. Song J, Oh JY, Sung YA, Pak YK, Park KS, Lee HK: Peripheral blood mitochondrial DNA content is related to insulin sensitivity in offspring of type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care24:865-869, 2001.
35. Ng MCY, Christley JJH, Cockram CS, Chan JCN: Qualitative and quantitative analysis of mitochondrial DNA in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes. Abstract # 2073. Diabetes50:A493, 2001.
36. Park KS, Lee KU, Song JH, Choi CS, Shin CS, Park DJ, Kim SK, Koh JJ, Lee HK: Peripheral blood mitochondrial DNA content is inversely correlated with insulin secretion during hyperglycemic clamp studies in healthy young men. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 52:97-102, 2001.
37. Park KS, Song JH, Lee KU, Choi CS, Koh JJ, Shin CS, Lee HK: Peripheral blood mitochondrial DNA content correlates with lipid oxidation rate during euglycemic clamps in healthy young men. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 46:149-154, 1999.
38. Lee HK: Method of proof and evidences for the concept that mitochondrial genome is a thrifty genome. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 54 Suppl 2:S57-S63, 2001.
39. Barazzoni R, Short KR, Nair KS: Effects of aging on mitochondrial DNA copy number and cytochrome c oxidase gene expression in rat skeletal muscle, liver, and heart. J. Biol. Chem. 275:3343-3347, 2000.
40. Barthelemy C, Ogier DB, Diaz J, Cheval MA, Frachon P, Romero N, Goutieres F, Fardeau M, Lombes A: Late-onset mitochondrial DNA depletion: Dna copy number, multiple deletions, and compensation. Ann. Neurol. 49:607-617, 2001.
41. Smith RE: Quantitative relations between liver mitochondria metabolism and total body weight in mammals. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 62:403-422, 1956.
42. Dicter N, Madar Z, Tirosh O: Alpha-lipoic acid inhibits glycogen synthesis in rat soleus muscle via its oxidative activity and the uncoupling of mitochondria. J. Nutr. 132:3001-3006, 2002.
43. Kishimoto M, Hashiramoto M, Araki S, Ishida Y, Kazumi T, Kanda E, Kasuga M: Diabetes mellitus carrying a mutation in the mitochondrial tRNA(Leu(UUR)) gene. Diabetologia38:193-200, 1995.
44. Harper ME, Dent R, Monemdjou S, Bezaire V, Van Wyck L, Wells G, Kavaslar GN, Gauthier A, Tesson F, McPherson R: Decreased mitochondrial proton leak and reduced expression of uncoupling protein 3 in skeletal muscle of obese diet-resistant women. Diabetes 51:2459-2466, 2002.
45. Yechoor VK, Patti ME, Saccone R, Kahn CR: Coordinated patterns of gene expression for substrate and energy metabolism in skeletal muscle of diabetic mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99:10587-10592, 2002.
46. Doniger SW, Salomonis N, Dahlquist KD, Vranizan K, Lawlor SC, Conklin BR: Mappfinder: Using gene ontology and Gen-MAPP to create a global gene-expression profile from microarray data. Genome Biol. 4:R7, 2003.
47. MacDonald MJ, Tang J, Polonsky KS: Low mitochondrial glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase and pyruvate carboxylase in pancreatic islets of Zucker diabetic fatty rats. Diabetes45:1626-1630, 1996.
48. Bindokas VP, Kuznetsov A, Sreenan S, Polonsky KS, Roe MW, Philipson LH: Visualizing superoxide production in normal and diabetic rat islets of Langerhans. J. Biol. Chem. 278:9796-9801, 2003.
49. Serradas P, Giroix MH, Saulnier C, Gangnerau MN, Borg LA, Welsh M, Portha B, Welsh N: Mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid content is specifically decreased in adult, but not fetal, pancreatic islets of the Goto-Kakizaki rat, a genetic model of noninsulin-dependent diabetes. Endocrinology 136:5623-5631, 1995.
50. MacDonald MJ, Efendic S, Ostenson CG: Normalization by insulin treatment of low mitochondrial glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase and pyruvate carboxylase in pancreatic islets of the GK rat. Diabetes 45:886-890, 1996.
