1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-mediated stimulation of steroid sulphatase activity in myeloid leukaemic cell lines requires VDR nuc-mediated activation of the RAS/RAF/ERK-MAP kinase signaling pathway

Journal of Cellular Biochemistry

Volumn 98, Issue 3, 2006, Pages 590-617

  Hughes, Philip J ^a   Brown, Geoffrey ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Genomic and non genomic signalling; Myeloid cells; Steroid sulphatase; Vitamin d3

Indexed keywords

1 [[6 (3 METHOXYESTRA 1,3,5(10) TRIEN 17BETA YL)AMINO]HEXYL] 1H PYRROLE 2,5 DIONE; 1,3,24 TRIHYDROXY 26,27 CYCLO 9,10 SECOCHOLESTA 5,7,10(19),22 TETRAENE 25 CARBOXYLIC ACID BUTYL ESTER; 12 (2 CYANOETHYL) 6,7,12,13 TETRAHYDRO 13 METHYL 5 OXOINDOLO[2,3 A]PYRROLO[3,4 C]CARBAZOLE; 2 (2 AMINO 3 METHOXYPHENYL)CHROMONE; 2,3 DIPHOSPHOGLYCERIC ACID; 4 (4 FLUOROPHENYL) 2 (4 NITROPHENYL) 5 (4 PYRIDYL)IMIDAZOLE; ANTHRA[1,9 CD]PYRAZOL 6(2H) ONE; BUTANOL; CALCITRIOL; CERAMIDE DERIVATIVE; CHLORPROMAZINE; GF 109293X; GW 5074; LY 379196; MANUMYCIN; MANUMYCIN A; MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE; PHOSPHATIDATE PHOSPHATASE; PHOSPHOLIPASE C INHIBITOR; PHOSPHOLIPASE D INHIBITOR; PHOSPHOLIPASE INHIBITOR; PROPRANOLOL; PROTEIN KINASE C INHIBITOR; PROTEIN KINASE CALPHA INHIBITOR; PROTEIN KINASE CBETA INHIBITOR; PROTEIN KINASE CDELTA INHIBITOR; RAF PROTEIN; RAF PROTEIN INHIBITOR; RAS PROTEIN; RAS PROTEIN INHIBITOR; ROTTLERIN; STERYL SULFATASE; TRICYCLO[4.3.0.1]DECAN 9 YL XANTHOGENATE; U 1026; U 73344; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG; ZK 168281; CALCITRIOL RECEPTOR; DIHYDROXY VITAMIN D3; DIHYDROXY-VITAMIN D3; DRUG DERIVATIVE; PHOSPHOLIPASE C; PHOSPHOLIPASE D; PROTEIN KINASE C ALPHA; PROTEIN KINASE C DELTA; PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE; VITAMIN D;

ARTICLE; DIMERIZATION; ENZYME ACTIVITY; ENZYME INHIBITION; ENZYME MECHANISM; ENZYME SPECIFICITY; HUMAN; HUMAN CELL; MYELOID LEUKEMIA; PHARMACOLOGICAL BLOCKING; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; VITAMIN D METABOLISM; CALCIUM SIGNALING; CELL CULTURE; DRUG ANTAGONISM; DRUG EFFECT; ENZYME ACTIVATION; ENZYMOLOGY; METABOLISM; TUMOR CELL LINE;

CALCIUM SIGNALING; CELL LINE, TUMOR; ENZYME ACTIVATION; EXTRACELLULAR SIGNAL-REGULATED MAP KINASES; HUMANS; LEUKEMIA, MYELOID; MAP KINASE SIGNALING SYSTEM; PHOSPHOLIPASE C; PHOSPHOLIPASE D; PROTEIN KINASE C-ALPHA; PROTEIN KINASE C-DELTA; RAF KINASES; RAS PROTEINS; RECEPTORS, CALCITRIOL; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SRC-FAMILY KINASES; STERYL-SULFATASE; TUMOR CELLS, CULTURED; VITAMIN D;

EID: 33646538500     PISSN: 07302312     EISSN: 10974644     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/jcb.20787     Document Type: Article

References (138)

1. Andersson K, Sundler R. 2000. Signalling to translational activation of tumour necrosis factor-α expression in human THP-1 cells. Cytokine 12:1784-1787.
