Post-translational modifications of SIBLING proteins and their roles in osteogenesis and dentinogenesis

Critical Reviews in Oral Biology and Medicine

Volumn 15, Issue 3, 2004, Pages 126-136

  Qin, C ^a   Baba, O ^a   Butler, W T ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS   (United States)

Author keywords

BSP; DMP1; DSPP; OPN; Post translational modifications

Indexed keywords

BONE SIALOPROTEIN; DMP1 PROTEIN, MOUSE; DSPP PROTEIN, MOUSE; GLYCOPROTEIN; OSTEOPONTIN; PHEX PROTEIN, MOUSE; PHEX PROTEIN, RAT; PHOSPHATE REGULATING NEUTRAL ENDOPEPTIDASE; PHOSPHOPROTEIN; PROTEIN; PROTEIN PRECURSOR; SCLEROPROTEIN; SIALOGLYCOPROTEIN; SPP1 PROTEIN, MOUSE; SPP1 PROTEIN, RAT;

AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; ANIMAL; BONE DEVELOPMENT; GENETICS; HYPOPHOSPHATEMIA; METABOLISM; MOLECULAR GENETICS; PHYSIOLOGY; PROTEIN PROCESSING; REVIEW; TOOTH DEVELOPMENT;

AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; ANIMALS; DENTINOGENESIS; EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX PROTEINS; GLYCOPROTEINS; HYPOPHOSPHATEMIA, FAMILIAL; MOLECULAR SEQUENCE DATA; OSTEOGENESIS; OSTEOPONTIN; PHEX PHOSPHATE REGULATING NEUTRAL ENDOPEPTIDASE; PHOSPHOPROTEINS; PROTEIN PRECURSORS; PROTEIN PROCESSING, POST-TRANSLATIONAL; PROTEINS; SIALOGLYCOPROTEINS;

EID: 3042701269     PISSN: 10454411     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/154411130401500302     Document Type: Review

References (121)

1. Bai X, Miao D, Panda D, Grady S, McKee MD, Goltzman D, et al. (2002). Partial rescue of the Hyp phenotype by osteoblast-targeted PHEX (phosphate-regulating gene with homologies to endopeptidases on the X chromosome) expression. Mol Endocrinol 16:2913-2925.
2. Beck L, Karaplis AC, Amizuka N, Hewson AS, Ozawa H, Tenenhouse HS (1998). Targeted inactivation of Npt2 in mice leads to severe renal phosphate wasting, hypercalciuria and skeletal abnormalities. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:5372-5377.
3. Bègue-Kirn C, Ruch JV, Ridall AL, Butler WT (1998). Comparative analysis of mouse DSP and DPP expression in odontoblasts, preameloblasts, and experimentally induced odontoblast-like cells. Eur J Oral Sci 106(Suppl 1):254-259.
4. Bianco P, Fisher LW, Young MF, Termine JD, Robey PG (1991). Expression of bone sialoprotein (BSP) in developing human tissues. Calcif Tissue Int 49:421-426.
5. Boileau G, Tenenhouse HS, DesGroseillers L, Crine P (2001). Characterization of PHEX endopeptidase catalytic activity: identification of parathyroid-hormone-related peptide 107-139 as a substrate and osteocalcin, PPi and phosphate as inhibitors. Biochem J 355:707-713.
6. Boskey AL, Maresca M, Doty S, Sabsay B, Veis A (1990). Concentration-dependent effects of dentin phosphophoryn in the regulation of in vitro hydroxyapatite formation and growth. Bone Miner 11:55-65.
7. Boskey AL, Maresca M, Ullrich W, Doty SB, Butler WT, Prince CW (1993). Osteopontin-hydroxyapatite interactions in vitro: inhibition of hydroxyapatite formation and growth in a gelatin-gel. Bone Miner 22:147-159.
8. Boskey A, Spevak L, Tan M, Doty SB, Butler WT (2000). Dentin sialoprotein (DSP) has limited effects on in vitro apatite formation and growth. Calcif Tissue Int 67:472-478.