51. Suzuki N, Aizawa T, Asanuma N, Sato Y, Komatsu M, Hidaka H, Itoh N, Yamauchi K, Hashizume K: An early insulin intervention accelerates pancreatic p-cell dysfunction in young Goto-Kakizaki rats, a model of naturally occurring noninsulindependent diabetes. Endocrinology 138:1106-1110, 1997.
52. Moreira PI, Santos MS, Moreno AM, Seica R, Oliveira CR: Increased vulnerability of brain mitochondria in diabetic (Goto-Kakizaki) rats with aging and amyloid-p-exposure. Diabetes 52:1449-1456, 2003.
53. Noble F, Roques BP: Phenotypes of mice with invalidation of cholecystokinin (CCK(1) or CCK(2)) receptors. Neuropeptides36:157-170, 2002.
54. Sato T, Magata K, Koga N, Mitsumoto Y: Defect of an early event of glucose metabolism in skeletal muscle of the male Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima fatty (OLETF) rat, a non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) model. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 245:378-381, 1998.
55. Shima K, Zhu M, Mizuno A: Pathoetiology and prevention of NIDDM lessons from the OLETF rat. J. Med. Invest. 46:121-129, 1999.
56. Zhu M, Mizuno A, Noma Y, Murakami T, Kuwajima M, Shima K, Lan MS: Defective morphogenesis and functional maturation in fetal islet-like cell clusters from OLETF rat, a model of NIDDM. Int. J. Exp. Diabetes Res. 1:289-298, 2001.
57. Nakaya Y, Minami A, Harada N, Sakamoto S, Niwa Y, Ohnaka M: Taurine improves insulin sensitivity in the Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima fatty rat, a model of spontaneous type 2 diabetes. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 71:54-58, 2000.
58. Aruoma OI, Halliwell B, Hoey BM, Butler J: The antioxidant action of taurine, hypotaurine and their metabolic precursors. Biochem. J. 256:251-255, 1988.
59. Trachtman H, Futterweit S, Maesaka J, Ma C, Valderrama E, Fuchs A, Tarectecan AA, Rao PS, Sturman JA, Boles TH: Taurine ameliorates chronic streptozocin-induced diabetic nephropathy in rats. Am. J. Physiol. 269:F429-F438, 1995.
60. Boujendar S, Arany E, Hill D, Remacle C, Reusens B: Taurine supplementation of a low protein diet fed to rat dams normalizes the vascularization of the fetal endocrine pancreas. J. Nutr. 133:2820-2825, 2003.
61. Cherif H, Reusens B, Ahn MT, Hoet JJ, Remacle C: Effects of taurine on the insulin secretion of rat fetal islets from dams fed a low-protein diet. J. Endocrinol. 159:341-348, 1998.
62. Suzuki T, Suzuki T, Wada T, Saigo K, Watanabe K: Taurine as a constituent of mitochondrial tRNAs: New insights into the functions of taurine and human mitochondrial diseases. EMBO J. 21:6581-6589, 2002.
63. Vicent D, Piper M, Gammeltoft S, Maratos-Flier E, Kahn CR: Alterations in skeletal muscle gene expression of ob/ob mice by mRNA differential display. Diabetes 47:1451-1458, 1998.
64. Zhang Y, Proenca R, Maffei M, Barone M, Leopold L, Friedman JM: Positional cloning of the mouse obese gene and its human homologue. Nature 372:425-432, 1994.
65. Hales CN, Barker DJ: The thrifty phenotype hypothesis. Br. Med. Bull. 60:5-20, 2001.
66. Metzger BE: Biphasic effects of maternal metabolism on fetal growth. Quintessential expression of fuel-mediated teratogen-esis. Diabetes 40 Suppl 2:99-105, 1991.
67. Bertinm E, Gangnerau MN, Bailbe D, Portha B: Glucose metabolism and ß-cell mass in adult offspring of rats protein and/or energy restricted during the last week of pregnancy. Am. J. Physiol. 277:E11-E17, 1999.
