Fat supplementation, health, and endurance performance

Nutrition

Volumn 20, Issue 7-8, 2004, Pages 678-688

  Jeukendrup, Asker E ^a   Aldred, Sarah ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

endurance; exercise; fat supplementation; fish oil; triacylglycerol

Indexed keywords

CONJUGATED LINOLEIC ACID; DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID; FISH OIL; ICOSAPENTAENOIC ACID; LINOLEIC ACID; LIPOPROTEIN; LONG CHAIN TRIACYLGLYCEROL; MEDIUM CHAIN TRIACYLGLYCEROL;

ASTHMA; BODY WEIGHT; DIET SUPPLEMENTATION; ENDURANCE; ERYTHROCYTE DEFORMABILITY; EXERCISE; FAT INTAKE; HUMAN; INFLAMMATION; LIPID METABOLISM; MUSCLE INJURY; NONHUMAN; OXIDATIVE STRESS; OXYGEN CONSUMPTION; PHYSICAL PERFORMANCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; WEIGHT REDUCTION;

BODY WEIGHT; DIETARY FATS; EXERCISE; FISH OILS; HEALTH STATUS; HUMANS; LINOLEIC ACIDS, CONJUGATED; PHYSICAL ENDURANCE; PHYSICAL FITNESS; TRIGLYCERIDES;

ANIMALIA;

EID: 2942724309     PISSN: 08999007     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2004.04.018     Document Type: Review

References (130)

1. Wagenmakers AJM, Beckers EJ, Brouns F, et al. Carbohydrate supplementation, glycogen depletion and amino acid metabolism during exercise. Am J Physiol 1991;206:E883
2. Wagenmakers A.J.M., Brookes J.H., Coakley J.H., Reilly T., Edwards R.H.T. Exercise-induced activation of branched-chain 2-oxo acid dehydrogenase in human muscle. Eur J Appl Physiol. 59:1989;159
3. van Loon L.J., Greenhaff P.L., Constantin-Teodosiu D., Saris W.H., Wagenmakers A.J. The effects of increasing exercise intensity on muscle fuel utilisation in humans. J Physiol. 536:(pt 1):2001;295
4. Hultman E. Physiological role of muscle glycogen in man, with special reference to exercise. Circ Res. 10:1967;I-99
5. Hultman E., Bergstrom J. Muscle glycogen synthesis in relation to diet studied in normal subjects. Acta Med Scand. 182:1967;109
6. Coyle E.F., Coggan A.R., Hemmert M.K., Ivy J.L. Muscle glycogen utilization during prolonged strenuous exercise when fed carbohydrate. J Appl Physiol. 61:1986;165
7. Jeukendrup A.E., Saris W.H.M., Wagenmakers A.J.M. Fat metabolism during exercise a review. Part I: fatty acid mobilization and muscle metabolism. Int J Sports Med. 19:1998;231
8. Friedlander A.L., Casazza G.A., Horning M.A., Usaj A., Brooks G.A. Endurance training increases fatty acid turnover, but not fat oxidation, in young men. J Appl Physiol. 86:1999;2097
9. Hurley B.F., Nemeth P.M., Martin W.H. III, Hagberg J.M., Dalsky G.P., Holloszy J.O. Muscle triglyceride utilization during exercise effect of training. J Appl Physiol. 60:1986;562
10. Phillips S.M., Green H.J., Tarnopolsky M.A., Heigenhauser G.F., Hill R.E., Grant S.M. Effects of training duration on substrate turnover and oxidation during exercise. J Appl Physiol. 81:1996;2182
11. Holloszy J.O., Coyle E.F. Adaptations of skeletal muscle to endurance exercise and their metabolic consequences. J Appl Physiol. 56:1984;831
12. Hawley J.A., Brouns F., Jeukendrup A. Strategies to enhance fat utilization during exercise. Sports Med. 26:1998;241
13. Jeukendrup A.E. Dietary fat and physical performance. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2:1999;521
14. Jeukendrup A.E., Saris W.H.M., Wagenmakers A.J.M. Fat metabolism during exercise a review. Part III: effects of nutritional interventions. Int J Sports Med. 19:1998;371
15. Lambert E.V., Hawley J.A., Goedeke J., Noakes T.D., Dennis S.C. Nutritional strategies for promoting fat utilization and delaying the onset of fatigue during prolonged exercise. J Sport Sci. 15:1997;315
