Animal models in urological disease and sexual dysfunction

British Journal of Pharmacology

Volumn 147, Issue SUPPL. 2, 2006, Pages

  McMurray, Gordon ^a   Casey, James H ^a   Naylor, Alasdair M ^a  

^a PFIZER INC   (United States)

Author keywords

Animal models; Bladder; Drugs; Incontinence; Lower urinary tract; Sexual function; Translational medicine

Indexed keywords

ALPHA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; APOMORPHINE; BACLOFEN; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKING AGENT; CAPSAICIN; DIZOCILPINE; DOPAMINE 2 RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; FLUOXETINE; HALOPERIDOL; LIDOCAINE; MELANOCORTIN; MUSCARINIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; N ACETYLNORLEUCYLASPARTYLHISTIDYL DEXTRO PHENYLALANYLARGINYLTRYPTOPHYLLYSINE 2,7 CYCLIC AMIDE; NISOXETINE; NITROPRUSSIDE SODIUM; OXYTOCIN; PAROXETINE; PHOSPHODIESTERASE V INHIBITOR; POTASSIUM CHANNEL STIMULATING AGENT; RESINIFERATOXIN; SERTRALINE; SILDENAFIL; STEROID 5ALPHA REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; SULPIRIDE; YOHIMBINE;

ANIMAL MODEL; BLADDER DYSFUNCTION; BLADDER FUNCTION; BLADDER NECK STENOSIS; BLADDER SPHINCTER; CLINICAL FEATURE; CONFERENCE PAPER; CYSTOMETRY; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG TOLERABILITY; ELECTROMYOGRAM; ELECTROSTIMULATION; ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION; ESSENTIAL HYPERTENSION; INCONTINENCE; KIDNEY FUNCTION; MEDICAL INFORMATION; NERVE LIGATION; NERVE STIMULATION; NONHUMAN; OUTCOMES RESEARCH; OVERACTIVE BLADDER; PREMATURE EJACULATION; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSTATE HYPERTROPHY; SEXUAL BEHAVIOR; SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION; SEXUAL FUNCTION; SPINAL CORD INJURY; STRESS INCONTINENCE; UNITED STATES; URETHRA PRESSURE; URINARY TRACT DISEASE;

ANIMALS; DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; SEXUAL BEHAVIOR, ANIMAL; SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION, PHYSIOLOGICAL; SPECIES SPECIFICITY; URINARY TRACT PHYSIOLOGICAL PHENOMENA; URINARY TRACT PHYSIOLOGY; UROLOGIC DISEASES;

EID: 32544441590     PISSN: 00071188     EISSN: 14765381     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706630     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (257)

1. ADACHI, H., SATO, Y., KATO, R., HISASUE, S., SUZUIKI, K., MASUMORI, N., ITOH, N. & TSUKAMOTO, T. (2003). Direct evidence of facilitative actions of dopamine in the medial preoptic area on reflexive and noncontact erections in male rats. J. Urol., 169, 386-389.
2. AGMO, A., TURI, L.T., ELLINGSEN, E. & KASPERSEN, H. (2004). Preclinical models of sexual desire: conceptual and behavioral analyses. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 78, 379-404.
3. AHLENIUS, S., LARSSON, K. & SVENSSON, L. (1981). Effects of a new type of 5-HT receptor agonist on male rat sexual behaviour. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 15, 785-792.
4. ALBANESE, A., JENNER, P., MARSDEN, C.D. & STEPHENSON, J.D. (1988). Bladder hyperreflexia induced in marmosets by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6- tetrahydropyridine. Neurosci. Lett., 87, 46-50.
5. ALI-EL-DEIN, B. & GHONEIM, M.A. (2001). Effects of selective autonomic and pudendal denervation on the urethral function and development of retention in female dogs. J. Urol., 166, 1549-1554.
6. ANDERSSON, K.E. (2001). Pharmacology of penile erection. Pharmacol. Rev., 53, 417-450.
7. ANDERSSON, K.E. (2002). Bladder activation: afferent mechanisms. Urology, 59, 43-50.
8. ANDERSON, K.E., GEMALMAZ, H., WALDECK, K., CHAPMAN, T.N., TUTTLE, J.B. & STEERS, W.D. (1999). The effect of sildenafil on apomorphine-evoked increasesin intracavernous pressure in the awake rat. J. Urol., 161, 1707-1712.
9. ANDERSSON, K.E., HEDLUND, P., WEIN, A.J., DMOCHOWSKI, R.R. & STASKIN, D.R. (2002). Pharmacologic perspective on the physiology of the lower urinary tract. Urology, 60, 13-21.
10. ANDERSSON, K.E. & PEHRSON, R. (2003). CNS involvement in overactive bladder: pathophysiology and opportunities for pharmacological intervention. Drugs, 63, 2595-2611.
11. ARGIOLAS, A. (1999). Neuropeptides and sexual behaviour. Neurosci. Biohehav. Rev., 23, 1127-1142.
12. AUGSBURGER, H.R. & CRUZORIVE, L.M. (1995). Stereological analysis of the urethra in sexually intact and spayed female dogs. Acta Anat, 154, 135-142.
13. AVELINO, A., CRUZ, F. & COIMBRA, A. (1999). Intravesical resiniferatoxin desensitizes rat bladder sensory fibres without causing intense noxious excitation. A c-fos study. Eur. J. Pharmacol., 378, 17-22.
14. BAE, J.H., MOON, D.G. & LEE, J.G. (2001). The effects of a selective noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor on the urethra: an in vitro and in vivo study. Br. J. Urol. Int., 88, 771-775.
15. BAKIRCIOGLU, M.E., LIN, C.S., FAN, P., SIEVERT, K.D., KAN, Y.W. & LUE, T.F. (2001). The effect of adeno-associated virus mediated brain derived neurotrophic factor in an animal model of neurogenic impotence. J. Urol., 165, 2103-2109.
16. BALMASEDA JR., M.T., REYNOLDS, H.T. & GORDON, C. (1988). The value of the ice water test in the management of the neurogenic bladder. Am. J. Phys. Med. Rehabil., 67, 225-227.
17. BAO JUN, G., ISHIZUKA, O., IGAWA, Y., NISHIZAWA, O. & ANDERSSON, K.E. (2000). Role of supraspinal tachykinins for micturition in conscious rats with and without bladder outlet obstruction. Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol., 361, 543-548.
18. BAYLISS, M., WU, C., NEWGREEN, D., MUNDY, A.R. & FRY, C.H. (1999). A quantitative study of atropine-resistant contractile responses in human detrusor smooth muscle, from stable, unstable and obstructed bladders. J. Urol., 162, 1833-1839.
19. BEACH, F.A. (1976). Sexual attractivity, proceptivity, and receptivity in female mammals. Horm. Behav., 7, 105-138.
20. BERNABE, J., RAMPIN, O., SACH, B.D. & GIULIANO, F. (1999). Intracavernous pressure during erection in rats: an integrative approach based on telemetric recording. Am. J. Physiol., 276, R441-R449.
21. BIRDER, L.A. & DE GROAT, W.C. (1993). Induction of c-fos expression in spinal neurons by nociceptive and nonnociceptive stimulation of LUT. Am. J. Physiol., 265, R326-R333.
22. BIRDER, L.A., NAKAMURA, Y., KISS, S., NEALEN, M.L., BARRICK, S., KANAI, A.J., WANG, E., RUIZ, G., DE GROAT, W.C., APODACA, G., WATKINS, S. & CATERINA, M.J. (2002). Altered urinary bladder function in mice lacking the vanilloid receptor TRPV1. Nut. Neurosci., 5, 856-860.
23. BITRAN, D. & HULL, E.M. (1987). Pharmacological analysis of male rat sexual behaviour. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 11, 365-389.
