Composure at any cost? The cognitive consequences of emotion suppression

Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin

Volumn 25, Issue 8, 1999, Pages 1033-1044

  Richards, Jane M ^b   Gross, James J ^a  

^a STANFORD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0033177551     PISSN: 01461672     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/01461672992511010     Document Type: Article

References (38)

1. Anderson, J. R. (1995). Learning and memory: An integrated approach. New York: John Wiley.
2. Baumeister, R. F., Bratslavsky, E., Muraven, M., & Tice, D. (1998). Ego depletion: Is the active self a limited resource? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1252-1265.
3. Blascovich J., & Kelsey, R. M. (1990). Using electrodermal and cardiovascular measures of arousal in social psychological research. Review of Personality and Social Psychology, 11, 45-73.
4. Cahill, L., Prins, B., Weber, M., & McGaugh, J. (1994). Beta-adrenergic activation and memory for emotional events. Nature, 371, 702-704.
5. Christianson, S.-A. (1992). Emotional stress and eyewitness memory: A critical review. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 284-309.
6. Christianson, S.-A., & Nilsson, L.-G. (1984). Functional amnesia as induced by a psychological trauma. Memory and Cognition, 12, 142-155.
7. DePaulo, B. M., Kashy, D. A., Kirkendol, S. E., Wyer, M. M., & Epstein, J. A. (1996). Lying in everyday life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 979-995.
8. DePaulo, B. M., Rosenthal, R., Rosenkrantz, J., & Green, C. R. (1982). Actual and perceived cues to deception: A closer look at speech. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 3, 291-312.
9. Devine, P. G. (1989). Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 5-18.
10. Easterbrook, J. A. (1959). The effect of emotion on cue utilization and the organization of behavior. Psychological Review, 66, 183-201.
11. Ellis, H. C., & Ashbrook, P. W. (1988). Resource allocation model of the effects of depressed mood states on memory. In K. Fiedler & J. F. Forgas (Eds.), Affect, cognition, and social behavior (pp. 25-43). Gottingen, Germany: Högrefe.
12. Gilbert, D. T., Krull, D. S., & Pelham, B. W. (1988). Of thoughts unspoken: Social inference and the self-regulation of behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55, 685-694.
13. Gold, P. E. (1987). Sweet memories. American Scientist, 75, 151-155.
14. Gross, J. J. (1998). Antecedent and response focused emotion regulation: Divergent consequences for experience, expression, and physiology. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 224-237.
15. Gross, J. J., Feldman Barrett, L., & Richards, J. M. (1999). Emotion regulation in everyday life. Manuscript in preparation.
16. Gross, J. J., John, O. P., & Richards, J. M. (in press). The dissociation of emotion expression from emotion experience: A personality perspective. Personality and Social Psychology.
17. Gross, J. J., & Levenson, R. W. (1993). Emotional suppression: Physiology, self-report, and expressive behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 970-986.
18. Gross, J. J., & Levenson, R. W. (1997). Hiding feelings: The acute effects of suppressing negative and positive emotion. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 106, 95-103.
19. Hebb, D. O. (1946). Emotion in man and animal: An analysis of the intuitive processes of recognition. Psychological Review, 53, 88-106.
20. Jones, E. E., & Nisbett, R. E. (1971). The actor and the observer: Divergent perceptions of the causes of behavior. In E. E. Jones (Ed.), Attribution: Perceiving the causes of behavior (pp. 79-94). Morristown, NJ: General Learning Press.
21. Kring, A. M., & Gordon, A. H. (1998). Sex differences in emotion: Expression, experience, and physiology. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 686-703.
22. Lacey, B. C., & Lacey, J. I. (1974). Studies of heart rate and other bodily processes in sensorimotor behavior. In P. A. Obrist (Ed.), Cardiovascular psychophysiology: Current issues in response mechanisms, biofeedback, and methodology (pp. 558-564). Chicago: Aldine.
23. Lang, P. J., & Greenwald, M. K. (1988). The international affective picture system standardization procedure and initial group results for affective judgments (Technical Reports 1A & 1B). Gainesville: University of Florida, Center for Research in Psychophysiology.
24. Lee, M. K., Graham, S. N., & Gold, P. (1988). Memory enhancement with posttraining intraventricular glucose injections in rats. Behavioral Neuroscience, 102, 591-595.
25. Lyubomirsky, S., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1995). Effects of self-focused rumination on negative thinking and interpersonal problem solving. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 176-190.
26. Macrae, C. N., Bodenhausen, G. V., Milne, A. B., & Ford, R. L. (1997). On regulation of recollection: The intentional forgetting of stereotypical memories. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 709-719.
27. Mandler, G. (1993). Thought, memory, and learning: Effects of emotional stress. In L. Goldberger (Ed.), Handbook of stress: Theoretical and clinical aspects (2nd ed., pp. 40-55). New York, New York: Free Press.
28. McEwen, B. S., & Sapolsky, R. M. (1995). Stress and cognitive function. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 5, 205-216.
29. McGaugh, J. L. (1983). Hormonal influences on memory. Annual Review of Psychology, 34, 297-323.
30. Morris, W. N., & Reilly, N. P. (1987). Toward the self-regulation of mood: Theory and research. Motivation and Emotion, 11, 215-249.
31. Neiss, R. (1988). Reconceptualizing arousal: Psychobiological states in motor performance. Psychological Bulletin, 103, 345-366.
32. Pyszczynski, T., & Greenberg, J. (1987). Self-regulatory perseveration and the depressive self-focusing style: A self-awareness theory of reactive depression. Psychological Bulletin, 102, 122-138.
33. Sarason, I. G. (1972). Experimental approaches to test anxiety: Attention and the uses of information. In C. D. Speilberger (Ed.), Anxiety: Current trends in theory and research (Vol. 2). New York: Academic Press.
34. Steele, C. M. (1997). A threat in the air: How stereotypes shape intellectual identity and performance. American Psychologist, 52, 613-629.
35. Thayer, R. E., Newman, J. R., & McClain,T. M. (1994). Self-regulation of mood: Strategies for changing a bad mood, raising energy, and reducing tension. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 910-925.
36. Tomkins, S. S. (1962). Affect, imagery, consciousness: The positive affects (Vol. 1). New York: Springer.
37. Wegner, D. M. (1994). Ironic processes of mental control. Psychological Review, 101, 34-52.
38. Wine, J. (1971). Test anxiety and direction of attention. Psychological Bulletin, 76, 92-104.