9. Boskey AL, Spevak L, Paschalis E, Doty SB, McKee MD (2002). Osteopontin deficiency increases mineral content and mineral crystallinity in mouse bone. Calcif Tissue Int 71:145-154.
10. Burnett CH, Dent CE, Harper C, Warland BJ (1964). Vitamin Dresistant rickets: analysis of twenty-four pedigrees with hereditary and sporadic cases. Am J Med 36:222-232.
11. Butler WT (1987). Dentin specific proteins. Methods Enzymol 145:290-303.
12. Butler WT (1989). The nature and significance of osteopontin. Connect Tissue Res 23:123-136.
13. Butler WT (1998). Dentin matrix proteins. Eur J Oral Sci 106(Suppl 1):204-210.
14. Butler WT, Bhown M, Tomana M, Fretwell B, Schrohenloher RE (1981). Characterization of a unique dentin glycoprotein. In: The chemistry and biology of mineralized connective tissues. Veis A, editor. New York: Elsevier, pp. 399-402.
15. Butler WT, Bhown M, DiMuzio MT, Cothran WC, Linde A (1983). Multiple forms of rat dentin phosphoproteins. Arch Biochem Biophys 225:178-186.
16. Butler WT, Bhown M, Brunn JC, D'Souza RN, Farach-Carson MC, Happonen RP, et al. (1992). Isolation, characterization and immunolocalization of a 53-kDal dentin sialoprotein (DSP). Matrix 12:343-351.
17. Butler WT, Ridall AL, McKee MD (1996). Osteopontin. In: Principles of bone biology. Bilezikian JP, Raisz LG, Rodan GA, editors. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, pp. 167-181.
18. Butler WT, Brunn JC, Qin C, McKee MD (2002). Extracellular matrix proteins and the dynamics of dentin formation. Connect Tissue Res 43:301-307.
19. Campos M, Couture C, Hirata IY, Juliano MA, Loisel TP, Crine P, et al. (2003). Human recombinant endopeptidase PHEX has a strict S1′ specificity for acidic residues and cleaves peptides derived from fibroblast growth factor-23 and matrix extracellular phosphoglycoprotein. Biochem J 373:271-279.
20. Chellaiah MA, Kizer N, Biswas R, Alvarez U, Strauss-Schoenberger J, Rifas L, et al. (2003). Osteopontin deficiency produces osteoclast dysfunction due to reduced CD44 surface expression. Mol Biol Cell 14:173-189.
21. Chen J, McCulloch CA, Sodek J (1993). Bone sialoprotein in developing porcine dental tissues: cellular expression and comparison of tissue localization with osteopontin and osteonectin. Arch Oral Biol 38:241-249.
22. Cole WG (2002). Advances in osteogenesis imperfecta. Clin Orthop 40:6-16.
23. Crine P, Dion N, Boileau G (1997). Endopeptidase-24.11. In: Cellsurface peptidases in health and disease. Kenny AJ, Boustead CM, editors. Oxford: BIOS Scientific Publishers Ltd., pp. 79-98.
24. Denhardt DT, Noda M, O'Regan AW, Pavlin D, Berman JS (2001). Osteopontin as a means to cope with environmental insults: regulation of inflammation, tissue remodeling, and cell survival. J Clin Invest 107:1055-1061.
25. D'Souza RN, Bronckers AL, Happonen RP, Doga DA, Farach-Carson MC, Butler WT (1992). Developmental expression of a 53 KD dentin sialoprotein in rat tooth organs. J Histochem Cytochem 40:359-366.
26. Dickson IR, DiMuzio MT, Volpin D, Ananthanarayanan S, Veis A (1975). The extraction of phosphoproteins from bovine dentin. Calcif Tissue Res 19:51-61.
27. DiMuzio MT, Veis A (1978). Phosphophoryns-major non-collageneous proteins of rat incisor dentin. Calcif Tissue Res 25:169-178.
28. Du L, Desbarats M, Veil J, Glorieus FH, Cawthorn C, Ecarot B (1996). cDNA cloning of the murine Pex gene implicated in Xlinked hypophosphatemia and evidence for expression in bone. Genomics 36:22-28.