24. BLOK, B.F. (2002). Central pathways controlling micturition and urinary continence. Urology, 59, 13-17.
25. BLOK, B.F.M. & HOLSTEGE, G. (1999). The central control of micturition and continence: implications for urology. Br. J. Urol. Int., 83, 1-6.
26. BODEKER, J., VOGT, W., KOLLN, C.P. & NAGEL, R. (1975). Effects of pressoreceptor stimulation on micturition relfex and urethral pressure profile in rabbits. Invest. Urol., 12, 461-467.
27. BRADING, A.F. (1997). A myogenic basis for the overactive bladder. Urology, 50, 57-67.
28. BRADING, A.F. (1999). The physiology of the mammalian urinary outflow tract. Exp. Physiol., 84, 215-221.
29. BRADING, A.F. & MOSTWIN, J.L. (1989). Electrical and mechanical responses of guinea-pig bladder muscle to nerve stimulation. Br. J. Pharmacol., 98, 1083-1090.
30. BRIDGEWATER, M., MACNEIL, H.F. & BRADING, A.F. (1993). Regulation of tone in pig urethral smooth muscle. J. Urol., 150, 223-228.
31. BRINDLEY, G.S. & CRAGGS, M.D. (1976). Proceedings: the effect of atropine on the urinary bladder of the baboon and of man. J. Physiol., 256, 55P.
32. BRUNE, M.E., O'NEILL, A.B., GAUVIN, D.M., KATWALA, S.P., ALTENBACH, R.J., BRIONI, J.D., HANCOCK, A.A. & SULLIVAN, J.P. (2001). Comparison of [alpha]1-adrenoceptor agonists in canine urethral pressure profilometry and abdominal leak point pressure models. J. Urol., 166, 1555-1559.
33. BUCKNER, S.A., MILICIC, I., DAZA, A.V., MEYER, M.D., ALTENBACH, R.J., WILLIAMS, M., SULLIVAN, J.P. & BRIONI, J.D. (2002). ABT-866, a novel [alpha]1A-adrenoceptor agonist with antagonist properties at the [alpha]1B- and [alpha]1D-adrenoceptor subtypes. Eur. J. Pharmacol., 449, 159-165.
34. CALVERT, R.C., THOMPSON, C.S., KHAN, M.A., MIKHAILIDIS, D.P., MORGAN, R.J. & BURNSTOCK, G. (2001). Alterations in cholinergic and purinergic signaling in a model of the obstructed bladder. J. Urol., 166, 1530-1533.
35. CANTOR, J.M., BINIK, Y.M. & PFAUS, J.G. (1999). Chronic fluoxetine inhibits sexual behavior in the male rat: reversal with oxytocin. Psychopharmacology (Berl.), 144, 355-362.
36. CARTER, A.J., BALLARD, S.A. & NAYLOR, A.M. (1998). Effect of the selective phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor sildenafil on erectile dysfunction in the anesthetized dog. J. Urol., 160, 242-246.
37. CHAI, T.C., GRAY, M.L. & STEERS, W.D. (1998). The incidence of a positive ice water test in bladder outlet obstructed patients: evidence for bladder neural plasticity. J. Urol., 160, 34-38.
38. CHEN, K.C., MINOR, T.X., RAHMAN, N.U., HO, H.C., NUNES, L. & LUE, T.F. (2005). The additive erectile recovery effect of brain-derived neurotrophic factor combined with vascular endothelial growth factor in a rat model of neurogenic impotence. Br. J. Urol. Int., 95, 1077-1080.
39. CHEN, K.K., CHAN, S.H., CHANG, L.S. & CHAN, J.Y. (1997). Participation of paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus in central regulation of penile erection in the rat. J. Urol., 158, 238-244.
40. CHENG, C.L., CHAI, C.Y. & DE GROAT, W.C. (1997). Detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia induced by cold stimulation of the urinary bladder of rats. Am. J. Physiol., 272, R1271-R1282.
41. CHENG, C.L., LIU, J.C., CHANG, S.Y., MA, C.P. & DE GROAT, W.C. (1999). Effect of capsaicin on the micturition reflex in normal and chronic spinal cord-injured cats. Am. J. Physiol., 277, R786-R794.
42. CHERMANSKY, C.J., CANNON, T.W., TORIMOTO, K., FRASER, M.O., YOSHIMURA, N., DE GROAT, W.C. & CHANCELLOR, M.B. (2004). A model of intrinsic sphincteric deficiency in the rat: electrocauterization. Neurourol. Urodynam., 23, 166-171.
43. CHERRY, J.A. (1993). Measurement of sexual behaviour: controls for variables. Methods Neurosci., 15, 3-15.
44. CHUNG, S.K., MCVARY, K.T. & MCKENNA, K.E. (1988). Sexual reflexes in male and female rats. Neurosci. Lett., 94, 343-348.
45. CLEMOW, D.B., MCCARTY, R., STEERS, W.D. & TUTTLE, J.B. (1997). Efferent and afferent neuronal hypertrophy associated with micturition pathways in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Neurourol. Urodynam., 16, 293-303.
46. CLEMOW, D.B., SPITSBERGEN, J.M., MCCARTY, R., STEERS, W.D. & TUTTLE, J.B. (1999). Altered NGF regulation may link a genetic predisposition for hypertension with hyperactive voiding. J. Urol., 161, 1372-1377.
47. CLEMOW, D.B., STEERS, W.D., MCCARTY, R. & TUTTLE, J.B. (1998). Altered regulation of bladder nerve growth factor and neurally mediated hyperactive voiding. Am. J. Physiol., 44, R1279-R1286.
48. CLEMOW, D.B., STEERS, W.D. & TUTTLE, J.B. (2000). Stretch-activated signaling of nerve growth factor secretion in bladder and vascular smooth muscle cells from hypertensive and hyperactive rats. J. Cell. Physiol., 183, 289-300.
49. COCKAYNE, D.A., HAMILTON, S.G., ZHU, Q.M., DUNN, P.M., ZHONG, Y., NOVAKOVIC, S., MALMBERG, A.B., CAIN, G., BERSON, A., KASSOTAKIS, L., HEDLEY, L., LACHNIT, W.G., BURNSTOCK, G., MCMAHON, S.B. & FORD, A.P. (2000). Urinary bladder hyporeflexia and reduced pain-related behaviour in P2X3-deficient mice. Nature, 407, 1011-1015.
50. COLACHIS III, S.C. (1992). Autonomic hyperreflexia with spinal cord injury. J. Am. Paraplegia Soc., 15, 171-186.
51. CONTE, B., MAGGI, C.A., PARLANI, M., LOPEZ, G., MANZINI, S. & GIACHETTI, A. (1991). Simultaneous recording of vesical and urethral pressure in urethane-anesthetized rats: effect of neuromuscular blocking agents on the activity of the external urethral sphincter. J. Pharmacol. Methods, 26, 161-171.
52. CRAGGS, M.D., RUSHTON, D.N. & STEPHENSON, J.D. (1986). A putative non-cholinergic mechanism in urinary bladders of New but not Old World primates. J. Urol., 136, 1348-1350.
53. CRAGGS, M.D. & STEPHENSON, J.D. (1985). Bladder electromyograms and function in monkeys after atropine. Br. J. Urol. Int., 57, 341-345.
54. CRUZ, Y., HUDSON, R., PACHECO, P., LUCIO, R.A. & MARTINEZ-GOMEZ, M. (2002). Anatomical and physiological characteristics of perineal muscles in the female rabbit. Physiol. Behav., 75, 33-40.
55. DALMOSE, A.L., BJARKAM, C.R., SORENSEN, J.C., DJURHUUS, J.C. & JORGENSEN, T.M. (2004). Effects of high frequency deep brain stimulation on urine storage and voiding function in conscious minipigs. Neurourol. Urodynam., 23, 265-272.