68. Poulsen P, Vaag AA, Kyvik KO, Moller JD, Beck-Nielsen H: Low birth weight is associated with NIDDM in discordant monozygotic and dizygotic twin pairs. Diabetologia40:439-446, 1997.
69. Selak MA, Storey BT, Peterside I, Simmons RA: Impaired oxidative phosphorylation in skeletal muscle of intrauterine growth-retarded rats. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 285:E130-E137, 2003.
70. Park KS, Kim SK, Kim MS, Cho EY, Lee JH, Lee KU, Pak YK, Lee HK: Fetal and early postnatal protein malnutrition cause long-term changes in rat liver and muscle mitochondria. J. Nut. 133:3085-3090, 2003.
71. Park HK, Jin CJ, Cho YM, Park do J, Shin CS, Park KS, Kim SY, Cho BY, Lee HK: Changes of mitochondrial DNA content in the male offspring of protein-malnourished rats. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 1011:205-216, 2004.
72. Park KS, Nam KJ, Kim JW, Lee YB, Han CY, Jeong JK, Lee HK, Pak YK: Depletion of mitochondrial DNA alters glucose metabolism in SK-Hep1 cells. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 280:E1007-E1014, 2001.
73. King MP, Attardi G: Human cells lacking mtDNA: Repopulation with exogenous mitochondria by complementation. Science246:500-503, 1989.
74. Zylber E, Vesco C, Penman S: Selective inhibition of the synthesis of mitochondria-associated RNA by ethidium bromide. J. Mol. Biol. 44:195-204, 1969.
75. Hayakawa T, Noda M, Yasuda K, Yorifuji H, Taniguchi S, Miwa I, Sakura H, Terauchi Y, Hayashi J, Sharp GW, Kanazawa Y, Akanuma Y, Yazaki Y, Kadowaki T: Ethidium bromide-induced inhibition of mitochondrial gene transcription suppresses glucose-stimulated insulin release in the mouse pancreatic ß-cell line ß-HC9. J Biol. Chem. 273:20300-20307, 1998.
76. Kennedy ED, Maechler P, Wollheim CB: Effects of depletion of mitochondrial DNA in metabolism secretion coupling in INS-1 cells. Diabetes 47:374-380, 1998.
77. Buchet K, Godinot C: Functional F1-ATPase essential in maintaining growth and membrane potential of human mitochondrial DNA-depleted p degrees cells. J. Biol. Chem. 273:22983-22989, 1998.
78. Kishimoto M, Hashiramoto M, Araki S, Ishida Y, Kazumi T, Kanda E, Kasuga M: Diabetes mellitus carrying a mutation in the mitochondrial tRNA(Leu(UUR)) gene. Diabetologia38:193-200, 1995.
79. Cesar MC, Wilson JE: Further studies on the coupling of mitochondrially bound hexokinase to intramitochondrially com-partmented ATP, generated by oxidative phosphorylation. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 350:109-117, 1998.
80. Gerbitz KD, Gempel K, Brdiczka D: Mitochondria and diabetes. Genetic, biochemical, and clinical implications of the cellular energy circuit. Diabetes 45:113-126, 1996.
81. Brdiczka D: Function of the outer mitochondrial compartment in regulation of energy metabolism. Biochim. Biophys. Acta1187:264-269, 1994.
82. Sherratt EJ, Thomas AW, Gill-Randall R, Alcolado JC: Phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrial DNA in type 2 diabetes: Maternal history and ancient population expansion. Diabetes48:628-634, 1999.
83. Knowler WC, Barrett-Connor E, Fowler SE, Hamman RF, Lachin JM, Walker EA, Nathan DM: Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N. Engl. J. Med. 346:393-403, 2002.
84. Devlin JT, Hirshman M, Horton ED, Horton ES: Enhanced peripheral and splanchnic insulin sensitivity in NIDDM men after single bout of exercise. Diabetes 36:434-439, 1987.
85. Devlin JT, Horton ES: Effects of prior high-intensity exercise on glucose metabolism in normal and insulin-resistant men. Diabetes 34:973-979, 1985.