29. Ecarot B, Glorieux FH, Desbarats M, Travers R, Labelle L (1992). Defective bone formation by Hyp mouse bone cells transplanted into normal mice: evidence in favor of an intrinsic osteoblast defect. J Bone Mineral Res 7:215-220.
30. Ek-Rylander B, Flores M, Wendel M, Heinegard D, Andersson G (1994). Dephosphorylation of osteopontin and bone sialoprotein by osteoclastic tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase. Modulation of osteoclast adhesion in vitro. J Biol Chem 269:14853-14856.
31. Feng JQ, Ye L, Chen D, Huang H, Zhang J, Lu Y, et al. (2002a). Dmp1 deficient mice develop dwarfism, chondrodysplasia, and exhibit disorganized bone mineralization during post-natal development (abstract). J Bone Miner Res 17(Suppl 1):S127.
32. Feng JQ, Zhang J, Dallas SL, Lu Y, Chen S, Tan X, et al. (2002b). Dentin matrix protein 1, a target molecule for Cbfa1 in bone, is a unique bone marker gene. J Bone Miner Res 17:1822-1831.
33. Fisher LW, Whitson SW, Avioli LV, Termine JD (1983). Matrix sialoprotein of developing bone. J Biol Chem 258:12723-12727.
34. Fisher LW, Hawkins GR, Tuross N, Termine JD (1987). Purification and partial characterization of small proteoglycans I and II, bone sialoproteins I and II, and osteonectin from the mineral compartment of developing human bone. J Biol Chem 262:9702-9708.
35. Fisher LW, McBride OW, Termine JD, Young MF (1990). Human bone sialoprotein. Deduced protein sequence and chromosomal localization. J Biol Chem 265:2347-2351.
36. Fisher LW, Torchia DA, Fohr B, Young MF, Fedarko NS (2001). Flexible structures of SIBLING proteins, bone sialoprotein, and osteopontin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 280:460-465.
37. Franzén A, Heinegård D (1985). Isolation and characterization of two sialoproteins present only in bone calcified matrix. Biochem J 232:715-724.
38. Fujisawa R, Nodasaka Y, Kuboki Y (1995). Further characterization of interaction between bone sialoprotein (BSP) and collagen. Calcif Tissue Int 56:140-144.
39. Ganss B, Kim RH, Sodek J (1999). Bone sialoprotein. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 10:79-98.
40. George A, Sabsay B, Simolan PAL, Veis A (1993). Characterization of a novel dentin matrix acidic phosphoprotein. J Biol Chem 268:12624-12630.
41. George A, Bannon L, Sabsay B, Dillon JW, Malone J, Veis A, et al. (1996). The carboxyl-terminal domain of phosphophoryn contains unique extended triplet amino acid repeat sequences forming ordered carboxyl-phosphate interaction ridges that may be essential in the biomineralization process. J Biol Chem 271:32869-32873.
42. Giachelli CM, Steitz S (2000). Osteopontin: a versatile regulator of inflammation and biomineralization. Matrix Biol 19:615-622.
43. Goldberg HA, Hunter GK (1995). The inhibitory activity of osteopontin on hydroxyapatite formation in vitro. Ann NY Acad Sci 760:305-308.
44. Goldberg HA, Warner KJ, Stillman MJ, Hunter GK (1996). Determination of the hydroxyapatite-nucleating region of bone sialoprotein. Connect Tissue Res 35:385-392.
45. Grieff M, Mumm S, Waeltz P, Mazzarella R, Whyte MP, Thakker RV, et al. (1997). Expression and cloning of the human X-linked hypophosphatemia gene cDNA. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 231:635-639.
46. Gu K, Chang S, Ritchie HH, Clarkson BH, Rutherford RB (2000). Molecular cloning of a human dentin sialophosphoprotein gene. Eur J Oral Sci 108:35-42.
47. Guo R, Quarles LD (1997). Cloning and sequencing of human PEX from a bone cDNA library: evidence for its development stage-specific regulation in osteoblasts. J Bone Miner Res 12:1009-1017.