56. DAMASER, M.S., BROXTON-KING, C., FERGUSON, C., KIM, F.J. & KERNS, J.M. (2003). Functional and neuroanatomical effects of vaginal distention and pudendal nerve crush in the female rat. J. Urol., 170, 1027-1031.
57. DANUSER, H. & THOR, K.B. (1996). Spinal 5-HT2 receptor-mediated facilitation of pudendal nerve reflexes in the anaesthetized cat. Br. J. Pharmacol., 118, 150-154.
58. DAS, A.K., LEGGETT, R.E., WHITBECK, C., EAGEN, G. & LEVIN, R.A. (2002). Effect of Doxazosin on rat urinary bladder function after partial outlet obstruction. Neurourol. Urodynam., 21, 160-166.
59. DASS, N., MCMURRAY, G., GREENLAND, J.E. & BRADING, A.F. (2001). Morphological aspects of the female pig bladder neck and urethra: quantitative analysis using computer assisted 3-dimensional reconstructions. J. Urol., 165, 1294-1299.
60. DE GROAT, W.C. (1995). Mechanisms underlying the recovery of lower urinary tract function following spinal cord injury. Paraplegia, 33, 493-505.
61. DE GROAT, W.C. (1998). Anatomy of the central neural pathways controlling the lower urinary tract. Eur. Urol., 1, 2-5.
62. DE GROAT, W.C., KAWATANI, M., HISAMITSU, T., CHENG, C.L., MA, C.P., THOR, K., STEERS, W. & ROPPOLO, J.R. (1990). Mechanisms underlying the recovery of urinary bladder function following spinal cord injury. J. Auton. Nerv. Syst., 30 (Suppl.), S71-S77.
63. DE GROAT, W.C. & YOSHIMURA, N. (2001). Pharmacology of the lower urinary tract. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol., 41, 691-721.
64. DE GROAT, W.C. & YOSHIMURA, N. (2005). Mechanisms underlying the recovery of lower urinary tract function following spinal cord injury. Prog. Brain Res., 152, 59-84.
65. DELANCEY, J.O. (1986). Correlative study of paraurethral anatomy. Obstet. Gynecol., 68, 91-97.
66. DELANCEY, J.O. (1990). Functional anatomy of the female lower urinary tract and pelvic floor. Ciba Found. Symp., 151, 57-69.
67. DEWSBURY, D.A. (1967). Effects of alcohol ingestion on copulatory behavior of male rats. Psychopharmacologia, 11, 276-281.
68. DEWSBURY, D.A. (1979). Factor analysis of measure of copulatory behaviour in three species of muroid rodents. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol., 93, 868-878.
69. DOI, T., KAMO, I., IMAI, S., OKANISHI, S., ISHIMARU, T., IKEURA, Y. & NATSUGARI, H. (1999). Effects of TAK-637, a tachykinin receptor antagonist, on lower urinary tract function in the guinea pig. Eur. J. Pharmacol., 383, 297-303.
70. DORR, R.T., LINES, R., LEVINE, N., BROOKS, C., XIANG, L., HRUBY, V.J. & HADLEY, M.E. (1996). Evaluation of melanotan-II, a superpotent cyclic melanotropic peptide in a pilot phase-I clinical study. Life Sci., 58, 1777-1784.
71. DUPONT, M.C., PERSSON, K., SPITSBERGEN, J., TUTTLE, J.B. & STEERS, W.D. (1995). The neuronal response to bladder outlet obstruction, a role for NGF. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol., 385, 41-54.
72. DWYER, P.L. & GLENNING, P.P. (1990). Anatomy and neurology of the lower urinary tract. Curr. Opin. Obstet. Gynecol., 2, 573-579.
73. EARDLEY, I., ELLIS, P., BOOLELL, M. & WULFF, M. (2002). Onset and duration of action of sildenafil for the treatment of erectile dysfunction. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 53, 61S-65S.
74. EDWARDS, D.A. & PFEIFLE, J.K. (1983). Hormonal control of receptivity, proceptivity and sexual motivation. Physiol. Behav., 30, 437-443.
75. ELNEIL, S., SKEPPER, J.N., KIDD, E.J., WILLIAMSON, J.G. & FERGUSON, D.R. (2001). Distribution of P2X(1) and P2X(3) receptors in the rat and human urinary bladder. Pharmacology, 63, 120-128.
76. ERICKSON, R.P. (1980). Autonomic hyperreflexia: pathophysiology and medical management. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil., 61, 431-440.
77. EVERITT, B.J. (1990). Sexual motivation: a neural and behavioural analysis of the mechanisms underlying appetitive and copulatory responses of male rats. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 15, 217-232.
78. FABIYI, A.C., GOPALAKRISHNAN, M., LYNCH, J.J., BRIONI, J.D., COGHLAN, M.J. & BRUNE, M.E. (2003). In vivo evaluation of the potency and bladder-vascular selectivity of the ATP-sensitive potassium channel openers (-)-cromakalim, ZD6169 and WAY-133537 in rats. Br. J. Urol. Int., 91, 284-290.
79. FALL, M., LINDSTROM, S. & MAZIERES, L. (1990). A bladder-to-bladder cooling reflex in the cat. J. Physiol., 427, 281-300.
80. FERGUSON, C.L., LIN, D.L., RAO, S. & DAMASER, M.S. (2005). Short-term functional and neuroregenerative response of the urethra to ovariectomy and vaginal distension in female rats. Int. Urogynecol. J., 16, 119-125.
81. + channel openers and tolterodine on involuntary bladder contractions in a pig model of partial bladder outlet obstruction. Neurourol. Urodyn., 22, 147-155.
82. FLETCHER, T.F. (1974). Anatomy of pelvic viscera. Vet. Clin. N. Am., 4, 471-486.
83. FLETCHER, T.F. (1996). Applied anatomy and physiology of the feline lower urinary tract. Vet. Clin. N. Am., 26, 181-196.
84. FLISSER, A.J. & BLAIVAS, J.G. (2002). Role of cystometry in evaluating patients with overactive bladder. Urology, 60, 33-42.
85. FOWLER, C.J. (2002). Bladder afferents and their role in the overactive bladder. Urology, 59, 37-42.
86. FUJII, K. (1988). Evidence for adenosine triphosphate as an excitatory transmitter in guinea-pig, rabbit and pig urinary bladder. J. Physiol., 404, 39-52.
87. GABELLA, G. & UVELIUS, B. (1990). Urinary bladder of rat: fine structure of normal and hypertrophic musculature. Cell Tissue Res., 262, 67-69.
88. GANZER, R., KOHLER, D., NEUHAUS, J., DORSCHNER, W. & STOLZENBURG, J.U. (2004). Is the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) comparable to humans? Histomorphology of the sphincteric musculature of the lower urinary tract including 3D-reconstruction. Anal. Histol. Embryol. Vet. Med. C, 33, 355-361.
89. GANZER, R., NEUHAUS, J., DORSCHNER, W. & STOLZENBURG, J.U. (2002). Muscle systems of the lower urinary tract of the male rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta): histomorphology and 3-dimensional reconstruction. J. Urol., 168, 1603-1607.
90. GARDINER, J.C. & WESTBROOK, S. (2003). Characterisation of a Cold-induced Micturition Reflex in the Anaesthetised Guinea Pig, Abstract Viewer/Itinerary Planner. Washington, DC: Society for Neuroscience. Online, Program No. 189.5.
91. GEIRSSON, G., FALL, M. & LINDSTROM, S. (1993). The ice-water test - a simple and valuable supplement to routine cystometry. Br. J. Urol., 71, 681-685.
92. GEIRSSON, G., FALL, M. & SULLIVAN, L. (1995). Clinical and urodynamic effects of intravesical capsaicin treatment in patients with chronic traumatic spinal detrusor hyperreflexia. J. Urol., 154, 1825-1829.