86. Ren JM, Semenkovich CF, Gulve EA, Gao J, Holloszy JO: Exercise induces rapid increases in GLUT4 expression, glucose transport capacity, and insulin-stimulated glycogen storage in muscle. J. Biol. Chem. 269:14396-14401, 1994.
87. O’Doherty RM, Bracy DP, Granner DK, Wasserman DH: Transcription of the rat skeletal muscle hexokinase II gene is increased by acute exercise. J. Appl. Physiol. 81:789-793, 1996.
88. Koval JA, DeFronzo RA, O’Doherty RM, Printz R, Ardehali H, Granner DK, Mandarino LJ: Regulation of hexokinase II activity and expression in human muscle by moderate exercise. Am. J. Physiol. 274:E304-E308, 1998.
89. Osawa H, Sutherland C, Robey RB, Printz RL, Granner DK: Analysis of the signaling pathway involved in the regulation of hexokinase II gene transcription by insulin. J. Biol. Chem. 271:16690-16694, 1996.
90. Fueger PT, Heikkinen S, Bracy DP, Malabanan CM, Pencek RR, Laakso M, Wasserman DH: Hexokinase II partial knockout impairs exercise-stimulated glucose uptake in oxidative muscles of mice. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 285:E958-E963, 2003.
91. Goodyear LJ, Chang PY, Sherwood DJ, Dufresne SD, Moller DE: Effects of exercise and insulin on mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways in rat skeletal muscle. Am. J. Physiol. 271:E403-E408, 1996.
92. Ruderman NB, Park H, Kaushik VK, Dean D, Constant S, Prentki M, Saha AK: Ampk as a metabolic switch in rat muscle, liver and adipose tissue after exercise. Acta Physiol. Scand. 178:435-442, 2003.
93. Leary SC, Shoubridge EA: Mitochondrial biogenesis: Which part of “NO” do we understand? Bioessays 25:538-541, 2003.
94. Vestergaard H, Bjorbaek C, Hansen T, Larsen FS, Granner DK, Pedersen O: Impaired activity and gene expression of hexoki-nase II in muscle from non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus patients. J. Clin. Invest. 96:2639-2645, 1995.
95. Golshani-Hebroni SG, Bessman SP: Hexokinase binding to mitochondria: A basis for proliferative energy metabolism. J. Bioenerg. Biomembr. 29:331-338, 1997.
96. Hoppeler H, Luthi P, Claassen H, Weibel ER, Howald H: The ultrastructure of the normal human skeletal muscle. A morphometric analysis on untrained men, women and well-trained orienteers. Pflugers Arch. 344:217-232, 1973.
97. Lampert E, Mettauer B, Hoppeler H, Charloux A, Charpentier A, Lonsdorfer J: Structure of skeletal muscle in heart transplant recipients. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 28:980-984, 1996.
98. Holloszy JO, Coyle EF: Adaptations of skeletal muscle to endurance exercise and their metabolic consequences. J. Appl. Physiol. 56:831-838, 1984.
99. Puntschart A, Claassen H, Jostarndt K, Hoppeler H, Billeter R: Mrnas of enzymes involved in energy metabolism and mtDNA are increased in endurance-trained athletes. Am. J. Physiol. 269:C619-C625, 1995.
100. Lim S, Kim SK, Park KS, Kim SY, Cho BY, Yim MJ, Lee HK: Effect of exercise on the mitochondrial DNA content of peripheral blood in healthy women. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 82:407-412, 2000.
101. Nisoli E, Clementi E, Paolucci C, Cozzi V, Tonello C, Sciorati C, Bracale R, Valerio A, Francolini M, Moncada S, Carruba MO: Mitochondrial biogenesis in mammals: The role of endogenous nitric oxide. Science 299:896-899, 2003.
102. Brini M, Pinton P, King MP, Davidson M, Schon EA, Rizzuto R: A calcium signaling defect in the pathogenesis of a mitochondrial DNA inherited oxidative phosphorylation deficiency. Nat. Med. 5:951-954, 1999.
