Liposomal nanocapsules in food science and agriculture

Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition

Volumn 45, Issue 7-8, 2005, Pages 587-605

  Taylor, T Matthew ^a   Davidson, P Michael ^a   Bruce, Barry D ^a   Weiss, Jochen ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TENNESSEE   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS   (United States)

Author keywords

Delivery; Encapsulation; Food; Liposomes; Nanoparticles; Vesicles

Indexed keywords

LIPOSOME;

FOOD HANDLING; FOOD INDUSTRY; HUMAN; METHODOLOGY; MICROCAPSULE; PARTICLE SIZE; REVIEW;

CAPSULES; FOOD TECHNOLOGY; FOOD-PROCESSING INDUSTRY; HUMANS; LIPOSOMES; PARTICLE SIZE;

EUKARYOTA; PROKARYOTA;

EID: 29344440508     PISSN: 10408398     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10408390591001135     Document Type: Review

References (136)

1. Akhtar, S., Hughes, M.D., Khan, A., Bibby, M., Hussain, M., Nawaz, Q., Double, J., and Sayyed, P. 2000. The delivery of antisense therapeutics. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 44:3-21.
2. Alberts, B., Johnson, A., Lewis, J., Raff, M., Roberts, K., and Walter, P. 2002. Manipulating Proteins, DNA, and RNA. In Molecular Biology of the Cell, pp. 469-546. Garland Science, New York, NY.
3. Alkhalaf, W., Piard, J.-C., El Soda, M., Gripon, J.-C., Desmazeaud, M., and Vassal, L. 1988. Liposomes as proteinase carriers for the accelerated ripening of Saint-Paulin type cheese. Journal of Food Science, 53:1674-1679.
4. Allen, C., Dos Santos, N., Gallagher, R., Chiu, G.N.C., Shu, Y., Li, W.M., Johnstone, S.A., Janoff, A.S., Mayer, L.D., Webb, M.S., and Bally, M.B. 2002. Controlling the physical behavior and biological performance of liposome formulations through use of surface grafted poly(ethylene glycol). Bioscience Reports, 22:225-250.
5. Allen, T.M., and Cleland, L.G. 1980. Serum-induced leakage of liposome contents. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 597:418-426.
6. Amalou, Z., Gibrat, R., Brugidou, C., Trouslot, P., and d'Auzac, J. 1992. Evidence for an amiloride-inhibited Mg2+/2H+ antiporter in lutoid (vacuolar) vesicles from latex ofHevea brasiliensis. Plant Physiology, 100: 255-260.
7. + antiporter of the lutoid tonoplast from Hevea brasiliensis latex. Plant Physiology, 106:79-85.
8. Bangham, A.D., Hill, M.W., and Miller, N.G.A. 1974. In Methods in Membrane Biology, pp. 1-68. Korn, Plenum Press, New York, NY.
9. Banville, C., Vuillemard, J.-C., and Lacroix, C. 2000. Comparison of different methods for fortifying Cheddar cheese with vitamin D. International Dairy Journal, 10:375-382.
10. Barenholz, Y., Gibbes, D., Litman, B.J., Goll, J., Thompson, T.E., and Carlson, F.D. 1977. A simple method for the preparation of homogenous phospholipid vesicles. Biochemistry 16:2806-2810.
11. Barnadas-Rodríguez, R., and Sabes, M. 2001. Factors involved in the production of liposomes with a high-pressure homogenizer. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 213:175-186.
12. Barnadas-Rodríguez, R., and Xamani, M.S.I. 2003. Liposomes prepared by high pressure homogenizers. Methods in Enzymology, 367:28-45.
13. Benech, R.-O., Kheadr, E.E., Lacroix, C., and Fliss, I. 2002a. Antibacterial activities of nisin Z encapsulated in liposomes or produced in situ by mixed culture during cheddar cheese ripening. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 68:5607-5619.
14. Benech, R.-O., Kheadr, E.E., Laridi, R., Lacroix, C., and Fliss, I. 2002b. Inhibition of L. innocua in cheddar cheese by addition of nisin Z in liposomes or by in situ production in mixed culture. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 68:3683-3690.
15. Bertoluzza, A., Bonora, S., Fini, G., and Morelli, M.A. 1999. Effects of the herbicide prometryn on the physicochemical properties of artificial model membranes. Pesticide Science, 55: 147-153.