93. GEIRSSON, G., LINDSTROM, S., FALL, M., GLADH, G., HERMANSSON, G. & HJALMAS, K. (1994). Positive bladder cooling test in neurologically normal young children. J. Urol., 151, 446-448.
94. GHONIEM, G.M., AERTKER, M.W., SAKR, M.A., SHAABAN, A.M. & SHOUKRY, M.S. (1997). A telemetric multichannel computer-based system for monitoring urodynamic parameters in awake rhesus monkeys. J. Urol., 157, 704-709.
95. GHONIEM, G.M., SHOUKRY, M.S. & MONGA, M. (1996). Effects of anesthesia on urodynamic studies in the primate model. J. Urol., 156, 233-236.
96. GIULIANI, S., LECCI, A., SANTICIOLI, P., DEL BIANCO, E. & MAGGI, C.A. (1992). Effect of the GABA(B) antagonist, phaclofen, on baclofen-induced inhibition of micturition reflex in urethane-anesthetized rats. Neuroscience, 48, 217-223.
97. GIULIANI, S., LECCI, A., TRAMONTANA, M. & MAGGI, C.A. (1998). The inhibitory effect of nociceptin on the micturition reflex in anaesthetized rats. Br. J. Pharmacol., 124, 1566-1572.
98. GIULIANO, F., ALLARD, J., COMPAGNIE, S., ALEXANDRE, L., DROUPY, S. & BERNABE, J. (2001a). Vaginal physiological changes in a model of sexual arousal in anesthetized rats. Am. J. Physiol., 281, R140-R149.
99. GIULIANO, F., ALLARD, J., RAMPIN, O., DROUPY, S., BENOIT, G., ALEXANDRE, L. & BERNABE, J. (2002). Pro-erectile effect of systemic apomorphine: existence of a spinal site of action. J. Urol., 167, 402-406.
100. GIULIANO, F., BERNABE, J., MCKENNA, K., LONGUEVILLE, F. & RAMPIN, O. (2001b). Spinal proerectile effect of oxytocin in anesthetized rats. Am. J. Physiol., 280, R1870-R1877.
101. GIULIANO, F., RAMPIN, O., BROWN, K., COURTOIS, F., BENOIT, G. & JARDIN, A. (1996). Stimulation of the medial preoptic area of the hypothalamus in the rat elicits increases in intracavernous pressure. Neurosci. Lett., 209, 1-4.
102. GIULIANO, F., ROSSLER, A.-S., CLEMENT, P., DROUPY, S., ALEXANDRE, L. & BERNABE, J. (2005). The use of telemetry technology to test the proerectile effect of melanotan-II (MT-II) in conscious rats. Eur. Urol., 48, 145-152.
103. GOOKIN, J.L., STONE, E.A. & SHARP, N.J. (1996). Urinary incontinence in dogs and cats. 1. Urethral pressure profilometry. Compendium. Contin. Educ. Pract. Vet., 18, 407-411.
104. GOTOH, M., YOSHIKAWA, Y., KONDO, A.S., KONDO, A., ONO, Y. & OHSHIMA, S. (1999). Positive bladder cooling reflex in patients with bladder outlet obstruction due to benign prostatic hyperplasia. World J. Urol., 17, 126-130.
105. GREENLAND, J.E., DASS, N. & BRADING, A.F. (1996). Intrinsic urethral closure mechanisms in the female pig. Scand. J. Urol. Nephrol. Suppl., 179, 75-80.
106. GREGORY, S.P. (1994). Developments in the understanding of the pathophysiology of urethral sphincter mechanism in competence in the bitch. Br. Vet. J., 150, 135-150.
107. GU, B.J., ISHIZUKA, O., IGAWA, Y., NISHIZAWA, O. & ANDERSSON, K.E. (2002). Role of supraspinal alpha 1-adrenoceptors for voiding in conscious rats with and without bladder outlet obstruction. J. Urol., 167, 1887-1891.
108. HARADA, T., KUMAZAKI, T., KIGURE, T., ETORI, K. & TSUCHIDA, S. (1989). Effect of adrenergic agents on urethral pressure and urethral compliance measurements in dog proximal urethra. J. Urol., 142, 189-192.
109. HASHITANI, H., BRAMICH, N.J. & HIRST, G.D. (2000). Mechanisms of excitatory neuromuscular transmission in the guinea-pig urinary bladder. J. Physiol., 524, 565-579.
110. HETTA, J. & MEYERSON, B.J. (1978). Sexual motivation in the male rat. A methodological study of sex-specific orientation and the effects of gonadal hormones. Acta Physiol. Scand., 1, 1-67.
111. HIJAZ, A., BENA, J. & DANESHGARI, F. (2005). Long-term efficacy of a vaginal sling procedure in a rat model of stress urinary incontinence. J. Urol., 173, 1817-1819.
112. HIRAYAMA, A., FUJIMOTO, K., MATSUMOTO, Y., OZONO, S. & HIRAO, Y. (2003). Positive response to ice water test associated with high-grade bladder outlet obstruction in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Urology, 62, 909-913.
113. IGAWA, Y., MATTIASSON, A. & ANDERSSON, K.E. (1993). Effects of GABA-receptor stimulation and blockade on micturition in normal rats and rats with bladder outflow obstruction. J. Urol., 150, 537-542.
114. IGAWA, Y., MATTIASSON, A. & ANDERSSON, K.E. (1994). Micturition and premicturition contractions in unanesthetized rats with bladder outlet obstruction. J. Urol., 151, 244-249.
115. INOUE, R. & BRADING, A.F. (1991). Human, pig and guinea-pig bladder smooth muscle cells generate similar inward currents in response to purinoceptor activation. Br. J. Pharmacol., 103, 1840-1846.
116. ISHIGOOKA, M., HASHIMOTO, T., HAYAMI, S., SUZUKI, Y., IZUMI, T. & NAKADA, T. (1997). Ice water test in patients with overactive bladder due to cerebrovascular accidents and bladder outlet obstruction. Urol. Int., 58, 84-87.
117. ISHIZUKA, O., IGAWA, Y., LECCI, A., MAGGI, C.A., MATTIASSON, A. & ANDERSSON, K.E. (1994). Role of intrathecal tachykinins for micturition in unanaesthetized rats with and without bladder outlet obstruction. Br. J. Pharmacol., 113, 111-116.
118. ISHIZUKA, O., MATTIASSON, A. & ANDERSSON, K.E. (1995). Urodynamic effects of intravesical resiniferatoxin and capsaicin in conscious rats with and without outflow obstruction. J. Urol., 154, 611-616.
119. ISMAEL, S.S., EPSTEIN, T., BAYLE, B., DENYS, P. & AMARENCO, G. (2000). Bladder cooling reflex in patients with multiple sclerosis. J. Urol., 164, 1280-1284.
120. JAHED, A. & KAWAJA, M.D. (2001). Localization of Sympathetic and Sensory Axons in the Bladder and Prostatic Urethra of Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats (SHR), Abstract Viewer/Itinerary Planner.. San Diego, CA: Society for Neuroscience. Online, Program No. 254.9.
121. JIANG, C.H., MAZIERES, L. & LINDSTROM, S. (2002). Cold- and menthol-sensitive C afferents of cat urinary bladder. J. Physiol., 543, 211-220.
122. JOSEPH, P.A. & DE, S.M. (2001). Sphincter and bladder dysfunction. Rev. Neurol., 157, 1051-1059.
123. JUENEMANN, K.P., LUE, T.F., FOURNIER, G.R. & TANAGHO, E.A. (1986). Hemodynamics of papaverine- and phentolamine-induced penile erection. J. Urol., 136, 158-161.
124. JUNG, G.W., SPENCER, E.M. & LUE, T.F. (1998). Growth hormone enhances the regeneration of nitric oxide synthase-containing penile nerves after cavernous nerve neurotomy in rats. J. Urol., 160, 1899-1904.
