Ghrelin: A new player in the control of gastrointestinal functions

Gut

Volumn 54, Issue 11, 2005, Pages 1638-1649

  Peeters, T L ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LEUVEN   (Belgium)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CYCLOOXYGENASE 2 INHIBITOR; G PROTEIN COUPLED RECEPTOR; GASTROINTESTINAL POLYPEPTIDE; GHRELIN; GROWTH HORMONE; GROWTH HORMONE SECRETAGOGUE RECEPTOR; HISTIDYL DEXTRO TRYPTOPHYLALANYLTRYPTOPHYL DEXTRO PHENYLALANYLLYSINAMIDE; INDOMETACIN; MOTILIN; ROFECOXIB;

AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; APPETITE; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM; DIGESTIVE SYSTEM; ENDOCRINE CELL; ENERGY; FOOD INTAKE; GASTROINTESTINAL MOTILITY; GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT FUNCTION; HELICOBACTER INFECTION; HELICOBACTER PYLORI; HOMEOSTASIS; HORMONE ACTION; HORMONE RELEASE; HUMAN; HYPOPHYSIS; HYPOPHYSIS CELL; HYPOTHALAMUS; KNOCKOUT MOUSE; NONHUMAN; OBESITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSTAGLANDIN SYNTHESIS; PROTEIN FUNCTION; PROTEIN LOCALIZATION; REGULATORY MECHANISM; REVIEW; SEQUENCE HOMOLOGY; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; STOMACH; STOMACH ACID SECRETION; STOMACH MUCOSA; STOMACH ULCER;

AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT; HUMANS; MOLECULAR SEQUENCE DATA; PEPTIDE HORMONES; RECEPTORS, G-PROTEIN-COUPLED;

EID: 27444446161     PISSN: 00175749     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1136/gut.2004.062604     Document Type: Review

References (88)