48. Guo R, Liu S, Spurney RF, Quarles LD (2001). Analysis of recombinant PHEX: an endopeptidase in search of a substrate. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 281:E837-E847.
49. Herring GM (1972). The organic matrix of bone. In: The biochemistry and physiology of bone. Bourne GH, editor. New York: Academic Press, pp. 127-189.
50. Hirst KL, Ibaraki-O'Connor K, Young MF, Dixon MJ (1997). Cloning and expression analysis of the bovine dentin matrix acidic phosphoprotein gene. J Dent Res 76:754-760.
51. Holm IA, Huang X, Kunkel LM (1997). Mutational analysis of the PHEX gene in patients with X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets. Am J Hum Genet 60:790-797.
52. Hunter GK, Goldberg HA (1994). Modulation of crystal formation by bone phosphoproteins: role of glutamic acid-rich sequences in the nucleation of hydroxyapatite by bone sialoprotein. Biochem J 302:175-179.
53. Hunter GK, Kyle CL, Goldberg HA (1994). Modulation of crystal formation by bone phosphoproteins: structural specificity of the osteopontin-mediated inhibition of hydroxyapatite formation. Biochem J 300:723-728.
54. HYP Consortium, The (1995). A gene (PHEX) with homologies to endopeptidases is mutated in patients with X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets. Nat Genet 11:130-136.
55. Ishijima M, Rittling SR, Yamashita T, Tsuji K, Kurosawa H, Nifuji A, et al. (2001). Enhancement of osteoclastic bone resorption and suppression of osteoblastic bone formation in response to reduced mechanical stress do not occur in the absence of osteopontin. J Exp Med 193:399-404.
56. Jono S, Peinado C, Giachelli CM (2000). Phosphorylation of osteopontin is required for inhibition of vascular smooth muscle cell calcification. J Biol Chem 275:20197-20203.
57. Kaartinen MT, El-Maadawy S, Rasanen NH, McKee MD (2002). Tissue transglutaminase and its substrates in bone. J Bone Miner Res 17:2161-2173.
58. Kasugai S, Zhang Q, Overall CM, Wrana JL, Butler WT, Sodek J (1991). Differential regulation of the 55 and 44 kDa forms of secreted phosphoprotein 1 (SPP-1, osteopontin) in normal and transformed rat bone cells by osteotropic hormones, growth factors and a tumor promoter. Bone Miner 13:235-250.
59. Katayama Y, House CM, Udagawa N, Kazama JJ, McFarland RJ, Martin TJ, et al. (1998). Casein kinase 2 phosphorylation of recombinant rat osteopontin enhances adhesion of osteoclasts but not osteoblasts. J Cell Physiol 176:179-187.
60. Lasa M, Chang PL, Prince CW, Pinna LA (1997). Phosphorylation of osteopontin by Golgi apparatus casein kinase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 240:602-605.
61. Linde A, Lussi A, Crenshaw MA (1989). Mineral induction by immobilized polyanionic proteins. Calcif Tissue Int 44:286-295.
62. Lipman ML, Panda D, Bennett HP, Henderson JE, Shane E, Shen Y, et al. (1998). Cloning of human PEX cDNA. Expression, subcellular localization, and endopeptidase activity. J Biol Chem 273:13729-13737.
63. Liu S, Guo R, Tu Q, Quarles LD (2002). Overexpression of PHEX in osteoblasts fails to rescue the Hyp mouse phenotype. J Biol Chem 277:3686-3697.
64. MacDougall M, Simmons D, Luan X, Nydegger J, Feng J, Gu TT (1997). Dentin phosphoprotein and dentin sialoprotein are cleavage products expressed from a single transcript coded by a gene on human chromosome 4. Dentin phosphoprotein DNA sequence determination. J Biol Chem 272:835-842.
65. MacDougall M, Gu TT, Luan X, Simmons D, Chen J (1998). Identification of a novel isoform of mouse dentin matrix protein 1: spatial expression in mineralized tissue. J Bone Miner Res 13:422-431.
66. Midura RJ, McQuillan DJ, Benham KJ, Fisher LW, Hascall VC (1990). Arat osteogenic cell line (UMR 106-01) synthesizes a highly sulfated form of bone sialoprotein. J Biol Chem 265:5285-5291.