125. KAIHO, Y., KAMO, I., SWEENEY, D., PRANTIL, R., VORP, D., DE GROAT, W., CHANCELLOR, M. & YOSHIMURA, N. (2005). Effects of norepinephrine uptake inhibitor, nisoxetine, on the sneeze induced urethral continence mechanism in rats. Neurourol. Urodyn., 24, 569-570.
126. KAKIZAKI, H., YOSHIYAMA, M., KOYANAGI, T. & DE GROAT, W.C. (2001). Effects of WAY100635, a selective 5-HT1A-receptor antagonist on the micturition-reflex pathway in the rat. Am. J. Physiol., 280, R1407-R1413.
127. KAMO, I., TORIMOTO, K., CHANCELLOR, M.B., DE GROAT, W.C. & YOSHIMURA, N. (2003). Urethral closure mechanisms under sneeze-induced stress condition in rats: a new animal model for evaluation of stress urinary incontinence. Am. J. Physiol., 285, R356-R365.
128. KATO, K., WEIN, A.J., KITADA, S., HAUGAARD, N. & LEVIN, R.M. (1988). The functional effect of mild outlet obstruction on the rabbit urinary bladder. J. Urol., 140, 880-884.
129. KATOFIASC, M.A., NISSEN, J., AUDIA, J.E. & THOR, K.B. (2002). Comparison of the effects of serotonin selective, norepinephrine selective, and dual serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors on lower urinary tract function in cats. Life Sci., 71, 1227-1236.
130. KHANNA, O.P., BARBIERI, E.J., ALTAMURA, M. & MCMICHAEL, R. (1981). Vesicourethral smooth muscle: function and relation to structure. Urology, 18, 211-218.
131. KHULLAR, V. & CARDOZO, L. (1998). The urethra (UPP, MUPP, instability, LPP). Eur. Urol., 34 (Suppl. 1), 20-22.
132. KOMIYAMA, I., IGAWA, Y., ISHIZUKA, O., NISHIZAWA, O. & ANDERSSON, K.E. (1999). Effects of intravesical capsaicin and resiniferatoxin on distension-induced bladder contraction in conscious rats with and without chronic spinal cord injury. J. Urol., 161, 314-319.
133. KONTANI, H., NAKAGAWA, M. & SAKAI, T. (1992). Effects of adrenergic agonists on an experimental urinary incontinence model in anesthetized rabbits. Jap. J. Pharmacol., 58, 339-346.
134. KOW, L.-M., MOBBS, C.V. & PFAFF, D.W. (1994). Roles of second-messenger systems and neuronal activity in the regulation of lordosis by neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, and estrogen: a review. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 18, 251-268.
135. KUO, H.C. (2002). Effects of vaginal trauma and oophorectomy on the continence mechanism in rats. Urol. Int., 69, 36-41.
136. LAL, S., LARYEA, E., THAVUNDAYIL, J.X., NAIR, N.P., NEGRETE, J., ACKMAN, D., BLUNDELL, P. & GARDINER, R.J. (1987). Apomorphine-induced penile tumescence in impotent patients - preliminary findings. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiat., 11, 235-242.
137. LECCI, A., CARINI, F., TRAMONTANA, M., BIRDER, L.A., DE GROAT, W.C., SANTICIOLI, P., GIULIANI, S. & MAGGI, C.A. (2001). Urodynamic effects induced by intravesical capsaicin in rats and hamsters. Auton. Neurosci. Basic Clin., 91, 37-46.
138. LECCI, A., GIULIANI, S., GARRET, C. & MAGGI, C.A. (1993). Evidence for a role of tachykinins as sensory transmitters in the activation of micturition reflex. Neuroscience, 54, 827-837.
139. LECCI, A., GIULIANI, S., TRAMONTANA, M., CRISCUOLI, M. & MAGGI, C.A. (2000). Multiple sites of action in the inhibitory effect of nociceptin on the micturition reflex. J. Urol., 163, 638-645.
140. LEE, K.-S., DEAN-MCKINNEY, T., TUTTLE, J.B. & STEERS, W.D. (2002). Intrathecal antisense oligonucleotide against the tetrodotoxin-resistant sodium channel (Nav1.8) reduces bladder hyperactivity in the spontaneously hypertensive rat. J. Urol., 167, 38.
141. LIN, Y. M. & LIN, J.S. (1996). The rabbit as an intracavernous injection study model. Urol. Res., 24, 27-32.
142. LIU, Y.C., SALAMONE, J.D. & SACHS, B.D. (1997). Lesions in medial preoptic area and bed nucleus of stria terminalis: differential effects on copulatory behaviour and noncontact erection in male rats. J. Neurosci, 17, 5245-5253.
143. MADERSBACHER, H.G. (1999). Neurogenic bladder dysfunction. Curr. Opin. Urol., 9, 303-307.
144. MALATESTA, V.J., POLLACK, R.H., WILBANKS, W.A. & ADAMS, H.E. (1979). Alcohol effects on the orgasmic-ejaculatory response in human males. J. Sex. Res., 15, 101-107.
145. MARIANNE DE SÈZE, L.W., PIERRE-ALAIN, J., JEAN-PIERRE, D., JEAN-MICHEL, M. & MICHEL, B. (1998). Capsaicin and neurogenic detrusor hyperreflexia: a double-blind placebo-controlled study in 20 patients with spinal cord lesions. Neurourol. Urodynam., 17, 513-523.
146. MARSON, L. & MCKENNA, K.E. (1990). The identification of a brainstem site controlling spinal sexual reflexes in male rats. Brain Res., 515, 303-308.
147. MARSON, L. & MCKENNA, K.E. (1994). Stimulation of the hypothalamus initiates the urethrogenital reflex in male rats. Brain Res., 638, 103-108.
148. MAZIERES, L., JIANG, C. & LINDSTROM, S. (1998). The C fibre reflex of the cat urinary bladder. J. Physiol., 513, 531-541.
149. MCKENNA, K.E., CHUNG, S.K. & MCVARY, K.T. (1991). A model for the study of sexual function in anaesthetized male and female rats. Am. J. Physiol., 261, 1276-1285.
150. MEISEL, R.L. & SACHS, B.D. (1994). The physiology of male sexual behaviour. In: The Physiology of Reproduction, ed. Knobil, E. & Neill, J. pp. 3-105. New York: Raven Press.
151. MELIS, M.R. & ARGIOLAS, A. (1997). Role of central nitric oxide in the control of penile erection and yawning. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiat., 21, 899-922.
152. MELIS, M.R., ARGIOLAS, A. & GESSA, G.L. (1987). Apomorphine-induced penile erection and yawning: site of action in brain. Brain Res., 415, 98-104.
153. MENDELSON, S.D. & GORZALKA, B.B. (1987). An improved chamber for the observation and analysis of the sexual behavior of the female rat. Physiol. Behav., 39, 67-71.
154. MENDELSON, S.D. & PFAUS, J.G. (1989). Level searching: a new assay of sexual motivation in the male rat. Physiol. Behav., 45, 337-341.
155. MEYERSON, B.J. & LINDSTROM, L.H. (1973). A methodological study applied to the investigation of the effect of estradiol benzoate. Acta Physiol. Scand. Suppl., 389, 1-80.
156. MILLS, I.W., NOBLE, J.G. & BRADING, A.F. (2000). Radiotelemetered cystometry in pigs: validation and comparison of natural filling versus diuresis cystometry. J. Urol., 164, 1745-1750.
157. MIN, K., KIM, N.N., MCAULEY, I., STANKOWICZ, M., GOLDSTEIN, I. & TRAISH, A.M. (2000). Sildenafil augments pelvic nerve-mediated female genital sexual arousal in the anesthetized rabbit. Int. J. Impot. Res., 12, S32-S39.
