The human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1): New insights into the clinical aspects and molecular pathogenesis of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) and tropical spastic paraparesis/HTLV-associated myelopathy (TSP/HAM)

Microscopy Research and Technique

Volumn 68, Issue 3-4, 2005, Pages 176-196

  Shuh, Maureen ^a   Beilke, Mark ^b  

^a LOYOLA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b TULANE UNIVERSITY HEALTH SCIENCES CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Adult T cell leukemia lymphoma; HTLV 1; HTLV 2; Tax; Tropical spastic paraparesis

Indexed keywords

CYTOLOGY; DIAGNOSIS; DISEASES; T-CELLS; TROPICS;

ADULT T CELL LEUKEMIA/LYMPHOMA; HTLV-2; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS; HUMAN T CELLS; HUMAN T-CELL LEUKEMIA VIRUS TYPE 1; MYELOPATHY; T-CELL LEUKEMIA; TROPICAL SPASTIC; TROPICAL SPASTIC PARAPARESIS;

VIRUSES;

ALPHA INTERFERON; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; ANTIRETROVIRUS AGENT; ARSENIC TRIOXIDE; AZATHIOPRINE; BISPHOSPHONIC ACID DERIVATIVE; CD4 ANTIGEN; CORTICOSTEROID; COTRIMOXAZOLE; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; DNA VACCINE; DOXORUBICIN; GANCICLOVIR; HUMAN MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT; INFLUENZA VACCINE; INTERLEUKIN 2 RECEPTOR; ISONIAZID; LAMIVUDINE; PNEUMOCOCCUS VACCINE; PREDNISONE; PSORALEN; TAX PROTEIN; TUBERCULOSTATIC AGENT; VINCRISTINE; VIRUS PROTEIN; ZIDOVUDINE;

ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME; AFRICA; ALLOGENEIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE; BACTERIAL INFECTION; BONE TUMOR; CANCER ADJUVANT THERAPY; CANCER COMBINATION CHEMOTHERAPY; CANCER IMMUNOTHERAPY; CARIBBEAN ISLANDS; CLINICAL FEATURE; COMORBIDITY; DISEASE CARRIER; ELECTRON MICROSCOPY; ENDEMIC DISEASE; ENZYME IMMUNOASSAY; EPIDEMIC; GENE EXPRESSION; HIGHLY ACTIVE ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS 1; HUMAN T CELL LEUKEMIA VIRUS 1; HUMAN T CELL LEUKEMIA VIRUS 2; HYPERCALCEMIA; IMMUNE RESPONSE; ITALY; JAPAN; NEUROLOGICAL COMPLICATION; NONHUMAN; OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION; PATHOGENESIS; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PUVA; REVIEW; SPASTIC PARAPLEGIA; SPINAL CORD DISEASE; T CELL LEUKEMIA; T CELL LYMPHOMA; TRANSACTIVATION; TROPICAL DISEASE; TUBERCULOSIS; VIRION; VIRUS CELL TRANSFORMATION; VIRUS GENOME; VIRUS INFECTION; VIRUS REPLICATION; WESTERN BLOTTING;

BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); HTLV; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS 1; HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 1; HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 2; PNEUMOCOCCUS;

EID: 28144432332     PISSN: 1059910X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/jemt.20231     Document Type: Review

References (277)

1. Abe Y, Yashiki S, Choi I, Hara K, Matsushima T, Nishimura J, Inaba S, Nawata H, Muta K. 2002. Eradication of virus-infected T-cells in a case of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma by nonmyeloablative peripheral blood stem cell transplantation with conditioning consisting of low-dose total body irradiation and pentostatin. Int J Hematol 76:91-93.
2. Aldovini A, De Rossi A, Feinberg MB, Wong-Staal F, Franchini G. 1986. Molecular analysis of a deletion mutant provirus of type I human T-cell lymphotropic virus: evidence for a doubly spliced x-lor mRNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83:38-42.
3. Alefantis T, Barmak K, Harhaj EW, Grant C, Wigdahl B. 2003. Characterization of a nuclear export signal within the human T cell leukemia virus type I transactivator protein Tax. J Biol Chem 278: 21814-21822.
4. Alexandre C, Verrier B. 1991. Four regulatory elements in the human c-fos promoter mediate transactivation by HTLV-1 Tax protein. Oncogene 6:543-551.
5. Anonymous. 1990. Human T-lymphotropic virus type I screening in volunteer blood donors-United States, 1989. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 39:915,921-924.
6. Anonymous. 1993. Recommendations for counseling persons infected with human T-cell lymphotropic virus, Types I and II. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 42:RR9.
7. Araujo A, Hall WW. 2004. Human T-lymphotropic virus type II and neurological disease. Ann Neurol 56:10-19.
8. Arnulf B, Villemain A, Nicot C, Mordelet E, Charneau P, Kersual J, Zermati Y, Mauviel A, Bazarbachi A, Hermine O. 2002. Human T-cell lymphotropic virus oncoprotein Tax represses TGF-β 1 signaling in human T cells via c-Jun activation: a potential mechanism of HTLV-I leukemogenesis. Blood 100:4129-4138.
9. Arnulf B, Thorel M, Poirot Y, Tamouza R, Boulanger E, Jaccard A, Oksenhendler E, Hermine O, Pique C. 2004. Loss of the ex vivo but not the reinducible CD8+ T-cell response to Tax in human T-cell leukemia virus type 1-infected patients with adult T-cell leukemia/ lymphoma. Leukemia 18:126-132.
10. Astier-Gin T, Portail JP, Londos-Gagliardi D, Moynet D, Blanchard S, Dalibart R, Pouliquen JF, Georges-Courbot MC, Hajjar C, Sainte-Foie S, Guillemain B. 1997. Neutralizing activity and antibody reactivity toward immunogenic regions of the human T cell leukemia virus type I surface glycoprotein in sera of infected patients with different clinical states. J Infect Dis 175:716-719.
11. Azran I, Schavinsky-Khrapunsky Y, Aboud M. 2004. Role of Tax protein in human T-cell leukemia virus type-I leukemogenicity. Retrovirology 1:20.
12. Baeuerle PA, Baltimore D. 1996. NF-κ B: ten years after. Cell 87:13-20.
13. Bangham CR. 2000. The immune response to HTLV-I. Curr Opin Immunol 12:397-402.
14. Bangham CR. 2003a. Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1): persistence and immune control. Int J Hematol 78:297-303.
15. Bangham CR. 2003b. The immune control and cell-to-cell spread of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1. J Gen Virol 84(Pt 12):3177-3189.
16. Bazarbachi A, Soriano V, Pawson R, Vallejo A, Moudgil T, Matutes E, Peries J, Molina A, de The H, Schulz TF, Catovsky D, Gill PS. 1997. Mycosis fungoides and Sezary syndrome are not associated with HTLV-I infection: an international study. Br J Haematol 98:927-933.
17. Beilke M. 1993. Detection of HTLV-I/II antibodies in crchival sera from 1960: New Orleans, Lousiana. Clin Res 41:376a.
18. Beilke MA, In DR, Gravell M, Hamilton RS, Mora CA, Leon-Monzon M, Rodgers-Johnson PE, Gajdusek DC, Gibbs CJ, Jr, Zaninovic V. 1991. In situ hybridization detection of HTLV-I RNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of TSP/HAM patients and their spouses. J Med Virol 33:64-71.
19. Beilke MA, Traina-Dorge V, England JD, Blanchard JL. 1996. Polymyositis, arthritis, and uveitis in a macaque experimentally infected with human T lymphotropic virus type I. Arthritis Rheum 39:610-615.
20. Beilke MA, Japa S, Vinson DG. 1998. HTLV-I and HTLV-II virus expression increase with HIV-1 coinfection. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 17:391-397.
21. Beilke MA, Theall KP, O'Brien M, Clayton JL, Benjamin SM, Winsor EL, Kissinger PJ. 2004. Clinical outcomes and disease progression among patients coinfected with HIV and human T lymphotropic virus types 1 and 2. Clin Infect Dis 39:256-263.
22. Beraud C, Sun SC, Ganchi P, Ballard DW, Greene WC. 1994. Human T-cell leukemia virus type I Tax associates with and is negatively regulated by the NF-κ B2 p100 gene product: implications for viral latency. Mol Cell Biol 14:1374-1382.
23. Berger JR, Svenningsson A, Raffanti S, Resnick L. 1991. Tropical spastic paraparesis-like illness occurring in a patient dually infected with HIV-1 and HTLV-II. Neurology 41:85-87.
24. Berneman ZN, Gartenhaus RB, Reitz MS, Jr, Blattner WA, Manns A, Hanchard B, Ikehara O, Gallo RC, Klotman ME. 1992. Expression of alternatively spliced human T-lymphotropic virus type I pX mRNA in infected cell lines and in primary uncultured cells from patients with adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma and healthy carriers. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89:3005-3009.
25. Bex F, Murphy K, Wattiez R, Burny A, Gaynor RB. 1999. Phosphorylation of the human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 transactivator tax on adjacent serine residues is critical for tax activation. J Virol 73: 738-745.