2. Bae Y, Lee T, Park J, Hut J, Kim Y, Heo K, Kwak J. 2003. Identification of a compound that directly stimulates phospholipase C activity. Mol Pharmacol 63:1043-1050.
3. 3 24 hydroxylase transcription. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 286:E595-E608.
4. Batista E, Warbington M, Badwey J, Van Dyke T. 2005. Differentiation of HL-60 cells to granulocytes involves regulation of select diacylglycerol kinases (DGKs). J Cell Biochem 94:774-793.
5. Barsony J, McKoy W. 1992. Molybdate increases intracellular 3′,5′-guanosine cyclic monophosphate and stbilizes vitamin D receptor association with tubulin-containing filaments. J Biol Chem 267:24457-24465.
6. 3 stimulates expression and translocation of protein kinase Cα and Cδ via a non-genomic mechanism and rapidly induces phosphorylation of a 33-kDA protein in acute promyelocytic NB4 cells. J Biol Chem 271:16090-16096.
7. 3 stimulates phosphorylation of IκBα and synergises with TPA to induce nuclear translocation of NFκB during monocytic differentiation of NB4 leukemic cells. Exp Cell Res 272:176-184.
8. Bertagnolo V, Neri L, Marchisio M, Mischiati C, Capitani S. 1999. Phosphoinositide 3-kinase activity is essential for all-trans-retinoic acid-induced granulocytic differentiation of HL-60 cells. Canc Res 59:542-546.
9. Bertagnolo V, Brugnoli F, Marchisio M, Celeghini C, Carini C, Capitani S. 2004. Association of PI 3-K with tyrosine phosphorylated VAV is essential for its activity in neutrophil-like maturation of myeloid cells. Cell Signal 16:423-433.
10. Bettoun D, Lu J, Khalifa B, Yee Y, Chin W, Nagpal S. 2004. Ligand modulates VDR-Ser/Thr protein phosphatase interaction and p70S6 kinase phosphorylation in a cell-context-dependent manner. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 89:195-198.
11. 3 is independent of nuclear receptor binding. J Biol Chem 270:15692-15965.
12. 3. Trend Endocrinol Metab 16:280-287.
13. 3 regulation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway in muscle cells. J Biol Chem 278:2199-2205.
14. Bula C, Huhtakangas J, Olivera C, Bishop J, Norman A, Henry H. 2005. Presence of a truncated form of the VDR in a strain of VDR-KO mice. Endocrinology 146:5581-5586.
15. Bulayeva N, Gametchu B, Watson C. 2004. Quantitative measurement of estrogen-induced ERK 1 and 2 activation via multiple membrane-initiated signalling pathways. Steroids 69:181-192.
16. Burke J, Davern L, Gregor K, Owczarczak L. 1999. Differentiation of U937 cells enables a phospholipase D-dependent pathway of cytosolic phospholipase A2 activation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 260:232-239.
17. Cambien B, Millet M-A, Schmid-Antomarchi H, Brosette N, Rossi B, Schmid-Alliana A. 1999. Src-regulated extracellular-regulated kinase and syk-regulated c-jun N-terminal kinase pathways act in conjunction to induce IL-1 synthesis in response to microtubule disruption in HL60 cells. J Immunol 163:5079-5085.
18. 3 induces translocation of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) to the plasma membrane in skeletal muscle cells. J Cell Biochem 86:128-135.
19. 3 in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. J Cell Biochem 93:384-397.
20. Carlberg C. 2003. Molecular basis of the selective activity of vitamin D analogues. J Cell Biochem 88:274-281.
21. Chang M, Chen B, Yu M, Sheu J, Chen T, Lin C. 2005. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate upregulates cyclooxygenase-2 expression in human pulmonary epithelial cells via Ras, Raf-1, ERK and NF-κB, but not p38 MAPK, pathways. Cell Signal 17:299-310.
