메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 2, Issue 1, 2006, Pages 152-162

An overview of mitochondrial toxicity of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors associated with HIV therapy

Author keywords

HIV therapy; Mitochondrial toxicity; Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors

Indexed keywords

ADEFOVIR; ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE; ALPHA INTERFERON; CELL NUCLEUS DNA; DIDANOSINE; DNA DIRECTED DNA POLYMERASE ALPHA; DNA DIRECTED DNA POLYMERASE GAMMA; ELVUCITABINE; GROWTH FACTOR; LAMIVUDINE; MITOCHONDRIAL DNA; RECOMBINANT ERYTHROPOIETIN; RECOMBINANT HEMOGLOBIN; RIBAVIRIN; RIBOSOME RNA; RNA DIRECTED DNA POLYMERASE INHIBITOR; STAVUDINE; TRANSFER RNA; VIRUS DNA; ZALCITABINE; ZIDOVUDINE;

EID: 33644538255     PISSN: 18117775     EISSN: 18125700     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2006.152.162     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (8)

References (113)
  • 1
    • 0028158398 scopus 로고
    • Cardiac mitochondrial DNA polymerase-gamma is inhibited competitively and noncompetitively by phosphorylated zidovudine
    • Lewis, W., J.F. Simpson and R.R. Meyer, 1994. Cardiac mitochondrial DNA polymerase-gamma is inhibited competitively and noncompetitively by phosphorylated zidovudine. Circulation Res., 74: 344-348.
    • (1994) Circulation Res. , vol.74 , pp. 344-348
    • Lewis, W.1    Simpson, J.F.2    Meyer, R.R.3
  • 2
    • 16544384170 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mitochondria toxicity: Myths and facts
    • Moyle, G.J., 2004. Mitochondria toxicity: Myths and facts. J. HIV Ther., 9: 45-47.
    • (2004) J. HIV Ther. , vol.9 , pp. 45-47
    • Moyle, G.J.1
  • 3
    • 0032412213 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Peripheral neuropathy with nucleoside antiretrovirals: Risk factors, incidence and management
    • Moyle, G.J. and M. Sadler, 1998. Peripheral neuropathy with nucleoside antiretrovirals: Risk factors, incidence and management. Drug Safety, 19: 481-494.
    • (1998) Drug Safety , vol.19 , pp. 481-494
    • Moyle, G.J.1    Sadler, M.2
  • 4
    • 4544253103 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mitochondrial effects of antiretroviral therapies in asymptomatic patients
    • Lopez, S., O. Miro, E. Martinez and E. Pedrol, 2004. Mitochondrial effects of antiretroviral therapies in asymptomatic patients. Antivir. Ther., 9: 47-55.
    • (2004) Antivir. Ther. , vol.9 , pp. 47-55
    • Lopez, S.1    Miro, O.2    Martinez, E.3    Pedrol, E.4
  • 5
    • 0034603852 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New features of mitochondrial DNA replication system in yeast and man
    • Lecrenier, N. and F. Foury, 2000. New features of mitochondrial DNA replication system in yeast and man. Gene., 246: 37-48.
    • (2000) Gene. , vol.246 , pp. 37-48
    • Lecrenier, N.1    Foury, F.2
  • 6
    • 0141839654 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2 cells as a model for in vitro studies on mitochondrial toxicity of antiviral drugs: Which correlation with the patients?
    • 2 cells as a model for in vitro studies on mitochondrial toxicity of antiviral drugs: which correlation with the patients? J. Biol. Regul. Homeost. Agents, 17: 166-71.
    • (2003) J. Biol. Regul. Homeost. Agents , vol.17 , pp. 166-171
    • Pinti, M.1    Troiano, L.2    Nasi, M.3    Ferraresi, R.4
  • 7
    • 0034956253 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mitochondria toxicity and HIV therapy
    • White, A.J., 2001. Mitochondria toxicity and HIV therapy. Sex Trans. Inform., 77: 158-173.
    • (2001) Sex Trans. Inform. , vol.77 , pp. 158-173
    • White, A.J.1
  • 8
    • 0346995096 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Toxicity of nucleoside analogues used to treat AIDs and the selectivity of mitochondrial DNA polymerase
    • Lee, H., J. Hanes and K.A. Johnson, 2003. Toxicity of nucleoside analogues used to treat AIDs and the selectivity of mitochondrial DNA polymerase. Biochem., 42: 14711-9.
    • (2003) Biochem. , vol.42 , pp. 14711-14719
    • Lee, H.1    Hanes, J.2    Johnson, K.A.3
  • 9
    • 0035910754 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Control of mitochondrial membrane permeabilisation by adenine nucleotide translocator interacting with HIV-1 viral protein R and Bcl-2
    • Jacotot, E., K.F. Ferri and C. El Hamel, et al., 2001. Control of mitochondrial membrane permeabilisation by adenine nucleotide translocator interacting with HIV-1 viral protein R and Bcl-2. J. Exp. Med., 193: 509-519.
    • (2001) J. Exp. Med. , vol.193 , pp. 509-519
    • Jacotot, E.1    Ferri, K.F.2    El Hamel, C.3
  • 10
    • 0037721374 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mitochondrial dysfunction and nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor therapy: Experimental clarifications and persistent clinical questions
    • Lewis, W., 2003. Mitochondrial dysfunction and nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor therapy: Experimental clarifications and persistent clinical questions. Antivir. Res., 58: 189-197.
    • (2003) Antivir. Res. , vol.58 , pp. 189-197
    • Lewis, W.1
  • 11
    • 0037527547 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hyperlactataemia syndrome associated with HIV therapy
    • Ogedegbe, A.E.O., D.L.Thomas and A.M. Diehl, 2003. Hyperlactataemia syndrome associated with HIV therapy. The Lancet, 3: 329-337.
    • (2003) The Lancet , vol.3 , pp. 329-337
    • Ogedegbe, A.E.O.1    Thomas, D.L.2    Diehl, A.M.3
  • 12
    • 0034700807 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mitochondrial respiratory chain disorders I: Mitochondrial DNA defects
    • Leonard, J.V. and A.H.V. Schapira, 2000. Mitochondrial respiratory chain disorders I: Mitochondrial DNA defects. Lancet, 355: 299-304.
    • (2000) Lancet , vol.355 , pp. 299-304
    • Leonard, J.V.1    Schapira, A.H.V.2
  • 14
    • 0033573045 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Metabolism, mitochondrial uptake and toxicity of 2′, 3′-dideoxycytidine
    • Rossi, L., S. Serafini and G.F. Schiavano, 1999. Metabolism, mitochondrial uptake and toxicity of 2′, 3′-dideoxycytidine. Biochem. J., 344: 915-20.
    • (1999) Biochem. J. , vol.344 , pp. 915-920
    • Rossi, L.1    Serafini, S.2    Schiavano, G.F.3
  • 15
    • 0033040503 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hydrogen peroxide causes significant mitochondrial DNA damage in human RPE cells
    • Ballinger, S.W., B. Van Houten and C.A. Coklin, 1999. Hydrogen peroxide causes significant mitochondrial DNA damage in human RPE cells. Exp. Eye Res., 68: 765-772.