26. Bhagavati S, Ehrlich G, Kula RW, Kwok S, Sninsky J, Udani V, Poiesz BJ. 1988. Detection of human T-cell lymphoma/leukemia virus type I DNA and antigen in spinal fluid and blood of patients with chronic progressive myelopathy. N Engl J Med 318:1141-1147.
27. Bieganowska K, Hollsberg P, Buckle GJ, Lim DG, Greten TF, Schneck J, Altman JD, Jacobson S, Ledis SL, Hanchard B, Chin J, Morgan O, Roth PA, Hafler DA. 1999. Direct analysis of viral-specific CD8+ T cells with soluble HLA-A2/Tax11-19 tetramer complexes in patients with human T cell lymphotropic virus-associated myelopathy. J Immunol 162:1765-1771.
28. Biglione MM, Pizarro M, Salomon HE, Berria MI. 2003. A possible case of myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis in an Argentinian woman with human T lymphocyte virus type II. Clin Infect Dis 37:456-458.
29. Blanchard S, Astier-Gin T, Moynet D, Edouard E, Guillemain B. 1998. Different HTLV-I neutralization patterns among sera of patients infected with cosmopolitan HTLV-I. Virology 245:90-98.
30. Blattner WA. 1994. Human T Lymphotrophic Viruses: HTLV-I and HTLV-II. In: Broder S, Merrigan TC, Bolognesi D, editors. AIDS medicine. Baltimore, MD: Williams and Wilkins. pp. 887-889.
31. Boh EE. 2000. Cutaneous lymphomas and leukemias. In: Lim HW, editor. The clinic Atlas of office procedures. Philadelphia: WB Saunders. pp. 443-455.
32. Brauweiler A, Garrus JE, Reed JC, Nyborg JK. 1997. Repression of bax gene expression by the HTLV-1 Tax protein: implications for suppression of apoptosis in virally infected cells. Virology 231:135-140.
33. Briggs NC, Battjes RJ, Cantor KP, Blattner WA, Yellin FM, Wilson S, Ritz AL, Weiss SH, Goedert JJ. 1995. Seroprevalence of human T cell lymphotropic virus type II infection, with or without human immunodeficiency virus type 1 coinfection, among US intravenous drug users. J Infect Dis 172:51-58.
34. Burton M, Upadhyaya CD, Maier B, Hope TJ, Semmes OJ. 2000. Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 Tax shuttles between functionally discrete subcellular targets. J Virol 74:2351-2364.
35. Caterino-de-Araujo A, de los Santos-Fortuna E, Meleiro MC, Suleiman J, Calabro ML, Favero A, De Rossi A, Chieco-Bianchi L. 1998. Sensitivity of two enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay tests in relation to western blot in detecting human T-cell lymphotropic virus types I and II infection among HIV-1 infected patients from Sao Paulo, Brazil. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 30:173-182.
36. Catovsky D, Foa R. 1990. The lymphoid leukaemias. London: Butterworth, pp. 218-267.
37. Cereseto A, Mulloy JC, Franchini G. 1996. Insights on the pathogenicity of human T-lymphotropic/leukemia virus types I and II. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 13 (Suppl 1):S69-S75.
38. Chang KS, Wang LC, Gao CL, Alexander S, Ting RC, Bodner A, Log T, Kuo AF, Strickland P. 1988. Concomitant infection of HTLV-I and HIV-1: prevalence of IgG and IgM antibodies in Washington, DC area. Eur J Epidemiol 4:426-434.
39. Chen LF, Greene WC. 2004. Shaping the nuclear action of NF-κB. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 5:392-401.
40. Chu ZL, Shin YA, Yang JM, DiDonato JA, Ballard DW. 1999. IKKγ mediates the interaction of cellular IκB kinases with the tax transforming protein of human T cell leukemia virus type 1. J Biol Chem 274:15297-15300.
41. Ciminale V, Pavlakis GN, Derse D, Cunningham CP, Felber BK. 1992. Complex splicing in the human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV) family of retroviruses: novel mRNAs and proteins produced by HTLV type I. J Virol 66:1737-1745.
42. Cruikshank E. 1956. A neuropathic syndrome of uncertain origin. West Indian Med J 5:147-158.
43. Datta S, Kothari NH, Fan H. 2000. In vivo genomic footprinting of the human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) long terminal repeat enhancer sequences in HTLV-1-infected human T-cell lines with different levels of Tax I activity. J Virol 74:8277-8285.
44. de La Fuente C, Deng L, Santiago F, Arce L, Wang L, Kashanchi F. 2000. Gene expression array of HTLV type 1-infected T cells: upregulation of transcription factors and cell cycle genes. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 16:1695-1700.
45. de Oliveira Mdo S, Hamerschlak N, Chiattone C, Loureiro P. 1996. HTLV-I infection and adult T-cell leukemia in Brazil: an overview. Sao Paulo Med J 114:1177-1185.
46. de The G, Kazanji M. 1996. An HTLV-I/II vaccine: from animal models to clinical trials? J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 13 (Suppl 1):S191-S198.
47. Ding YS, Rich DH, Ikeda RA. 1998. Substrates and inhibitors of human T-cell leukemia virus type I protease. Biochemistry 37: 17514-17518.
48. Ego T, Ariumi Y, Shimotohno K. 2002. The interaction of HTLV-1 Tax with HDAC1 negatively regulates the viral gene expression. Oncogene 21:7241-7246.
49. Essex M, McLane MF, Lee TH, Tachibana N, Mullins JI, Kreiss J, Kasper CK, Poon MC, Landay A, Stein SF, Francis DP, Cabradilla C, Lawrence DN, Evatt BL. 1983. Antibodies to human T-cell leukemia virus membrane antigens (HTLV-MA) in hemophiliacs. Science 221:1061-1064.
50. Estes MC, Sevall JS. 2003. Multiplex PCR using real time DNA amplification for the rapid detection and quantitation of HTLV I or II. Mol Cell Probes 17:59-68.
51. Feng J, Misu T, Fujihara K, Saito H, Takahashi T, Kohnosu T, Shiga Y, Takeda A, Sato S, Takase S, Itoyama Y. 2003. Interferon-α significantly reduces cerebrospinal fluid CD4 cell subsets in HAM/TSP. J Neuroimmunol 141:170-173.
52. Flint SJ, Enquist LW, Krug RM, Racaniello VR, Skalka AM. 2000. Principles of virology: molecular biology, pathogenesis, and control. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology.
53. Fouchard N, Flageul B, Bagot M, Avril MF, Hermine O, Sigaux F, Merle-Beral H, Troussard X, Delfraissy JF, de The G. 1995. Lack of evidence of HTLV-I/II infection in T CD8 malignant or reactive lymphoproliferative disorders in France: a serological and/or molecular study of 169 cases. Leukemia 9:2087-2092.
54. Fouchard N, Mahe A, Huerre M, Fraitag S, Valensi F, Macintyre E, Sanou F, de The G, Gessain A. 1998. Cutaneous T cell lymphomas: mycosis fungoides, Sezary syndrome and HTLV-I-associated adult T cell leukemia (ATL) in Mali, West Africa: a clinical, pathological and immunovirological study of 14 cases and a review of the African ATL cases. Leukemia 12:578-585.
55. Franchini G, Nicot C, Johnson JM. 2003. Seizing of T cells by human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma virus type 1. Adv Cancer Res 89:69-132.
56. Fujii M, Tsuchiya H, Chuhjo T, Akizawa T, Seiki M. 1992. Interaction of HTLV-1 Tax1 with p67SRF causes the aberrant induction of cellular immediate early genes through CArG boxes. Genes Dev 6: 2066-2076.
57. Fujii M, Tsuchiya H, Chuhjo T, Minamino T, Miyamoto K, Seiki M. 1994. Serum response factor has functional roles both in indirect binding to the CArG box and in the transcriptional activation function of human T- cell leukemia virus type I Tax. J Virol 68:7275-7283.
58. Fujii M, Chuhjo T, Minamino T, Masaaki N, Miyamoto K, Seiki M. 1995. Identification of the Tax interaction region of serum response factor that mediates the aberrant induction of immediate early genes through CArG boxes by HTLV-I Tax. Oncogene 11:7-14.
59. Fujimoto T, Hata T, Itoyama T, Nakamura H, Tsukasaki K, Yamada Y, Ikeda S, Sadamori N, Tomonaga M. 1999. High rate of chromosomal abnormalities in HTLV-I-infected T-cell colonies derived from prodromal phase of adult T-cell leukemia: a study of IL-2-stimulated colony formation in methylcellulose. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 109:1-13.
60. Furukawa Y, Kubota R, Tara M, Izumo S, Osame M. 2001. Existence of escape mutant in HTLV-I tax during the development of adult T-cell leukemia. Blood 97:987-993.
61. Gallo RC. 1973a. On the etiology of human acute leukemia. Med Clin North Am 57:343-354.
62. Gallo RC. 1973b. Summary of recent observations on the molecular biology of RNA tumor viruses and attempts at application to human leukemia. Am J Clin Pathol 60:80-87.