22. Chen W, Thiboutot D, Zoublis C. 2002. Cutaneous androgen metabolism: Basic research and clinical perspectives. J Invest Dermatol 119:992-1007.
23. Christakos S, Barletta F, Huenning M, Dhawan P, Liu Y, Porta A, Peng X. 2003. Vitamin D target proteins: Function and regulation. J Cell Biochem 88:238-244.
24. Cieslik K, Zhu Y, Shtivelband M, Wu K. 2005. Inhibition of p90 ribosomal S6 kinase-mediated CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-β activation and cyclooxygenase expression by salicylate. J Biol Chem 280:18411-18417.
25. Collado-Escobar D, Mollinedo F. 1994. Dexamethasone modifies the functional responses of the granulocytic differentiating HL-60 cells. Biochem J 299:553-559.
26. Compagnone N, Salido E, Shapiro L, Mellon S. 1997. Expression of steroid sulfatase during embryogenesis. Endocrinology 138:4768-4773.
27. Davies S, Reddy H, Caivano M, Cohen P. 2000. Specificity and mechanism of action of some commonly used protein kinase inhibitors. Biochem J 351:95-105.
28. Di Fulvio M, Gomez-Cambronero J. 2005. Phospholipase D (PLD) gene expression in human neutrophils and HL-60 differentiation. J Leukoc Biol 77:999-1007.
29. Dominguez O, Valencia S, Loza A. 1975. On the role of steroid sulfates in hormone biosynthesis. J Ster Biochem 6:301-309.
30. Dusso A, Brown A, Slatopolsky E. 2005. Vitamin D. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 289:F8-F28.
31. 3-mediated transactivation of the rat cytochrome p450C24 (CYP24) promoter. Specific functions for ERK1/ERK2 and ERK5. J Biol Chem 27:29643-29653.
32. Ebisuya M, Kondoh K, Nishida E. 2005. The duration, magnitude and compartmentalization of ERK MAP kinase activity: Mechanisms for providing signalling specificity. J Cell Science 118:2997-3002.
33. Edmunds J, Mahadevan L. 2004. MAP kinases as structural adaptors and enzymatic activators in transcription complexes. J Cell Sci 117:3715-3723.
34. Edwards D. 2005. Regulation of signal transduction pathways by estrogen and progesterone. Annu Rev Physiol 67:335-376.
35. El Marjou M, Montalescot V, Buzyn A, Geny B. 2000. Modifications in phospholipase D activity and isoform expression occur upon maturation and differentiation in vivo and in vitro in human myeloid cells. Leukemia 14:2118-2127.
36. Exton J. 2002. Regulation of phospholipase D. FEBS Lett 531:58-61.
37. Faccinetti M, Boland R, De Boland A. 1998. Calcitrol transmembrane signalling: Regulation of rat muscle phospholipase D activity. J Lipid Res 39:197-204.
38. Farach-Carson M, Davis P. 2003. Steroid hormone interactions with target cells: Cross talk between membrane and nuclear pathways. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 307:839-845.
39. Feuerstein N, Cooper H. 1984. Rapid phosphorylation-dephosphorylation of specific proteins induced by phorbol ester in HL-60 cells. Further characterization of the phosphorylation of 17 kilodalton and 27-kilodalton proteins in myeloid leukaemic cells and human monocytes. J Biol Chem 259:2782-2788.
40. Fleet J. 2004. Rapid, membrane-initiated actions of 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D: What are they and what do they mean? J Nutr 134:3215-3218.
41. 3 and retinoic acid. Internal. J Biochem Cell Biol 37:427-441.
42. 3. J Cell Physiol 172:284-295.
43. Glasow A, Prodromou N, Xu K, Von Lindern M, Zelent A. 2005. Retinoids and myelomonocytic growth factors cooperatively activate RARα and induce human myeloid leukaemia cell differentiation via MAP kinase pathways. Blood 105:341-349.