103. Scarpulla RC: Nuclear activators and coactivators in mammalian mitochondrial biogenesis. Biochim. Biophys. Acta1576:1-14, 2002.
104. Armstrong D, al Awadi F: Lipid peroxidation and retinopathy in streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 11:433-436, 1991.
105. Kitahara M, Eyre HJ, Lynch RE, Rallison ML, Hill HR: Metabolic activity of diabetic monocytes. Diabetes 29:251-256, 1980.
106. Leinonen J, Lehtimaki T, Toyokuni S, Okada K, Tanaka T, Hiai H, Ochi H, Laippala P, Rantalaiho V, Wirta O, Pasternack A, Alho H: New biomarker evidence of oxidative DNA damage in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. FEBS Lett. 417:150-152, 1997.
107. Nagasaka Y, Fujii S, Kaneko T: Effects of high glucose and sorbitol pathway on lipid peroxidation of erythrocytes. Horm. Metab. Res. 21:275-276, 1989.
108. Jain SK, McVie R: Effect of glycemic control, race (white vs. black), and duration of diabetes on reduced glutathione content in erythrocytes of diabetic patients. Metabolism 43:306-309, 1994.
109. Lee YS, Lee HS, Park MK, Hwang ES, Park EM, Kasai H, Chung MH: Identification of 8-hydroxyguanine glycosylase activity in mammalian tissues using 8-hydroxyguanine specific monoclonal antibody. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 196:1545-1551, 1993.
110. Park KS, Kim JH, Kim MS, Kim JM, Kim SK, Choi JY, Chung MH, Han B, Kim SY, Lee HK: Effects of insulin and antioxidant on plasma 8-hydroxyguanine and tissue 8-hydroxydeoxygua-nosine in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Diabetes50:2837-2841, 2001.
111. Shin CS, Moon BS, Park KS, Kim SY, Park SJ, Chung MH, Lee HK: Serum 8-hydroxy-guanine levels are increased in diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 24:733-737, 2001.
112. Ceriello A: New insights on oxidative stress and diabetic complications may lead to a “causal” antioxidant therapy. Diabetes Care 26:1589-1596, 2003.
113. Keaney JF, Jr., Larson MG, Vasan RS, Wilson PW, Lipinska I, Corey D, Massaro JM, Sutherland P, Vita JA, Benjamin EJ: Obesity and systemic oxidative stress: Clinical correlates of oxidative stress in the Framingham Study. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 23:434-439, 2003.
114. Williamson JR, Kilo C, Ido Y: The role of cytosolic reductive stress in oxidant formation and diabetic complications. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 45:81-82, 1999.
115. Maziere C, Auclair M, Rose-Robert F, Leflon P, Maziere JC: Glucose-enriched medium enhances cell-mediated low density lipoprotein peroxidation. FEBS Lett. 363:277-279, 1995.
116. Graier WF, Simecek S, Kukovetz WR, Kostner GM: High D-glucose-induced changes in endothelial Ca2+/EDRF signaling are due to generation of superoxide anions. Diabetes45:1386-1395, 1996.
117. Nishikawa T, Edelstein D, Du XL, Yamagishi S, Matsumura T, Kaneda Y, Yorek MA, Beebe D, Oates PJ, Hammes HP, Giardino I, Brownlee M: Normalizing mitochondrial superoxide production blocks three pathways of hyperglycaemic damage. Nature 404:787-790, 2000.
118. Chevaux F, Curchod B, Felber JP, Jequier E: Insulin resistance and carbohydrate oxidation in patients with chemical diabetes. Diabetes Metab. 8:105-108, 1982.
119. Pittet P, Gygax PH, Jequier E: Thermic effect of glucose and amino acids in man studied by direct and indirect calorimetry. Br. J. Nutr. 31:343-349, 1974.
120. Baines A, Ho P: Glucose stimulates O2 consumption, NOS, and Na/H exchange in diabetic rat proximal tubules. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 283:F286-F293, 2002.