1. Crapo L. Hormones. The messengers of life. New York: WH Freeman and Company, 1985.
2. Bowers CY. Growth hormone-releasing peptide (GHRP). Cell Mol Life Sci 1998;54:1310-29.
3. De Gennaro Colonna V, Rossoni G, Bernareggi M, et al. Hexarelin, a growth hormone-releasing peptide, discloses protectant activity against cardiovascular damage in rats with isolated growth hormone deficiency. Cardiologia 1997;42:1165-72.
4. Kojima M, Hosoda H, Date Y, et al. Ghrelin is a growth-hormone-releasing acylated peptide from stomach. Nature 1999;402:656-60.
5. Tomasetto C, Karam SM, Ribieras S, et al. Identification and characterization of a novel gastric peptide hormone: the motilin-related peptide. Gastroenterology 2000;119:395-405.
6. Sheppard P, Deisher T. Motilin homologs. Patent application WO 98/42840, 01.10. 1998.
7. Hosoda H, Kojima M, Matsuo H, et al. Purification and characterization of rat des-Gln14-Ghrelin, a second endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor. J Biol Chem 2000;275:21995-2000.
8. Matsumoto M, Hosoda H, Kitajima Y, et al. Structure-activity relationship of ghrelin: pharmacological study of ghrelin peptides. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001;287:142-6.
9. Bednarek MA, Feighner SD, Pong SS, et al. Structure-function studies on the new growth hormone-releasing peptide, ghrelin: minimal sequence of ghrelin necessary for activation of growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a. J Med Chem 2000;43:4370-6.
10. Palyha OC, Feighner SD, Tan CP, et al. Ligand activation domain of human orphan growth hormone (GH) secretagogue receptor (GHS-R) conserved from Pufferfish to humans. Mol Endocrinol 2000;14:160-9.
11. Matsuura B, Dong M, Miller LJ. Differential determinants for peptide and non-peptidyl ligand binding to the motilin receptor. Critical role of second extracellular loop for peptide binding and action. J Biol Chem 2002;277:9834-9.
12. Depoortere I, Thijs T, Thielemans L, et al. Interaction of the growth hormone-releasing peptides ghrelin and growth hormone-releasing peptide-6 with the motilin receptor in the rabbit gastric antrum. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2003;305:660-7.
13. Feighner SD, Tan CP, McKee KK, et al. Receptor for motilin identified in the human gastrointestinal system. Science 1999;284:2184-8.
14. McKee KK, Tan CP, Palyha OC, et al. Cloning and characterization of two human G protein-coupled receptor genes (GPR38 and GPR39) related to the growth hormone secretagogue and neurotensin receptors. Genomics 1997;46:426-34.
15. Casanueva FF, Dieguez C. Growth hormone secretagogues: physiological role and clinical utility. Trends Endocrinol Metab 1999;10:30-8.
16. Kojima M, Kangawa K. Ghrelin: structure and function. Physiol Rev 2005;85:495-522.
17. Ghigo E, Broglio F, Arvat E, et al. Ghrelin: more than a natural GH secretagogue and/or an orexigenic factor. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2005;62:1-17.
18. Ariyasu H, Takaya K, Tagami T, et al. Stomach is a major source of circulating qhrelin, and feeding state determines plasma ghrelin-like immunoreactivity levels in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001;86:4753-8.
19. Krsek M, Rosicka M, Haluzik M, et al. Plasma ghrelin levels in patients with short bowel syndrome. Endocr Res 2002;28:27-33.
20. Cummings DE, Purnell JQ, Frayo RS, et al. A preprandial rise in plasma ghrelin levels suggests a role in meal initiation in humans. Diabetes 2001;50:1714-19.
21. Bowers CY, Momany FA, Reynolds GA, et al. On the in vitro and in vivo activity of a new synthetic hexapeptide that acts on the pituitary to specifically release growth hormone. Endocrinology 1984;114:1537-45.
22. Locke W, Kirgis HD, Bowers CY, et al. Intracerebroventricular growth-hormone-releasing peptide-6 stimulates eating without affecting plasma growth hormone responses in rats. Life Sci 1995;56:1347-52.
23. Torsello A, Luoni M, Schweiger F, et al. Novel hexarelin analogs stimulate feeding in the rat through a mechanism not involving growth hormone release. Eur J Pharmacol 1998;360:123-9.
24. Korbonits M, Kaltsas G, Perry LA, et al. The growth hormone secretagogue hexarelin stimulates the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis via arginine vasopressin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999;84:2489-95.
25. Arvat E, Di Vito L, Broglio F, et al. Preliminary evidence that ghrelin, the natural GH secretagogue (GHS)-receptor ligand, strongly stimulates GH secretion in humans. J Endocrinol Invest 2000;23:493-5.
26. Wren AM, Seal LJ, Cohen MA, et al. Ghrelin enhances appetite and increases food intake in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001;86:5992.
27. Nakazato M, Murakami N, Date Y, et al. A role for ghrelin in the central regulation of feeding. Nature 2001;409:194-8.
28. Asakawa A, Inui A, Kaga T, et al. Ghrelin is an appetite-stimulatory signal from stomach with structural resemblance to motilin. Gastroenterology 2001;120:337-45.
29. Muccioli G, Tschop M, Papotti M, et al. Neuroendocrine and peripheral activities of ghrelin: implications in metabolism and obesity. Eur J Pharmacol 2002;440(2-3):235-54.
30. Date Y, Murakami N, Toshinai K, et al. The role of the gastric afferent vagal nerve in ghrelin-induced feeding and growth hormone secretion in rats. Gastroenterology 2002;123:1120-8.
31. Date Y, Nakazato M, Murakami N, et al. Ghrelin acts in the central nervous system to stimulate gastric acid secretion. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001;280:904-7.
32. Williams DL, Grill HJ, Cummings DE, et al. Vagotomy dissociates short- and long-term controls of circulating ghrelin. Endocrinology 2003;144:5184-7.
33. Hewson AK, Dickson SL. Systemic administration of ghrelin induces Fos and EgH proteins in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus or fasted and fed rats. J Neuroendocrinol 2000;12:1047-9.