16. Achten J, Jeukendrup AE. Increasing fat oxidation by diet and training. Nutrition 2004(in press)
17. Bergstrom J., Hultman E. Synthesis of muscle glycogen in man after glucose and fructose infusion. Acta Med Scand. 182:1967;93
18. Costill D.L., Coyle E., Dalsky G., Evans W., Fink W., Hoopes D. Effects of elevated plasma FFA and insulin on muscle glycogen usage during exercise. J Appl Physiol. 43:1977;695
19. Dyck D.J., Putman C.T., Heigenhauser G.J.F., Hultman E., Spriet L.L. Regulation of fat-carbohydrate interaction in skeletal muscle during intense aerobic cycling. Am J Physiol. 265:1993;E852
20. Vukovich M.D., Costill D.L., Hickey M.S., Trappe S.W., Cole K.J., Fink W.J. Effect of fat emulsion infusion and fat feeding on muscle glycogen utilization during cycle exercise. J Appl Physiol. 75:1993;1513
21. Ivy J.L., Costill D.L., Fink W.J., Maglischo E. Contribution of medium and long chain triglyceride intake to energy metabolism during prolonged exercise. Int J Sports Med. 1:1980;15
22. Satabin P., Portero P., Defer G., Bricout J., Guezennec C.-Y. Metabolic and hormonal responses to lipid and carbohydrate diets during exercise in man. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 19:1987;218
23. Hawley J.A., Burke L.M., Angus D.J., Fallon K.E., Martin D.T., Febbraio M.A. Effect of altering substrate availability on metabolism and performance during intense exercise. Br J Nutr. 84:2000;829
24. Dewailly E.E., Blanchet C., Gingras S., et al. Relations between N-3 fatty acid status and cardiovascular disease risk factors among Quebecers. Am J Clin Nutr. 74:2001;603
25. Lee T.H., Hoover R.L., Williams J.D., et al. Effect of dietary enrichment with eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids on in vitro neutrophil and monocyte leukotriene generation and neutrophil function. N Engl J Med. 312:1985;1217
26. Galea G., Davidson R.J. Hemorrheology of marathon running. Int J Sports Med. 6:1985;136
27. van der Brug G.E., Peters H.P., Hardeman M.R., Schep G., Mosterd W.L. Hemorheological response to prolonged exercise - no effects of different kinds of feedings. Int J Sports Med. 16:1995;231
28. Simchon S., Jan K.M., Chien S. Influence of reduced red cell deformability on regional blood flow. Am J Physiol. 253:(pt 2):1987;H898
29. Yalcin O., Bor-Kucukatay M., Senturk U.K., Baskurt O.K. Effects of swimming exercise on red blood cell rheology in trained and untrained rats. J Appl Physiol. 88:2000;2074
30. Andersson A., Nalsen C., Tengblad S., Vessby B. Fatty acid composition of skeletal muscle reflects dietary fat composition in humans. Am J Clin Nutr. 76:2002;1222
31. Cartwright I.J., Pockley A.G., Galloway J.H., Greaves M., Preston F.E. The effects of dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on erythrocyte membrane phospholipids, erythrocyte deformability and blood viscosity in healthy volunteers. Atherosclerosis. 55:1985;267
32. Terano T., Hirai A., Hamazaki T., et al. Effect of oral administration of highly purified eicosapentaenoic acid on platelet function, blood viscosity and red cell deformability in healthy human subjects. Atherosclerosis. 46:1983;321
33. Bruckner G., Webb P., Greenwell L., Chow C., Richardson D. Fish oil increases peripheral capillary blood cell velocity in humans. Atherosclerosis. 66:1987;237
34. Solomon S.A., Cartwright I., Pockley G., et al. A placebo-controlled, double-blind study of eicosapentaenoic acid-rich fish oil in patients with stable angina pectoris. Curr Opin Med Res. 12:1990;1