    • (1999) Exp. Eye Res. , vol.68 , pp. 765-772
    • Ballinger, S.W.1    Van Houten, B.2    Coklin, C.A.3
  • 16
    • 2342539175 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nucleoside analogues and mitochondrial toxicity
    • Fleischer, R., D. Boxwell and K.E. Sherman, 2004. Nucleoside analogues and mitochondrial toxicity. Clin. Infect. Dis., 15, 38: 79-80.
    • (2004) Clin. Infect. Dis. , vol.15 , Issue.38 , pp. 79-80
    • Fleischer, R.1    Boxwell, D.2    Sherman, K.E.3
  • 17
    • 0031003145 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cellular and mitochondrial toxicity of zidovudine (AZT), didanosine (ddI) and zalcitabine (ddC) on cultured human muscle cells
    • Benbrik, E., P. Chariot and S. Bonavaud, et al., 1997. Cellular and mitochondrial toxicity of zidovudine (AZT), didanosine (ddI) and zalcitabine (ddC) on cultured human muscle cells. J. Neurol. Sci., 149: 19-25.
    • (1997) J. Neurol. Sci , vol.149 , pp. 19-25
    • Benbrik, E.1    Chariot, P.2    Bonavaud, S.3
  • 18
    • 5744224136 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mitochondria damage revealed by morphometric and semiquantitative analysis of mouse pup cardiomyocytes following in utero and postnatal exposure to zidovudine and lamivudine
    • Bishop, J.B., Y. Tani, K. Witt, J.A. Johnson and S. Peddada, 2004. Mitochondria damage revealed by morphometric and semiquantitative analysis of mouse pup cardiomyocytes following in utero and postnatal exposure to zidovudine and lamivudine. Toxicol. Sci., 81: 512-517.
    • (2004) Toxicol. Sci. , vol.81 , pp. 512-517
    • Bishop, J.B.1    Tani, Y.2    Witt, K.3    Johnson, J.A.4    Peddada, S.5
  • 19
    • 0033060854 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The mitochondrial genome: Structure, transcription, translation and replication
    • Taanman, J.W., 1999. The mitochondrial genome: Structure, transcription, translation and replication. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1410: 103-123.
    • (1999) Biochim. Biophys. Acta , vol.1410 , pp. 103-123
    • Taanman, J.W.1
  • 20
    • 0030918031 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Zalcitabine. An update of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties and clinical efficacy in the management of HIV infection
    • Adkins, J.C., D.H. Peters and D. Faulds, 1997. Zalcitabine. An update of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties and clinical efficacy in the management of HIV infection. Drugs, 53: 1054-80.
    • (1997) Drugs , vol.53 , pp. 1054-1080
    • Adkins, J.C.1    Peters, D.H.2    Faulds, D.3
  • 21
    • 0029022494 scopus 로고
    • Kinetic interaction of the diphosphates of 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl) adenine and other anti-HIV active purine congeners with HIV reverse transcriptase and human DNA polymerases alpha, beta and gamma
    • Cherrington, J.M., S.J.W. Allen and N. Bischofberger, 1995. Kinetic interaction of the diphosphates of 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl) adenine and other anti-HIV active purine congeners with HIV reverse transcriptase and human DNA polymerases alpha, beta and gamma. Antiviral Chem. Chemother., 6: 217-221.
    • (1995) Antiviral Chem. Chemother. , vol.6 , pp. 217-221
    • Cherrington, J.M.1    Allen, S.J.W.2    Bischofberger, N.3
  • 22
    • 2442442281 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mitochondrial toxicity associated with HAART following liver transplantation in an HIV-infected recipient
    • Antoniades, C., C. Macdonald, A. Knisely, C. Taylor and S. Norris, 2004. Mitochondrial toxicity associated with HAART following liver transplantation in an HIV-infected recipient. Liver Transpl., 10: 699-702.
    • (2004) Liver Transpl. , vol.10 , pp. 699-702
    • Antoniades, C.1    Macdonald, C.2    Knisely, A.3    Taylor, C.4    Norris, S.5
  • 23
    • 0030587492 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cloning and characterization of the human mitochondrial DNA polymerase, DNA polymerase gamma
    • Ropp, P.A. and W.C. Copeland, 1996. Cloning and characterization of the human mitochondrial DNA polymerase, DNA polymerase gamma. Genomics, 36: 449-58
    • (1996) Genomics , vol.36 , pp. 449-458
    • Ropp, P.A.1    Copeland, W.C.2
  • 24
    • 0029982347 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mitochondrial DNA polymerase gamma is expressed and translated in the absence of mitochondrial DNA maintenance and replication
    • Davis, A.F., P.A. Ropp and D.A. Clayton, 1996. Mitochondrial DNA polymerase gamma is expressed and translated in the absence of mitochondrial DNA maintenance and replication. Nucleic Acids Res., 24: 2753-9.
    • (1996) Nucleic Acids Res. , vol.24 , pp. 2753-2759
    • Davis, A.F.1    Ropp, P.A.2    Clayton, D.A.3
  • 25
    • 33644528868 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Overview of mitochondrial toxicity of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors
    • Glesby, M.J., 2002. Overview of mitochondrial toxicity of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Perspect Intl. AIDS. Soc. USA., 10: 42-46.
    • (2002) Perspect Intl. AIDS. Soc. USA. , vol.10 , pp. 42-46
    • Glesby, M.J.1
  • 26
    • 0000423476 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic Integrity of the Mitochondrial Genome
    • Singh, K.K., (Ed.) Berlin, New York: Springer-Verlag and RG Landes
    • Rasmussen, L.J. and K.K. Singh, 1998. Genetic Integrity of the Mitochondrial Genome. In: Singh, K.K., (Ed.) Mitochondrial DNA mutations in aging, disease and cancer. Berlin, New York: Springer-Verlag and RG Landes, pp: 115-27.
    • (1998) Mitochondrial DNA Mutations in Aging, Disease and Cancer , pp. 115-127
    • Rasmussen, L.J.1    Singh, K.K.2
  • 27
    • 1842570096 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • AZT treatment induces molecular and ultrastructural oxidative damage to muscle mitochondria. Prevention by antioxidant vitamins
    • De la Asuncion, J.G., N. del Olmo, M.L. Sastre, A. Millan and A. Pellin,. 1998. AZT treatment induces molecular and ultrastructural oxidative damage to muscle mitochondria. Prevention by antioxidant vitamins. J. Clin. Invest., 102: 4-9.
