Effects of dexfenfluramine and 5-HT3 receptor antagonists on stress-induced reinstatement of alcohol seeking in rats

Psychopharmacology

Volumn 186, Issue 1, 2006, Pages 82-92

  Lê, Anh Dzung ^a,b,c   Funk, Douglas ^a   Harding, Stephen ^a   Juzytsch, W ^a   Fletcher, Paul J ^a,c   Shaham, Yavin ^d  

^a CENTRE FOR ADDICTION AND MENTAL HEALTH   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

^c UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

^d NATIONAL INSTITUTE ON DRUG ABUSE   (United States)

Author keywords

5 HT3 receptors; 5 Hydroxytryptamine; Footshock; Reinstatement; Relapse; Stress

Indexed keywords

ALCOHOL; DEXFENFLURAMINE; FLUOXETINE; ONDANSETRON; SEROTONIN 3 ANTAGONIST; SEROTONIN 3 RECEPTOR; SEROTONIN ANTAGONIST; TROPISETRON;

ALCOHOLISM; ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ANXIETY; ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; DRUG SELF ADMINISTRATION; MALE; NERVE CELL STIMULATION; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RAPHE NUCLEUS; RAT; RECEPTOR BLOCKING; SEROTONIN BRAIN LEVEL; SEROTONIN RELEASE; SEROTONINERGIC NERVE CELL; SHOCK; STRESS;

ALCOHOLISM; ANIMALS; DEXFENFLURAMINE; ELECTROSHOCK; INDOLES; MALE; ONDANSETRON; RATS; RATS, WISTAR; RECEPTORS, SEROTONIN, 5-HT3; REINFORCEMENT (PSYCHOLOGY); SELF ADMINISTRATION; SEROTONIN AGONISTS; SEROTONIN ANTAGONISTS; STRESS, PSYCHOLOGICAL;

EID: 33646340672     PISSN: 00333158     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00213-006-0346-y     Document Type: Article

References (114)