63. Gallo RC. 1986. The first human retrovirus. Sci Am 255:88-98.
64. Garboczi DN, Ghosh P, Utz U, Fan QR, Biddison WE, Wiley DC. 1996a. Structure of the complex between human T-cell receptor, viral peptide and HLA-A2. Nature 384:134-141.
65. Garboczi DN, Utz U, Ghosh P, Seth A, Kim J, VanTienhoven EA, Biddison WE, Wiley DC. 1996b. Assembly, specific binding, and crystallization of a human TCR-αβ with an antigenic Tax peptide from human T lymphotropic virus type 1 and the class I MHC molecule HLA-A2. J Immunol 157:5403-5410.
66. Geleziunas R, Ferrell S, Lin X, Mu Y, Cunningham ET, Jr, Grant M, Connelly MA, Hambor JE, Marcu KB, Greene WC. 1998. Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 Tax induction of NF-κB involves activation of the IκB kinase α (IKKα) and IKKβ cellular kinases. Mol Cell Biol 18:5157-5165.
67. Gessain A, Barin F, Vernant JC, Gout O, Maurs L, Calender A, de The G. 1985. Antibodies to human T-lymphotropic virus type-I in patients with tropical spastic paraparesis. Lancet 2:407-410.
68. Gessain A, Caudie C, Gout O, Vernant JC, Maurs L, Giordano C, Malone G, Tournier-Lasserve E, Essex M, de-The G. 1988. Intrathecal synthesis of antibodies to human T lymphotropic virus type I and the presence of IgG oligoclonal bands in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with endemic tropical spastic paraparesis. J Infect Dis 157:1226-1234.
69. Ghosh SK, Abrams JT, Terunuma H, Vonderheid EC, DeFreitas E. 1994. Human T-cell leukemia virus type I tax/rex DNA and RNA in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Blood 84:2663-2671.
70. Gibbs WN, Lofters WS, Campbell M, Hanchard B, LaGrenade L, Cranston B, Hendriks J, Jaffe ES, Saxinger C, Robert-Guroff M, et al. 1987. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma in Jamaica and its relation to adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma. Ann Intern Med 106:361-368.
71. Giebler HA, Loring JE, van Orden K, Colgin MA, Garrus JE, Escudero KW, Brauweiler A, Nyborg JK. 1997. Anchoring of CREB binding protein to the human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 promoter: a molecular mechanism of Tax transactivation. Mol Cell Biol 17: 5156-5164.
72. Gitlin SD. 1992. Human retroviruses-frontiers in molecular biology. Cullen BR, editor. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
73. Gitlin SD, Lindholm PF, Marriott SJ, Brady JN. 1991. Transdominant human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I TAX1 mutant that fails to localize to the nucleus. J Virol 65:2612-2621.
74. Gohd RS, Correa P, Blattner WA, Wiktor SZ. 1990. Prevalence of HTLV-I/II virus antibody in patients of an urban hospital in New Orleans; Abstract 1236, 30th ICAAC, Atlanta, GA. p. 1236.
75. Gonda MA, Wong-Staal F, Gallo RC, Clements JE, Narayan O, Gilden RV. 1985. Sequence homology and morphologic similarity of HTLV-III and visna virus, a pathogenic lentivirus. Science 227:173-177.
76. Goon PK, Igakura T, Hanon E, Mosley AJ, Barfield A, Barnard AL, Kaftantzi L, Tanaka Y, Taylor GP, Weber JN, Bangham CR. 2004. Human T cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I)-specific CD4+ T cells: immunodominance hierarchy and preferential infection with HTLV-I. J Immunol 172:1735-1743.
77. Gotuzzo E, Arango C, deq Ueiroz-Campos A, Isturiz RE. 2000. Human T-cell lymphotropic virus-I in Latin America. Infect Dis Clin North Am 14:211-239,x-xi.
78. Gout O, Baulac M, Gessain A, Semah F, Saal F, Peries J, Cabrol C, Foucault-Fretz C, Laplane D, Sigaux F, et al. 1990. Rapid development of myelopathy after HTLV-I infection acquired by transfusion during cardiac transplantation. N Engl J Med 322:383-388.
79. Grassmann R, Dengler C, Muller-Fleckenstein I, Fleckenstein B, McGuire K, Dokhelar MC, Sodroski JG, Haseltine WA. 1989. Transformation to continuous growth of primary human T lymphocytes by human T-cell leukemia virus type I X-region genes transduced by a Herpesvirus saimiri vector. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86:3351-3355.
80. Grassmann R, Berchtold S, Radant I, Alt M, Fleckenstein B, Sodroski JG, Haseltine WA, Ramstedt U. 1992. Role of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 X region proteins in immortalization of primary human lymphocytes in culture. J Virol 66:4570-4575.
81. Green P, Chen IS. 2001. Human T-cell leukemia virus types 1 and 2. In: Knipes D, Howley P, editors. Fields virology. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins. pp. 1941-1969.
82. Grone M, Koch C, Grassmann R. 1996. The HTLV-1 Rex protein induces nuclear accumulation of unspliced viral RNA by avoiding intron excision and degradation. Virology 218:316-325.
83. Grossman WJ, Kimata JT, Wong FH, Zutter M, Ley TJ, Ratner L. 1995. Development of leukemia in mice transgenic for the tax gene of human T-cell leukemia virus type I. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92: 1057-1061.
84. Hall WW, Liu CR, Schneewind O, Takahashi H, Kaplan MH, Roupe G, Vahlne A. 1991. Deleted HTLV-I provirus in blood and cutaneous lesions of patients with mycosis fungoides. Science 253:317-320.
85. Haller K, Wu Y, Derow E, Schmitt I, Jeang KT, Grassmann R. 2002. Physical interaction of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 Tax with cyclin-dependent kinase 4 stimulates the phosphorylation of retinoblastoma protein. Mol Cell Biol 22:3327-3338.
86. Hanai S, Nitta T, Shoda M, Tanaka M, Iso N, Mizoguchi I, Yashiki S, Sonoda S, Hasegawa Y, Nagasawa T, Miwa M. 2004. Integration of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 in genes of leukemia cells of patients with adult T-cell leukemia. Cancer Sci 95:306-310.
87. Hanchard B, Gibbs WN, Lofters WS, Campbell M, Williams E, Williams N, Jaffe ES, Cranston B, Panchooshingh LD, LaGrenade L, Wilks RJ, Murphy EL, Blattner WA, Manns A. 1990. Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) in Jamaica. In: Blattner WA, editor. Human retrovirology: HTLV. New York: Raven, pp. 173-183.
88. Hanly SM, Rimsky LT, Malim MH, Kim JH, Hauber J, Duc Dodon M, Le SY, Maizel JV, Cullen BR, Greene WC. 1989. Comparative analysis of the HTLV-I Rex and HIV-1 Rev trans-regulatory proteins and their RNA response elements. Genes Dev 3:1534-1544.
89. Hanon E, Hall S, Taylor GP, Saito M, Davis R, Tanaka Y, Usuku K, Osame M, Weber JN, Bangham CR. 2000. Abundant tax protein expression in CD4+ T cells infected with human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) is prevented by cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Blood 95:1386-1392.
90. Harhaj EW, Sun SC. 1999. IKKγ serves as a docking subunit of the IκB kinase (IKK) and mediates interaction of IKK with the human T-cell leukemia virus Tax protein. J Biol Chem 274:22911-22914.
91. Harhaj EW, Good L, Xiao G, Sun SC. 1999. Gene expression profiles in HTLV-I-immortalized T cells: deregulated expression of genes involved in apoptosis regulation. Oncogene 18:1341-1349.
92. Harrison LH, Vaz B, Taveira DM, Quinn TC, Gibbs CJ, de Souza SH, McArthur JC, Schechter M. 1997. Myelopathy among Brazilians coinfected with human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I and HIV. Neurology 48:13-18.
93. Harrod R, Tang Y, Nicot C, Lu HS, Vassilev A, Nakatani Y, Giam CZ. 1998. An exposed KID-like domain in human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 Tax is responsible for the recruitment of coactivators CBP/p300. Mol Cell Biol 18:5052-5061.
94. Harrod R, Kuo YL, Tang Y, Yao Y, Vassilev A, Nakatani Y, Giam CZ. 2000. p300 and p300/cAMP-responsive element-binding protein associated factor interact with human T-cell lymphotropic virus type-1 Tax in a multi-histone acetyltransferase/activator-enhancer complex. J Biol Chem 275:11852-11857.
95. Haseltine WA. 1991. Molecular biology of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1. FASEB J 5:2349-2360.
96. Hidaka M, Inoue J, Yoshida M, Seiki M. 1988. Post-transcriptional regulator (rex) of HTLV-1 initiates expression of viral structural proteins but suppresses expression of regulatory proteins. EMBO J 7:519-523.
97. Hill SA, Lloyd PA, McDonald S, Wykoff J, Derse D. 2003. Susceptibility of human T cell leukemia virus type I to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. J Infect Dis 188:424-427.