    • (1998) J. Clin. Invest. , vol.102 , pp. 4-9
    • De la Asuncion, J.G.1    del Olmo, N.2    Sastre, M.L.3    Millan, A.4    Pellin, A.5
  • 28
    • 0034008520 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A syndrome of lipoatrophy lactic acidaemia and liver dysfunction associated with HIV nucleoside analogue therapy: Contribution to protease inhibitor-related lipodystrophy syndrome
    • Carr, A., J. Miller amd M. Law, 2000. A syndrome of lipoatrophy lactic acidaemia and liver dysfunction associated with HIV nucleoside analogue therapy: Contribution to protease inhibitor-related lipodystrophy syndrome. AIDS., 14: F25-32.
    • (2000) AIDS , vol.14
    • Carr, A.1    Miller, J.2    Law, M.3
  • 29
    • 0033604038 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mitochondrial toxicity induced by nucleoside-analogue reverse-transcriptase inhibitors is a key factor in the pathogenesis of antiretroviral-therapy-related lipodystrophy
    • Brinkman, K., J.A. Smeitink and J.A. Romijn et al., 1999. Mitochondrial toxicity induced by nucleoside-analogue reverse-transcriptase inhibitors is a key factor in the pathogenesis of antiretroviral-therapy-related lipodystrophy. Lancet., 354: 1112-5.
    • (1999) Lancet. , vol.354 , pp. 1112-1115
    • Brinkman, K.1    Smeitink, J.A.2    Romijn, J.A.3
  • 30
    • 3042587895 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prospoective evaluation of blood concentration of mitochondrial DNA as marker of toxicity in 157 consecutively recruited untreated or HAART-treated HIV-positive patients
    • Chiappini, F., E. Teiccher, R. Saffroy and P. Pham,. 2004. Prospoective evaluation of blood concentration of mitochondrial DNA as marker of toxicity in 157 consecutively recruited untreated or HAART-treated HIV-positive patients. Lab. Invest., 84: 908-14.
    • (2004) Lab. Invest. , vol.84 , pp. 908-914
    • Chiappini, F.1    Teiccher, E.2    Saffroy, R.3    Pham, P.4
  • 31
    • 0025004442 scopus 로고
    • Deoxyribonucleotide analogs as inhibitors and substrates of DNA polymerases
    • Wright, G.E. and N.C. Brown, 1990. Deoxyribonucleotide analogs as inhibitors and substrates of DNA polymerases. Pharmacol. Ther., 47: 447-497.
    • (1990) Pharmacol. Ther. , vol.47 , pp. 447-497
    • Wright, G.E.1    Brown, N.C.2
  • 32
    • 13444257639 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dissecting the effects of DNA polymerase and Ribonuclease H inhibitor Combinations on HIV-1 Reverse-Transcriptase Activities
    • Shaw-Reid, C.A., B. Feuston and V. Munshi, et al., 2005. Dissecting the effects of DNA polymerase and Ribonuclease H inhibitor Combinations on HIV-1 Reverse-Transcriptase Activities. Biochem., 44: 1595-1606.
    • (2005) Biochem. , vol.44 , pp. 1595-1606
    • Shaw-Reid, C.A.1    Feuston, B.2    Munshi, V.3
  • 33
    • 0035831219 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The HIV-1 transactivator protein Tat is a potent inducer of the human DNA repair enzyme β-polymerase
    • Srivastava, D.K., C.L. Tendler and D. Milani,. 2001.The HIV-1 transactivator protein Tat is a potent inducer of the human DNA repair enzyme β-polymerase. AIDS., 15: 433-40.
    • (2001) AIDS , vol.15 , pp. 433-440
    • Srivastava, D.K.1    Tendler, C.L.2    Milani, D.3
  • 34
    • 0025552678 scopus 로고
    • DNA polymerases versus HIV reverse transcriptase in AIDS therapy
    • Cheng, Y.C., W.Y. Gao and C.H. Chen, 1990. DNA polymerases versus HIV reverse transcriptase in AIDS therapy. Ann. NY. Acad Sci., 616: 217-23.
    • (1990) Ann. NY. Acad Sci. , vol.616 , pp. 217-223
    • Cheng, Y.C.1    Gao, W.Y.2    Chen, C.H.3
  • 35
    • 3543116597 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Safety of hydroxyurea in the treatment of HIV infection
    • Lori, F., L.M. Kelly and J. Lisziewicz, 2004. Safety of hydroxyurea in the treatment of HIV infection. Exp. Opin. Drug. Saf., 3: 279-288.
    • (2004) Exp. Opin. Drug. Saf. , vol.3 , pp. 279-288
    • Lori, F.1    Kelly, L.M.2    Lisziewicz, J.3
  • 36
    • 0024355430 scopus 로고
    • A comparison of three nucleoside analogs with anti-retroviral activity on immune and hematopoietic functions in mice: In vitro toxicity to precursor cells and microstromal environment
    • Luster, M.I., D.R. Germolec and K.L.J. White, et al., 1989. A comparison of three nucleoside analogs with anti-retroviral activity on immune and hematopoietic functions in mice: In vitro toxicity to precursor cells and microstromal environment. Toxicol Applied Pharmacol., 101: 328-339.
    • (1989) Toxicol Applied Pharmacol. , vol.101 , pp. 328-339
    • Luster, M.I.1    Germolec, D.R.2    White, K.L.J.3
  • 37
    • 0346220189 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Serum L-lactate and pyruvate in HIV-infected patients and with and without presumed nRTI-related adverse events compared to healthy volunteers
    • Ter Hofstede, H.J., H.L. Willems and P.P. Koopmans, 2004. Serum L-lactate and pyruvate in HIV-infected patients and with and without presumed nRTI-related adverse events compared to healthy volunteers. J. Clin. Virol., 29: 44-50.
    • (2004) J. Clin. Virol. , vol.29 , pp. 44-50
    • Ter Hofstede, H.J.1    Willems, H.L.2    Koopmans, P.P.3
  • 38
    • 0030981260 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of nucleoside analogs on neurite regeneration and mitochondrial DNA synthesis in PC-12 cells
    • Cui, L., L. Locatelli and M.Y. Xie, et al., 1997. Effect of nucleoside analogs on neurite regeneration and mitochondrial DNA synthesis in PC-12 cells. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 280: 1228-34.
    • (1997) J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. , vol.280 , pp. 1228-1234
    • Cui, L.1    Locatelli, L.2    Xie, M.Y.3
  • 39
    • 0033935975 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pharmacology of nucleoside and nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor-induced mitochondrial toxicity
    • Kakuda, T.N., 2000. Pharmacology of nucleoside and nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor-induced mitochondrial toxicity. Clin. Ther., 22: 685-708.
    • (2000) Clin. Ther. , vol.22 , pp. 685-708
    • Kakuda, T.N.1
  • 40
    • 0028148674 scopus 로고
    • Effects of antiviral nucleoside analogs on human DNA polymerases and mitochondrial DNA synthesis
    • Martin, J.L., C.E. Brown and N. Matthews-Davis, 1994. Effects of antiviral nucleoside analogs on human DNA polymerases and mitochondrial DNA synthesis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother., 38: 2743-9.