1. Ahmed SH, Koob GF (1997) Cocaine- but not food-seeking behavior is reinstated by stress after extinction. Psychopharmacology 132:289-295
2. Ahmed SH, Walker JR, Koob GF (2000) Persistent increase in the motivation to take heroin in rats with history of drug escalation. Neuropsychopharmacology 22:413-421
3. Amit Z, Smith BR, Gill K (1991) Serotonin uptake inhibitors: effects on motivated consummatory behaviors. J Clin Psychiatry 52(suppl):55-60
4. Arnold B, Allison K, Ivanova S, Paetsch PR, Paslawski T, Greenshaw AJ (1995) 5HT3 receptor antagonists do not block nicotine induced hyperactivity in rats. Psychopharmacology 119:213-321
5. Artaiz I, Zazpe A, Del Rio J (1998) Characterization of serotonergic mechanisms involved in the behavioural inhibition induced by 5-hydroxytryptophan in a modified light-dark test in mice. Behav Pharmacol 9:103-112
6. Bagdy E, Solyom S, Harsing LG Jr (1998) Feedback stimulation of somatodendritic serotonin release: a 5-HT3 receptor-mediated effect in the raphe nuclei of the rat. Brain Res Bull 45:203-208
7. Baumann MH, Ayestas MA, Dersch CM, Brockington A, Rice KC, Rothman RB (2000) Effects of phentermine and fenfluramine on extracellular dopamine and serotonin in rat nucleus accumbens: therapeutic implications. Synapse 36:102-113
8. Bilkei-Gorzo A, Gyertyan I, Levay G (1998) mCPP-induced anxiety in the light-dark box in rats - a new method for screening anxiolytic activity. Psychopharmacology 136:291-298
9. Blier P, Pineyro G, el Mansari M, Bergeron R, de Montigny C (1998) Role of somatodendritic 5-HT autoreceptors in modulating 5-HT neurotransmission. Ann NY Acad Sci 861:204-216
10. Bliss EL, Thatcher W, Ailion J (1972) Relationship of stress to brain and serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid. J Psychiatr Res 9:71-80
11. Bossert JM, Ghitza UE, Lu L, Epstein DH, Shaham Y (2005) Neurobiology of relapse to heroin and cocaine seeking: An update and clinical implications. Eur J Pharmacol 526:36-50
12. Brady KT (1997) Posttraumatic stress disorder and comorbidity: recognizing the many faces of PTSD. J Clin Psychiatry 58 (Suppl 9):12-15
13. Brown SA, Vik PW, Patterson TL, Grant I, Schuckit MA (1995) Stress, vulnerability and adult alcohol relapse. J Stud Alcohol 56:538-545
14. Buczek Y, Le AD, Wang A, Stewart J, Shaham Y (1999) Stress reinstates nicotine seeking but not sucrose solution seeking in rats. Psychopharmacology 144:183-188
15. Capriles N, Rodaros D, Sorge RE, Stewart J (2003) A role for the prefrontal cortex in stress- and cocaine-induced reinstatement of cocaine seeking in rats. Psychopharmacology 168:66-74
16. Cooper ML, Russell M, Skinner JB, Frone MR, Mudar P (1992) Stress and alcohol use: moderating effects of gender, coping and alcohol expectancies. J Abnorm Psychology 101:139-152
17. Corrigall WA, Coen KM (1994) Nicotine self-administration and locomotor activity are not modified by the 5-HT3 antagonists ICS 205-930 and MDL 72222. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 49:67-71
18. Costall B, Naylor RJ (1992) Anxiolytic potential of 5-HT3 receptor antagonists. Pharmacol Toxicol 70:157-162
19. Dallman MF, Akana SF, Levin N, Walker CD, Bradbury MJ, Suemaru S, Scribner KS (1995) Corticosteroids and the control of function in the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Ann NY Acad Sci 746:22-31
20. De Deurwaerdere P, Moison D, Navailles S, Porras G, Spampinato U (2005) Regionally and functionally distinct serotonin3 receptors control in vivo dopamine outflow in the rat nucleus accumbens. J Neurochem 94:140-149
21. De La Garza R, 2nd, Callahan PM, Cunningham KA (1996) Detailed investigations of 5-HT3 compounds in a drug discrimination model. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 54:533-540
22. de Vries TJ, Shaham Y, Homberg JR, Crombag H, Schuurman K, Dieben J, Vanderschuren LJ, Schoffelmeer AN (2001) A cannabinoid mechanism in relapse to cocaine seeking. Nat Med 7:1151-1154
23. de Wit H, Stewart J (1981) Reinstatement of cocaine-reinforced responding in the rat. Psychopharmacology 75:134-143
24. Deutch AY, Roth RH (1990) The determinants of stress-induced activation of the prefrontal cortical dopamine system. Prog Brain Res 85:367-403
25. Economidou D, Mattioli L, Cifani C, Perfumi M, Massi M, Cuomo V, Trabace L, Ciccocioppo R (2006) Effect of the cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist SR-141716A on ethanol self-administration and ethanol-seeking behaviour in rats. Psychopharmacology 183:394-403