35. Gans RO, Bilo HJ, Weersink EG, et al. Fish oil supplementation in patients with stable claudication. Am J Surg 1990;160:490
36. Andersson A., Sjodin A., Hedman A., Olsson R., Vessby B. Fatty acid profile of skeletal muscle phospholipids in trained and untrained young men. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 279:2000;E744
37. Helge J.W., Wu B.J., Willer M., Daugaard J.R., Storlien L.H., Kiens B. Training affects muscle phospholipid fatty acid composition in humans. J Appl Physiol. 90:2001;670
38. Guezennec C.Y., Nadaud J.F., Satabin P., Léger F., Lafargue P. Influence of polyunsaturated fatty acid diet on the hemorrheological response to physical exercise in hypoxia. Int J Sports Med. 10:1989;286
39. Guezennec CY, Léger C, Satabin P. Lipid metabolism and performance. 1990;165
40. Brilla L.R., Landerholm T.E. Effect of fish oil supplementation on serum lipids and aerobic fitness. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 30:1990;173
41. Raastad T., Hostmark A.T., Stromme S.B. Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation does not improve maximal aerobic power, anaerobic threshold and running performance in well-trained soccer players. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 7:1997;25
42. Oostenbrug GS, Mensink RP, De Vries T, Hardeman MR, Brouns F, Hornstra G. Exercise performance, red blood cell characteristics and lipid peroxidation: effect of fish oil and vitamin E. J Appl Physiol 1997;83:796
43. Hornstra G., Oostenbrug G.S., Vossen R.C. Peroxidation of low density lipoproteins and endothelial phospholipids effect of vitamin E and fatty acid composition. World Rev Nutr Diet. 75:1994;149
44. Foulon T., Richard M.J., Payen N., et al. Effects of fish oil fatty acids on plasma lipids and lipoproteins and oxidant-antioxidant imbalance in healthy subjects. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 59:1999;239
45. Sen C.K., Atalay M., Agren J., Laaksonen D.E., Roy S., Hanninen O. Fish oil and vitamin E supplementation in oxidative stress at rest and after physical exercise. J Appl Physiol. 83:1997;189
46. Venkatraman J.T., Angkeow P., Satsangi N., Fernandes G. Effects of dietary n-6 and n-3 lipids on antioxidant defense system in livers of exercised rats. J Am Coll Nutr. 17:1998;586
47. Atalay M., Laaksonen D.E., Khanna S., Kaliste-Korhonen E., Hanninen O., Sen C.K. Vitamin E regulates changes in tissue antioxidants induced by fish oil and acute exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 32:2000;601
48. Northoff H., Berg A. Immunologic mediators as parameters of the reaction to strenuous exercise. Int J Sports Med. 12:(suppl 1):1991;S9
49. Kushner I. The phenomenon of the acute phase response. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 389:1982;39
50. Sen C.K. Oxidants and antioxidants in exercise. J Appl Physiol. 79:1995;675
51. Ernst E., Saradeth T., Achhammer G. N-3 fatty acids and acute-phase proteins. Eur J Clin Invest. 21:1991;77
52. Benquet C., Krzystyniak K., Savard R., Guertin F., Oth D., Fournier M. Modulation of exercise-induced immunosuppression by dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids in mice. J Toxicol Environ Health. 43:1994;225
53. MacIntyre D.L., Reid W.D., McKenzie D.C. Delayed muscle soreness. The inflammatory response to muscle injury and its clinical implications. Sports Med. 20:1995;24
54. Lenn J., Uhl T., Mattacola C., et al. The effects of fish oil and isoflavones on delayed onset muscle soreness. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 34:2002;1605