16. Biltonen, R.L., and Lichtenberg, D. 1993. The use of differential scanning calorimetry as a tool to characterize liposome preparations. Chemistry and Physics of Lipids, 64:129-142.
17. Blumenthal A., Kahn, K., Beja, O., Calun, E., Colombini, M., and Breiman, A. 1993. Purification and characterization of the voltage-dependant anionselective channel protein from wheat mitochondrial membranes. Plant Physiology, 101:579-587.
18. Boguslavsky, V., Hruby, V.J., O'Brien, D.F., Misicka, A., and Lipkowski, A.W. 2003. Effect of peptide conformation on membrane permeability. Journal of Peptide Research, 61:287-297.
19. Brandi, M., Drechsler, M., Bachmann, D., Tardi, C., Schmidtgen, M., and Bauer, K.-H. 1998. Preparation and characterization of semi-solid phospholipid dispersions and dilutions thereof. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 170:187-199.
20. Breukink, E., Ganz, P., de Kruijff, B., and Seelig, J. 2000. Binding of nisin Z to bilayer vesicles as determined with isotherm titration calorimetry. Biochemistry, 39: 10247-10254.
21. Cabanes, A., Reig, F., Garcia-Anton, J.M., and Arboix, M. 1998. Evaluation of free and liposome-encapsulated gentamycin for intramuscular sustained release in rabbits. Research in Veterinary Science, 64:213-217.
22. Caffrey, M., and Hogan, J. 1992. LIPIDAT: A database of lipid phase transition temperatures and enthalpy changes. DMPC data subset analysis. Chemistry and Physics of Lipids, 61:1-109.
23. Campbell, R.B., Balasubramanian, S.V., and Straubinger, R.M. 2001a. Influence of cationic lipids on the stability and membrane properties of paclitaxel-containing liposomes. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 90:1091-1105.
24. Campbell, R.B., Fukumura, D., Brown, E.B., Mazzola, L.M., Izumi, Y., Jain, R.K., Torchilin V.P., and Munn, L.L. 2002. Cationic charge determines the distribution of liposomes between the vascular and extravascular compartments of tumors. Cancer Research, 62:6831-6836.
25. Cevc, G., Blumeb, G., Schtitzlein, A., Gebauer, D., and Paul, A. 1996. The skin: A pathway for systemic treatment with patches and lipid-based agent carriers. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 18:349-378.
26. Chang, H.-M., Lee, Y.-C., Chen, C.C., and Tu, Y.-Y. 2001. Microencapsulation protects immunoglobulin in yolk (IgY) specific against Helicobacter pylori. Journal of Food Science, 67:15-20.
27. Chen, D., Cole, D.L., and Srivatsa, G.S. 2000. Determination of free and encapsulated oligonucleotides in liposomes formulated drug product. Journal of Pharmacology and Biomedical Analysis, 22:791-801.
28. Chen, H., and Langer, R. 1998. Oral particulate delivery: Status and future trends. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 34:339-350.
29. Chicano, J.J., Oitiz, A., Teruel, J.A., and Aranada, F.J. 2002. Organotin compounds promote the formation of non-lamellar phases in phosphatidylethanolamine membranes. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1558:70-81.
30. Chonn, A., and Cullis, P.R. 1998. Recent advances in liposome technologies and their applications for systemic gene delivery. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 30: 73-83.
31. Connor, J., and Huang, L. 1985. Efficient cytoplasmic delivery of a fluorescent dye by pH- sensitive immunoliposomes. Journal of Cell Biology, 101:582-589.
32. Degnan A.J., and Luchansky, J.B. 1992. Influence of beef tallow and muscle on the antilisterial activity of pediocin AcH and liposome-encapsulated pediocin AcH. Journal of Food Protection, 55:552-554.
33. Demel, R.A., Dorrepaal, E., Ebskamp, M.J.M., Smeekens, J.C.M., and de Kruijff, B. 1998. Fructans interact strongly with model membranes. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1375:36-42.
34. El-Aneed, A. 2004. An overview of current delivery systems in cancer gene therapy Journal of Controlled Release, 94:1-14.