44. + hematopoietic progenitors. J Leukoc Biol 71:641-651.
45. Griffiths G, Garrone B, Deacon E, Owen P, Pongracz J, Mead G, Bradwell A, Watters D, Lord J. 1996. The polyether Bistratene A activated protein kinase C-σ and induces growth arrest in HL60 cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 22:802-808.
46. 2+indicators with greatly improved fluorescence properties. J Biol Chem 260:3440-3450.
47. Hall-Jackson C, Eyers P, Cohen P, Goedert M, Boyle F, Hewitt N, Plant H, Hedge P. 1999. paradoxical activation of Raf by a novel Raf inhibitor. Chem Biol 6:559-568.
48. Hanley K, Jiang Y, Katagiri C, Feingold K, Williams M. 1997. Epidermal steroid sulfatase and cholesterol sulfotransferase are regulated during late gestation in the fetal rat. J Invest Dermatol 108:871-875.
49. Hanson S, Best M, Wong C-H. 2004. Sulphatases: Structure, mechanism, biological activity, inhibition and synthetic utility. Angew Chem Int Ed 43:5736-5763.
50. Kara H, Yasunami Y, Adachi T. 2002. Alteration of cellular phosophorylation state affects vitamin D receptor-mediated CYP3A4 mRNA induction in Caco-2 cells. Biochem Biophys Commun 296:182-188.
51. 3-induced myeloid cell differentiation is regulated by a vitamin D receptor-phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signalling complex. J Exp Med 190:1583-1594.
52. Holick M. 2003. Vitamin D: A millennium perspective. J Cell Biochem 88:296-307.
53. Hooper W, Abraham R, Ashendel C, Woloschak G. 1989. Differential responsiveness to phorbol esters correlates with differential expression of protein kinase Cin KG-1 and KG-1a human myeloid leukaemia cells. Biochim Biophys Acta 1013:47-54.
54. Hsu F, MA Z, Wohltmann M, Bohrer A, Nowatzke W, Rananadham S, Turk J. 2000. Electrospray ionization/ mas spectrometric analyses of human promonocytic U937 cell glycerolipids and evidence that differentiation is associated with membrane lipid composition changes that facilitate phospholipase A2 activation. J Biol Chem 275:16579-16589.
55. Hu T, Exton J. 2005. 1-Butanol interferes with phospholipase D1 and protein kinase Ca association and inhibits phospholipase D1 basal activity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 327:1047-1051.
56. + myeloid leukemic cell line signals through TNF receptor type I and is associated with NF-κB activation. J Immunol 163:3106-3115.
57. 3. Biochem J 365:361-371.
58. 3 stimulates steroid sulphatase activity in HL60 and NB4 acute myeloid leukaemia cell lines by different receptor-mediated mechanisms. J Cell Biochem 94:1175-1189.
59. 3 in vivo and in vitro. Mol Endocrinol 18:2660-2671.
60. Humeniuk-Polaczek R, Marinkowska E. 2004. Impaired nuclear localization of vitamin D receptor in leukemia cells resistant to calcitriol-induced differentiation. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 88:361-366.
61. 3-induced monocytic differentiation of HL60 cells. Cane Res 64:370-377.
62. 3, involves nuclear vitamin D receptor (nVDR) and non-nVDR-mediated pathways. J Cell Physiol 191:198-207.
63. Jones G, Strugnell S, DeLuca H. 1998. Current understanding of the molecular actions of vitamin D. Physiol Rev 78:1193-1231.
64. Kanaho Y, Nakai Y, Katoh M, Nozawa Y. 1993. The phosphatase inhibitor 2,3-diphosphoglycerate interferes with phospholipase D activation in rabbit peritoneal neutrophils. J Biol Chem 268:12492-124977.