26. Epstein DH, Preston KL (2003) The reinstatement model and relapse prevention: a clinical perspective. Psychopharmacology 168:31-41
27. Erb S, Shaham Y, Stewart J (1996) Stress reinstates cocaine-seeking behavior after prolonged extinction and drug-free periods. Psychopharmacology 128:408-412
28. Erb S, Shaham Y, Stewart J (1998) The role of corticotropin-releasing factor and corticosterone in stress- and cocaine-induced relapse to cocaine seeking in rats. J Neurosci 18: 5529-5536
29. Fadda F, Garau B, Marchei F, Colombo G, Gessa GL (1991) MDL 72222, a selective 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, suppresses voluntary ethanol consumption in alcohol-preferring rats. Alcohol Alcohol 26:107-110
30. Funk D, Harding S, Juzytsch W, Le AD (2005) Effects of unconditioned and conditioned social defeat on alcohol self-administration and reinstatement of alcohol seeking in rats. Psychopharmacology 183:341-349
31. Gardell LR, Whale CA, Chattophadyay S, Cavallar CA, Hubbel CL, Reid LD (1997) Combination of naltrexone and fluoxetine on rat' propensity to take alcoholic beverage. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 21:1435-1439
32. Ge J, Barnes JM, Towers P, Barnes NM (1997) Distribution of S(-)-zacopride-insensitive [125I]R(+)-zacopride binding sites in the rat brain and peripheral tissues. Eur J Pharmacol 332:307-312
33. Goldman D, Barr CS (2002) Restoring the addicted brain. N Engl J Med 347:843-845
34. Goodnick PJ, Goldstein BJ (1998) Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in affective disorders-I. Basic pharmacology. J Psychopharmacol 12:S5-S20
35. Grignaschi G, Samanin R (1992) Role of serotonin and catecholaines in brain in the feeding suppressant effect of fluoxetine. Neuropharmacology 31:445-449
36. Hajos-Korcsok E, Robinson DD, Yu JH, Fitch CS, Walker E, Merchant KM (2003) Rapid habituation of hippocampal serotonin and norepinephrine release and anxiety-related behaviors, but not plasma corticosterone levels, to repeated footshock stress in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 74: 609-616
37. Hammack SE, Richey KJ, Schmid MJ, LoPresti ML, Watkins LR, Maier SF (2002) The role of corticotropin-releasing hormone in the dorsal raphe nucleus in mediating the behavioral consequences of uncontrollable stress. J Neurosci 22:1020-1026
38. Higgins GA, Tomkins DM, Fletcher PJ, Sellers EM (1992) Effect of drug influencing 5-HT function on ethanol drinking and feeding behavior in rats: studies using a drinkometer system. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 16:535-552
39. Hodge CW, Samson HH, Lewis RS, Erickson HL (1993) Specific decreases in ethanol- but not water-reinforced responding produced by the 5-HT3 antagonist ICS 205-930. Alcohol 10:191-196
40. Hodge CW, Kelley SP, Bratt AM, Iller K, Schroeder JP, Besheer J (2004) 5-HT(3A) receptor subunit is required for 5-HT3 antagonist-induced reductions in alcohol drinking. Neuropsychopharmacology 29:1807-1813
41. Hoyer D, Clarke DE, Fozard JR, Hartig PR, Martin GR, Mylecharane EJ, Saxena PR, Humphrey PPA (1994) International union of pharmacology classification of receptors for 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin). Pharmacol Rev 46:157-203
42. Hoyer D, Hannon JP, Martin GR (2002) Molecular, pharmacological and functional diversity of 5-HT receptors. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 71:533-554
43. Jankowska E, Bidzinski A, Kostowski W (1994) Alcohol drinking in rats treated with 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine: effect of 8-OH-DPAT and tropisetron (ICS 205-930). Alcohol 11:283-288
44. Johnson BA (2004) Role of the serotonergic system in the neurobiology of alcoholism: implications for treatment. CNS Drugs 18:1105-1118
45. Johnson BA, Roache JD, Javors MA, DiClemente CC, Cloninger CR, Prihoda TJ, Bordnick PS, Ait-Daoud N, Hensler J (2000) Ondansetron for reduction of drinking among biologically predisposed alcoholic patients: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 284:963-971
46. Kandel DB, Johnson JG, Bird HR, Canino G, Goodman SH, Lahey BB, Regier DA, Schwab-Stone M (1997) Psychiatric disorders associated with substance use among children and adolescents: findings from the Methods for the Epidemiology of Child and Adolescent Mental Disorders (MECA) Study. J Abnorm Child Psychol 25:121-132