158. MITSUI, T., KAKIZAKI, H., MATSUURA, S., AMEDA, K., YOSHIOKA, M. & KOYANAGI, T. (2001). Afferent fibers of the hypogastric nerves are involved in the facilitating effects of chemical bladder irritation in rats. J. Neurophysiol., 86, 2276-2284.
159. MITSUI, T., KAKIZAKI, H., MATSUURA, S., TANAKA, H., YOSHIOKA, M. & KOYANAGI, T. (2003). Chemical bladder irritation provokes c-fos expression in the midbrain periaqueductal gray matter of the rat. Brain Res., 967, 81-88.
160. MIYAGAWA, I., NAKAMURA, I., UEDA, M., NISHIDA, H., NAKASHITA, E. & GOTO, H. (1986). Telemetric cystometry. Urol. Int., 41, 263-265.
161. MODIRI, A.R., ALBERTS, P. & GILLBERG, P.G. (2002). Effect of muscarinic antagonists on micturition pressure measured by cystometry in normal, conscious rats. Urology, 59, 963-968.
162. MOLINOFF, P.B., SHADIACK, A.M., EARLE, D., DIAMOND, L.E. & QUON, C.Y. (2003). PT-141: a melanocortin agonist for the treatment of sexual dysfunction. Ann. NY Acad. Sci., 994, 96-102.
163. MORELAND, R.B., BRIONI, J.D. & SULLIVAN, J.P. (2004). Emerging pharmacologic approaches for the treatment of lower urinary tract disorders. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 308, 797-804.
164. MOS, J., MOLLET, I., TOLBOOM, J.T.B.M., WALDINGER, M.D. & OLIVIER, B. (1999). A comparison of the effects of different serotonin reuptake blockers on sexual behaviour of the male rat. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol., 9, 123-135.
165. MOSTWIN, J.L., KARIM, O.M., VAN KOEVERINGE, G. & BROOKS, E.L. (1991). The guinea pig as a model of gradual urethral obstruction. J. Urol., 145, 854-858.
166. MUNARRIZ, R., KIM, N.N., GOLDSTEIN, I. & TRAISH, A.M. (2002). Biology of female sexual function. Urol. Clin. N. Am., 29, 685-693.
167. MUNARRIZ, R., KIM, S.W., KIM, N.N., TRAISH, A. & GOLDSTEIN, I. (2003). A review of the physiology and pharmacology of peripheral (vaginal and clitoral) female genital arousal in the animal model. J. Urol., 170, S40-S45.
168. NAKAMURA, Y., YOKOYAMA, O., KOMATSU, K., MITA, E., NAMIKI, M. & KONTANI, H. (1999). Effects of nifedipine on bladder overactivity in rats with cerebral infarction. J. Urol., 162, 1502-1507.
169. NEDERGAARD, P., SANCHEZ, C. & MELLERUP, E. (2004). Different roles of 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors in regulation of female rat paced mating behaviour. Behav. Brain Res., 149, 151-157.
170. NEUHAUS, J., DORSCHNER, W., MONDRY, J. & STOLZENBURG, J.U. (2001). Comparative anatomy of the male guinea-pig and human lower urinary tract: histomorphology and three-dimensional reconstruction. Anat. Histol. Embryol. Vet. Med. C, 30, 185-192.
171. NEUHAUS, J., STOLZENBURG, J.U. & DORSCHNER, W. (1999). The guinea pig as a model in urological research - an anatomical study. Aktuel. Urol., 30, 329-334.
172. NICKEL, R.F. & VENKER-VAN HAAGEN, A.J. (1999). Functional anatomy and neural regulation of the lower urinary tract in female dogs: a review. Vet. Quart., 21, 83-85.
173. O'CONNOR JR., L.T., VAUGHAN JR., E.D. & FELSEN, D. (1997). In vivo cystometric evaluation of progressive bladder outlet obstruction in rats. J. Urol., 158, 631-635.
174. PALEA, S., ARTIBANI, W., OSTARDO, E., TRIST, D.G. & PIETRA, C. (1993). Evidence for purinergic neurotransmission in human urinary bladder affected by interstitial cystitis. J. Urol., 150, 2007-2012.
175. PALEA, S. & PIETRA, C. (1999). Involvement of spinal NK1 and opioids receptors in modulating the inhibitory effect of capsaicin on micturition reflex in the acute spinalized guinea pig. J. Urol., 161, 998-1005.
176. PAMPINELLA, F., ROELOFS, M., CASTELLUCCI, E., PASSERINI-GLAZEL, G., PAGANO, F. & SARTORE, S. (1997). Time-dependent remodeling of the bladder wall in growing rabbits after partial outlet obstruction. J. Urol., 157, 677-682.
177. PANDITA, R.K., FUJIWARA, M., ALM, P. & ANDERSSON, K.E. (2000). Cystometric evaluation of bladder function in non-anesthetized mice with and without bladder outlet obstruction. J. Urol., 164, 1385-1389.
178. PAREDES, R.G. & VAZQUEZ, B. (1999). What do female rats like about sex? Paced mating. Behav. Brain Res., 105, 117-127.
179. PERSSON, K., PANDITA, R.K., SPITSBERGEN, J.M., STEERS, W.D., TUTTLE, J.B. & ANDERSSON, K.E. (1998). Spinal and peripheral mechanisms contributing to hyperactive voiding in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Am. J. Physiol., 44, R1366-R1373.
180. PESSINA, F., MARAZOVA, K., KALFIN, R., SGARAGLI, G., MANGANELLI, A. & MILENOV, K. (2001). Mechanical response to electrical field stimulation of rat, guinea-pig, monkey and human detrusor muscle: a comparative study. Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol., 363, 543-550.
181. PETERSEN, I. & STENER, I. (1970). An electromyographical study of the striated urethreal sphincter, the striated anal sphincter, and the levator ani muscle during ejaculation. Electromyography, 10, 23-44.
182. PETRIE, W.M. (1985). The Sexual Effects of Antipsychotic, Antidepressant, and Psychomotor Stimulant Drugs. London: John Libbey.
183. PFAFF, D.W. (2001). Drive. Neurobiological and Molecular Mechanisms of Sexual Motivation. Bradford, MA: MIT Press.
184. PFAFF, D.W. & SCHWARTZ-GIBLIN, S. (1988). Cellular mechanisms of female reproductive behaviours. In: The Physiology of Reproduction, ed. Knobil, E. & Neill, J. pp. 1487-1568. New York: Raven Press.
185. PFAUS, J.G. (1996). Frank A. Beach award. Homologies of animal and human sexual behaviors. Horm. Behav., 30, 187-200.
186. PFAUS, J.G. & HEEB, M.M. (1997). Implications of immediate-early gene induction in the brain following sexual stimulation of female and male rodents. Brain Res. Bull., 44, 397-407.
187. PFAUS, J.G., KIPPIN, T.E. & CORIA-AVILA, G. (2003). What can animal models tell us about human sexual response? Annu. Rev. Sex Res., 14, 1-63.
188. PFAUS, J.G., MENDELSON, S.D. & PHILLIPS, A.G. (1990). A correlational and factor analysis of anticipatory and consummatory measures of sexual behaviour in the male rat. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 15, 329-350.
189. PFAUS, J.G. & PHILLIPS, A.G. (1989). Differential effects of dopamine receptor antagonists on the sexual behavior of male rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl.), 98, 363-368.
190. PFAUS, J.G., SHADIACK, A., VAN SOEST, T., TSE, M. & MOLINOFF, P. (2004). Selective facilitation of sexual solicitation in the female rat by a melanocortin receptor agonist. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 101, 10201-10204.
191. PINEL, J.P., PFAUS, J.G. & CHRISTENSEN, B.K. (1992). Contingent tolerance to the disruptive effects of alcohol on the copulatory behavior of male rats. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 41, 133-137.