65. Kang H, Lee H, Lee Y, Jo E, Kim J, Kim G, Park Y, Mindo S, Yano A, Kwak J, Bae Y. 2004. Up-regulation of phospholipase Cγ1 and phospholipase D during the differentiation of human monocytes to dendritic cells. Int immunopharmacol 4:911-920.
66. Kanoh H, Yamada K, Sakane F. 2002. Diacylglycerol kinases: Emerging downstream regulators in cell signalling systems. J Biochem 131:629-633.
67. 3 but not TPA activates PLD in Caco-2 cells via pp60(c-src) and RhoA. Am J Physiol 274:G1005-G1015.
68. 3 and TPA activate phospholipase D in Caco-2 cells: Role of PKC-α. Am J Physiol 276:G993-G1004.
69. 3-occupied vitamin D receptors with cellular membrane acceptance sites. Endocrinology 137:3649-3658.
70. Kim K, Kim S, Lee E, Kim N, Kang H, Kim H, Chung B, Kang C. 2001. Extracellular signal-regulated kinase/90-KDA ribosomal S6 kinase/nuclear factor-κ B pathway mediates phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-induced megakaryocytic differentiation of K562 cells. J Biol Chem 276:13186-13191.
71. 3-induced differentiation of human pro-myelocytic leukaemia cells into monocytes by costunolide, a germacranolide sesquiterpene lactone. Biochem Pharmacol 64:1233-1242.
72. Kolch W. 2000. Meaningful relationships: The regulation of the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK pathway by protein interactions. Biochem J 351:289-305.
73. 2+ uptake by PKC-βII in undifferentiated HL60 cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 281:C514-C523.
74. Lal L, Li Y, Smith J, Sassano A, Uddin S, Parmar S, Tallman M, Minucci S, Hay N, Platanias L. 2005. Activation of the p70 S6 kinase by all-irans-retinoic acid in acute promyelocytic leukaemia cells. Blood 105:1669-1677.
75. Lee H, Park C, Lee Y, Suk H, demons T, Choi O. 2005. Antigen-induced Ca(2+) mobilization in RBL-2H3 cells: Role of I(1,4,5)P(3) and S1P and necessity of I(1,4,5)P(3) production. Cell Calc 31:581-592.
76. Leontieva O, Black J. 2004. Identification of two distinct pathways of protein kinase Cα down-regulation in intestinal epithelial cells. J Biol Chem 279:5788-5801.
77. Lewandowski D, Linassier C, Iochman S, Degenne M, Domench J, Colombat P, Binet C, Herault O. 2002. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases are involved in all-trans retinoic acid-induced upregulation of CD38 antigen on human haematopoietic cells. Brit J Haematol 118:535-544.
78. Li X, Alperin E, Salido E, Gong Y, Yen P, Shapiro L. 1996. Characterisation of the promoter region of human steroid sulfatase: A gene which escapes X inactivation. Somat Cell Mol Genet 22:105-117.
79. Liscovitch M, Czarny M, Fiucci G, Tang X. 2000. Phospholipase D: Molecular and cell biology of a novel gene family. Biochem J 345:401-415.
80. Lopez-Pedrera C, Dobado-Berrios P, Ros R, Torres A, Garcia-Navarro S, Jardi M, Felez J, Velasco F. 2001. Signal transduction pathways underlying the expression of tissue factor and thrombomodulin in promyelocytic cells induced to differentiate by retinoic acid and dibutyrl camp. Thromb Haemost 85:1031-1036.
81. Lopez-Pedrera C, Barbarroja N, Buendia P, Torres A, Dorada G, Velasco F, 2004. Promyelocytic leukemia retinoid signalling targets regulate apoptosis, tissue factor and thrombomodulin expression. Haematologica 89:286-295.
82. MacFarlane D, Menzel L. 1994. Activation of β-isozyme protein kinase C (PKCβ) is necessary and sufficient for phorbol ester-induced differentiation of HL: 60 promyelocytes. Studies with PKCβ-defective PET mutant. J Biol Chem 269:4327-4331.