47. King DW, King LA, Foy DW, Gudanowski DM (1996) Prewar factors in combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder: structural equation modeling with a national sample of female and male Vietnam veterans. J Consult Clin Psychol 64:520-531
48. Kirby LG, Lucki I (1997) Interaction between the forced swimming test and fluoxetine treatment on extracellular 5-hydroxytryptamine and 5hydroxyindoleacetic acid in the rat. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 282:967-976
49. Kirby LG, Allen AR, Lucki I (1995) Regional differences in the effects of forced swimming on extracellular levels of 5-hydroxytryptamine and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid. Brain Res 682:189-196
50. Kirby LG, Rice KC, Valentine RJ (2000) Effects of corticotropin-releasing factor on neuronal activity in the serotonergic dorsal raphe nucleus. Neuropsychopharmacology 22:148-162
51. Knapp DJ, Pohorecky LA (1992) Zacopride, a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, reduces voluntary ethanol consumption in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 41:847-850
52. Kranzler HR, Pierucci-Lagha A, Feinn R, Hernandez-Avila C (2003) Effects of ondansetron in early- versus late-onset alcoholics: a prospective, open-label study. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 27: 1150-1155
53. Laflamme N, Bovetto S, Richard D, Rivest S (1996) Effect of dexfenfluramine on the transcriptional activation of CRF and its type 1 receptor within the paraventricular nucleus of the rat hypothalamus. Br J Pharmacol 117:1021-1034
54. Le A, Shaham Y (2002) Neurobiology of relapse to alcohol in rats. Pharmacol Ther 94:137-156
55. Le AD, Quan B, Juzystch W, Fletcher PJ, Joharchi N, Shaham Y (1998) Reinstatement of alcohol-seeking by priming injections of alcohol and exposure to stress in rats. Psychopharmacology 135:169-174
56. Le AD, Poulos CX, Harding S, Watchus W, Juzytsch W, Shaham Y (1999) Effects of naltrexone and fluoxetine on alcohol self-administration and reinstatement of alcohol seeking induced by priming injections of alcohol and exposure to stress in rats. Neuropsychopharmacology 21:435-444
57. Le AD, Harding S, Watchus W, Juzytsch W, Shalev U, Shaham Y (2000) The role of corticotropin-releasing factor in stress-induced relapse to alcohol-seeking behavior in rats. Psychopharmacology 150:317-324
58. Le AD, Israel Y, Juzytsch W, Quan B, Harding S (2001) Genetic selection for high and low alcohol consumption in a limited-access paradigm. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 25:1613-1620
59. Le AD, Harding S, Juzytsch W, Fletcher PJ, Shaham Y (2002) The role of corticotropin-releasing factor in the median raphe nucleus in relapse to alcohol. J Neurosci 22:7844-7849
60. Le AD, Harding S, Juzytsch W, Funk D, Shaham Y (2005) Role of alpha-2 adrenoceptors in stress-induced reinstatement of alcohol seeking and alcohol self-administration in rats. Psychopharmacology 179:366-373
61. Liu X, Weiss F (2002) Additive effect of stress and drug cues on reinstatement of ethanol seeking: exacerbation by history of dependence and role of concurrent activation of corticotropin-releasing factor and opioid mechanisms. J Neurosci 22: 7856-7861
62. Liu X, Weiss F (2003) Stimulus conditioned to foot-shock stress reinstates alcohol-seeking behavior in an animal model of relapse. Psychopharmacology 168:184-191
63. Lu MR, Wagner GC, Fisher H (1994) Ethanol consumption following acute treatment with methysergide, fluoxetine, fenfluramine, and their combination. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 18: 60-63
64. Lu L, Shepard JD, Scott Hall F, Shaham Y (2003) Effect of environmental stressors on opiate and psychostimulant reinforcement, reinstatement and discrimination in rats: a review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 27:457-491
65. Maier SF, Watkins LR (2005) Stressor controllability and learned helplessness: the roles of the dorsal raphe nucleus, serotonin, and corticotropin-releasing factor. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 29:829-841
66. Mantsch JR, Goeders NE (1999) Ketoconazole blocks the stress-induced reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behavior in rats: relationship to the discriminative stimulus effects of cocaine. Psychopharmacology 142:399-407
67. Martin-Pardon R, Ciccocioppo R, Massi M, Weiss F (2000) Nociceptin prevents stress-induced ethanol- but not cocaine-seeking behavior in rats. Neuroreport 11:1939-1943