98. Hinrichs SH, Nerenberg M, Reynolds RK, Khoury G, Jay G. 1987. A transgenic mouse model for human neurofibromatosis. Science 237:1340-1343.
99. Hinuma Y, Nagata K, Hanaoka M, Nakai M, Matsumoto T, Kinoshita KI, Shirakawa S, Miyoshi I. 1981. Adult T-cell leukemia: antigen in an ATL cell line and detection of antibodies to the antigen in human sera. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 78:6476-6480.
100. Hirai H, Fujisawa J, Suzuki T, Ueda K, Muramatsu M, Tsuboi A, Arai N, Yoshida M. 1992. Transcriptional activator Tax of HTLV-1 binds to the NF-κ B precursor p105. Oncogene 7:1737-1742.
101. Hiscott J, Petropoulos L, Lacoste J. 1995. Molecular interactions between HTLV-1 Tax protein and the NF-κ B/κ B transcription complex. Virology 214:3-11.
102. Hjelle B, Appenzeller O, Mills R, Alexander S, Torrez-Martinez N, Jahnke R, Ross G. 1992. Chronic neurodegenerative disease associated with HTLV-II infection. Lancet 339:645-646.
103. Hollstein M, Sidransky D, Vogelstein B, Harris CC. 1991. p53 mutations in human cancers. Science 253:49-53.
104. Iannone R, Sherman MP, Rodgers-Johnson PE, Beilke MA, Mora CA, Amin RM, Tinsley SR, Papsidero LD, Poiesz BJ, Gibbs CJ, Jr. 1992. HTLV-I DNA sequences in CNS tissue of a patient with tropical spastic paraparesis and HTLV-I-associated myelopathy. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 5:810-816.
105. Igakura T, Stinchcombe JC, Goon PK, Taylor GP, Weber JN, Griffiths GM, Tanaka Y, Osame M, Bangham CR. 2003. Spread of HTLV-I between lymphocytes by virus-induced polarization of the cytoskeleton. Science 299:1713-1716.
106. Ikeda K, Inoue D, Okazaki R, Kikuchi T, Ogata E, Matsumoto T. 1995. Parathyroid hormone-related peptide in hypercalcemia associated with adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma: molecular and cellular mechanism of parathyroid hormone-related peptide overexpression in HTLV-I-infected T cells. Miner Electrolyte Metab 21: 166-170.
107. Inose M, Higuchi I, Yoshimine K, Suehara M, Izumo S, Arimura K, Osame M. 1992. Pathological changes in skeletal muscle in HTLV-I-associated myelopathy. J Neurol Sci 110:73-78.
108. Inoue J, Itoh M, Akizawa T, Toyoshima H, Yoshida M. 1991. HTLV-1 Rex protein accumulates unspliced RNA in the nucleus as well as in cytoplasm. Oncogene 6:1753-1757.
109. Ishikawa T. 2003. Current status of therapeutic approaches to adult T-cell leukemia. Int J Hematol 78:304-311.
110. Isomoto H, Ohnita K, Mizuta Y, Maeda T, Onizuka Y, Miyazaki M, Omagari K, Takeshima F, Murase K, Haraguchi M, Murata I, Kohno S. 2001. Clinical and endoscopie features of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma with duodenal involvement. J Clin Gastroenterol 33:241-246.
111. Iwasaki Y. 1990. Pathology of chronic myelopathy associated with HTLV-I infection (HAM/TSP). J Neurol Sci 96:103-123.
112. Jacobson S. 2002. Immunopathogenesis of human T cell lymphotropic virus type I-associated neurologic disease. J Infect Dis 186 (Suppl 2):S187-S192.
113. Janknecht R, Hunter T. 1996. Versatile molecular glue. Transcriptional control. Curr Biol 6:951-954.
114. Janknecht R, Nordheim A. 1996a. MAP kinase-dependent transcriptional coactivation by Elk-1 and its cofactor CBP. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 228:831-837.
115. Janknecht R, Nordheim A. 1996b. Regulation of the c-fos promoter by the ternary complex factor Sap-1a and its coactivator CBP. Oncogene 12:1961-1969.
116. Jassal SR, Pohler RG, Brighty DW. 2001. Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 receptor expression among syncytium-resistant cell lines revealed by a novel surface glycoprotein-immunoadhesin. J Virol 75:8317-8328.
117. Jeang KT, Widen SG, Semmes OJ, Wilson SH. 1990. HTLV-I transactivator protein, tax, is a trans-repressor of the human β-polymerase gene. Science 247:1082-1084.
118. Jiang H, Lu H, Schiltz RL, Pise-Masison CA, Ogryzko W, Nakatani Y, Brady JN. 1999. PCAF interacts with tax and stimulates tax transactivation in a histone acetyltransferase-independent manner. Mol Cell Biol 19:8136-8145.
119. Jin DY, Giordano V, Kibler KV, Nakano H, Jeang KT. 1999. Role of adapter function in oncoprotein-mediated activation of NF-κB. Human T-cell leukemia virus type I Tax interacts directly with IκB kinase γ. J Biol Chem 274:17402-17405.
120. Kalyanaraman VS, Sarngadharan MG, Robert-Guroff M, Miyoshi I, Golde D, Gallo RC. 1982. A new subtype of human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV-II) associated with a T-cell variant of hairy cell leukemia. Science 218:571-573.
121. Kamihira S, Dateki N, Sugahara K, Yamada Y, Tomonaga M, Maeda T, Tahara M. 2000. Real-time polymerase chain reaction for quantification of HTLV-1 proviral load: application for analyzing aberrant integration of the proviral DNA in adult T-cell leukemia. Int J Hematol 72:79-84.
122. Kannagi M, Harashima N, Kurihara K, Utsunomiya A, Tanosaki R, Masuda M. 2004. Adult T-cell leukemia: future prophylaxis and immunotherapy. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 4:369-376.
123. Kanno T, Brown K, Franzoso G, Siebenlist U. 1994a. Kinetic analysis of human T-cell leukemia virus type I Tax-mediated activation of NF-κ B. Mol Cell Biol 14:6443-6451.
124. Kanno T, Franzoso G, Siebenlist U. 1994b. Human T-cell leukemia virus type I Tax-protein-mediated activation of NF-κ B from p100 (NF-κ B2)-inhibited cytoplasmic reservoirs. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91:12634-12638.
125. Kaplan MH, Hall WW, Susin M, Pahwa S, Salahuddin SZ, Heilman C, Fetten J, Coronesi M, Farber BF, Smith S. 1991. Syndrome of severe skin disease, eosinophilia, and dermatopathic lymphadenopathy in patients with HTLV-II complicating human immunodeficiency virus infection. Am J Med 91:300-309.
126. Kashiwagi K, Furusyo N, Nakashima H, Kubo N, Kinukawa N, Kashiwagi S, Hayashi J. 2004. A decrease in mother-to-child transmission of human T lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) in Okinawa, Japan. Am J Trop Med Hyg 70:158-163.
127. Kawai H, Inui T, Kashiwagi S, Tsuchihashi T, Masuda K, Kondo A, Niki S, Iwasa M, Saito S. 1992. HTLV-I infection in patients with autoimmune thyroiditis (Hashimoto's thyroiditis). J Med Virol 38:138-141.
128. Kawakami A, Nakashima T, Sakai H, Urayama S, Yamasaki S, Hida A, Tsuboi M, Nakamura H, Ida H, Migita K, Kawabe Y, Eguchi K. 1999. Inhibition of caspase cascade by HTLV-I tax through induction of NF-κB nuclear translocation. Blood 94:3847-3854.
129. Kazanji M, Tartaglia J, Franchini G, de Thoisy B, Talarmin A, Contamin H, Gessain A, de The G. 2001. Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of recombinant human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma virus type 1 NYVAC and naked DNA vaccine candidates in squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus). J Virol 75:5939-5948.
130. Khabbaz RF, Onorato IM, Cannon RO, Hartley TM, Roberts B, Hosein B, Kaplan JE. 1992. Seroprevalence of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 among intravenous drug users and persons in clinics for sexually transmitted diseases. N Engl J Med 326:375-380.
131. Kikuchi A, Nishikawa T, Ikeda Y, Yamaguchi K. 1997. Absence of human T-lymphotropic virus type I in Japanese patients with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Blood 89:1529-1532.
132. Kimura I. 1992. [HABA (HTLV-I associated bronchiolo-alveolar disorder)]. Nihon Kyobu Shikkan Gakkai Zasshi 30:787-795.
133. Kinoshita T, Shimoyama M, Tobinai K, Ito M, Ito S, Ikeda S, Tajima K, Shimotohno K, Sugimura T. 1989. Detection of mRNA for the tax1/rex1 gene of human T-cell leukemia virus type I in fresh peripheral blood mononuclear cells of adult T-cell leukemia patients and viral carriers by using the polymerase chain reaction. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86:5620-5624.
134. Kiyokawa T, Seiki M, Iwashita S, Imagawa K, Shimizu F, Yoshida M. 1985. p27x-III and p21x-III, proteins encoded by the pX sequence of human T-cell leukemia virus type I. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 82: 8359-8363.