83. Manfredini R, Trevisan F, Grande A, Tagliafico E, Montanari M, Lemoli R, Visana G, Tura S, Ferrari S, Ferrari S. 1999. Induction of a functional vitamin D receptor in all-trans-retinoic acid-induced monocytic differentiation of M2-type leukemic blast cells. Cancer Res 59:3803-3811.
84. Mansfield P, Carey S, Hinkovska-Galcheva V, Shayman J, Boxer L. 2004. Ceramide inhibition of phospholipase D and its relationship to RhoA and ARF1 translocation in GTPγS-stimulated polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Blood 103:2363-2368.
85. 3 induced activation and subsequent nuclear translocation of MAPK is upstream regulated by PKC in HL-60 cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 241:419-426.
86. Martelli A, Tazzari P, Tabelini G, Bortul R, Billi A, Manzoli L, Ruggeri A, Conte R, Cocco L. 2003. A new selective AKT pharmacological inhibitor reduces resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs, TRAIL, all-irons-retinoic acid, and ionising radiation of human leukaemia cells. Leukaemia 17:1794-1805.
87. Miguel B, Calcerrasa M, Mata F, Aller P, Clememte R, Catalan R, Martinez A. 2000. Differential redistribution of protein kinase C isoforms by cyclic AMP in HL60 cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 274:596-602.
88. Miura D, Manabe K, Gao Q, Norman A, Ishizuka S. 1999. 1a,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-26,23-lactone analogs antagonize differentiation of human leukaemia cells (HL-60 cells) but not of human acute promyelocytic leukaemia cells (NB4 cells). FEBS Lett 460:297-302.
89. 3 stimulation of phospholipase C and D in muscle cells involves extracellular calcium and a pertussis-sensitive G-protein. Mol Cell Endocrinol 122:207-211.
90. Nagashima H, Goto T. 2000. Calcium channel blockers verapamil and diltiazem impaired rubratoxin B-caused toxicity in HL60 cells. Toxicol Lett 118:47-51.
91. Nagpal S, Na S, Rathnalchalam R. 2005. Noncalcemic Actions of Vitamin D Receptor Ligands. Endocr Rev 26:662-687.
92. Nakamura Y, Suzuki T, Sasano H. 2005. Estrogen actions and in situ synthesis in human vascular smooth muscle cells and their correlation with atherosclerosis. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 93:263-268.
93. Nakashima S, Ohguchi K, Frohman M, Nozawa Y. 1998. Increased mRNA expression of phospholipase D (PLD) isozymes during granulocytic differentiation of HL60 cells. Biochim Biophys Acta 1389:173-177.
94. Neri L, Bortul R, Borgatti P, Tabellini G, Baldini G, Capitani S, Martelli A. 2002. Proliferating or differentiating stimuli act on different lipid-dependent signalling pathways in nuclei of human leukaemia cells. Mol Biol Cell 13:947-964.
95. Neri L, Marchisio M, Colamussi M, Bertagnolo V. 1999. Monocytic differentiation of HL-60 cells is characterized by the nuclear translocation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and of definite phosphatidylinositol-specfic phospholipase C isoforms. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 299:314-320.
96. 3 require the VDR and influence 24 hydroxylase activity: Studies in human skin fibroblasts bearing vitamin D receptor point mutations. J Biol Chem 279:7591-7597.
97. 3 is present in an intestinal caveolae membrane fraction. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 298:414-419.
98. Norman A, Mizwicki M, Norman D. 2004. Steroid-hormone rapid actions, membrane receptors and a conformational ensemble model. Nat Rev Drug Discov 3:27-41.
99. Nussbaumer P, Billich A. 2004. Steroid sulphatase inhibitors. Med Res Rev 24:529-576.
100. 3 and phorbol ester on the activation of the rat cytochrome P450C24 (CYP24) promoter: Role of MAP kinase activities and identification of an Important transcription factor binding site. Biochem J 389:753-762.