    • (1994) Antimicrob Agents Chemother. , vol.38 , pp. 2743-2749
    • Martin, J.L.1    Brown, C.E.2    Matthews-Davis, N.3
  • 41
    • 0026774360 scopus 로고
    • Cardiac structure and function in children with human immunodeficiency virus infection treated with zidovudine
    • Lipshultz, S.E., E.J. Orav and S.P. Sanders et al., 1992. Cardiac structure and function in children with human immunodeficiency virus infection treated with zidovudine. N. Engl. J. Med., 327: 1260-5.
    • (1992) N. Engl. J. Med. , vol.327 , pp. 1260-1265
    • Lipshultz, S.E.1    Orav, E.J.2    Sanders, S.P.3
  • 42
    • 0035825722 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Absence of cardiac toxicity of zidovudine in infants-reply
    • Lipshultz, S.E., 2001. Absence of cardiac toxicity of zidovudine in infants-reply. N. Engl. J. Med., 344: 458.
    • (2001) N. Engl. J. Med. , vol.344 , pp. 458
    • Lipshultz, S.E.1
  • 43
    • 0028920558 scopus 로고
    • Cytotoxicity of 3′-azido-3′-deoxythymidine correlates with 3′-azidothymidine-5′-monophosphate (AZTMP) levels, whereas anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) activity correlates with 3′-azidothymidine-5′-triphosphate (AZTTP) levels in cultured CEM T-lymphoblastoid cells
    • Tornevik, Y., B. Ullman and J. Balzarini et al., 1995. Cytotoxicity of 3′-azido-3′-deoxythymidine correlates with 3′-azidothymidine-5′-monophosphate (AZTMP) levels, whereas anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) activity correlates with 3′-azidothymidine-5′-triphosphate (AZTTP) levels in cultured CEM T-lymphoblastoid cells. Biochem. Pharmacol., 49: 829-837.
    • (1995) Biochem. Pharmacol. , vol.49 , pp. 829-837
    • Tornevik, Y.1    Ullman, B.2    Balzarini, J.3
  • 44
    • 0032531936 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dilated cardiomyopathy in HIV-infected patients
    • Lipshultz, S.E., 1998. Dilated cardiomyopathy in HIV-infected patients. N. Engl. J. Med., 339: 1153-5.
    • (1998) N. Engl. J. Med. , vol.339 , pp. 1153-1155
    • Lipshultz, S.E.1
  • 45
    • 0033582514 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characterization of a dCTP transport activity reconstituted from human mitochondria
    • Bridges, E.G., Z. Jiang and Y.C. Cheng, 1999. Characterization of a dCTP transport activity reconstituted from human mitochondria. J. Biol. Chem., 274: 4620-5.
    • (1999) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.274 , pp. 4620-4625
    • Bridges, E.G.1    Jiang, Z.2    Cheng, Y.C.3
  • 46
    • 0031836316 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Metabolism of 2′, 3′-dideoxy-2′,3′-didehydro-β-L(-)- 5-fluorocytidine and its activity in combination with clinically approved anti-human immunodeficiency virus β-D(+) nucleoside analogs in vitro
    • Dutschman, G.E., E.G. Bridges and S.H. Liu, 1998. Metabolism of 2′, 3′-dideoxy-2′,3′-didehydro-β-L(-)- 5-fluorocytidine and its activity in combination with clinically approved anti-human immunodeficiency virus β-D(+) nucleoside analogs in vitro. Antimicrob Agents Chemother., 42: 1799804
    • (1998) Antimicrob Agents Chemother. , vol.42 , pp. 1799804
    • Dutschman, G.E.1    Bridges, E.G.2    Liu, S.H.3
  • 47
    • 0025274663 scopus 로고
    • Mitochondrial myopathy caused by long-term zidovudine therapy
    • Dalakas, M.C., I. Illa and G.H. Pezeshkpour et al., 1990. Mitochondrial myopathy caused by long-term zidovudine therapy. N. Engl. J. Med., 322: 1098-105.
    • (1990) N. Engl. J. Med. , vol.322 , pp. 1098-1105
    • Dalakas, M.C.1    Illa, I.2    Pezeshkpour, G.H.3
  • 48
    • 0032189850 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adverse effects of reverse transcriptase inhibitors: Mitochondrial toxicity as common pathway
    • Brinkman, K., H.J. Ter Hofstede and D.M. Burger, 1998. Adverse effects of reverse transcriptase inhibitors: Mitochondrial toxicity as common pathway. AIDS., 12: 1735-1744.
    • (1998) AIDS , vol.12 , pp. 1735-1744
    • Brinkman, K.1    Ter Hofstede, H.J.2    Burger, D.M.3
  • 49
    • 0028990381 scopus 로고
    • Mitochondria] toxicity of antiviral drugs
    • Lewis, W. and M.C. Dalakas, 1995. Mitochondria] toxicity of antiviral drugs. Nature Med., 1: 417-22.
    • (1995) Nature Med. , vol.1 , pp. 417-422
    • Lewis, W.1    Dalakas, M.C.2
  • 50
    • 0027510616 scopus 로고
    • Hepatomegaly with severe steatosis in HIV-seropositive patients
    • Freiman, J.P., K.E. Helfert and M.R. Hamrell, 1993. Hepatomegaly with severe steatosis in HIV-seropositive patients. AIDS., 7: 379-85.
    • (1993) AIDS , vol.7 , pp. 379-385
    • Freiman, J.P.1    Helfert, K.E.2    Hamrell, M.R.3
  • 51
    • 0032030701 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Review article: The influence of human immunodeficiency virus-1 on hematopoiesis
    • Moses, A., J. Nelson and J.G.C. Bagby, 1998. Review article: the influence of human immunodeficiency virus-1 on hematopoiesis. Blood, 91: 1479-1495.
    • (1998) Blood , vol.91 , pp. 1479-1495
    • Moses, A.1    Nelson, J.2    Bagby, J.G.C.3
  • 52
    • 0027380603 scopus 로고
    • Zidovudine: An update of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic efficacy
    • Wilde, M.I. and H.D. Langtry, 1993. Zidovudine: An update of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic efficacy. Drugs., 46: 515-578.
    • (1993) Drugs , vol.46 , pp. 515-578
    • Wilde, M.I.1    Langtry, H.D.2
  • 53
    • 0002831556 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Decrease of mitochondria DNA content in adipose tissie of HIV-1 infected patients treated with nRTIs
    • Walker, U.A., M. Bickel and S.I. Volksbeck, et al., 2000. Decrease of mitochondria DNA content in adipose tissie of HIV-1 infected patients treated with nRTIs. Antiviral Ther., 5: 5-6.
    • (2000) Antiviral Ther. , vol.5 , pp. 5-6
    • Walker, U.A.1    Bickel, M.2    Volksbeck, S.I.3
  • 54
    • 0034860469 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The metabolic toxicities of antiretroviral therapy
    • Hermans, J.S. and P.J. Easterbrook, 2001. The metabolic toxicities of antiretroviral therapy. Intl. J. STD AIDS., 12: 555-62.