192. POORTMANS, A. & WYNDAELE, J.J. (1998). M. levator ani in the rat: does it really lift the anus? Anat. Rec., 251, 20-27.
193. FRAUD, C., SEBE, P., MONDET, F. & SEBILLE, A. (2003). The striated urethral sphincter in female rats. Anat. Embryol., 207, 169-175.
194. PRICE, E.O. (1993). Practical considerations in the measurement of sexual behaviour. Methods Neurosci., 15, 16-31.
195. RAJASEKARAN, M., WILKES, N., KUNTZ, S. & E ALBO, M. (2005). Rho-kinase inhibition suppresses bladder hyperactivity in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Neurourol. Urodynam., 24, 295-300.
196. RAWLINGS, C., BARSANTI, J.A., MAHAFFEY, M.B. & BEMENT, S. (2001). Evaluation of colposuspension for treatment of incontinence in spayed female dogs. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., 219, 770-775.
197. REHMAN, J., CHRIST, G., MELMAN, A. & FLEISCHMANN, J. (1998). Intracavernous pressure responses to physical and electrical stimulation of the cavernous nerve in rats. Urology, 51, 640-644.
198. RESPLANDE, J., GHOLAMI, S.S., GRAZIOTTIN, T.M., ROGERS, R., LIN, C.S., LENG, W. & LUE, T.F. (2002). Long-term effect of ovariectomy and simulated birth trauma on the lower urinary tract of female rats. J. Urol., 168, 323-330.
199. RICHTER, K.P. & LING, G.V. (1985). Clinical response and urethral pressure profile changes after phenylpropanolamine in dogs with primary sphincter incompetence. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., 187, 605-611.
200. RODRIGUEZ, L.V., CHEN, S., JACK, G.S., DE ALMEIDA, F., LEE, K.W. & ZHANG, R. (2005). New objective measures to quantify stress urinary incontinence in a novel durable animal model of intrinsic sphincter deficiency. Am. J. Physiol., 288, R1332-R1338.
201. RONZONI, G., MENCHINELLI, P., MANCA, A. & DE GIOVANNI, L. (1997). The ice-water test in the diagnosis and treatment of the neurogenic bladder. Br. J. Urol., 79, 698-701.
202. ROSIN, A., ROSIN, E. & OLIVER, J. (1980). Canine urethral pressure profile. Am. J. Vet. Res., 41, 1113-1116.
203. ROSIN, A.E. & BARSANTI, J.A. (1981). Diagnosis of urinary incontinence in dogs: role of the urethral pressure profile. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., 178, 814-822.
204. SACH, B.D. (2000). Contextual approaches to the physiology and classification of erectile function, erectile dysfunction, and sexual arousal. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 24, 541-560.
205. SACHS, B.D., AKASOFU, K., CITRON, J.H., DANIELS, S.B. & NATOLI, J.H. (1994). Noncontact stimulation from estrous females evokes penile erection in rats. Physiol. Behav., 55, 1073-1079.
206. SACHS, B.D. & BARFIELD,, R.J. (1976). Functional analysis of masculine copulatory behaviour in the rat. In: Advances in the Study of Behaviour, ed. Rosenblatt, R.A., Hinde, E., Shaw, E. & Beer, C. pp. 91-155. Orlando, FL: Academic Press.
207. SAKAKIBARA, R., UCHIYAMA, T., YOSHIYAMA, M. & HATTORI, T. (2001). Disturbance of micturition in Parkinson's disease. Brain Nerve, 53, 1009-1014.
208. SATO, Y., CHRIST, G.J., HORITA, H., ADACHI, H., SUZUKI, N. & TSUKAMOTO, T. (1999). The effect of alterations in nitric oxide levels in the paraventricular nucleus on copulatory behaviour and reflexive erections in male rats. J. Urol., 162, 2182-2185.
209. SCHNEIDER, T., HEIN, P., BAI, J. & MICHEL, M.C. (2005). A role for muscarinic receptors or rho-kinase in hypertension associated rat bladder dysfunction? J. Urol., 173, 2178-2181.
210. SHERER, T.B., CLEMOW, D.B. & TUTTLE, J.B. (2000). Calcium homeostasis and nerve growth factor secretion from vascular and bladder smooth muscle cells. Cell Tissue Res., 299, 201-211.
211. SIBLEY, G.N. (1985). An experimental model of detrusor instability in the obstructed pig. Br. J. Urol., 57, 292-298.
212. SIBLEY, G.N. (1987). The physiological response of the detrusor muscle to experimental bladder outflow obstruction in the pig. Br. J. Urol., 60, 332-336.
213. SILVA, W.A. & KARRAM, M.M. (2004). Anatomy and physiology of the pelvic floor. Minerva Ginecol., 56, 283-302.
214. SLACK, M., CULLIGAN, P., TRACEY, M., HUNSICKER, K., PATEL, B. & SUMERAY, M. (2004). Relationship of urethral retroresistance pressure to urodynamic measurements and incontinence severity. Neurourol. Urodynam., 23, 109-114.
215. SNEDDON, P. & MCLEES, A. (1992). Purinergic and cholinergic contractions in adult and neonatal rabbit bladder. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 214, 7-12.
216. STEERS, W.D., CREEDON, D.J. & TUTTLE, J.B. (1996). Immunity to nerve growth factor prevents afferent plasticity following urinary bladder hypertrophy. J. Urol., 155, 379-385.
217. STEERS, W.D., KOLBECK, S., CREEDON, D. & TUTTLE, J.B. (1991). Nerve growth factor in the urinary bladder of the adult regulates neuronal form and function. J. Clin. Invest., 88, 1709-1715.
218. STRENG, T., SANTTI, R., ANDERSSON, K.E. & TALO, A. (2004). The role of the rhabdosphincter in female rat voiding. Br. J. Urol. Int., 94, 138-142.
219. TANG, H., CEFALU, J., NUNN, P., TRYON, M., FORD, A. & BLUE, D. (2002). Hyperactive Voiding in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat (SHR): A Comparative Study between Conscious Cystometry and Natural Voiding Models, Abstract Viewer/Itinerary Planner. Orlando, FL: Society for Neuroscience. Online, Program No. 68.7.
220. TESTA, R., GUARNERI, L., ANGELICO, P., VELASCO, C., POGGESI, E., CILIA, A. & LEONARDI, A. (2001). Effect of different 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor subtype antagonists on the micturition reflex in rats. Br. J. Urol. Int., 87, 256-264.
221. THODY, A.J., DONOHOE, S.M. & SHUSTER, S. (1981). Alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone and the release of sex attractant odours in the female rat. Peptides, 2, 125-129.
222. THUROFF, J.W., JONAS, U., PETRI, E. & FROHNEBERG, D. (1981). Telemetric urodynamic investigations in female incontinence. Prog. Clin. Biol. Res., 78, 211-222.
223. TONG, Y., HUNG, Y., LIN, S. & CHENG, J. (1996). The norepinephrine tissue concentration and neuropeptide Y immunoreactivity in genitourinary organs of the spontaneously hypertensive rat. J. Auton. Nerv. Syst., 56, 215-218.
224. TRUITT, W.A. & COOLEN, L.M. Identification of a potential ejaculation generator in the spinal cord. Science, 297, 1566-1599.
225. TRUITT, W.A., SHIPLEY, M.T., VEENING, J.G. & COOLEN, L.M. (2003). Activation of a subset of lumbar spinothalamic neurons after copulatory behaviour in male but not female rats. J. Neurosci., 23, 325-331.
226. TURNER, W.H. & BRADING, A.F. (1997). Smooth muscle of the bladder in the normal and the diseased state: pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment. Pharmacol. Ther., 75, 77-110.
227. UENO, N., IWAMOTO, Y., SEGAWA, N., KINOSHITA, M., UEDA, H. & KATSUOKA, Y. (2002). The effect of sildenafil on electrostimulation-induced erection in the rat model. Int. J. Impot. Res., 14, 251-255.