55. Toft A.D., Thorn M., Ostrowski K., et al. N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids do not affect cytokine response to strenuous exercise. J Appl Physiol. 89:2000;2401
56. Kromann N., Green A. Epidemiological studies in the Upernavik District, Greenland. Incidence of some chronic diseases 1950-1974. Acta Med Scand. 208:1980;401
57. Arm J.P., Horton C.E., Mencia-Huerta J.M., et al. Effect of dietary supplementation with fish oil lipids on mild asthma. Thorax. 43:1988;84
58. Hodge L., Salome C.M., Hughes J.M., et al. Effect of dietary intake of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids on severity of asthma in children. Eur Respir J. 11:1998;361
59. Thien F.C., Mencia-Huerta J.M., Lee T.H. Dietary fish oil effects on seasonal hay fever and asthma in pollen-sensitive subjects. Am Rev Respir Dis. 147:1993;1138
60. Nagakura T., Matsuda S., Shichijyo K., Sugimoto H., Hata K. Dietary supplementation with fish oil rich in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in children with bronchial asthma. Eur Respir J. 16:2000;861
61. Okamoto M., Mitsunobu F., Ashida K., et al. Effects of dietary supplementation with n-3 fatty acids compared with n-6 fatty acids on bronchial asthma. Intern Med. 39:2000;107
62. Villani F., Comazzi R., De Maria P., Galimberti M. Effect of dietary supplementation with polyunsaturated fatty acids on bronchial hyperreactivity in subjects with seasonal asthma. Respiration. 65:1998;265
63. Anderson S.D., Daviskas E. The mechanism of exercise-induced asthma is. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 106:2000;453
64. Mickleborough TD, Murray RL, Ionescu AA, Lindley MR. Fish oil supplementation reduces severity of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in elite athletes. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003;168:1181
65. Poulter N. Global risk of cardiovascular disease. Heart. 89:(suppl 2):2003;ii2
66. Durstine J.L., Grandjean P.W., Cox C.A., Thompson P.D. Lipids, lipoproteins, and exercise. J Cardiopulm Rehabil. 22:2002;385
67. Fahlman M.M., Boardley D., Lambert C.P., Flynn M.G. Effects of endurance training and resistance training on plasma lipoprotein profiles in elderly women. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 57:2002;B54
68. Kuusi T., Kostiainen E., Vartiainen E., et al. Acute effects of marathon running on levels of serum lipoproteins and androgenic hormones in healthy males. Metabolism. 33:1984;527
69. Herrmann W., Biermann J., Kostner G.M. Comparison of effects of n-3 to n-6 fatty acids on serum level of lipoprotein(a) in patients with coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol. 76:1995;459
70. Harris W.S. Dietary fish oil and blood lipids. Curr Opin Lipidol. 7:1996;3
71. Harris W.S. N-3 fatty acids and lipoproteins comparison of results from human and animal studies. Lipids. 31:1996;243
72. Jen K.L., Buison A., Pellizzon M., Ordiz F. Jr, Santa Ana L., Brown J. Differential effects of fatty acids and exercise on body weight regulation and metabolism in female wistar rats. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 228:2003;843
73. Pellizzon M., Buison A., Ordiz F. Jr, Santa Ana L., Jen K.L. Effects of dietary fatty acids and exercise on body-weight regulation and metabolism in rats. Obes Res. 10:2002;947
74. Trimmer J.K., Schwarz J.M., Casazza G.A., Horning M.A., Rodriguez N., Brooks G.A. Measurement of gluconeogenesis in exercising men by mass isotopomer distribution analysis. J Appl Physiol. 93:2002;233