67. Nagata T, Todescan R, Goldberg HA, Zhang Q, Sodek J (1989). Sulphation of secreted phosphoprotein I (SPPI, osteopontin) is associated with mineralized tissue formation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 165:234-240.
68. Nagata T, Bellows CG, Kasugai S, Butler WT, Sodek J (1991). Biosynthesis of bone proteins [SPP-1 (secreted phosphoprotein-1, osteopontin), BSP (bone sialoprotein) and SPARC (osteonectin)] in association with mineralized-tissue formation by fetal-rat calvarial cells in culture. Biochem J 274:513-520.
69. Narayanan K, Srinivas R, Ramachandran A, Hao J, Quinn B, George A (2001). Differentiation of embryonic mesenchymal cells to odontoblast-like cells by overexpression of dentin matrix protein 1. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:4516-4521.
70. 2+ store. J Biol Chem 278:17500-17508.
71. Neame PJ, Butler WT (1996). Posttranslational modification in rat bone osteopontin. Connect Tissue Res 35:145-150.
72. O'Regan A, Berman JS (2000). Osteopontin: a key cytokine in cellmediated and granulomatous inflammation. Int J Exp Pathol 81:373-390.
73. Oldberg A, Franzén A, Heinegård D (1986). Cloning and sequence analysis of rat bone sialoprotein (osteopontin) cDNA reveals an Arg-Gly-Asp cell-binding sequence. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83:8819-8823.
74. Oldberg A, Franzén A, Heinegård D (1988). The primary structure of a cell-binding bone sialoprotein. J Biol Chem 263:19430-19432.
75. Prince CW, Oosawa T, Butler WT, Tomana M, Bhown AS, Bhown M, et al. (1987). Isolation, characterization, and biosynthesis of a phosphorylated glycoprotein from rat bone. J Biol Chem 262:2900-2907.
76. Prince CW, Dickie D, Krumdieck CL (1991). Osteopontin, a substrate for transglutaminase and factor XIII activity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 177:1205-1210.
77. Qin C, Brunn JC, Jones J, George A, Ramachandran A, Gorski JP, et al. (2001a). A comparative study of sialic acid-rich proteins in rat bone and dentin. Eur J Oral Sci 109:133-141.
78. Qin C, Cook RG, Orkiszewski RS, Butler WT (2001b). Identification and characterization of the carboxyl-terminal region of rat dentin sialoprotein. J Biol Chem 276:904-909.
79. Qin C, Brunn JC, Cadena E, Ridall A, Tsujigiwa H, Nagatsuka H, et al. (2002). The expression of dentin sialophosphoprotein gene in bone. J Dent Res 81:392-394.
80. Qin C, Brunn JC, Cook RG, Orkiszewski RS, Malone JP, Veis A, et al. (2003a). Evidence for the proteolytic processing of dentin matrix protein 1: identification and characterization of processed fragments and cleavage sites. J Biol Chem 278:34700-34708.
81. Qin C, Brunn JC, Baba O, Wygant JN, McIntyre BW, Butler WT (2003b). Dentin sialoprotein isoforms: detection and characterization of a high molecular weight dentin sialoprotein. Eur J Oral Sci 111:235-242.
82. Qin C, Brunn JC, Cadena E, Ridall A, Butler WT (2003c). Dentin sialoprotein in bone and dentin sialophosphoprotein gene by osteoblasts. Connect Tissue Res 44(Suppl 1):179-183.
83. Quarles LD (2003). FGF23, PHEX, and MEPE regulation of phosphate homeostasis and skeletal mineralization. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 285:E1-E9.
84. Rasmussen H, Anast C (1983). Familial hypophosphatemic rickets and vitamin D-dependent rickets. In: The metabolic basis of inherited disease. Stanbury JB, Wyngaarden JB, Fredrickson DS, Goldstein JL, Brown MS, editors. New York: McGraw-Hill, pp. 1743-1773.