121. Sakai K, Matsumoto K, Nishikawa T, Suefuji M, Nakamaru K, Hirashima Y, Kawashima J, Shirotani T, Ichinose K, Brownlee M, Araki E: Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species reduce insulin secretion by pancreatic p-cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 300:216-222, 2003.
122. Cai L, Li W, Wang G, Guo L, Jiang Y, Kang YJ: Hyperglycemia-induced apoptosis in mouse myocardium: Mitochondrial cytochrome C-mediated caspase-3 activation pathway. Diabetes51:1938-1948, 2002.
123. Egawhary DN, Swoboda BE, Chen J, Easton AJ, Vince FP: Diabetic complications and the mechanism of the hyperglycae-mia-induced damage to the mtDNA of cultured vascular endothelial cells: (I) Characterization of the 4977 base pair deletion and 13 bp flanking repeats. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 23:518S, 1995.
124. Swoboda BE, Egawhary DN, Chen J, Vince FP: Diabetic complications and the mechanism of the hyperglycaemia-induced damage to the mt DNA of cultured vascular endothelial cells: (Ii) the involvement of protein kinase C. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 23:519S, 1995.
125. McDonald DG, McMenamin JB, Farrell MA, Droogan O, Green AJ: Familial childhood onset neuropathy and cirrhosis with the 4977bp mitochondrial DNA deletion. Am. J. Med. Genet. 111:191-194, 2002.
126. Santos DL, Palmeira CM, Seica R, Dias J, Mesquita J, Moreno AJ, Santos MS: Diabetes and mitochondrial oxidative stress: A study using heart mitochondria from the diabetic Goto-Kak-izaki rat. Mol. Cell Biochem. 246:163-170, 2003.
127. Yorek MA: The role of oxidative stress in diabetic vascular and neural disease. Free Radic. Res. 37:471-480, 2003.
128. Barber AJ: A new view of diabetic retinopathy: A neurodegenerative disease of the eye. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 27:283-290, 2003.
129. Spriet LL, Watt MJ: Regulatory mechanisms in the interaction between carbohydrate and lipid oxidation during exercise. Acta Physiol. Scand. 178:443-452, 2003.
130. Carlsson C, Borg LA, Welsh N: Sodium palmitate induces partial mitochondrial uncoupling and reactive oxygen species in rat pancreatic islets in vitro. Endocrinology 140:3422-3428, 1999.
131. Barbu A, Welsh N, Saldeen J: Cytokine-induced apoptosis and necrosis are preceded by disruption of the mitochondrial membrane potential (Deltapsi(m)) in pancreatic RINm5F cells: Prevention by Bcl-2. Mol. Cell Endocrinol. 190:75-82, 2002.
132. Koshkin V, Wang X, Scherer PE, Chan CB, Wheeler MB: Mitochondrial functional state in clonal pancreatic p-cells exposed to free fatty acids. J. Biol. Chem. 278:19709-19715, 2003.
133. Effect of intensive blood-glucose control with metformin on complications in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 34). UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Lancet 352:854-865, 1998.
134. Owen MR, Doran E, Halestrap AP: Evidence that metformin exerts its antidiabetic effects through inhibition of complex 1 of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Biochem. J. 348 Pt 3:607-614, 2000.
135. Bonnefont-Rousselot D, Raji B, Walrand S, Gardes-Albert M, Jore D, Legrand A, Peynet J, Vasson MP: An intracellular modulation of free radical production could contribute to the beneficial effects of metformin towards oxidative stress. Metabolism 52:586-589, 2003.
136. Skulachev VP: Uncoupling: New approaches to an old problem of bioenergetics. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1363:100-124, 1998.
137. Korshunov SS, Korkina OV, Ruuge EK, Skulachev VP, Starkov AA: Fatty acids as natural uncouplers preventing generation of O2.- and H2O2 by mitochondria in the resting state. FEBS Lett. 435:215-218, 1998.
138. Cocco T, Di Paola M, Papa S, Lorusso M: Arachidonic acid interaction with the mitochondrial electron transport chain promotes reactive oxygen species generation. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 27:51-59, 1999.