68. McFarland K, Davidge SB, Lapish CC, Kalivas PW (2004) Limbic and motor circuitry underlying footshock-induced reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behavior. J Neurosci 24:1551-1560
69. McKenzie-Quirk SD, Miczek KA (2003) 5-HT1A agonists: alcohol drinking in rats and squirrel monkeys. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 167:145-152
70. McKenzie-Quirk SD, Girasa KA, Allan AM, Miczek KA (2005) 5-HT(3) receptors, alcohol and aggressive behavior in mice. Behav Pharmacol 16:163-169
71. Minor TR, Dess NK, Ben-David E, Chang WC (1994) Individual differences in vulnerability to inescapable shock in rats. J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process 20:402-412
72. Munzar P, Laufert MD, Kutkat SW, Novakova J, Goldberg SR (1999) Effects of various serotonin agonists, antagonists, and uptake inhibitors on the discriminative stimulus effects of methamphetamine in rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 291:239-250
73. Nowakowska E, Chodera A, Kus K (1998) An anxiolytic-like effect of ondansetron disappears in oxazepam-tolerant rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 59:935-938
74. Olivier B, van Wijngaarden I, Soudijn W (2000) 5-HT(3) receptor antagonists and anxiety; a preclinical and clinical review. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 10:77-95
75. Overstreet DH, McArthur RA, Rezvani AH, Post C (1997) Selective inhibition of alcohol intake in diverse alcohol-preferring rat strains by the 5-HT2A antagonists amperozide and FG 5974. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 21:1448-1454
76. Paris JM, Cunningham KA (1991) Serotonin 5-HT3 antagonists do not alter the discriminative stimulus properties of cocaine. Psychopharmacology 104:475-478
77. Price ML, Curtis AL, Kirby LG, Valentino RJ, Lucki I (1998) Effects of corticotropin-releasing factor on brain serotonergic activity. Neuropsychopharmacology 18:492-502
78. Rodgers RJ, Shepherd JK (1992) Attenuation of defensive analgesia in male mice by 5-HT3 receptor antagonists, ICS 205-930, MDL 72222, MDL 73147EF and MDL 72699. Neuropharmacology 31:553-560
79. Roth JD, Rowland NE (1998) Efficacy of administration of dexfenfluramine and phentermine, alone and in combination, on ingestive behavior and body weight in rats. Psychopharmacology 137:99-106
80. Rothman RB, Clark RD, Partilla JS, Baumann MH (2003) (+)-Fenfluramine and its major metabolite, (+)-norfenfluramine, are potent substrates for norepinephrine transporters. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 305:1191-1199
81. Rowland NE, Charlton J (1985) Neurobiology of an anorectic drug: fenflurmaine. Prog Neurobiol 27:13-62
82. Rueter LE, Fornal CA, Jacobs BL (1997) A critical review of 5-HT brain microdialysis and behavior. Rev Neurosci 8:117-137
83. Sanchez CJ, Bailie TM, Wu WR, Li N, Sorg BA (2003) Manipulation of dopamine d1-like receptor activation in the rat medial prefrontal cortex alters stress- and cocaine-induced reinstatement of conditioned place preference behavior. Neuroscience 119:497-505
84. Sandrini M, Pini LA, Vitale G (2003) Differential involvement of central 5-HT1B and 5-HT3 receptor subtypes in the antinociceptive effect of paracetamol. Inflamm Res 52:347-352
85. Sellers EM, Toneatto T, Romach MK, Somer GR, Sobell LC, Sobell MB (1994) Clinical efficacy of the 5-HT3 antagonist ondansetron in alcohol abuse and dependence. Alcoholism: Clin Exp Res 18:879-885
86. Sgoifo A, de Boer SF, Haller J, Koolhaas JM (1996) Individual differences in plasma catecholamine and corticosterone stress responses of wild-type rats: relationship with aggression. Physiol Behav 60:1403-1407
87. Shaham Y (1996) Effect of stress on opioid-seeking behavior: Evidence from studies with rats. Ann Behav Med 18:255-263
88. Shaham Y, Stewart J (1995) Stress reinstates heroin self-administration behavior in drug-free animals: An effect mimicking heroin, not withdrawal. Psychopharmacology 119:334-341
89. Shaham Y, Stewart J (1996) Effects of opioid and dopamine receptor antagonists on relapse induced by stress and reexposure to heroin in rats. Psychopharmacology 125:385-391
90. Shaham Y, Funk D, Erb S, Brown TJ, Walker CD, Stewart J (1997) Corticotropin-releasing factor, but not corticosterone, is involved in stress-induced relapse to heroin-seeking in rats. J Neurosci 17:2605-2614
91. Shaham Y, Erb S, Leung S, Buczek Y, Stewart J (1998) CP-154,526, a selective, non peptide antagonist of the corticotropin-releasing factor type 1 receptor attenuates stress-induced relapse to drug seeking in cocaine-and heroin-trained rats. Psychopharmacology 137:184-190