75. Coggan A.R., Kohrt W.M., Spina R.J., Bier D.M., Holloszy J.O. Endurance training decreases plasma glucose turnover and oxidation during moderate-intensity exercise in man. J Appl Physiol. 68:1990;990
76. Puhakainen I., Ahola I., Yki-Jarvinen H. Dietary supplementation with n-3 fatty acids increases gluconeogenesis from glycerol but not hepatic glucose production in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Am J Clin Nutr. 61:1995;121
77. Delarue J., Labarthe F., Cohen R. Fish-oil supplementation reduces stimulation of plasma glucose fluxes during exercise in untrained males. Br J Nutr. 90:2003;777
78. Kelley D.S., Simon V.A., Taylor P.C., et al. Dietary supplementation with conjugated linoleic acid increased its concentration in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, but did not alter their function. Lipids. 36:2001;669
79. Azain M.J., Hausman D.B., Sisk M.B., Flatt W.P., Jewell D.E. Dietary conjugated linoleic acid reduces rat adipose tissue cell size rather than cell number. J Nutr. 130:2000;1548
80. DeLany J.P., Blohm F., Truett A.A., Scimeca J.A., West D.B. Conjugated linoleic acid rapidly reduces body fat content in mice without affecting energy intake. Am J Physiol. 276:(pt 2):1999;R1172
81. West D.B., Blohm F.Y., Truett A.A., DeLany J.P. Conjugated linoleic acid persistently increases total energy expenditure in Akr/J mice without increasing uncoupling protein gene expression. J Nutr. 130:2000;2471
82. West D.B., Delany J.P., Camet P.M., Blohm F., Truett A.A., Scimeca J. Effects of conjugated linoleic acid on body fat and energy metabolism in the mouse. Am J Physiol. 275:(pt 2):1998;R667
83. Sisk M.B., Hausman D.B., Martin R.J., Azain M.J. Dietary conjugated linoleic acid reduces adiposity in lean but not obese Zucker rats. J Nutr. 131:2001;1668
84. Blankson H., Stakkestad J.A., Fagertun H., Thom E., Wadstein J., Gudmundsen O. Conjugated linoleic acid reduces body fat mass in overweight and obese humans. J Nutr. 130:2000;2943
85. Zambell K.L., Keim L., Van Loan M.D., et al. Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation in humans effects on body composition and energy expenditure. Lipids. 35:2000;777
86. Thom E., Wadstein J., Gudmundsen O. Conjugated linoleic acid reduces body fat in healthy exercising humans. J Int Med Res. 29:2001;392
87. Kreider R.B., Ferreira M.P., Greenwood M., Wilson M., Almada A.L. Effects of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation during resistance training on body composition, bone density, strength, and selected hematological markers. J Strength Cond Res. 16:2002;325
88. Larsen T.M., Toubro S., Astrup A. Efficacy and safety of dietary supplements containing CLA for the treatment of obesity evidence from animal and human studies. J Lipid Res. 44:2003;2234
89. Kaunitz H., Slanetz C.A., Johnson R.E., Babayan V.K., Barsky G. Relation of saturated, medium- and long-chain triglycerides to growth, appetite, thirst and weight maintenance requirements. J Nutr. 64:1958;513
90. Hashim S.A., Arteaga A., Van Itallie T.B. Effect of a saturated medium-chain triglyceride on serum-lipids in man. Lancet. 1:1960;1105
91. Bach A.C., Ingenbleek Y., Frey A. The usefulness of dietary medium-chain triglycerides in body weight control fact or fancy? J Lipid Res. 37:1996;708
92. Bach A.C., Babayan V.K. Medium-chain triglycerides an update. Am J Clin Nutr. 36:1982;950
93. Bach A.C., Frey A., Lutz O. Clinical and experimental effects of medium-chain-triglyceride-based fat emulsions a review. Clin Nutr. 8:1989;223