101. Ohguchi K, Nakashima S, Tan Z, Banno Y, Dohi S, Mozawa Y. 1997. Increased activity of small GTP-binding protein-dependent phospholipase D during differentiation in human promyelocytic leukemic HL60 cells. J Biol Chem 272:1990-1996.
102. 3 regulation of protein kinase C levels and activity. Biochem Pharmacol 54:909-915.
103. Pearson G, Bumeister R, Henry D, Cobb M, White M. 2000. Uncoupling Raf1 impairs only a subset of cellular responses to Raf activation. J Biol Chem 275:37303-37306.
104. Pongracz J, Deacon E, Johnson G, Burnett D, Lord J. 1996. Doppa induces cells death but not differentiation of U937 cells. Evidence for the involvement of PKC-α1 in the regulation of apoptosis. Leuk Res 20:319-326.
105. Rabano M, Pena A, Brizuela L, Macaruilla J, Gomez-Munoz A, Trueba M. 2004. Angiotensin II-stimulated cortisol secretion is mediated by phospholipase D. Mol Cell Endocrinol 222:9-20.
106. Racz A, Barsony J. 1999. Hormone-dependent translocation of vitamin D receptors is linked to transactivation. J Biol Chem 274:19352-19360.
107. Reed M, Purohit A, Woo L, Newman S, Potter B. 2005. Steroid sulfatase: Molecular biology, regulation, and inhibition. Endocr Rev 26:171-202.
108. Riechman S, Fabian T, Kroboth P, Ferrell R. 2004. Steroid sulfatase gene variation and DHEA responsiveness to resistance exercise in MERET. Physiol Genomics 17:300-306.
109. Rosmarin A, Yang Z, Resendes K. 2005. Transcriptional regulation in myelopoiesis: Hematopoietic fate choice, myeloid differentiation, and leukemogenesis. Exp Hematol 33:131-143.
110. 3 in breast cancer cells. Evidence on the participation of the VDR and Src. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 89-90:278-290.
111. Ryves W, Dimitrijevic S, Gordge P, Evans F. 1994. HL-60 cell differentiation induced by phorbol- and 12-deoxyphorbol-esters. Carcinogenesis 15:2501-2506.
112. 3 induces capacatative calcium entry involving a TRPC3 protein in skeletal muscle and osteoblastic cells. Biol Res 37:647-651.
113. Slosberg E, Yao Y, Xing F, Ikui A, Jirousck M, Weinstein I. 2000. The protein kinase Cβ-specific inhibitor blocks TPA-induced monocytic differentiation of HL60 cells. Mol Carcinog 27:166-176.
114. Snyder V, Turner M, Li P, El-Sharkawy L, Dunphy G, Ely D. 2000. Tissue steroid sulfatase levels, testosterone and blood pressure. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 73:251-256.
115. Song X, Bishop J, Okamura W, Norman A. 1998. Stimulation of phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase by 1α,25- dihydroxyvitamin D3 in promyelocytic NB4 leukaemia cells: A structure-function study. Endocrinology 139:457-465.
116. Studzinski G, Wang X, Ji Y, Wang Q, Zhang Y, Kutner A, Harrison J. 2005. The rationale for deltanoids in therapy for myeloid leukaemia: Role of KSR-MAPK-C/EBP pathway. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 97:47-55.
117. Tagoh H, Melnik S, Lefevre P, Chong S, Riggs A, Bonifer C. 2004. Dynamic reorganization of chromatin structure and selective DNA demethylation prior to stable enhancer complex formation during differentiation of primary hematopoietic cells in vitro. Blood 103:2950-2955.
118. Tang Q, Gromborg M, Huang H, Kim J, Otto T, Pandey A, Lane M. 2005. Sequential phosphorylation of CCAAT enhancer-binding proteinβ by MAPK and glycogen synthase kinase 3β is required for adipogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102:9766-9771.
119. Terai K, Matsuda M. 2005. Ras binding opens c-Raf to expose the docking site for mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase. EMBO Rep 6:251-256.
120. 3 receptor antagonists. Mol Pharm 59:1478-1485.