92. Shaham Y, Erb S, Stewart J (2000) Stress-induced relapse to heroin and cocaine seeking in rats: a review. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 33:13-33
93. Shaham Y, Shalev U, Lu L, De Wit H, Stewart J (2003) The reinstatement model of drug relapse: history, methodology and major findings. Psychopharmacology 168:3-20
94. Shalev U, Grimm JW, Shaham Y (2002) Neurobiology of relapse to heroin and cocaine seeking: a review. Pharmacol Rev 54:1-42
95. Shepard JD, Bossert JM, Liu SY, Shaham Y (2004) The anxiogenic drug yohimbine reinstates methamphetamine seeking in a rat model of drug relapse. Biol Psychiatry 55:1082-1089
96. Sinha R (2001) How does stress increase risk of drug abuse and relapse. Psychopharmacology 158:343-359
97. Smith RL, Gresch PJ, Barrett RJ, Sanders-Bush E (2002) Stimulus generalization by fenfluramine in a quipazine-ketanserin drug discrimination is not dependent on indirect serotonin release. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 72:77-85
98. Stewart J (2000) Pathways to relapse: the neurobiology of drug- and stress-induced relapse to drug-taking. J Psychiatry Neurosci 25:125-136
99. Stewart J (2003) Stress and relapse to drug seeking: studies in laboratory animals shed light on mechanisms and sources of long-term vulnerability. Am J Addict 12:1-17
100. Stewart J, de Wit H (1987) Reinstatement of drug-taking behavior as a method of assessing incentive motivational properties of drugs. In: Bozarth MA (ed) Methods of assessing the reinforcing properties of abused drugs. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 211-227
101. Stromberg MF, Mackler SA (2005) The effect of cocaine on the expression of motor activity and conditioned place preference in high and low alcohol-preferring Wistar rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 82:314-319
102. Tao R, Fray A, Aspley S, Brammer R, Heal D, Auerbach S (2002) Effects on serotonin in rat hypothalamus of D-fenfluramine, aminorex, phentermine and fluoxetine. Eur J Pharmacol 445:69-81
103. Thierry AM, Tassin JP, Blanc G, Glowinski J (1976) Selective activation of mesocortical DA system by stress. Nature 263:242-244
104. Tomkins DM, Higgins GA, Sellers EM (1994a) Low dose of the 5-HT1a agonist 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)-tetralin (8-) HDPAT) increase ethanol intake. Psychopharmacology 115:173-179
105. Tomkins DM, Sellers EM, Fletcher PJ (1994b) Median and dorsal raphe injection of the 5-HT1a agonist,8-OHDPAT, and GABAA agonist, muscimol, increase voluntary ethanol intake in Wistar rats. Neuropharmacology 33:349-358
106. Tomkins DM, Le AD, Sellers EM (1995) Effect of the 5-HT3 antagonist ondansetron on voluntary ethanol intake in rats and mice maintained on a limited access procedure. Psychopharmacology 117:479-485
107. Tomkins DM, Joharchi N, Tampakeras M, Martin JR, Wichmann J, Higgins GA (2002) An investigation of the role of 5-HT(2C) receptors in modifying ethanol self-administration behaviour. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 71:735-744
108. Vasar E, Peuranen E, Oopik T, Harro J, Mannisto PT (1993) Ondansetron, an antagonist of 5-HT3 receptors, antagonizes the anti-exploratory effect of caerulein, an agonist of CCK receptors, in the elevated plus-maze. Psychopharmacology 110:213-218
109. Wang YX, Bowersox SS, Pettus M, Gao D (1999) Antinociceptive properties of fenfluramine, a serotonin reuptake inhibitor, in a rat model of neuropathy. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 291:1008-1016
110. Wang B, Shaham Y, Zitzman D, Azari S, Wise RA, You ZB (2005) Cocaine experience establishes control of midbrain glutamate and dopamine by corticotropin-releasing factor: a role in stress-induced relapse to drug seeking. J Neurosci 25:5389-5396
111. Weiss F (2005) Neurobiology of craving, conditioned reward and relapse. Curr Opin Pharmacol 5:9-19
112. Wilson AW, Neill JC, Costall B (1998) An investigation into the effects of 5-HT agonists and receptor antagonists on ethanol self-administration in the rat. Alcohol 16:249-270
113. Wozniak KM, Pert A, Linnoila M (1990) Antagonism of 5-HT3 receptors attenuates the effects of ethanol on extracellular dopamine. Eur J Pharmacol 187:287-279
114. Yoshioka M, Matsumoto M, Togashi H, Saito H (1995) Effects of conditioned fear stress on 5-HT release in the rat prefrontal cortex. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 51:515-519