35. El Jastimi, R., Edwards, K., and Lafleur, M. 1999. Characterization of permeability and morphological perturbations induced by nisin on phosphatidylcholine membranes. Biophysical Journal, 77:842-852.
36. + channel protein. Plant Physiology, 108:1725-1734.
37. Fattal, E., Couvreur, P., and Dubernet, C. 2004. "Smart" delivery of antisense oligonucleotides by anionic pH-sensitive liposomes. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, In Press:
38. Foldvari, M., Baca-Estrada, M.E., He, Z.H., Hu, J.P., Attah-Poku, S., and King, M. 1999. Dermal and transdermal delivery of protein pharmaceuticals: Lipid-based delivery systems for interferon-a. Biotechnology and Applied Biochemistry, 30:129-137.
39. Forssen, E., and Willis, M. 1998. Ligand-targeting liposomes. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 29:249-271.
40. Genchi, G., Ponzone, C., Bisaccia, F., De Santis, A., Stefanizzi, L., and Palmieri, F. 1996. Purification and characterization of the reconstitutively active adenine nucleotide carrier from maize mitochondria. Plant Physiology, 112:845-851.
41. Genchi, G., Spagnoletta, A., De Santis, A., Stefanizzi, L., and Palmieri, F. 1999. Purification and characterization of the reconstitutively active citrate carrier from maize mitochondria. Plant Physiology, 120:841-847.
42. Gerasimov, O.V., Boomer, J.A., Quails, M.M., and Thompson, D.H. 1999. Cytosolic drug delivery using pH- and light-sensitive liposomes. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 38:317-338.
43. Gibbs, B.F., Kermasha, S., Alii, I., and Mulligan, C.N. 1999. Encapsulation in the food industry: A review. International Journal of Food Science and Nutrition, 50:213-224.
44. Gonzalez-Baro, M.R., Garda, H., and Pollero, R. 1997. Effect of fenitrothion on hepatopancreas microsomal membrane fluidity in Macrobrachium borelli. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 58:133-143.
45. Gregoriadis, G., Bacon, A., Caparros-Wanderley, W., and McCormack, B. 2003. Plasmid DNA vaccines: Entrapment into liposomes by dehydration- rehydration. Methods in Enzymology, 367:70-80.
46. Hanning, I., Baumgarten, K., Schott, K., and Heldt, H.W. 1999. Oxaloacetate transport into plant mitochondria. Plant Physiology, 119:1025-1031.
47. Hara, M., Terashima, S., Fukaya, T., and Kuboi, T. 2003. Enhancement of cold tolerance and inhibition of lipid peroxidation by citrus dehydrin in transgenic tobacco. Planta, 217:290-298.
48. Hashida, M., Nishikawa, M., Yamashita, F., and Takakura, Y. 2001. Cell-specific delivery of genes with glycosylated carriers. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 52:187-196.
49. Hayashi, H., Kono, K., and Takagishi, T. 1996. Temperature-controlled release property of phospholipid vesicles bearing a thermo-sensitive polymer. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1280:127-134.
50. Heurtault, B., Saulnier, P., Pech, B., Benoit, J.P., and Proust, J.E. 2003. Interfacial stability of lipid nanocapsules. Colloids and Surfaces B-Biointerfaces, 30:225-235.
51. Hincha, D.K. 2003. Effects of calcium-induced aggregation on the physical stability of liposomes containing plant glycolipids. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1611:180-186.
52. Hincha, D.K., Hellwege, E.M., Heyer, A.G., and Crowe, J.H. 2000. Plant fructans stabilize phosphatidylcholine liposomes during freeze-drying. European Journal of Biochemistry, 267:535-540.
53. Hincha, D.K., Zuther, E., and Heyer, A.G. 2003. The preservation of liposomes by raffinose family oligosaccharides during drying is mediated by effects on fusion and lipid phase transitions. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1612:172-177.
54. Hope, M.J., Bally, M.B., Mayer, L.D., Janoff, A.S., and Cullis, P.R. 1986. Generation of multilamellar and unilamellar phospholipid vesicles. Chemistry and Physics of Lipids, 40:89-107.