121. Van Gompel J, Kunnimalaiyaan M, Holen K, Chen H. 2005. ZM336372, a Raf-1 activator, suppresses growth and neuroendocrine hormone levels in carcinoid tumor cells. Mol Cancer Ther 4:910-917.
122. 2+ influx in skeletal muscle cells. J Biol Chem 275:16134-16138.
123. Vermeulen L, De Wilde G, Notebaert S, Vanden Berghe W, Haegeman G. 2002. Regulation of the transcriptional activity of the nuclear factor-κB p65 subunit. Biochem Pharmacol 64:963-970.
124. 3 and analogs through the ligand binding domain of the vitamin D receptor in osteoblasts and osteocytes. Mediation by Src, phosphatidylinositol 2-, and JNK kinases. J Biol Chem 280:130-137.
125. Waldmann H, Karagunni I, Carpintero M, Gourzoulidou E, Herrmann C, Brockmann C, Oschkinat H, Muller O. 2004. Sulindac-derived Ras-pathway inhibitors target the Ras-Raf interaction and downstream effectors in the Ras pathway. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 43:454-458.
126. Wang X, Studzinski G. 2001a. Activation of extracellular signal regulated kinases (ERKs) defines the first phase of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-induced differentiation of HL60 cells. J Cell Biochem 80:471-482.
127. Wang X, Studzinski G. 2001b. Phosphorylation of Raf-1 by kinase suppessor of Ras is inhibited by "MEK-specific" inhibitors PD 098059 and U1026 in differentiating HL60 cells. Exp Cell Res 268:294-300.
128. 3. J Cell Biochem 89:1087-1101.
129. Wang B, Gao C, Parker-Ponder K. 2005a. C/EBPβ contributes to hepatocyte growth factor-induced replication of rodent hepatocytes. J Hepatol 43:294-302.
130. 3 target genes. Mol Endocrinol 19:2685-2695.
131. Wang Q, Salman H, Danilenk M, Studzinski G. 2005c. Cooperation between antioxidants and 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D3 in induction of leukaemia HL60 cell differentiation through the JNK/AP-1/Egr-1 pathway. J Cell Physiol 204:964-974.
132. Weber S, Chen J, Levitz S. 2002. Inhibition of mitogena-activated protein kinase signalling by chloroquine. J Immunol 168:5303-5309.
133. Yamada K, Sakane F, Imai S, Tsushima S, Murakami T, Kanoh H. 2005. Regulatory role for diacylglycerol kinase-γ in macrophage differentiation of leukaemia cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 305:101-107.
134. Yanagita T, Kobayashi H, Yamamoto R, Kataoka H, Yokoo H, Shiraishi S, Minami S, Koono M, Wada A. 2000. Protein kinase C-α and -ε down-regulate cell surface sodium channels via differential mechanisms in adrenal chromaffin cells. J Neurochem 4:1674-1684.
135. Yanaihara A, Yanaihara T, Toma Y, Shimuzu Y, Saito H, Okai T, Higashiya T, Osawa Y. 2001. Localization and expression of steroid sulfatase in human fallopian tubes. Steroids 66:87-91.
136. Yang C, Kazanietz M. 2003. Divergence and complexities in DAG signalling: Looking beyond PKC. Trends Pharm Sci 24:602-608.
137. Yen A, Roberson M, Varvayanis S. 1999. Retinoic acid selectively activates the ERK2 but not JNK or p38 MAP kinases when inducing myeloid differentiation. In Vitro. Cell Dev Biol Anim 35:527-532.
138. Zhao K-W, Li X, Zhao Q, Huang Y, Li D, Peng Z-G, Shen W-Z, Zhao J, Zhou Q, Chen Z, Sims P, Wiedmer T, Chen G-Q. 2004. Protein kinase C8 mediates retinoic acid and phorbol nyristate aceteate-induced phospholipid scramblase I gene expression: Its role in leukaemic cell differentiation. Blood 104:3731-3738.