135. Koga H, Imada K, Ueda M, Hishizawa M, Uchiyama T. 2004. Identification of differentially expressed molecules in adult T-cell leukemia cells proliferating in vivo. Cancer Sci 95:411-417.
136. Kohno T, Moriuchi R, Katamine S, Yamada Y, Tomonaga M, Matsuyama T. 2000. Identification of genes associated with the progression of adult T cell leukemia (ATL). Jpn J Cancer Res 91:1103-1110.
137. Koiwa T, Hamano-Usami A, Ishida T, Okayama A, Yamaguchi K, Kamihira S, Watanabe T. 2002. 5′-long terminal repeat-selective CpG methylation of latent human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 provirus in vitro and in vivo. J Virol 76:9389-9397.
138. Koralnik IJ, Fullen J, Franchini G. 1993. The p12I, p13II, and p30II proteins encoded by human T-cell leukemia/lymphotropic virus type I open reading frames I and II are localized in three different cellular compartments. J Virol 67:2360-2366.
139. Koralnik IJ, Gessain A, Klotman ME, Lo Monico A, Berneman ZN, Franchini G. 1992. Protein isoforms encoded by the pX region of human T-cell leukemia/lymphotropic virus type I. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89:8813-8817.
140. Kramer A, Maloney EM, Morgan OS, Rodgers-Johnson P, Manns A, Murphy EL, Larsen S, Cranston B, Murphy J, Benichou J, et al. 1995. Risk factors and cofactors for human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I)-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) in Jamaica. Am J Epidemiol 142:1212-1220.
141. Krause Boehm A, Stawhecker JA, Semmes OJ, Jankowski PE, Lewis R, Hinrichs SH. 1999. Analysis of potential phosphorylation sites in human T cell leukemia virus type 1 Tax. J Biomed Sci 6:206-212.
142. Kubota R, Kawanishi T, Matsubara H, Manns A, Jacobson S. 1998. Demonstration of human T lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) tax-specific CD8+ lymphocytes directly in peripheral blood of HTLV-I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis patients by intracellular cytokine detection. J Immunol 161:482-488.
143. Kwok RP, Laurance ME, Lundblad JR, Goldman PS, Shih H, Connor LM, Marriott SJ, Goodman RH. 1996. Control of cAMP-regulated enhancers by the viral transactivator Tax through CREB and the co-activator CBP Nature 380:642-646.
144. La Grenade L, Schwartz RA, Janniger CK. 1996. Childhood dermatitis in the tropics: with special emphasis on infective dermatitis, a marker for infection with human T-cell leukemia virus-I. Cutis 58: 115-118.
145. Lee H, Swanson P, Shorty VS, Zack JA, Rosenblatt JD, Chen IS. 1989. High rate of HTLV-II infection in seropositive i.v. drug abusers in New Orleans. Science 244:471-475.
146. Lee DK, Kim BC, Brady JN, Jeang KT, Kim SJ. 2002. Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 tax inhibits transforming growth factor-β signaling by blocking the association of Smad proteins with Smad-binding element. J Biol Chem 277:33766-33775.
147. Lehky TJ, Fox CH, Koenig S, Levin MC, Flerlage N, Izumo S, Sato E, Raine CS, Osame M, Jacobson S. 1995. Detection of human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) tax RNA in the central nervous system of HTLV-I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis patients by in situ hybridization. Ann Neurol 37:167-175.
148. Lemasson I, Polakowski NJ, Laybourn PJ, Nyborg JK. 2002. Transcription factor binding and histone modifications on the integrated proviral promoter in human T-cell leukemia virus-I-infected T-cells. J Biol Chem 277:49459-49465.
149. Lemasson I, Polakowski NJ, Laybourn PJ, Nyborg JK. 2004. Transcription regulatory complexes bind the human T-cell leukemia virus 5′ and 3′ long terminal repeats to control gene expression. Mol Cell Biol 24:6117-6126.
150. Levy JA, Hoffman AD, Kramer SM, Landis JA, Shimabukuro JM, Oshiro LS. 1984. Isolation of lymphocytopathic retroviruses from San Francisco patients with AIDS. Science 225:840-842.
151. Li J, Li H, Tsai MD. 2003a. Direct binding of the N-terminus of HTLV-1 tax oncoprotein to cyclin-dependent kinase 4 is a dominant path to stimulate the kinase activity. Biochemistry 42:6921-6928.
152. Li QJ, Yang SH, Maeda Y, Sladek FM, Sharrocks AD, Martins-Green M. 2003b. MAP kinase phosphorylation-dependent activation of Elk-1 leads to activation of the co-activator p300. EMBO J 22:281-291.
153. Lindholm PF, Marriott SJ, Gitlin SD, Brady JN. 1991. Differential precipitation and zinc chelate chromatography purification of biologically active HTLV-I Tax1 expressed in E. coli. J Biochem Biophys Methods 22:233-241.
154. Lindholm PF, Kashanchi F, Brady JN. 1993. Transcriptional regulation in the human retrovirus HTLV-I. Virology 4:53-60.
155. Loughran TP, Jr, Coyle T, Sherman MP, Starkebaum G, Ehrlich GD, Ruscetti FW, Poiesz BJ. 1992. Detection of human T-cell leukemia/ lymphoma virus, type II, in a patient with large granular lymphocyte leukemia. Blood 80:1116-1119.
156. Loughran TP, Jr, Sherman MP, Ruscetti FW, Frey S, Coyle T, Montagna RA, Jones B, Starkebaum G, Poiesz BJ. 1994. Prototypical HTLV-I/II infection is rare in LGL leukemia. Leuk Res 18:423-429.
157. Luukkonen BG, Tan W, Fenyo EM, Schwartz S. 1995. Analysis of cross reactivity of retrovirus proteases using a vaccinia virus-T7 RNA polymerase-based expression system. J Gen Virol 76(Pt 9): 2169-2180.
158. Machuca A, Soriano V. 2000. In vivo fluctuation of HTLV-I and HTLV-II proviral load in patients receiving antiretroviral drugs. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 24:189-193.
159. Maguer V, Casse-Ripoll H, Gazzolo L, Dodon MD. 1993. Human T-cell leukemia virus type I-induced proliferation of human immature CD2+CD3-thymocytes. J Virol 67:5529-5537.
160. Maguer-Satta V, Gazzolo L, Dodon MD. 1995. Human immature thymocytes as target cells of the leukemogenic activity of human T-cell leukemia virus type I. Blood 86:1444-1452.
161. Maloney EM, Cleghorn FR, Morgan OS, Rodgers-Johnson P, Cranston B, Jack N, Blattner WA, Bartholomew C, Manns A. 1998. Incidence of HTLV-I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) in Jamaica and Trinidad. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 17:167-170.
162. Manel N, Kim FJ, Kinet S, Taylor N, Sitbon M, Battini JL. 2003. The ubiquitous glucose transporter GLUT-1 is a receptor for HTLV. Cell 115:449-459.
163. Manns A, Blattner WA. 1991. The epidemiology of the human T-cell lymphotrophic virus type I and type II: etiologic role in human disease. Transfusion 31:67-75.
164. Manns A, Miley WJ, Wilks RJ, Morgan OS, Hanchard B, Wharfe G, Cranston B, Maloney E, Welles SL, Blattner WA, Waters D. 1999. Quantitative proviral DNA and antibody levels in the natural history of HTLV-I infection. J Infect Dis 180:1487-1493.
165. Marsh BJ. 1996. Infectious complications of human T cell leukemia/lymphoma virus type I infection. Clin Infect Dis 23:138-145.
166. Matsuoka M. 2003. Human T-cell leukemia virus type I and adult T-cell leukemia. Oncogene 22:5131-5140.
167. McBurney E, Marrogi A, Boh EE. 1998. Cutaneous lymphomas and leukemias. In: Miller SJ, Maloney ME, editors. Cutaneous oncology-pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management. Malden, MA: Blackwell Science, pp.921-953.
168. McCallum RM, Patel DD, Moore JO, Haynes BF. 1997. Arthritis syndromes associated with human T cell lymphotropic virus type I infection. Med Clin North Am 81:261-276.
169. McKhann G, 2nd, Gibbs CJ, Jr, Mora CA, Rodgers-Johnson PE, Liberski PP, Gdula WJ, Zaninovic V. 1989. Isolation and characterization of HTLV-I from symptomatic family members with tropical spastic paraparesis (HTLV-I encephalomyeloneuropathy). J Infect Dis 160: 371-379.
170. Miyoshi I, Kubonishi I, Yoshimoto S, Akagi T, Ohtsuki Y, Shiraishi Y, Nagata K, Hinuma Y. 1981. Type C virus particles in a cord T-cell line derived by co-cultivating normal human cord leukocytes and human leukaemic T cells. Nature 294:770-771.
171. Mochizuki M, Watanabe T, Yamaguchi K, Tajima K, Yoshimura K, Nakashima S, Shirao M, Araki S, Miyata N, Mori S, et al. 1992. Uveitis associated with human T lymphotropic virus type I: seroepidemiologic, clinical, and virologic studies. J Infect Dis 166:943-944.