55. Hope, M.J., Bally, M.B., Webb, G., and Cullis, P.R. 1985. Production of large unilamellar vesicles by a rapid extrusion procedure. Characterization of size distribution, trapped volume and ability to maintain a membrane potential. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 812:55-65.
56. Hsieh, Y.-F., Chen, T.-L., Wang, Y.-T., Chang, J.-H., and Chang, H.-M. 2002. Properties of liposomes prepared with various lipids. Journal of Food Science, 67:2808-2813.
57. Huang, S.-W., Saute-Gracia, M.T., Frankel, E.N., and German, J.B. 1999. Effect of Lactoferrin on oxidative stability of corn oil emulsions and liposomes. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 47:1356-1361.
58. Jung, B.H., Chung S.J., and Shim, C.K. 2002. Proliposomes as prolonged intranasal drug delivery systems. Stp Pharma Sciences, 12:33-38.
59. Kadir, F., Eling, W.M.C., Crommelin, D.J.A., and Zuidema, J. 1992. Kinetics and prophylactic efficiency of increasing dosages of liposome-encapsulated chloroquine after intramuscular injection into mice. Journal of Controlled Release, 20:47-54.
60. Kaneda, Y. 2000. Virosomes: Evolution of the liposome as a targeted drug delivery system. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 43: 197-205.
61. Kheadr, E.E., Vuillemard, J.-C., and El-Deeb, S.A. 2002. Acceleration of Cheddar cheese lipolysis by using liposome-entrapped Upases. Journal of Food Science, 67:485-492.
62. Kirby, C. J. 1991. Microencapsulation and controlled delivery of food ingredients. Food Science, and Technology Today, 5:74-78.
63. Kirby, C.J., Brooker, B.E., and Law, B.A. 1987. Accelerated ripening of cheese using liposome-encapsulated enzyme. International Journal of Food Science and Technology, 22:355-375.
64. Kirby, C.J., and Gregoriadis, G. 1984. Dehydration-rehydration vesicles - a simple method for high-yield drug entrapment in liposomes. Biotechnology, 2:979-984.
65. Kirby, C.J., Whittle, C.J., Rigby, N., Coxon, D.T., and Law, B.A. 1991. Stabilization of ascorbic acid by microencapsulation in liposomes. International Journal of Food Science and Technology, 26:437-449.
66. Kitano, H., Akatsuka, Y., and Ise, N. 1991. pH-responsive liposomes which contain amphiphiles prepared by using lipophilic radical initiator. Macromolecules, 24:42-46.
67. Koag, M.-C., Fenton, R.D., Wilkens, S., and Close, T.J. 2003. The binding of maize DHN1 to lipid vesicles: Gain of structure and lipid specificity. Plant Physiology, 131:309-316.
68. Kono, K. 2001. Thermosensitive polymer-modified liposomes. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 53:307-319.
69. Kono, K., Nakai, R., Morimoto, K., and Takagishi, T. 1999. Thermosensitive polymer- modified liposomes that release contents around physiological temperature. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1416:239-250.
70. Koynova, R. 1997. Liquid crystalline phase metastability of phosphatidylglycerols. Chemistry and Physics of Lipids, 89:67-73.
71. Koynova, R., and Caffrey, M. 1994a. Phases and phase transitions of the glycoglycerolipids. Chemistry and Physics of Lipids, 69:181-207.
72. Koynova, R., and Caffrey, M. 1994b. Phases and phase transitions of the hydrated phosphatidylethanolamines. Chemistry and Physics of Lipids, 69:1-34.
73. Koynova, R., and Caffrey, M. 1995. Phases and phase transitions of the sphingolipids. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Lipids and Lipid Metabolism, 1255:213-236.
74. Koynova, R., and Caffrey, M. 1998. Phases and phase transitions of the phosphatidylcholines. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Reviews on Biomembranes, 1376:91-145.
75. Kunisawa, J., Nakagawa, S., and Mayumi, T. 2001. Pharmacotherapy by intracellular delivery of drugs using fusogenic liposomes: Application to vaccine development. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 52:177-186.