228. VACHON, P., SIMMERMAN, N., ZAHRAN, A.R. & CARRIER, S. (2000). Increases in clitoral and vaginal blood flow following clitoral and pelvic plexus nerve stimulations in the female rat. Int. J. Impot. Res., 12, 53-57.
229. VAN ASSELT, E., GROEN, J. & VAN MASTRIGT, R. (1995). A comparative study of voiding in rat and guinea pig: simultaneous measurement of flow rate and pressure. Am. J. Physiol., 269, R98-R103.
230. VAN FURTH, W.R. & VAN REE, J.M. (1996). Appetitive sexual behavior in male rats: 1. The role of olfaction in level-changing behavior. Physiol. Behav., 60, 999-1005.
231. VEENING, J.G. & COOLEN, L.M. (1998). Neural activation following sexual behavior in the male and female rat brain. Behav. Brain Res, 92, 181-193.
232. VEMULAPALLI, R., KUROWSKI, S., SALISBURY, B., PARKER, E. & DAVIS, H. (2001). Activation of central melanocortin receptors by MT-II increases cavernosal pressure in rabbits by the neuronal release of NO. Br. J. Pharmacol., 134, 1705-1710.
233. VIAL, C. & EVANS, R.J. (2000). P2X receptor expression in mouse urinary bladder and the requirement of P2X(1) receptors for functional P2X receptor responses in the mouse urinary bladder smooth muscle. Br. J. Pharmacol., 131, 1489-1495.
234. WALDINGER, M.D. & OLIVIER, B. (2005). Animal models of premature and retarded ejaculation. World J. Urol., 23, 115-118.
235. WALDINGER, M.D., PLAS, A.V., PATTIJ, T., OORSCHOT, R.V., COOLEN, L.M., VEENING, J.G. & OLIVIER, B. (2002). The selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors fluvoxamine and paroxetine differ in sexual inhibitory effects after chronic treatment. Psychopharmacology, 160, 283-289.
236. WALDINGER, M.D., QUINN, P., DILLEEN, M., MUNDAYAT, R., SCHWEITZER, D.H. & BOOLELL, M. (2005a). A multinational population survey of intravaginal ejaculation latency time. J. Sex. Med., (in press).
237. WALDINGER, M.D., SCHWEITZER, D.H. & OLIVIER, B. (2005b). On-demand SSRI treatment of premature ejaculation: pharmacodynamic limitations for relevant ejaculation delay and consequent solutions. J. Sex. Med., 2, 121-131.
238. WALDINGER, M.D., ZWINDERMAN, A.H., SCHWEITZER, D.H. & OLIVIER, B. (2004). Relevance of methodological design for the interpretation of efficacy of drug treatment of premature ejaculation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int. J. Impot. Res., 16, 369-381.
239. WALTER, J.S., WHEELER, J.S., FITZGERALD, M.P., MCDONNELL, A. & WURSTER, R.D. (2005). Chronic instrumentation with model microstimulators in an animal model of the lower urinary tract. J. Spinal Cord Med., 28, 114-120.
240. WATANABE, T., PERKASH, I. & CONSTANTINOU, C.E. (1997). Modulation of detrusor contraction strength and micturition characteristics by intrathecal baclofen in anesthetized rats. J. Urol., 157, 2361-2365.
241. WATANACHOTE, D. (1982). Urethral responses during selective electrostimulation of lumbosacral spinal nerve roots in the female spinal dog. Tohoku J. Exp. Med., 138, 87-102.
242. WESSELLS, H., FUCIARELLI, K., HANSEN, J., HADLEY, M.E., HRUBY, V.J., DORR, R. & LEVINE, N. (1998). Synthetic melanotropic peptide initiates erections in men with psychogenic erectile dysfunction: double-blind, placebo controlled crossover study. J. Urol., 160, 389-393.
243. WESSELLS, H., GRALNEK, D., DORR, R., HRUBY, V.J., HADLEY, M.E. & LEVINE, N. (2000). Effect of an alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone analog on penile erection and sexual desire in men with organic erectile dysfunction. Urology, 56, 641-646.
244. WOLFFENBUTTEL, K.P., KOK, D.J., MINEKUS, J.P.J., VAN, K.G.A., VAN, M.R. & NIJMAN, J.M. (2001). Urodynamic follow-up of experimental urethral obstruction in individual guinea pigs. Neurourol. Urodynam., 20, 699-713.
245. WOODS, M., CARSON, N., NORTON, N.W., SHELDON, J.H. & ARGENTIERI, T.M. (2001). Efficacy of the beta 3-adrenergic receptor agonist CL-316243 on experimental bladder hyperreflexia and detrusor instability in the rat. J. Urol., 166, 1142-1147.
246. YOKOYAMA, O., ISHIURA, Y., KOMATSU, K., MITA, E., NAKAMURA, Y., KUNIMI, K., MORIKAWA, K. & NAMIKI, M. (1998). Effects of MK-801 on bladder overactivity in rats with cerebral infarction. J. Urol., 159, 571-576.
247. YOKOYAMA, O., YOSHIYAMA, M., NAMIKI, M. & DE GROAT, W.C. (1997). Influence of anesthesia on bladder hyperactivity induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion in the rat. Am. J. Physiol., 273, R1900-R1907.
248. YOKOYAMA, O., YOSHIYAMA, M., NAMIKI, M. & DE GROAT, W.C. (2000). Role of the forebrain in bladder overactivity following cerebral infarction in the rat. Exp. Neurol., 163, 469-476.
249. YOKOYAMA, O., YUSUP, A., MIWA, Y., OYAMA, N., AOKI, Y. & AKINO, H. (2005). Effects of tolterodine on an overactive bladder depend on suppression of C-fiber bladder afferent activity in rats. J. Urol., 174, 2032-2036.
250. YOSHIMURA, N. (1999). Bladder afferent pathway and spinal cord injury: possible mechanisms inducing hyperreflexia of the urinary bladder. Prog. Neurobiol., 57, 583-606.
251. + channels in afferent neurones innervating rat urinary bladder following spinal cord injury. J. Physiol., 503, 269-276.
252. YOSHIMURA, N., ERDMAN, S.L., SNIDER, M.W. & DE GROAT, W.C. (1998). Effects of spinal cord injury on neurofilament immunoreactivity and capsaicin sensitivity in rat dorsal root ganglion neurons innervating the urinary bladder. Neuroscience, 83, 633-643.
253. YOSHIMURA, N., MIZUTA, E., KUNO, S., SASA, M. & YOSHIDA, O. (1993). The dopamine D1 receptor agonist SKF 38393 suppresses detrusor hyperreflexia in the monkey with parkinsonism induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6- tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). Neuropharmacology, 32, 315-321.
254. YOSHIYAMA, M., ROPPOLO, J.R., THOR, K.B. & DE GROAT, W.C. (1993). Effects of LY274614, a competitive NMDA receptor antagonist, on the micturition reflex in the urethane-anaesthetized rat. Br. J. Pharmacol., 110, 77-86.
255. YUCEL, S. & BASKIN, L.S. (2004). An anatomical description of the male and female urethral sphincter complex. J. Urol., 171, 1890-1897.
256. ZHANG, X.Y., IGAWA, Y., ISHIZUKA, O., NISHIZAWA, O. & ANDERSSON, K.E. (2003). Effects of resiniferatoxin desensitization of capsaicin-sensitive afferents on detrusor over-activity induced by intravesical capsaicin, acetic acid or ATP in conscious rats. Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol., 367, 473-479.
257. ZVARA, P., SAHI, S. & HASSOUNA, M.M. (1998). An animal model for the neuromodulation of neurogenic bladder dysfunction. Br. J. Urol., 82, 267-271.