    • (2001) Intl. J. STD AIDS , vol.12 , pp. 555-562
    • Hermans, J.S.1    Easterbrook, P.J.2
  • 55
    • 0030807034 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of blood substitute, recombinant hemoglobin, on in vivo hematopoietic recovery from AZT toxicity
    • Moquattash, S., J.D, Lutton and G. Rosenthal, 1997. Effect of blood substitute, recombinant hemoglobin, on in vivo hematopoietic recovery from AZT toxicity. Acta Haematol., 98: 76-82.
    • (1997) Acta Haematol. , vol.98 , pp. 76-82
    • Moquattash, S.1    Lutton, J.D.2    Rosenthal, G.3
  • 56
    • 0026788501 scopus 로고
    • Recombinant human erythropoietin in the treatment of anaemia associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and zidovudine therapy. Overview of four clinical trials
    • [see comments]
    • Henry, D.H., G.N. Beall and C.A. Benson, et al., 1992. Recombinant human erythropoietin in the treatment of anaemia associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and zidovudine therapy. Overview of four clinical trials [see comments]. Ann. Intl. Med., 117: 739-48.
    • (1992) Ann. Intl. Med. , vol.117 , pp. 739-748
    • Henry, D.H.1    Beall, G.N.2    Benson, C.A.3
  • 58
    • 0027215838 scopus 로고
    • Myopathies associated with human immunodeficiency virus and zidovudine: Can their effects be distinguished?
    • Simpson, D.M., K.A. Citak and E. Godfrey, 1993. Myopathies associated with human immunodeficiency virus and zidovudine: can their effects be distinguished? Neurology, 43: 971-6.
    • (1993) Neurology , vol.43 , pp. 971-976
    • Simpson, D.M.1    Citak, K.A.2    Godfrey, E.3
  • 59
    • 0032564528 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuromuscular function in HIV infection: Analysis of a placebo-controlled combination antiretroviral trial
    • Simpson, D.M., D.A. Katzenstein and M.D. Hughes, 1998. Neuromuscular function in HIV infection: Analysis of a placebo-controlled combination antiretroviral trial. AIDS., 12: 2425-32.
    • (1998) AIDS , vol.12 , pp. 2425-2432
    • Simpson, D.M.1    Katzenstein, D.A.2    Hughes, M.D.3
  • 60
    • 0032516834 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical, histological and molecular reversibility of zidovudine myopathy
    • Masanes, F., A. Barrientos and M. Cebrian, et al., 1998. Clinical, histological and molecular reversibility of zidovudine myopathy. J. Neurol. Sci., 159: 226-8.
    • (1998) J. Neurol. Sci. , vol.159 , pp. 226-228
    • Masanes, F.1    Barrientos, A.2    Cebrian, M.3
  • 61
    • 0034007233 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cardiac dysfunction occurs in the HIV-1 transgenic mouse treated with zidovudine
    • Lewis, W., I.L. Grupp and G. Grupp, et al., 2000. Cardiac dysfunction occurs in the HIV-1 transgenic mouse treated with zidovudine. Lab. Invest., 80: 187-97.
    • (2000) Lab. Invest. , vol.80 , pp. 187-197
    • Lewis, W.1    Grupp, I.L.2    Grupp, G.3
  • 62
    • 0032531828 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Incidence of dilated cardiomyopathy and detection of HIV in myocardial cells of HIV-positive patients
    • Barbaro, G., G. Di Lorenzo and B Grisorio. 1998. Incidence of dilated cardiomyopathy and detection of HIV in myocardial cells of HIV-positive patients. N. Engl. J. Med., 339: 1093-1099.
    • (1998) N. Engl. J. Med. , vol.339 , pp. 1093-1099
    • Barbaro, G.1    Di Lorenzo, G.2    Grisorio, B.3
  • 63
    • 0031749161 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mitochondria and heart disease
    • DiMauro, S. and M. Hirano, 1998. Mitochondria and heart disease. Curr. Opin. Cardiol., 13: 190-7.
    • (1998) Curr. Opin. Cardiol. , vol.13 , pp. 190-197
    • DiMauro, S.1    Hirano, M.2
  • 64
    • 0032102076 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cardiac manifestations of HIV/AIDS: A review of disease spectrum and clinical management
    • Yunis, N.A. and V.E. Stone, 1998. Cardiac manifestations of HIV/AIDS: A review of disease spectrum and clinical management. J. Acquir. Immune. Defic. Syndr., 18: 145-54.
    • (1998) J. Acquir. Immune. Defic. Syndr. , vol.18 , pp. 145-154
    • Yunis, N.A.1    Stone, V.E.2
  • 65
    • 0026564682 scopus 로고
    • Cardiomyopathy associated with antiretroviral therapy in patients with HIV infection: A report of six cases
    • Herskowitz, A., S.B. Willoughby and K.L. Baughman et al., 1992. Cardiomyopathy associated with antiretroviral therapy in patients with HIV infection: A report of six cases. Ann. Intl. Med., 116: 311-3.
    • (1992) Ann. Intl. Med. , vol.116 , pp. 311-313
    • Herskowitz, A.1    Willoughby, S.B.2    Baughman, K.L.3
  • 66
    • 0034088060 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • HIV-associated peripheral neuropathy
    • Wulff, E.A., A.K. Wang and D.M. Simpson, 2000. HIV-associated peripheral neuropathy. Drugs., 59: 1251-60.
    • (2000) Drugs , vol.59 , pp. 1251-1260
    • Wulff, E.A.1    Wang, A.K.2    Simpson, D.M.3
  • 67
    • 1642319118 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Safety and efficacy of switching to alternative nucleoside analogues following symptomatic hyperlactatemia and lactic acidosis
    • Lonergan, J.T., R.E. Barber and W.C. Mathews, 2003. Safety and efficacy of switching to alternative nucleoside analogues following symptomatic hyperlactatemia and lactic acidosis. AIDS., 17: 2495-9.
    • (2003) AIDS , vol.17 , pp. 2495-2499
    • Lonergan, J.T.1    Barber, R.E.2    Mathews, W.C.3
  • 68
    • 0035853371 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Osteopenia in HIV-infected men: Association with asymptomatic lactic academia and lower weight pre-antiretroviral therapy
    • Carr, A., J. Miller, J.A. Eisman and D.A. Cooper, 2001. Osteopenia in HIV-infected men: Association with asymptomatic lactic academia and lower weight pre-antiretroviral therapy. AIDS., 13: 703-9.
    • (2001) AIDS , vol.13 , pp. 703-709
    • Carr, A.1    Miller, J.2    Eisman, J.A.3    Cooper, D.A.4
  • 69
    • 3242718713 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Metabolic complications associated with the use of highly active antiretroviral therapy in HIV-1 infected adults
    • Monier, P.L. and R. Wilcox, 2004. Metabolic complications associated with the use of highly active antiretroviral therapy in HIV-1 infected adults. Am. J. Med. Sci., 328: 48-56.