76. Lamprecht, A., Ubrich, N., Hombreiro Perez, M., Lehr, C.-M., Hoffman, M., and Maincent, P.I 999. Biodegradable monodispersed nanoparticles prepared by pressure homogenization-emulsification. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 184:97-105.
77. Laridi, R., Kheadr, E.E., Benech, R.-O., Vuillemard, J.C., Lacroix, C., and Fliss, I. 2003. Liposome encapsulated nisin Z: Optimization, stability, and release during milk fermentation. International Dairy Journal, 13:325-336.
78. Lasch, J., Weissig, V., and Brandl, M. 2003. Preparation of Liposomes. In Liposomes: A Practical Approach, pp. 3-30. Torchilin and Weissig, Oxford University Press, New York, NY.
79. Lasic, D.D. 1990. On the Thermodynamic Stability of Liposomes. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 140:302-304.
80. Lasic, D.D. 1998. Novel applications of liposomes. Trends in Biotechnology, 16:307-321.
81. Law, B.A., and King, J.S. 1985. Use of liposomes for proteinase addition to Cheddar cheese. Journal of Dairy Research, 52:183-188.
82. Law, B.A., and Wigmore, A.S. 1982. Accelerated cheese ripening with food grade proteinases. Journal of Dairy Research, 49:137-146.
83. Law, B.A., and Wigmore, A.S. 1983. Accelerated ripening of Cheddar cheese with a commercial proteinase and intracellular enzymes from starter streptococci. Journal of Dairy Research, 50:519-525.
84. psph, from the plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. Phaesolicola binds to lipid bilayers and forms an ion-conducting pore in vitm. Proceedings of th National Academy of Sciences, USA, 98:289-294.
85. Lee, S.-C., Yuk, H.-G., Lee, D.-H., Lee, K.-E., Ludescher, Y.-I., and Ludescher, R.D. 2002a. Stabilization of retinol through incorporation into liposomes. Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 35:358-363.
86. Lee, S.K., Han, J.H., and Decker, E.A. 2002b. Antioxidant activity of phosvitin in phosphatidylcholine liposomes and meat model systems. Journal of Food Science, 67:37-41.
87. Lofthouse, S. 2002. Immunological aspects of controlled antigen delivery. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 54:863-870.
88. Longworth, K.E., Jarvis, K.A., Tyler, W.S., Steffey, E.P., and Staub, N.C. 1994. Pulmonary intravascular macrophages in horses and ponies. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 55:382-388.
89. Makino, K., Yamada, T., Kimura, M., Oka, T., Ohshima, H., and Kondo, T. 1991. Temperature-Induced and Ionic Strength-Induced Conformational-Changes in the Lipid Head Group Region of Liposomes as Suggested by Zeta-Potential Data. Biophysical Chemistry, 41:175-183.
90. Marelja, S., and Wolfe, J. 1979. Properties of bilayer membranes in the phase transition or phase separation region. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 557:24-31.
91. Mason, J.T., Huang, C.-H., and Biltonen, R.L. 1983. Effect of liposomal size on the calorimetric behavior of mixed-chain phosphatidylcholine bilayer dispersions. Biochemistry, 22:2013-2018.
92. Matsuzaki, M., McCafferty, F., and Karel, M. 1989. The effect of cholesterol content of phospholipid vesicles on the encapsulation and acid resistance of B-galactosidase from E. coli. International Journal of Food Science and Technology, 24:451-460.
93. Meers, P. 2001. Enzyme-activated targeting of liposomes. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 53:265-272.
94. Milsmann, M.H. W., Schwendener, R. A., and Weder, H.-G. 1978. The preparation of large single bilayer liposomes by a fast and controlled dialysis. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 512:147-155.
95. Mui, B., Chow, L., and Hope MJ. 2003. Extrusion technique to generate liposomes of defined size. Methods in Enzymology, 367:3-14.
96. New, R.R.C. 1990a. Preparation of Liposomes. In Liposomes: A Practical Approach, pp. 33-104. New, Oxford University Press, New York, NY.