172. Mori N, Fujii M, Cheng G, Ikeda S, Yamasaki Y, Yamada Y, Tomonaga M, Yamamoto N. 2001a. Human T-cell leukemia virus type I tax protein induces the expression of anti-apoptotic gene Bcl-xL in human T-cells through nuclear factor-κB and c-AMP responsive element binding protein pathways. Virus Genes 22:279-287.
173. Mori N, Morishita M, Tsukazaki T, Giam CZ, Kumatori A, Tanaka Y, Yamamoto N. 2001b. Human T-cell leukemia virus type I oncoprotein Tax represses Smad- dependent transforming growth factor β signaling through interaction with CREB-binding protein/p300. Blood 97:2137-2144.
174. Moriuchi M, Moriuchi H. 2002. Transforming growth factor-β enhances human T-cell leukemia virus type I infection. J Med Virol 67: 427-430.
175. Mueller N, Okayama A, Stuver S, Tachibana N. 1996. Findings from the Miyazaki Cohort Study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 13 (Suppl 1):S2-S7.
176. Munoz E, Israel A. 1995. Activation of NF-κ B by the Tax protein of HTLV-1. Immunobiology 193:128-136.
177. Murakami T, Hirai H, Suzuki T, Fujisawa J, Yoshida M. 1995. HTLV-1 Tax enhances NF-κ B2 expression and binds to the products p52 and p100, but does not suppress the inhibitory function of p100. Virology 206:1066-1074.
178. Murphy EL, Glynn SA, Fridey J, Sacher RA, Smith JW, Wright DJ, Newman B, Gibble JW, Ameti DI, Nass CC, Schreiber GB, Nemo GJ. 1997. Increased prevalence of infectious diseases and other adverse outcomes in human T lymphotropic virus types I- and II-infected blood donors. Retrovirus Epidemiology Donor Study (REDS) Study Group. J Infect Dis 176:1468-1475.
179. Murphy EL, Glynn SA, Fridey J, Smith JW, Sacher RA, Nass CC, Ownby HE, Wright DJ, Nemo GJ. 1999. Increased incidence of infectious diseases during prospective follow-up of human T-lymphotropic virus type II- and I-infected blood donors. Retrovirus Epidemiology Donor Study. Arch Intern Med 159:1485-1491.
180. Murphy EL, Grant RM, Kropp J, Oliveira A, Lee TH, Busch MP 2003. Increased human T-lymphotropic virus type II proviral load following highly active retroviral therapy in HIV-coinfected patients. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 33:655-656.
181. Nakagawa M, Izumo S, Ijichi S, Kubota H, Arimura K, Kawabata M, Osame M. 1995. HTLV-I-associated myelopathy: analysis of 213 patients based on clinical features and laboratory findings. J Neurovirol 1:50-61.
182. Nakagawa M, Nakahara K, Maruyama Y, Kawabata M, Higuchi I, Kubota H, Izumo S, Arimura K, Osame M. 1996. Therapeutic trials in 200 patients with HTLV-I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis. J Neurovirol 2:345-355.
183. Nasr R, Rosenwald A, El-Sabban ME, Arnulf B, Zalloua P, Lepelletier Y, Bex F, Hermine O, Staudt L, de The H, Bazarbachi A. 2003. Arsenic/interferon specifically reverses 2 distinct gene networks critical for the survival of HTLV-1-infected leukemic cells. Blood 101:4576-4582.
184. Nerenberg M, Hinrichs SH, Reynolds RK, Khoury G, Jay G. 1987. The tat gene of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 induces mesenchymal tumors in transgenic mice. Science 237:1324-1329.
185. Ng PW, Iha H, Iwanaga Y, Bittner M, Chen Y, Jiang Y, Gooden G, Trent JM, Meltzer P, Jeang KT, Zeichner SL. 2001. Genome-wide expression changes induced by HTLV-1 Tax: evidence for MLK-3 mixed lineage kinase involvement in Tax-mediated NF-κB activation. Oncogene 20:4484-4496.
186. Niewiesk S, Daenke S, Parker CE, Taylor G, Weber J, Nightingale S, Bangham CR. 1995. Naturally occurring variants of human T-cell leukemia virus type I Tax protein impair its recognition by cytotoxic T lymphocytes and the transactivation function of Tax. J Virol 69: 2649-2653.
187. Nomura M, Ohashi T, Nishikawa K, Nishitsuji H, Kurihara K, Hasegawa A, Furuta RA, Fujisawa J, Tanaka Y, Hanabuchi S, Harashima N, Masuda T, Kannagi M. 2004. Repression of tax expression is associated both with resistance of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1-infected T cells to killing by tax-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes and with impaired tumorigenicity in a rat model. J Virol 78: 3827-3836.
188. Nosaka K, Miyamoto T, Sakai T, Mitsuya H, Suda T, Matsuoka M. 2002. Mechanism of hypercalcemia in adult T-cell leukemia: overexpression of receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand on adult T-cell leukemia cells. Blood 99:634-640.
189. Ohashi T, Hanabuchi S, Kato H, Tateno H, Takemura F, Tsukahara T, Koya Y, Hasegawa A, Masuda T, Kannagi M. 2000. Prevention of adult T-cell leukemia-like lymphoproliferative disease in rats by adoptively transferred T cells from a donor immunized with human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 Tax-coding DNA vaccine. J Virol 74: 9610-9616.
190. Ohshima K, Hashimoto K, Izumo S, Suzumiya J, Kikuchi M. 1996. Detection of human T lymphotrophic virus type I (HTLV-I) DNA and mRNA in individual cells by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in situ hybridization (ISH) and reverse transcription (RT)-PCR ISH. Hematol Oncol 14:91-100.
191. Ohshima K, Ohgami A, Matsuoka M, Etoh K, Utsunomiya A, Makino T, Ishiguro M, Suzumiya J, Kikuchi M. 1998. Random integration of HTLV-1 provirus: increasing chromosomal instability. Cancer Lett 132:203-212.
192. Okayama A, Chen YM, Tachibana N, Shioiri S, Lee TH, Tsuda K, Essex M. 1991. High incidence of antibodies to HTLV-I tax in blood relatives of adult T cell leukemia patients. J Infect Dis 163:47-52.
193. Ono A, Mochizuki M, Yamaguchi K, Miyata N, Watanabe T. 1997. Immunologic and virologic characterization of the primary infiltrating cells in the aqueous humor of human T-cell leukemia virus type-1 uveitis. Accumulation of the human T-cell leukemia virus type-1-infected cells and constitutive expression of viral and interleukin-6 messenger ribonucleic acids. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 38:676-689.
194. Orenstein JM. 1992. Ultrastructural pathology of human immunodeficiency virus infection. Ultrastruct Pathol 16:179-210.
195. Orita S, Saiga A, Takagi S, Tanaka T, Okumura K, Aono Y, Hinuma Y, Igarashi H. 1991. A novel alternatively spliced viral mRNA transcribed in cells infected with human T cell leukemia virus type 1 is mainly responsible for expressing p21X protein. FEBS Lett 295: 127-134.
196. Orland JR, Engstrom J, Fridey J, Sacher RA, Smith JW, Nass C, Garratty G, Newman B, Smith D, Wang B, Loughlin K, Murphy EL. 2003. Prevalence and clinical features of HTLV neurologic disease in the HTLV outcomes study. Neurology 61:1588-1594.
197. Osame M, Usuku K, Izumo S, Ijichi N, Amitani H, Igata A, Matsumoto M, Tara M. 1986. HTLV-I associated myelopathy, a new clinical entity. Lancet 1:1031-1032.
198. Pancake BA, Zucker-Franklin D. 1996. The difficulty of detecting HTLV-1 proviral sequences in patients with mycosis fungoides. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 13:314-319.
199. Pepin N, Roulston A, Lacoste J, Lin R, Hiscott J. 1994. Subcellular redistribution of HTLV-1 Tax protein by NF-κ B/Rel transcription factors. Virology 204:706-716.
200. Pise-Masison CA, Mahieux R, Radonovich M, Jiang H, Duvall J, Guillerm C, Brady JN. 2000. Insights into the molecular mechanism of p53 inhibition by HTLV type 1 Tax. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 16:1669-1675.
201. Pise-Masison CA, Radonovich M, Mahieux R, Chatterjee P, Whiteford C, Duvall J, Guillerm C, Gessain A, Brady JN. 2002. Transcription profile of cells infected with human T-cell leukemia virus type I compared with activated lymphocytes. Cancer Res 62:3562-3571.
202. Poiesz BJ, Ruscetti FW, Gazdar AF, Bunn PA, Minna JD, Gallo RC. 1980. Detection and isolation of type C retrovirus particles from fresh and cultured lymphocytes of a patient with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 77:7415-7419.
203. Poiesz B, Dube D, Dube S, Love J, Papsidero L, Uner A, Hutchinson R. 2000. HTLV-II-associated cutaneous T-cell lymphoma in a patient with HIV-1 infection. N Engl J Med 342:930-936.