85. Razzouk S, Brunn JC, Qin C, Tye CB, Goldberg HA, Butler WT (2002). Osteopontin posttranslational modifications, possibly phosphorylation, are required for in vitro bone resorption but not osteoclast adhesion. Bone 30:40-47.
86. Richardson W, Munksgaard EC, Butler WT (1978). Rat incisor phosphoprotein: the nature of the phosphate and quantitation of the phosphoserine. J Biol Chem 253:8042-8046.
87. Ritchie HH, Hou H, Veis A, Butler WT (1994). Cloning and sequence determination of rat dentin sialoprotein, a novel dentin protein. J Biol Chem 269:3698-3702.
88. Ritchie HH, Wang LH, Knudtson K (2001). A novel rat 523 amino acid phosphophoryn: nucleotide sequence and genomic organization. Biochim Biophys Acta 1520:212-222.
89. Rittling SR, Denhardt DT (1999). Osteopontin function in pathology: lessons from osteopontin-deficient mice. Exp Nephrol 7:103-113.
90. Rittling SR, Matsumoto HN, McKee MD, Nanci A, An XR, Novick KE, et al. (1998). Mice lacking osteopontin show normal development and bone structure but display altered osteoclast formation in vitro. J Bone Miner Res 13:1101-1111.
91. Ross FP, Chappel J, Alvarez JI, Sander D, Butler WT, Farach-Carson MC, et al. (1993). Interactions between the bone matrix proteins osteopontin and bone sialoprotein and the osteoclast integrin alpha v beta 3 potentiate bone resorption. J Biol Chem 268:9901-9907.
92. Rowe PS, de Zoysa PA, Dong R, Wang HR, White KE, Econs MJ, et al. (2000). MEPE, a new gene expressed in bone marrow and tumors causing osteomalacia. Genomics 67:54-68.
93. Ruchon AF, Marcinkiewicz M, Siegfried G, Tenenhouse HS, DesGroseillers L, Crine P, et al. (1998). Pex mRNA is localized in developing mouse osteoblasts and odontoblasts. J Histochem Cytochem 46:459-468.
94. Ruchon AF, Tenenhouse HS, Marcinkiewicz M, Siegfried G, Aubin JE, DesGroseillers L, et al. (2000). Developmental expression and tissue distribution of PHEX protein: effect of the Hyp mutation and relationship to bone markers. J Bone Miner Res 15:1440-1450.
95. Sabbagh Y, Boileau G, Campos M, Carmona AK, Tenenhouse HS (2003). Structure and function of disease-causing missense mutations in the PHEX gene. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88:2213-2222.
96. 2+ influx. J Biol Chem 273:29935-29941.
97. Safran JB, Butler WT, Farach-Carson MC (1998b). Posttranslational regulation of osteopontin (OPN) by 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3. In: Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Chemistry and Biology of Mineralized Tissue, Vittel, France. Goldberg M, Boskey A, Robinson C, editors. Rosemont, IL: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, pp. 113-116.
98. Saito T, Arsenault AL, Yamauchi M, Kuboki Y, Crenshaw MA (1997). Mineral induction by immobilized phosphoproteins. Bone 21:305-311.
99. Salih E (2003). In vivo and in vitro phosphorylation regions of bovine bone sialoprotein. Connect Tissue Res 44:223-229.
100. Sato H, Takino T, Okada Y, Cao J, Shinagawa A, Yamamoto E, et al. (1994). A matrix metalloproteinase expressed on the surface of invasive tumour cells. Nature 370:61-65.
101. Seiki M, Yana I (2003). Roles of pericellular proteolysis by membrane type-1 matrix metalloproteinase in cancer invasion and angiogenesis. Cancer Sci 94:569-574.
102. Senger DR, Wirth DF, Hynes RO (1979). Transformed mammalian cells secrete specific proteins and phosphoproteins. Cell 16:885-893.
103. Sodek J, Ganss B, McKee MD (2000). Osteopontin. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 11:279-303.
104. Somerman MJ, Sauk JJ, Foster RA, Norris K, Dickerson K, Argraves WS (1991). Cell attachment activity of cementum: bone sialoprotein II identified in cementum. J Periodontal Res 26:10-16.