94. Bach A.C., Storck D., Meraihi Z. Medium-chain triglyceride-based fat emulsions an alternative energy supply in stress and sepsis. JPEN. 12:1988;82S
95. Harkins R.W., Longenecker J.B., Sarett H.P. The effect of the type and level of dietary fat on gastric retention in rats. Gastroenterology. 47:1964;65
96. Hunt J.N., Knox M.T. A relation between the chain length of fatty acids and the slowing of gastric emptying. J Physiol. 194:1968;327
97. Chow B.P.C., Sgaffer E.A., Parsons H.G. Absorption of triglycerides in the absence of lipase. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 68:1990;519
98. Saggerson E.D., Carpenter C.A. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase and carnitine octanoyltransferase activities in liver, kidney cortex, adipocyte, lactating mammary gland, skeletal muscle and heart. FEBS Lett. 129:1981;229
99. Jong-Yeon K., Hickner R.C., Dohm G.L., Houmard J.A. Long- and medium-chain fatty acid oxidation is increased in exercise-trained human skeletal muscle. Metabolism. 51:2002;460
100. Eckel R.H., Hanson A.S., Chen A.Y., Berman J.N., Yost T.J., Brass E.P. Dietary substitution of medium-chain triglycerides improves insulin-mediated glucose metabolism in NIDDM subjects. Diabetes. 41:1992;641
101. Decombaz J., Arnaud M.-J., Milon H., et al. Energy metabolism of medium chain triglycerides versus carbohydrate during exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol. 52:1983;9
102. Massicotte D., Peronnet F., Brisson G.R., Hillaire-Marcel C. Oxidation of exogenous medium-chain free fatty acids during prolonged exercise - comparison with glucose. J Appl Physiol. 73:1992;1334
103. Horowitz J.F., Mora-Rodriguez R., Byerley L.O., Coyle E.F. Preexercise medium-chain triglyceride ingestion does not alter muscle glycogen use during exercise. J Appl Physiol. 88:2000;219
104. Sidossis L.S., Gastaldelli A., Klein S., Wolfe R.R. Regulation of plasma fatty acid oxidation during low- and high-intensity exercise. Am J Physiol. 272:1997;E1065
105. Hawley J.A., Dennis S.C., Noakes T.D. Oxidation of carbohydrate ingested during prolonged endurance exercise. Sports Med. 14:1992;27
106. Jeukendrup A.E., Jentjens R. Oxidation of carbohydrate feedings during prolonged exercise current thoughts, guidelines and directions for future research. Sports Med. 29:2000;407
107. Jeukendrup AE. Carbohydrate intake and exercise performance. Nutrition 2004(in press)
108. Beckers E.J., Jeukendrup A.E., Brouns F., Wagenmakers A.J., Saris W.H. Gastric emptying of carbohydrate-medium chain triglyceride suspensions at rest. Int J Sports Med. 13:1992;581
109. Jeukendrup A.E., Saris W.H.M., Schrauwen P., Brouns F., Wagenmakers A.J.M. Metabolic availability of medium chain triglycerides co-ingested with carbohydrates during prolonged exercise. J Appl Physiol. 79:1995;756
110. Jeukendrup A.E., Wagenmakers A.J.M., Brouns F., Halliday D., Saris W.H.M. Effects of carbohydrate (CHO) and fat supplementation on cho metabolism during prolonged exercise. Metabolism. 45:1996;915
111. Jeukendrup A.E., Saris W.H.M., Van Diesen R., Brouns F., Wagenmakers A.J.M. Effect of endogenous carbohydrate availability on oral medium-chain triglyceride oxidation during prolonged exercise. J Appl Physiol. 80:1996;949
112. Van Zeyl C.G., Lambert E.V., Hawley J.A., Noakes T.D., Dennis S.C. Effects of medium-chain triglyceride ingestion on carbohydrate metabolism and cycling performance. J Appl Physiol. 80:1996;2217