204. Pozzatti R, Vogel J, Jay G. 1990. The human T-lymphotropic virus type I tax gene can cooperate with the ras oncogene to induce neoplastic transformation of cells. Mol Cell Biol 10:413-417.
205. Princler GL, Julias JG, Hughes SH, Derse D. 2003. Roles of viral and cellular proteins in the expression of alternatively spliced HTLV-1 pX mRNAs. Virology 317:136-145.
206. Program CfDCME. 2001. Anaylsis of the May 5, 1997 performance evaluation testing results for HTLV Type I and II antibody reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) by participant laboratories in the model performance evaluation program. www.phppo.cdc.gov/mpep/pdf/htlv/9705anal.pdf.
207. Ramirez S, Ait-Si-Ali S, Robin P, Trouche D, Harel-Bellan A, Ait Si Ali S. 1997. The CREB-binding protein (CBP) cooperates with the serum response factor for transactivation of the c-fos serum response element [published erratum appears in J Biol Chem 1999, June 18;274(25):18140]. J Biol Chem 272:31016-31021.
208. Ramos JC, Ghosh SK, Toomey LL, Cabral L, Shank NC, Barber GN, Harrington WJ. 2003. Successful treatment with AZT and IFNα in adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma is characterized by in vivo induction of TRAIL and AP-1 activity [abstract O68]. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 19 (Suppl):S26.
209. Ratner L, Poiesz BJ. 1988. Leukemias associated with human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I in a non-endemic region. Medicine (Baltimore) 67:401-422.
210. Richardson JH, Hollsberg P, Windhagen A, Child LA, Hafler DA, Lever AM. 1997. Variable immortalizing potential and frequent virus latency in blood-derived T-cell clones infected with human T-cell leukemia virus type I. Blood 89:3303-3314.
211. Rodgers PE. 1965. The clinical features and aetiology of the neuropathic syndrome in Jamaica. West Indian Med J 14:36-47.
212. Rodgers-Johnson P, Gajdusek DC, Morgan OS, Zaninovic V, Sarin PS, Graham DS. 1985. HTLV-I and HTLV-III antibodies and tropical spastic paraparesis. Lancet 2:1247-1248.
213. Rodgers-Johnson PE, Ono SG, Asher DM, Gibbs CJ, Jr. 1990. Tropical spastic paraparesis and HTLV-I myelopathy: clinical features and pathogenesis. Res Publ Assoc Res Nerv Ment Dis 68:117-130.
214. Rosenblatt JD, Giorgi JV, Golde DW, Ezra JB, Wu A, Winberg CD, Glaspy J, Wachsman W, Chen IS. 1988. Integrated human T-cell leukemia virus II genome in CD8+ T cells from a patient with "atypical" hairy cell leukemia: evidence for distinct T and B cell lymphoproliferative disorders. Blood 71:363-369.
215. Saito M, Nakagawa M, Kaseda S, Matsuzaki T, Jonosono M, Eiraku N, Kubota R, Takenouchi N, Nagai M, Furukawa Y, Usuku K, Izumo S, Osame M. 2004. Decreased human T lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) provirus load and alteration in T cell phenotype after interferon-α therapy for HTLV-I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis. J Infect Dis 189:29-40.
216. Satoh M, Toma H, Sugahara K, Etoh K, Shiroma Y, Kiyuna S, Takara M, Matsuoka M, Yamaguchi K, Nakada K, Fujita K, Kojima S, Hori E, Tanaka Y, Kamihira S, Sato Y, Watanabe T. 2002. Involvement of IL-2/IL-2R system activation by parasite antigen in polyclonal expansion of CD4(+)25(+) HTLV-1-infected T-cells in human carriers of both HTLV-1 and S. stercoralis. Oncogene 21: 2466-2475.
217. Saxton EH, Lee H, Swanson P, Chen IS, Ruland C, Chin E, Aboulafia D, Delamarter R, Rosenblatt JD. 1989. Detection of human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma virus type I in a transfusion recipient with chronic myelopathy. Neurology 39:841-844.
218. Schnittman SM, Psallidopoulos MC, Lane HC, Thompson L, Baseler M, Massari F, Fox CH, Salzman NP, Fauci AS. 1989. The reservoir for HIV-1 in human peripheral blood is a T cell that maintains expression of CD4. Science 245:305-308.
219. Schupbach J, Popovic M, Gilden RV, Gonda MA, Sarngadharan MG, Gallo RC. 1984. Serological analysis of a subgroup of human T-lymphotropic retroviruses (HTLV-III) associated with AIDS. Science 224:503-505.
220. Seiki M, Hattori S, Hirayama Y, Yoshida M. 1983. Human adult T-cell leukemia virus: complete nucleotide sequence of the provirus genome integrated in leukemia cell DNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 80:3618-3622.
221. Seiki M, Inoue J, Takeda T, Hikikoshi A, Sato M, Yoshida M. 1985. The p40x of human T-cell leukemia virus type I is a trans-acting activator of viral gene transcription. Jpn J Cancer Res 76:1127-1131.
222. Semmes OJ, Jeang KT. 1996. Localization of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 tax to subnuclear compartments that overlap with interchromatin speckles. J Virol 70:6347-6357.
223. Sharrocks AD. 2001. The ETS-domain transcription factor family. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2:827-837.
224. Sheremata WA, Benedict D, Squilacote DC, Sazant A, DeFreitas E. 1993. High-dose zidovudine induction in HTLV-I-associated myelopathy: safety and possible efficacy. Neurology 43:2125-2129.
225. Shimamoto Y, Yamaguchi M. 1992. HTLV-I induced extranodal lymphomas. Leuk Lymphoma 7:37-45.
226. Shuh M, Derse D. 2000. Ternary complex factors and cofactors are essential for human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 tax transactivation of the serum response element. J Virol 74:11394-11397.
227. Smith MR, Greene WC. 1992. Characterization of a novel nuclear localization signal in the HTLV-I tax transactivator protein. Virology 187:316-320.
228. Sodroski J, Rosen C, Goh WC, Haseltine W 1985. A transcriptional activator protein encoded by the x-lor region of the human T-cell leukemia virus. Science 228:1430-1434.
229. Sowa JM. 1992. Human T lymphotropic virus I, myelopathy, polymyositis and synovitis: an expanding rheumatic spectrum. J Rheumatol 19:316-318.
230. Sugahara K, Yamada Y. 2000. [Southern blot hybridization analysis for lymphoid neoplasms]. Rinsho Byori 48:702-707.
231. Sugaya T, Ishizu A, Ikeda H, Nakamaru Y, Fugo K, Higuchi M, Yamazaki H, Imai K, Yoshiki T. 2002. Clonotypic analysis of T cells accumulating at arthritic lesions in HTLV-I env-pX transgenic rats. Exp Mol Pathol 72:56-61.
232. Sundaram R, Sun Y, Walker CM, Lemonnier FA, Jacobson S, Kaumaya PT. 2003. A novel multivalent human CTL peptide construct elicits robust cellular immune responses in HLA-A*0201 transgenic mice: implications for HTLV-1 vaccine design. Vaccine 21:2767-2781.
233. Sundaram R, Lynch MP, Rawale SV, Sun Y, Kazanji M, Kaumaya PT. 2004. De novo design of peptide immunogens that mimic the coiled coil region of human T-cell leukemia virus type-1 glycoprotein 21 transmembrane subunit for induction of native protein reactive neutralizing antibodies. J Biol Chem 279:24141-24151.
234. Suzuki T, Hirai H, Fujisawa J, Fujita T, Yoshida M. 1993. A transactivator Tax of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 binds to NF-κ B p50 and serum response factor (SRF) and associates with enhancer DNAs of the NF-κ B site and CArG box. Oncogene 8:2391-2397.
235. Suzuki T, Hirai H, Murakami T, Yoshida M. 1995. Tax protein of HTLV-1 destabilizes the complexes of NF-κ B and I κ B-α and induces nuclear translocation of NF-κ B for transcriptional activation. Oncogene 10:1199-1207.
236. Suzuki T, Uchida-Toita M, Andoh T, Yoshida M. 2000. HTLV-1 tax oncoprotein binds to DNA topoisomerase I and inhibits its catalytic activity. Virology 270:291-298.
237. Suzumiya J, Marutsuka K, Nabeshima K, Nawa Y, Koono M, Tamura K, Kimura N, Hisano S, Tachibana N, Inoue S, et al., 1993. Autopsy findings in 47 cases of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma in Miyazaki prefecture, Japan. Leuk Lymphoma 11:281-286.
238. Takamoto T, Makino M, Azuma M, Kanzaki T, Baba M, Sonoda S. 1997. HTLV-I-infected T cells activate autologous CD4+ T cells susceptible to HTLV-I infection in a costimulatory molecule-dependent fashion. Eur J Immunol 27:1427-1432.
239. Takatsuki K. 1997. Kenneth MacGredie Memorial Lectureship. Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. Leukemia 11 (Suppl 3):54-56.
240. Takatsuki K, Yamaguchi K, Kawano F, Hattori T, Nishimura H, Tsuda H, Sanada I, Nakada K, Itai Y. 1985. Clinical diversity in adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma. Cancer Res 45 (9 Suppl):4644s-4645s.