139. Bessman SP, Mohan C, Zaidise I: Intracellular site of insulin action: Mitochondrial Krebs cycle. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 83:5067-5070, 1986.
140. Wang J, Wilhelmsson H, Graff C, Li H, Oldfors A, Rustin P, Bruning JC, Kahn CR, Clayton DA, Barsh GS, Thoren P, Lars-son NG: Dilated cardiomyopathy and atrioventricular conduction blocks induced by heart-specific inactivation of mitochondrial DNA gene expression. Nat. Genet. 21:133-137, 1999.
141. Kanazawa A, Nishio Y, Kashiwagi A, Inagaki H, Kikkawa R, Horiike K: Reduced activity of mtTFA decreases the transcription in mitochondria isolated from diabetic rat heart. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 282:E778-E785, 2002.
142. Harman DA: Theory based on free radical and radiation chemistry. J. Gerontol. 11:298-300, 1956.
143. Linnane AW, Zhang C, Baumer A, Nagley P: Mitochondrial DNA mutation and the ageing process: Bioenergy and pharmacological intervention. Mutat. Res. 275:195-208, 1992.
144. Rustin P, Kleist-Retzow JC, Vajo Z, Rotig A, Munnich A: For debate: Defective mitochondria, free radicals, cell death, aging-reality or myth-ochondria? Mech. Ageing Dev. 114:201-206, 2000.
145. Suzuki S, Hinokio Y, Komatu K, Ohtomo M, Onoda M, Hirai S, Hirai M, Hirai A, Chiba M, Kasuga S, Akai H, Toyota T: Oxidative damage to mitochondrial DNA and its relationship to diabetic complications. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 45:161-168, 1999.
146. Ha H, Kim C, Son Y, Chung MH, Kim KH: Dna damage in the kidneys of diabetic rats exhibiting microalbuminuria. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 16:271-274, 1994.
147. Kakimoto M, Inoguchi T, Sonta T, Yu HY, Imamura M, Etoh T, Hashimoto T, Nawata H: Accumulation of 8-hydroxy-2'-deox-yguanosine and mitochondrial DNA deletion in kidney of diabetic rats. Diabetes 51:1588-1595, 2002.
148. Nomiyama T, Tanaka Y, Hattori N, Nishimaki K, Nagasaka K, Kawamori R, Ohta S: Accumulation of somatic mutation in mitochondrial DNA extracted from peripheral blood cells in diabetic patients. Diabetologia 45:1577-1583, 2002.
149. Harano Y, DePalma RG, Lavine L, Miller M: Fatty acid oxidation, oxidative phosphorylation and ultrastructure of mitochondria in the diabetic rat liver. Hepatic factors in diabetic ketosis. Diabetes 21:257-270, 1972.
150. Mythili MD, Vyas R, Akila G, Gunasekaran S: Microsc. Res. Tech. 63:274-281, 2004.
151. Bian K, Murad F: Nitric oxide (NO) — biogeneration, regulation, and relevance to human diseases. Front Biosci. 8:d264-d278, 2003.
152. Brown GC: Nitric oxide regulates mitochondrial respiration and cell functions by inhibiting cytochrome oxidase. FEBS Lett. 369:136-139, 1995.
153. Choi YS, Kim S, Pak YK: Mitochondrial transcription factor A (mtTFA) and diabetes. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 54 Suppl2:S3-S9, 2001.
154. Haraguchi Y, Chung AB, Neill S, Wallace DC: Oxbox and REBOX, overlapping promoter elements of the mitochondrial F0F1-ATP synthase ß-subunit gene. OXBOX/REBOX in the ATPsyn ß-promoter. J. Biol. Chem. 269:9330-9334, 1994.
155. Foss MC, Vlachokosta FV, Cunningham LN, Aoki TT: Restoration of glucose homeostasis in insulin-dependent diabetic subjects. An inducible process. Diabetes 31:46-52, 1982.
156. Memon RA, Mohan C, Bessman SP: Impaired mitochondrial protein synthesis in streptozotocin diabetic rat hepatocytes. Biochem. Mol. Biol. Int. 37:627-634, 1995.