113. Goedecke J.H., Elmer-English R., Dennis S.C., Schloss I., Noakes T.D., Lambert E.V. Effects of medium chain triacylglycerol ingested with carbohydrate on metabolism and exercise performance. Int J Sports Nutr. 9:1999;35
114. Jeukendrup A.E., Thielen J.J.H.C., Wagenmakers A.J.M., Brouns F., Saris W.H.M. Effect of MCT and carbohydrate ingestion on substrate utilization and cycling performance. Am J Clin Nutr. 67:1998;397
115. Angus D.J., Hargreaves M., Dancey J., Febbraio M.A. Effect of carbohydrate or carbohydrate plus medium-chain triglyceride ingestion on cycling time trial performance. J Appl Physiol. 88:2000;113
116. Vistisen B., Nybo L., Xu X., Hoy C.E., Kiens B. Minor amounts of plasma medium-chain fatty acids and no improved time trial performance after consuming lipids. J Appl Physiol. 95:2003;2434
117. Misell L.M., Lagomarcino N.D., Schuster V., Kern M. Chronic medium-chain triacylglycerol consumption and endurance performance in trained runners. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 41:2001;210
118. Harkins R.W., Sarett H.P. Nutritional evaluation of medium-chain triglycerides in the rat. J Am Oil Chem Soc. 45:1968;26
119. Hwang S.G., Yano H., Kawashima R. Influence of dietary medium- and long-chain triglycerides on fat deposition and lipogenic enzyme activities in rats. J Am Coll Nutr. 12:1993;643
120. Bray G.A., Lee M., Bray T.L. Weight gain of rats fed medium-chain triglycerides is less than rats fed long-chain triglycerides. Int J Obes. 4:1980;27
121. Geliebter A., Torbay N., Bracco E.F., Hashim S.A., van Itallie T.B. Overfeeding with medium-chain triglyceride diet results in diminished deposition of fat. Am J Clin Nutr. 37:1983;1
122. Bendixen H., Flint A., Raben A., et al. Effect of 3 modified fats and a conventional fat on appetite, energy intake, energy expenditure, and substrate oxidation in healthy men. Am J Clin Nutr. 75:2002;47
123. Dulloo A.G., Fathi M., Mensi N., Girardier L. Twenty-four-hour energy expenditure and urinary catecholamines of humans consuming low-to-moderate amounts of medium-chain triglycerides a dose-response study in a human respiratory chamber. Eur J Clin Nutr. 50:1996;152
124. Hill J.O., Peters J.C., Yang D., et al. Thermogenesis in humans during overfeeding with medium-chain triglycerides. Metabolism. 38:1989;641
125. Scalfi L., Coltorti A., Contaldo F. Postprandial thermogenesis in lean and obese subjects after meals supplemented with medium-chain and long-chain triglycerides. Am J Clin Nutr. 53:1991;1130
126. Seaton T.B., Welle S.L., Warenko M.K., Campbell R.G. Thermic effect of medium-chain and long-chain triglycerides in man. Am J Clin Nutr. 44:1986;630
127. St-Onge M.P., Jones P.J. Greater rise in fat oxidation with medium-chain triglyceride consumption relative to long-chain triglyceride is associated with lower initial body weight and greater loss of subcutaneous adipose tissue. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 27:2003;1565
128. St-Onge M.P., Ross R., Parsons W.D., Jones P.J. Medium-chain triglycerides increase energy expenditure and decrease adiposity in overweight men. Obes Res. 11:2003;395
129. White M.D., Papamandjaris A.A., Jones P.J. Enhanced postprandial energy expenditure with medium-chain fatty acid feeding is attenuated after 14 d in premenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr. 69:1999;883
130. Van Wymelbeke V., Himaya A., Louis-Sylvestre J., Fantino M. Influence of medium-chain and long-chain triacylglycerols on the control of food intake in men. Am J Clin Nutr. 68:1998;226