105. Sorensen ES, Hojrup P, Petersen TE (1995). Posttranslational modifications of bovine osteopontin: identification of twenty-eight phosphorylation and three O-glycosylation sites. Protein Sci 4:2040-2049.
106. Sreenath T, Thyagarajan T, Hall B, Longenecker G, D'Souza R, Hong S, et al. (2003). Dentin sialophosphoprotein knockout mouse teeth display widened predentin zone and develop defective dentin mineralization similar to human dentinogenesis imperfecta-III. J Biol Chem 278:24874-24880.
107. Srinivasan R, Chen B, Gorski JP, George A (1999). Recombinant expression and characterization of dentin matrix protein 1. Connect Tissue Res 40:251-258.
108. Steiglitz BM, Ayala M, Narayanan K, George A, Greenspan DS (2004). Bone morphogenetic protein-1/tolloid-like proteinases process dentin matrix protein-1. J Biol Chem 279:980-986.
109. Suzuki K, Zhu B, Rittling SR, Denhardt DT, Goldberg HA, McCulloch CA, et al. (2002). Colocalization of intracellular osteopontin with CD44 is associated with migration, cell fusion, and resorption in osteoclasts. J Bone Miner Res 17:1486-1497.
110. Thompson DL, Sabbagh Y, Tenenhouse HS, Roche PC, Drezner MK, Salisbury JL, et al. (2002). Ontogeny of PHEX/PHEX protein expression in mouse embryo and subcellular localization in osteoblasts. J Bone Miner Res 17:311-320.
111. Veis A, Perry A (1967). The phosphorylation of the dentin matrix. Biochemistry 6:2409-2416.
112. Wada T, McKee MD, Steitz S, Giachelli CM (1999). Calcification of vascular smooth muscle cell cultures: inhibition by osteopontin. Circ Res 84:166-178.
113. Winters RW, Graham JB, Williams TF, McFalls VW, Burnett CH (1958). Agenetic study of familial hypophosphatemia and vitamin D resistant rickets with a review of the literature. Medicine 37:97-142.
114. Wuttke M, Muller S, Nitsche DP, Paulsson M, Hanisch FG, Maurer P (2001). Structural characterization of human recombinant and bone-derived bone sialoprotein. Functional implications for cell attachment and hydroxyapatite binding. J Biol Chem 276:36839-36848.
115. Xiao S, Yu C, Chou X, Yuan W, Wang Y, Bu L, et al. (2001). Dentinogenesis imperfecta 1 with or without progressive hearing loss is associated with distinct mutations in DSPP. Nat Genet 27:201-204.
116. Xiao ZS, Crenshaw M, Guo R, Nesbitt T, Drezner MK, Quarles LD (1998). Intrinsic mineralization defect in Hyp mouse osteoblasts. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 275:E700-E708.
117. Xu T, Bianco P, Fisher LW, Longenecker G, Smith E, Goldstein S, et al. (1998). Targeted disruption of the biglycan gene leads to an osteoporosis-like phenotype in mice. Nat Genet 20:78-82.
118. Yamakoshi Y, Hu JC, Liu S, Zhang C, Oida S, Fukae M, et al. (2003). Characterization of porcine dentin sialoprotein (DSP) and dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP) cDNA clones. Eur J Oral Sci 111:60-67.
119. Zaia J, Boynton R, Heinegard D, Barry F (2001). Posttranslational modifications to human bone sialoprotein determined by mass spectrometry. Biochemistry 40:12983-12991.
120. Zhang Q, Domenicucci C, Goldberg HA, Wrana JL, Sodek J (1990). Characterization of fetal porcine bone sialoproteins, secreted phosphoprotein I (SPPI, osteopontin), bone sialoprotein, and a 23-kDa glycoprotein. Demonstration that the 23-kDa glycoprotein is derived from the carboxyl terminus of SPPI. J Biol Chem 265:7583-7589.
121. Zhang X, Zhao J, Li C, Gao S, Qiu C, Liu P, et al. (2001). DSPP mutation in dentinogenesis imperfecta Shields type II. Nat Genet 27:151-152.