    • (2004) Am. J. Med. Sci. , vol.328 , pp. 48-56
    • Monier, P.L.1    Wilcox, R.2
  • 70
    • 0035288396 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antiretroviral therapy and the lipodystrophy syndrome
    • John, M., D. Nolan and S.A. Mallal, 2001. Antiretroviral therapy and the lipodystrophy syndrome. Antiviral Ther., 6: 9-20.
    • (2001) Antiviral Ther. , vol.6 , pp. 9-20
    • John, M.1    Nolan, D.2    Mallal, S.A.3
  • 71
    • 0036310819 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A life-long antiretroviral treatment of congenital HIV disease, associated with a mixed fat redistribution syndrome and osteopenia already occurred during pre-pubertal age
    • Manfredi, R., L. Calza and F. Chiodo, 2002. A life-long antiretroviral treatment of congenital HIV disease, associated with a mixed fat redistribution syndrome and osteopenia already occurred during pre-pubertal age. Intl. J. STD AIDS., 13: 504-7.
    • (2002) Intl. J. STD AIDS , vol.13 , pp. 504-507
    • Manfredi, R.1    Calza, L.2    Chiodo, F.3
  • 72
    • 0348198447 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human immunodeficiencyvirus infection with granulocytic ehrlichiosis complicated by symptomatic lactic acidosis
    • Springer, S.A. and F.L. Altice, 2003. Human immunodeficiencyvirus infection with granulocytic ehrlichiosis complicated by symptomatic lactic acidosis. Clin. Infect. Dis., 36: 162-4.
    • (2003) Clin. Infect. Dis. , vol.36 , pp. 162-164
    • Springer, S.A.1    Altice, F.L.2
  • 73
    • 0034493575 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Symptomatic hyperlactatemia: An emerging complication of antiretroviral therapy
    • Gerard, Y., L. Maulin and Y. Yazdanpanah, 2000. Symptomatic hyperlactatemia: An emerging complication of antiretroviral therapy. AIDS., 14: 2723-30.
    • (2000) AIDS , vol.14 , pp. 2723-2730
    • Gerard, Y.1    Maulin, L.2    Yazdanpanah, Y.3
  • 74
    • 2342481118 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fatal lactic acidosis associated with highly active antiretroviral therapy in patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection in Taiwan
    • Sheng, W.H., S.M. Hsieh, S.C. Lee and M.Y. Cheng, 2004. Fatal lactic acidosis associated with highly active antiretroviral therapy in patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection in Taiwan. Intl. J. STD AIDS., 15: 249-53.
    • (2004) Intl. J. STD AIDS , vol.15 , pp. 249-253
    • Sheng, W.H.1    Hsieh, S.M.2    Lee, S.C.3    Cheng, M.Y.4
  • 75
    • 12144286456 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High rate of didanosine-related mitochondrial toxicity in HIV/HCV-coinnfected patients receiving ribavirin
    • Moreno, A., C. Quereda, L. Moreno and M.J. Perez-Elias et al., 2004. High rate of didanosine-related mitochondrial toxicity in HIV/HCV-coinnfected patients receiving ribavirin. Antivir. Ther., 9: 133-8.
    • (2004) Antivir. Ther. , vol.9 , pp. 133-138
    • Moreno, A.1    Quereda, C.2    Moreno, L.3    Perez-Elias, M.J.4
  • 76
    • 0033545441 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Redistribution of body fat in HIV-infected women undergoing combined antiretroviral therapy
    • Gervasoni, C., A.L. Ridolfo and U. Trifiro, 1999. Redistribution of body fat in HIV-infected women undergoing combined antiretroviral therapy. AIDS., 13: 465-71.
    • (1999) AIDS , vol.13 , pp. 465-471
    • Gervasoni, C.1    Ridolfo, A.L.2    Trifiro, U.3
  • 77
    • 0001850207 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lactic acidosis complicating antiretroviral therapy: Frequency and correlates
    • Harris, M., A. Tesiorowski and K. Chan et al., 2000. Lactic acidosis complicating antiretroviral therapy: Frequency and correlates. Antiviral Ther., 5: 31.
    • (2000) Antiviral Ther. , vol.5 , pp. 31
    • Harris, M.1    Tesiorowski, A.2    Chan, K.3
  • 78
    • 0032710644 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of discontinuing stavudine therapy on clinical and metabolic abnormalities in patients suffering from lipodystrophy
    • Saint-Marc, T. and J.L. Touraine, 1999. The effects of discontinuing stavudine therapy on clinical and metabolic abnormalities in patients suffering from lipodystrophy. AIDS., 13: 2188-9.
    • (1999) AIDS. , vol.13 , pp. 2188-2189
    • Saint-Marc, T.1    Touraine, J.L.2
  • 79
    • 0001892044 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • No difference in lipodystrophy incidence in stavudine versus zidovudine nucleoside backbone: Blinded evaluation in a cohort on first line HAART
    • Bogner, J.R., G.M. Michl and W. Neuhofer, 2000. No difference in lipodystrophy incidence in stavudine versus zidovudine nucleoside backbone: Blinded evaluation in a cohort on first line HAART. Antiviral Ther., 5: 55.
    • (2000) Antiviral Ther. , vol.5 , pp. 55
    • Bogner, J.R.1    Michl, G.M.2    Neuhofer, W.3
  • 80
    • 12844276053 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lipodystrophy associated with highly active antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection: The adipocyte as a target of anti-retroviral-induced mitochondrial toxicity
    • Villarroya, F., P. Domingo and M. Giralt, 2005. Lipodystrophy associated with highly active antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection: The adipocyte as a target of anti-retroviral-induced mitochondrial toxicity. Trends Pharmacol. Sci., 26: 88-93.
    • (2005) Trends Pharmacol. Sci. , vol.26 , pp. 88-93
    • Villarroya, F.1    Domingo, P.2    Giralt, M.3
  • 81
    • 0032710215 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-induced mitochondrial toxicity as an etiology for lipodystrophy
    • Kakuda, T.N., R.C. Brundage and P.L. Anderson,. 1999. Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-induced mitochondrial toxicity as an etiology for lipodystrophy. AIDS., 13: 2311-2.
    • (1999) AIDS. , vol.13 , pp. 2311-2312
    • Kakuda, T.N.1    Brundage, R.C.2    Anderson, P.L.3
  • 82
    • 0011350124 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Improvement of facial lipoatrophy after substitution of stavudine
    • Clark, A., 2000. Improvement of facial lipoatrophy after substitution of stavudine. Antiviral Ther., 5: 73-74.
    • (2000) Antiviral Ther. , vol.5 , pp. 73-74
    • Clark, A.1
  • 83
    • 0041883700 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 4th International workshop on adverse drug reactions and lipodystrophy HIV
    • San Diego, California, USA. 22-25 September 2002
    • Nolan, D. and F. Christiansen, 2003. 4th International workshop on adverse drug reactions and lipodystrophy HIV. San Diego, California, USA. 22-25 September 2002. Exp. Opin. Drug. Saf., 2: 703-9.