241. Takeda S, Maeda M, Morikawa S, Taniguchi Y, Yasunaga J, Nosaka K, Tanaka Y, Matsuoka M. 2004. Genetic and epigenetic inactivation of tax gene in adult T-cell leukemia cells. Int J Cancer 109:559-567.
242. Tamiya S, Matsuoka M, Etoh K, Watanabe T, Kamihira S, Yamaguchi K, Takatsuki K. 1996. Two types of defective human T-lymphotropic virus type I provirus in adult T-cell leukemia. Blood 88:3065-3073.
243. Tanaka A, Takahashi C, Yamaoka S, Nosaka T, Maki M, Hatanaka M. 1990. Oncogenic transformation by the tax gene of human T-cell leukemia virus type I in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87:1071-1075.
244. Tashiro T. 1992. [Pulmonary complications in patients with adult T-cell leukemia]. Nihon Kyobu Shikkan Gakkai Zasshi 30:756-762.
245. Taylor GP, Goon PK, Usuku K, Barfield A, Green H, Babiker A, Bangham CR, Weber JN. 2003. The Bridge Study-a double-blind placebo controlled trial of zidovudine plus lamivudine for treatment of patients with HTLV-I associated myelopathy. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 19 (Suppl):S13.
246. Thorstensson R, Albert J, Andersson S. 2002. Strategies for diagnosis of HTLV-I and -II. Transfusion 42:780-791.
247. Treisman R, Ammerer G. 1992. The SRF and MCM1 transcription factors. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2:221-226.
248. Trejo SR, Ratner L. 2000. The HTLV receptor is a widely expressed protein. Virology 268:41-48.
249. Tsuchiya H, Fujii M, Niki T, Tokuhara M, Matsui M, Seiki M. 1993. Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 Tax activates transcription of the human fra-1 gene through multiple cis elements responsive to transmembrane signals. J Virol 67:7001-7007.
250. Tsukahara T, Kannagi M, Ohashi T, Kato H, Arai M, Nunez G, Iwanaga Y, Yamamoto N, Ohtani K, Nakamura M, Fujii M. 1999. Induction of Bcl-x(L) expression by human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 Tax through NF-κB in apoptosis-resistant T-cell transfectants with Tax. J Virol 73:7981-7987.
251. Tsukasaki K, Tanosaki S, DeVos S, Hofmann WK, Wachsman W, Gombart AF, Krebs J, Jauch A, Bartram CR, Nagai K, Tomonaga M, Said JW, Koeffler HP. 2004. Identifying progression-associated genes in adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma by using oligonucleotide microarrays. Int J Cancer 109:875-881.
252. Uchiyama T, Yodoi J, Sagawa K, Takatsuki K, Uchino H. 1977. Adult T-cell leukemia: clinical and hematologic features of 16 cases. Blood 50:481-492.
253. Uhlik M, Good L, Xiao G, Harhaj EW, Zandi E, Karin M, Sun SC. 1998. NF-κB-inducing kinase and IκB kinase participate in human T- cell leukemia virus I Tax-mediated NF-κB activation. J Biol Chem 273:21132-21136.
254. Ureta-Vidal A, Pique C, Garcia Z, Dehee A, Tortevoye P, Desire N, Gessain A, Chancerel B, Gout O, Lemonnier FA, Cochet M. 2001. Human T cell leukemia virus Type I (HTLV-I) infection induces greater expansions of CD8 T lymphocytes in persons with HTLV-I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis than in asymptomatic carriers. J Infect Dis 183:857-864.
255. Van Dyke RB, Perrin M, Roberts B, Starszak E, Green D, Heneine W, Kaplan JE. 1992. HTLV-I and HTLV-II infection among pregnant women attending a large public hospital in New Orleans (abstract). In Eighth International AIDS Conference, Amsterdam, Netherlands, July 19-24.
256. Vendel AC, McBryant SJ, Lumb KJ. 2003. KIX-mediated assembly of the CBP-CREB-HTLV-1 tax coactivator-activator complex. Biochemistry 42:12481-12487.
257. Vogelstein B, Kinzler KW. 1992. p53 function and dysfunction. Cell 70:523-526.
258. Waldmann TA. 1994. Anti-IL-2 receptor monoclonal antibody (anti-Tac) treatment of T-cell lymphoma. Important Adv Oncol 131-141.
259. Weiss SH, Ginzberg HM, Saxinger WC, Cantor KP, Mundon FK, Zimmerman DH, Blattner WA. 1987. Emerging high rates of HTLV-I and HIV infection among US drug abusers (abstract); III International Conference on AIDS. Washington, DC, June 1-5. p. 211.
260. Wiktor SZ, Cannon RO, Atkinson WL, Lutz B, Hook EW, 3rd, Blattner WA, Quinn TC. 1992. Infection with human T lymphotropic virus types I and II in sexually transmitted disease clinics in Baltimore and New Orleans. J Infect Dis 165:920-924.
261. Wilks RJ, LaGrenade L, Hanchard B, Campbell M, Murphy J, Cranston B, Blattner WA, Manns A. 1993. Sibling adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma and clustering of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I infection in a Jamaican family. Cancer 72:2700-2704.
262. Wood GS, Schaffer JM, Boni R, Dummer R, Burg G, Takeshita M, Kikuchi M. 1997. No evidence of HTLV-I proviral integration in lymphoproliferative disorders associated with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Am J Pathol 150:667-673.
263. Wycuff DR, Yanites HL, Marriott SJ. 2004. Identification of a functional serum response element in the HTLV-I LTR. Virology 324: 540-553.
264. Xiao G, Sun SC. 2000. Activation of IKKα and IKKβ through their fusion with HTLV-I tax protein. Oncogene 19:5198-5203.
265. Yamaguchi K, Kiyokawa T, Futami G, Ishii T, Takatsuki K. 1990. Pathogenesis of adult T cell leukemia from clinical pathologic features. In: Blattner WA, editor. Human retrovirology: HTLV New York: Raven Press, pp.163-171.
266. Yamaguchi K, Watanabe T. 2002. Human T lymphotropic virus type-I and adult T-cell leukemia in Japan. Int J Hematol 76 (Suppl 2): 240-245.
267. Yamamoto Y, Gaynor RB. 2004. IκB kinases: key regulators of the NF-κB pathway. Trends Biochem Sci 29:72-79.
268. Yashiki S, Fujiyoshi T, Arima N, Osame M, Yoshinaga M, Nagata Y, Tara M, Nomura K, Utsunomiya A, Hanada S, Tajima K, Sonoda S. 2001. HLA-A*26, HLA-B*4002, HLA-B*4006, and HLA-B*4801 alleles predispose to adult T cell leukemia: the limited recognition of HTLV type 1 tax peptide anchor motifs and epitopes to generate anti-HTLV type 1 tax CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 17:1047-1061.
269. Yasunaga J, Matsuoka M. 2003. Leukemogenesis of adult T-cell leukemia. Int J Hematol 78:312-320.
270. Yates PR, Atherton GT, Deed RW, Norton JD, Sharrocks AD. 1999. Id helix-loop-helix proteins inhibit nucleoprotein complex formation by the TCF ETS-domain transcription factors. Embo J 18:968-976.
271. Yin MJ, Christerson LB, Yamamoto Y, Kwak YT, Xu S, Mercurio F, Barbosa M, Cobb MH, Gaynor RB. 1998. HTLV-I Tax protein binds to MEKK1 to stimulate IκB kinase activity and NF-κB activation. Cell 93:875-884.
272. Yokoi K, Kawai H, Akaike M, Mine H, Saito S. 1995. Presence of human T-lymphotropic virus type II-related genes in DNA of peripheral leukocytes from patients with autoimmune thyroid diseases. J Med Virol 45:392-398.
273. Yoshida M, Seiki M, Yamaguchi K, Takatsuki K. 1984. Monoclonal integration of human T-cell leukemia provirus in all primary tumors of adult T-cell leukemia suggests causative role of human T-cell leukemia virus in the disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 81: 2534-2537.
274. Yoshida M, Suzuki T. 2000. HTLV type 1 Tax oncoprotein binds to DNA topoisomerase I and inhibits its catalytic activity. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 16:1639-1645.
275. Zehender G, De Maddalena C, Osio M, Cavalli B, Parravicini C, Moroni M, Galli M. 1995. High prevalence of human T cell lymphotropic virus type II infection in patients affected by human immunodeficiency virus type I-associated predominantly sensory polyneuropathy. J Infect Dis 172:1595-1598.
276. Zhang Z, Zhang M, Goldman CK, Ravetch JV, Waldmann TA. 2003. Effective therapy for a murine model of adult T-cell leukemia with the humanized anti-CD52 monoclonal antibody, Campath-1H. Cancer Res 63:6453-6457.
277. Zucker-Franklin D, Pancake BA, Najfeld V. 2003. Localization of HTLV-I tax proviral DNA in mononuclear cells. Blood Cells Mol Dis 31:1-6.