157. Felber JP, Ferrannini E, Golay A, Meyer HU, Theibaud D, Curchod B, Maeder E, Jequier E, DeFronzo RA: Role of lipid oxidation in pathogenesis of insulin resistance of obesity and type II diabetes. Diabetes 36:1341-1350, 1987.
158. Golay A, Munger R, Assimacopoulos-Jeannet F, Bobbioni-Har-sch E, Habicht F, Felber JP: Progressive defect of insulin action on glycogen synthase in obesity and diabetes. Metabolism51:549-553, 2002.
159. Wlodek D, Gonzales M: Decreased energy levels can cause and sustain obesity. J. Theor. Biol. 225:33-44, 2003.
160. Leibel RL, Hirsch J: Diminished energy requirements in reduced-obese patients. Metabolism 33:164-170, 1984.
161. Leibel RL, Rosenbaum M, Hirsch J: Changes in energy expenditure resulting from altered body weight. N. Engl. J. Med. 332:621-628, 1995.
162. Nelson KM, Weinsier RL, Long CL, Schutz Y: Prediction of resting energy expenditure from fat-free mass and fat mass. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 56:848-856, 1992.
163. Wang Z, Heshka S, Gallagher D, Boozer CN, Kotler DP, Heyms-field SB: Resting energy expenditure-fat-free mass relationship: New insights provided by body composition modeling. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 279:E539-E545, 2000.
164. Ravussin E, Lillioja S, Knowler WC, Christin L, Freymond D, Abbott WG, Boyce V, Howard BV, Bogardus C: Reduced rate of energy expenditure as a risk factor for body-weight gain. N. Engl. J. Med. 318:467-472, 1988.
165. Weyer C, Pratley RE, Salbe AD, Bogardus C, Ravussin E, Tataranni PA: Energy expenditure, fat oxidation, and body weight regulation: A study of metabolic adaptation to long-term weight change. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 85:1087-1094, 2000.
166. West GB, Brown JH, Enquist BJ: A general model for the origin of allometric scaling laws in biology. Science 276:122-126, 1997.
167. West GB, Brown JH, Enquist BJ: The fourth dimension of life: Fractal geometry and allometric scaling of organisms. Science284:1677-1679, 1999.
168. West GB, Woodruff WH, Brown JH: Allometric scaling of metabolic rate from molecules and mitochondria to cells and mammals. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 Suppl 1:2473-2478, 2002.
169. Darveau CA, Suarez RK, Andrews RD, Hochachka PW: Allo-metric cascade as a unifying principle of body mass effects on metabolism. Nature 417:166-170, 2002.
170. White CR, Seymour RS: Mammalian basal metabolic rate is proportional to body mass 2/3. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 100:4046-4049, 2003.
171. West GB, Savage VM, Gillooly J, Enquist BJ, Woodruff WH, Brown JH: Physiology: Why does metabolic rate scale with body size? Nature 421:713, 2003.
172. Santillan M: Allometric scaling law in a simple oxygen exchanging network: Possible implications on the biological allometric scaling laws. J. Theor. Biol. 223:249-257, 2003.
173. Schwartz MW, Woods SC, Porte D, Jr., Seeley RJ, Baskin DG: Central nervous system control of food intake. Nature404:661-671, 2000.
174. Torsoni MA, Carvalheira JB, Pereira-Da-Silva M, Carvalho-Filho MA, Saad MJ, Velloso LA: Molecular and functional resistance to insulin in hypothalamus of rats exposed to cold. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 285:E216-E223, 2003.
175. Belfiore F, Iannello S: Fatty acid synthesis from glutamate in the adipose tissue of normal subjects and obese patients: An enzyme study. Biochem. Mol. Med. 54:19-25, 1995.
176. Golay A, Jallut D, Schutz Y, Felber JP, Jequier E: Evolution of glucose induced thermogenesis in obese subjects with and without diabetes: A 6-year follow-up study. Int. J. Obes. 15:601-607, 1991.
177. Strohman R: Maneuvering in the complex path from genotype to phenotype. Science 296:701-703, 2002.