    • (2003) Exp. Opin. Drug. Saf. , vol.2 , pp. 703-709
    • Nolan, D.1    Christiansen, F.2
  • 84
    • 0000199664 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mitochondrial toxicity of nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors: Lactic acidosis, risk factors and therapeutic options
    • Brinkman, K. and H.J. Ter Hofstede, 1999. Mitochondrial toxicity of nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors: Lactic acidosis, risk factors and therapeutic options. AIDS Rev., 1: 140-6.
    • (1999) AIDS Rev. , vol.1 , pp. 140-146
    • Brinkman, K.1    Ter Hofstede, H.J.2
  • 85
    • 0002742035 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lipodystrophy and metabolic abnormalities in a cross-sectional study of participants in randomised controlled studies of combination antiretroviral therapy
    • Law, M., S. Emery and M. French et al., 2000. Lipodystrophy and metabolic abnormalities in a cross-sectional study of participants in randomised controlled studies of combination antiretroviral therapy. Antiviral Ther., 5: 18.
    • (2000) Antiviral Ther. , vol.5 , pp. 18
    • Law, M.1    Emery, S.2    French, M.3
  • 86
    • 0036008751 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • HIV-associated lipodystrophy, metabolic complications and antiretroviral toxicities
    • Moyle, G.J. and A. Carr, 2002. HIV-associated lipodystrophy, metabolic complications and antiretroviral toxicities. HIV Clin. Trials, 3: 89-98.
    • (2002) HIV Clin. Trials , vol.3 , pp. 89-98
    • Moyle, G.J.1    Carr, A.2
  • 87
    • 0033978312 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy of a vibratory stimulus for the relief of HIV-associated neuropathic pain
    • Paice, J.A., S. Shott and F. Oldenburg, 2000. Efficacy of a vibratory stimulus for the relief of HIV-associated neuropathic pain. Pain, 84: 291-6.
    • (2000) Pain , vol.84 , pp. 291-296
    • Paice, J.A.1    Shott, S.2    Oldenburg, F.3
  • 88
    • 0024405549 scopus 로고
    • Cellular pharmacology of 2′, 3′-dideoxy-2′, 3′-didehydrothymidine, a nucleoside analog active against human immunodeficiency virus
    • Ho, H.T. and M.J. Hitchcock, 1989. Cellular pharmacology of 2′, 3′-dideoxy-2′, 3′-didehydrothymidine, a nucleoside analog active against human immunodeficiency virus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother., 33: 844-9.
    • (1989) Antimicrob Agents Chemother. , vol.33 , pp. 844-849
    • Ho, H.T.1    Hitchcock, M.J.2
  • 89
    • 0037241329 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Emerging drug toxicities of highly active antiretroviral therapy for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection
    • Heath, K.V., J.S. Montaner, G. Bondy and J. Singer, et al., 2003. Emerging drug toxicities of highly active antiretroviral therapy for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Curr. Drug. Targets, 4: 13-22.
    • (2003) Curr. Drug. Targets , vol.4 , pp. 13-22
    • Heath, K.V.1    Montaner, J.S.2    Bondy, G.3    Singer, J.4
  • 90
    • 0036252446 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Selected metabolic and morphologic complications associated with highly active antiretroviral therapy
    • Smith, K.Y., 2002. Selected metabolic and morphologic complications associated with highly active antiretroviral therapy. J. Infect. Dis., 185: 123-7.
    • (2002) J. Infect. Dis. , vol.185 , pp. 123-127
    • Smith, K.Y.1
  • 91
    • 10544229792 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Filgrastim to treat neutropenia and support myelosuppressive medication dosing in HIV infection
    • G-CSF 92105 Study Group
    • Hermans, P., W. Rozenbaum and A. Jou, 1996. Filgrastim to treat neutropenia and support myelosuppressive medication dosing in HIV infection. G-CSF 92105 Study Group. AIDS., 10: 1627-33
    • (1996) AIDS. , vol.10 , pp. 1627-1633
    • Hermans, P.1    Rozenbaum, W.2    Jou, A.3
  • 92
    • 0004713872 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A convenient assay for in vitro evaluation of mitochondrial toxicity of antiretroviral drugs
    • Foli, A., F, Benvenuto and G. Piccinini, 2000. A convenient assay for in vitro evaluation of mitochondrial toxicity of antiretroviral drugs. Antiviral Ther., 5: 34-5.
    • (2000) Antiviral Ther. , vol.5 , pp. 34-35
    • Foli, A.1    Benvenuto, F.2    Piccinini, G.3
  • 93
    • 0034107385 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Causes of macrocytosis in HIV-infected patients not treated with zidovudine
    • Genne, D., P. Sudre and D. Anwar et al., 2000. Causes of macrocytosis in HIV-infected patients not treated with zidovudine. J. Infect., 40: 160-3.
    • (2000) J. Infect. , vol.40 , pp. 160-163
    • Genne, D.1    Sudre, P.2    Anwar, D.3
  • 94
    • 0035956859 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The human mitochondrial deoxynucleotide carrier and its role in the toxicity of nucleoside antivirals
    • Dolce, V., G. Fiermonte and M.J. Runswick et al., 2001. The human mitochondrial deoxynucleotide carrier and its role in the toxicity of nucleoside antivirals. Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. USA., 98: 2284-8.
    • (2001) Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. USA , vol.98 , pp. 2284-2288
    • Dolce, V.1    Fiermonte, G.2    Runswick, M.J.3
  • 95
    • 1642578228 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adverse effects of antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection
    • Montessori, V., N. Press, M. Harris, L. Akagi and J.S. Montaner, 2004. Adverse effects of antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection. CMA J., 170: 229-38.
    • (2004) CMA J. , vol.170 , pp. 229-238
    • Montessori, V.1    Press, N.2    Harris, M.3    Akagi, L.4    Montaner, J.S.5
  • 96
    • 0029030096 scopus 로고
    • Nucleoside analogue-associated peripheral neuropathy in human immunodeficiency virus infection
    • Simpson, D.M. and M. Tagliati, 1995. Nucleoside analogue-associated peripheral neuropathy in human immunodeficiency virus infection. J. Acquir. Immune. Defic. Syndr., 9: 153-61.
    • (1995) J. Acquir. Immune. Defic. Syndr. , vol.9 , pp. 153-161
    • Simpson, D.M.1    Tagliati, M.2
  • 97
    • 0033596267 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy and safety of adefovir dipivoxil with antiretroviral therapy: A randomized controlled trial
    • Khan, J., S. Lagakos and M. Wulfsohn et al., 1999. Efficacy and safety of adefovir dipivoxil with antiretroviral therapy: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA., 282: 2305-12.
    • (1999) JAMA , vol.282 , pp. 2305-2312
    • Khan, J.1    Lagakos, S.2    Wulfsohn, M.3
  • 98
    • 0002227323 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antioxidants rescue nRTI-induce metabolic changes in AKR/J mice
    • Paulik, M., M. Lancaster and D. Croom, 2000. Antioxidants rescue nRTI-induce metabolic changes in AKR/J mice. Antiviral Ther., 5: 6-7.