97. New, R.R.C. 1990b. Introduction. In Liposomes: A Practical Approach, pp. 1-32. New, Oxford University Press, New York, NY.
98. Olson, F., Hunt, C.A., Szoka, F.C., Vail, W.J., and Papahadjopoulos, D. 1979. Preparation of liposomes of defined size distribution by extrusion through polycarbonate membranes. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 557:9-23.
99. Papahadjopoulos, D., and Watkins, J.C. 1967. Phospholipid model membranes. II. Permeability properties of hydrated liquid crystals. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 135:639-652.
100. Parente, R.A., and Lentz, B.R. 1984. Phase behavior of large unilamellar vesicles 12 composed of synthetic phospholipids. Biochemistry, 23:2353-2362.
101. Payne, N.I., Browning, I., and Hynes, C.A. 1986a. Characterization of proliposomes. Journal of Pharmcological Science, 75:330-333.
102. Payne, N.I., Timmins, P., Ambrose, C.V., Ward, M.D., and Ridgway, F. 1986b. Proliposomes: a novel solution to an old problem. Journal of Pharmacological Science, 75: 325-329.
103. Picon, A., Gaya, P., Medina, M., and Nunez, M. 1994. The effect of liposome encapsulation of chymosin derived from fermentation on Manchego cheese ripening. Journal of Dairy Science, 77:16-23.
104. Picon, A., Gaya, P., Medina, M., and Nunez, M. 1997. Proteninases encapsulated in stimulated release liposomes for cheese ripening. Biotechnology Letters, 19:345-348.
105. Pinnaduwage, A., and Bruce, B.D. 1996. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 271: 32907-32915.
106. Posch, M., Rakusch, U., Mollay, C., and Laggner, P. 1983. Cooperative effects in the interaction between melittin and phosphatidylcholine model membranes. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 258:1761-1766.
107. Qiu, R., and MacDonald, R.C. 1994. A metastable state of high surface activity produced by sonication of phospholipids. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1191: 343-353.
108. Ramalingam, T.S., Das, P.K., and Fodder, S.K. 1994. Ricin-membrane interactions: membrane penetration depth by fluorescence quenching and resonance energy transfer. Biochemistry, 33:12247-12254.
109. Rao, D.R., Chawan, C.B., and Veeramachaneni, R. 1995. Liposomal encapsulation of B- galactosidase: comparison of two methods of encapsulation and in vitm lactose digestibility. Journal of Food Biochemistry, 18:239-251.
110. Reineccius, G.A. 1995. Liposomes for controlled release in the food industry.In Encapsulation and Controlled Release of Food Ingredients, pp. 113-131. S.J. Risch, American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C.
111. Rodriguez-Nogales, J.M. 2004. Kinetic behavior and stability of glucose oxidase entrapped in liposomes. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, 79:72-78.
112. Schreier, H., and Sawyer, S.M. 1996. Liposomal DNA vectors for cystic fibrosis gene therapy. Current applications, limitations, and future directions. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 19:73-87.
113. Schubert, R. 2003. Liposome preparation by detergent removal. Methods in Enzymology, 367:46-69.
114. Schiinemann, D., Borchert, S., Flugge, U.-I., and Heldt, H.W. 1993. ADP/ATP translocator from pea root plastids. Plant Physiology, 103:131-137.
115. Sharma, A., and Sharma, U.S. 1997. Liposomes in drug delivery: progress and limitations. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 154:123-140.
116. Shi, Z., Curiel, D.T., and Tang, D.-C. 1999. DNA-based non-invasive vaccination onto the skin. Vaccine, 17:2136-2141.
117. Shum, P., Kim, J.M., and Thompson, D.H. 2001. Phototriggering of liposomal drug delivery systems. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 53:273-284.
118. Storm, G., Vingerhoeds, M.H., Crommelin, D.J.A., and Haismab, H.J. 1997. Immunoliposomes bearing enzymes (immuno-enzymosomes) for site-specific activation of anticancer prodrugs. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 24:225-231.