    • (2000) Antiviral Ther. , vol.5 , pp. 6-7
    • Paulik, M.1    Lancaster, M.2    Croom, D.3
  • 99
    • 0034054491 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Incidence of neuropathy in HIV-infected patients on monotherapy versus those on combination therapy with didanosine, stavudine and hydroxyurea
    • Moore, R.D., W.E. Wong and J.C. Keruly, 2000. Incidence of neuropathy in HIV-infected patients on monotherapy versus those on combination therapy with didanosine, stavudine and hydroxyurea. AIDS., 14: 273-8.
    • (2000) AIDS , vol.14 , pp. 273-278
    • Moore, R.D.1    Wong, W.E.2    Keruly, J.C.3
  • 100
    • 0033924871 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Contribution of nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors to subcutaneous fat wasting in patients with HIV infection
    • Mallal, S.A., M. John and C.B. Moore et al., 2000. Contribution of nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors to subcutaneous fat wasting in patients with HIV infection. AIDS., 14: 1309-16.
    • (2000) AIDS , vol.14 , pp. 1309-1316
    • Mallal, S.A.1    John, M.2    Moore, C.B.3
  • 101
    • 0031894922 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mitochondria disorders and the kidney
    • Niaudet, P., 1998. Mitochondria disorders and the kidney. Arch. Dis. Child, 78: 383-393.
    • (1998) Arch. Dis. Child , vol.78 , pp. 383-393
    • Niaudet, P.1
  • 102
    • 0027408491 scopus 로고
    • Dideoxyinosine-associated nephrotoxicity
    • (letter)
    • Crowther, M.A., W. Callaghan and A.B. Hodsman, 1993. Dideoxyinosine-associated nephrotoxicity (letter). AIDS., 7: 131-2.
    • (1993) AIDS , vol.7 , pp. 131-132
    • Crowther, M.A.1    Callaghan, W.2    Hodsman, A.B.3
  • 103
    • 4444310392 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) protease inhibitor indinavir directly affects the opportunistic fungal pathogen Crytococcus neoform
    • Blasi, E., B. Colombari C.F. Orsi and M. Pinti et al., 2004. The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) protease inhibitor indinavir directly affects the opportunistic fungal pathogen Crytococcus neoform FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol., 42: 187-195.
    • (2004) FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. , vol.42 , pp. 187-195
    • Blasi, E.1    Colombari, B.2    Orsi, C.F.3    Pinti, M.4
  • 104
    • 0034728096 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mitochondrial respiratory chain disorders. II: Neurodegenerative disorders and nuclear gene defects
    • Leonard, J.V. and A.H.V. Schapira, 2000. Mitochondrial respiratory chain disorders. II: Neurodegenerative disorders and nuclear gene defects. Lancet, 355: 389-94.
    • (2000) Lancet , vol.355 , pp. 389-394
    • Leonard, J.V.1    Schapira, A.H.V.2
  • 105
    • 0034033584 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mitochondrial toxicity of nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors: A looming obstacle for long-term antiretroviral therapy?
    • Brinkman, K. and T.N. Kakuda, 2000. Mitochondrial toxicity of nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors: A looming obstacle for long-term antiretroviral therapy? Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis., 19: 5-11.
    • (2000) Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis. , vol.19 , pp. 5-11
    • Brinkman, K.1    Kakuda, T.N.2
  • 106
    • 0034984157 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aging, oxidative stress and proliferative capacity in cultured mouse aortic smooth muscle cells
    • Moon, S.K., L.J. Thompson, N. Madamanchi and J. Ballinger et al., 2001. Aging, oxidative stress and proliferative capacity in cultured mouse aortic smooth muscle cells. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Cir. Physiol., 280: 2779-2788.
    • (2001) Am. J. Physiol. Heart Cir. Physiol. , vol.280 , pp. 2779-2788
    • Moon, S.K.1    Thompson, L.J.2    Madamanchi, N.3    Ballinger, J.4
  • 107
    • 0035808512 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Renal tubular acidosis and hypophosphataemia after treatment with nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors
    • Morris, A.A.M., S. Baudouin and M.H. Snow, 2001. Renal tubular acidosis and hypophosphataemia after treatment with nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. AIDS., 15: 140-1.
    • (2001) AIDS , vol.15 , pp. 140-141
    • Morris, A.A.M.1    Baudouin, S.2    Snow, M.H.3
  • 108
    • 0033166681 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acute pancreatitis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients: A review
    • Dassopoulos, T. and E.D. Ehrenpreis, 1999. Acute pancreatitis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients: A review. Am. J. Med., 107: 78-84.
    • (1999) Am. J. Med. , vol.107 , pp. 78-84
    • Dassopoulos, T.1    Ehrenpreis, E.D.2
  • 109
    • 0035853430 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chronic hyperlactaemia in HIV-infected patients taking antiretroviral therapy
    • John, M., C. Moore and J.R. James, et al., 2001. Chronic hyperlactaemia in HIV-infected patients taking antiretroviral therapy. AIDS., 15: 717-23.
    • (2001) AIDS , vol.15 , pp. 717-723
    • John, M.1    Moore, C.2    James, J.R.3
  • 110
    • 0034728096 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mitochondrial respiratory chain disorders. II: Neurodegenerative disorders and nuclear gene defects
    • Leonard, J.V. and A.H.V. Schapira, 2000. Mitochondrial respiratory chain disorders. II: Neurodegenerative disorders and nuclear gene defects. Lancet, 355: 389-94.
    • (2000) Lancet , vol.355 , pp. 389-394
    • Leonard, J.V.1    Schapira, A.H.V.2
  • 111
    • 0033824325 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lactic acidosis in the setting of antiretroviral therapy for the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome a case report and review of the literature
    • Shaer, A.J. and A. Rastegar, 2000. Lactic acidosis in the setting of antiretroviral therapy for the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome a case report and review of the literature. Am. J. Nephrol., 20: 332-8.
    • (2000) Am. J. Nephrol. , vol.20 , pp. 332-338
    • Shaer, A.J.1    Rastegar, A.2
  • 112
    • 0026729835 scopus 로고
    • Mitochondrial genetics: Principles and practice
    • Shoffner, J.M. and D.C. Wallace, 1992. Mitochondrial genetics: Principles and practice. Am. J. Human Genet., 51: 1179-86.
    • (1992) Am. J. Human Genet. , vol.51 , pp. 1179-1186
    • Shoffner, J.M.1    Wallace, D.C.2
  • 113
    • 0031035495 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Analysis of myopathy in a placebo-controlled zidovudine trial
    • Simpson, D.M., P. Slasor and U. Dafni et al., 1997. Analysis of myopathy in a placebo-controlled zidovudine trial. Muscle Nerve, 20: 382-5.
    • (1997) Muscle Nerve , vol.20 , pp. 382-385
    • Simpson, D.M.1    Slasor, P.2    Dafni, U.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.