119. Suwalsky, M., Ramos, P., Villena, F., Cardenas, H., Norris, B., Cuevas, F., and Sotomayer C.P. 2001. The organophosphorous insecticide parathion changes properties of natural and model membranes. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 70:74-85.
120. Szoka, F.C., and Papahadjopoulos, D. 1978. Procedure for preparation of liposomes with large internal aqueous space and high capture by reverse-phase evaporation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences-USA, 75:4194-4198.
121. Thapon, J.L., and Brule, G. 1986. Effets du pH et de la forme ionize sur raffinit lysozymes-caseines. Le Lait, 66:19-30.
122. Tomczak, M.M., Hincha, D.K., Estrada, S.D., Feeney, R.E., and Crowe, J.H. 2001. Antifreeze proteins differentially affect model membranes during freezing. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1511:255-263.
123. Uemura, M., Cilmour, S.J., Thomashow, M.F., and Steponkus, P.L. 1996. Effects of COR6.6 and COR1Sam polypeptides encoded by COR (cold-regulated) genes of Arabidopsis thaliana on the freeze-mduced fusion and leakage of liposomes. Plant Physiology, 111:313-327.
124. van Busen, D.G.J.L., and Hoekstra, F.A. 1993. Decreased membrane integrity in aging Typha latifolia pollen: accumulation of lysolipids and free fatty acids. Plant Physiology, 101:675-682.
125. Vemuri, S., and Rhodes, C.T. 1995. Preparation and characterization of liposomes as therapeutic delivery systems: a review. Pharmaceutica Acta Helvetiae, 70: 95-111.
126. + transport in reconstituted liposomes. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 277:2413-2418.
127. Videira, R.A., Antunes-Madeira, M.D.C., Custodio, J.B.A., and Madeira, V.M.C. 1995. Partition of DDE in synthetic and native membranes determined by ultraviolet derivative spectroscopy. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1238:22-28.
128. Webb, M.S., Cilmour, S.J., Thomashow, M.F., and Steponkus, P.L. 1996. Effects of COR6.6 and COR1Sam polypeptides encoded by COR (cold-regulated) genes of Arabidopsis thaliana on dehydration-induced phase transitions of phospholipid membranes. Plant Physiology, 111:301-312.
129. Were, L.M., Bruce, B., Davidson, P.M., and Weiss, J. 2004. Encapsulation of nisin and lysozyme in liposomes enhances efficacy against Listeria manocytogenes. J. Food Prot., 67:922-927.
130. Were, L.M., Bruce, B.D., Davidson, P.M., and Weiss, J. 2003. Size, stability, and entrapment efficiency of phospholipid nanocapsules containing polypeptide antimicrobials. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 51:8073-8079.
131. Wetzel, C.M., and McCarty, R.E. 1993a. Aspects of subunit interactions in the chloroplast ATP synthase: II. Characterization of a chloroplast coupling factor I-subunit III complex from spinach thylakoids. Plant Physiology, 102:251-259.
132. Wetzel, C.M., and McCarty, R.E. 1993b. Aspects of subunit interactions in the chloroplast ATP synthase: I. isolation of a chloroplast coupling factor I-subunit III complex from spinach thykaloids. Plant Physiology, 102: 241-249.
133. Wilschut, J., and Hoekstra, D. 1986. Membrane fusion: Lipid vesicles as a model system. Chemistry and Physics of Lipids, 40:145-166.
134. Winterhalter, M., and Lasic, D.D. 1993. Liposome stability and formation: Experimental parameters and theories on the size distribution. Chemistry and Physics of Lipids, 64:35-43.
135. Wolkers, WE, Tetteroo, F.A.A., Alberda, M., and Hoekstra, F.A. 1999. Changed properties of the cytoplasmic matrix associated with desiccation tolerance of dried carrot somatic embryos. An in Situ Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopic study. Plant Physiology, 120:153-163.
136. Yamashita, K., Mimura, T., and Shimazaki, K.I. 2003. Evidence for nucleotidedependant passive FT transport protein in the plasma membrane of barley roots. Plant and Cell Physiology, 44:55-61.