34. Shintani M, Ogawa Y, Ebihara K, et al. Ghrelin, an endogenous growth hormone secretagogue, is a novel orexigenic peptide that antagonizes leptin action through the activation of hypothalamic neuropeptide Y/Y1 receptor pathway. Diabetes 2001;50:227-32.
35. Chen HY, Trumbauer ME, Chen AS, et al. Orexigenic action of peripheral ghrelin is mediated by neuropeptide Y and agouti-related protein. Endocrinology 2004;145:2607-12.
36. Toshinai K, Date Y, Murakami N, et al. Ghrelin-induced food intake is mediated via the orexin pathway. Endocrinology 2003;144:1506-12.
37. Cummings DE, Foster-Schubert KE, Overduin J. Ghrelin and energy balance: focus on current controversies. Curr Drug Targets 2005;6:153-69.
38. Tschop M, Smiley DL, Heiman ML. Ghrelin induces adiposity in rodents. Nature 2000;407:908-13.
39. Cummings DE, Weigle DS, Frayo RS, et al. Plasma ghrelin levels after diet-induced weight loss or gastric bypass surgery. N Engl J Med 2002;346:1623-30.
40. Cummings DE, Clement K, Purnell JQ, et al. Elevated plasma ghrelin levels in Prader Willi syndrome. Nat Med 2002;8:643-4.
41. Sun Y, Ahmed S, Smith RG. Deletion of ghrelin impairs neither growth nor appetite. Mol Cell Biol 2003;23:7973-81.
42. Masuda Y, Tanaka T, Inomata N, et al. Ghrelin stimulates gastric acid secretion and motility in rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000;276:905-8.
43. Brzozowski T, Konturek PC, Konturek SJ, et al. Exogenous and endogenous ghrelin in gastroprotection against stress-induced gastric damage. Regul Pept 2004;120:39-51.
44. Ro S, Tanaka T, Ochiai M, et al. The interaction between gastrin and ghrelin on acid secretion in rat stomach 2004;26(suppl 2):A-147.
45. Sibilia V, Pagani F, Guidobono F, et al. Evidence for a central inhibitory role of growth hormone secretagogues and ghrelin on gastric acid secretion in conscious rats. Neuroendocrinology 2002;75:92-7.
46. Dornonville de la Cour C, Lindstrom E, Norlen P, et al. Ghrelin stimulates gastric emptying but is without effect on acid secretion and gastric endocrine cells. Regul Pept 2004;120:23-32.
47. Walsh JH, Gastrin. In: Walsh J, Dockray G, eds. Gut peptides. New York: Raven Press, 1994:75-121.
48. Lee HM, Wang G, Englander EW, et al. Ghrelin, a new gastrointestinal endocrine peptide that stimulates insulin secretion: enteric distribution, ontogeny, influence of endocrine, and dietary manipulations. Endocrinology 2002;143:185-90.
49. Blaser MJ, Atherton JC. Helicobacter pylori persistence: biology and disease. J Clin Invest 2004;113:321-33.
50. Gokcel A, Gumurdulu Y, Kayaselcuk F, et al. Helicobacter pylori has no effect on plasma ghrelin levels. Eur J Endocrinol 2003;148:423-6.
51. Nwokolo CU, Freshwater DA, O'Hare P, et al. Plasma ghrelin following cure of Helicobacter pylori. Gut 2003;52:637-40.
52. Blaser MJ. An endangered species in the stomach. Sci Am 2005;292:38-45.
53. Cummings DE. Helicobacter pylori and ghrelin: Interrelated players in body-weight regulation? Am J Med 2004;117:436-9.
54. Macadam RC, Borse V, Dodo I, et al. Helicobacter pylori, ghrelin, and obesity. Gut 2004;53:315-6.
55. Murray CD, Emmanuel AV. Ghrelin and Helicobacter pylori. Gut 2004;53:315.
56. Isomoto H, Nakazato M, Ueno H, et al. Low plasma ghrelin levels in patients with Helicobacter pylori-associated gastritis. Am J Med 2004;117:429-32.
57. Osawa H, Nakazato M, Date Y, et al. Impaired production of gastric ghrelin in chronic gastritis associated with Helicobacter pylori. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005;90:10-16.
58. Tatsuguchi A, Miyake K, Gudis K, et al. Effect of Helicobacter pylori infection on ghrelin expression in human gastric mucosa. Am J Gastroenterol 2004;99:2121-7.
59. Ioannou GN, Weiss NS, Kearney DJ. Is Helicobacter pylori seropositivity related to body mass index in the United States? Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2005;21:765-72.
60. Cassoni P, Ghe C, Marrocco T, et al. Expression of ghrelin and biological activity of specific receptors for ghrelin and des-acyl ghrelin in human prostate neoplasms and related cell lines. Eur J Endocrinol 2004;150:173-84.
61. Sibilia V, Rindi G, Pagani F, et al. Ghrelin protects against ethanol-induced gastric ulcers in rats: studies on the mechanisms of action. Endocrinology 2003;144:353-9.
62. Konturek P, Nikiforuk A, Kukharskyy V, et al. Ghrelin in Barrett's esophagus: expression and effect on cell growth. Gastroenterology 2004;126(4 suppl 2):A-135.
63. Sibilia V, Torsello A, Pagani F, et al. Effects of hexarelin against acid-independent and acid-dependent ulcerogens in the rat. Peptides 2004;25:2163-70.
64. Pawlik M, Brzozowski T, Kwiecien S, et al. Role of exogenous and endogenous leptin and ghrelin in healing of colonie damage in experimental ulcerative colitis. 2004;126:A-575.
65. Tanaka T, Uneyama H, Yoshie S, et al. Nitric oxide generation by ghrelin and localization of GHS-R in the rat stomach. Gastroenterology 2004;126(suppl 2):A-410.
66. Suzuki H, Fukuhara S, Masaoka T, et al. Ghrelin dynamics in rats with cysteamine-induced duodenal ulcer. Gastroenterology 2004;126(suppl 2):A-144.
67. Fujino K, Inui A, Asakawa A, et al. Ghrelin induces fasted motor activity of the gastrointestinal tract in conscious fed rats. J Physiol 2003;550(Pt 1):227-40.
68. Edholm T, Levin F, Hellstrom PM. Ghrelin stimulates motiliry in the small intestine of rats through intrinsic cholinergic neurons, et al. Regul Pept 2004;121:25-30.
69. Tack J, Depoortere I, Bisschops R, et al. Influence of ghrelin on inter digestive gastrointestinal motility in man. Gut 2005 (in press).
70. Trudel L, Tomasetto C, Rio MC, et al. Ghrelin/motilin-related peptide is a potent prokinetic to reverse gastric postoperative ileus in rat. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2002;282:G948-52.
71. Dornonville de la Cour C, Lindstrom E, Norlen P, et al. Ghrelin stimulates gastric emptying but is without effect on acid secretion and gastric endocrine cells. Regul Pept 2004;120:23-32.
72. Kitazawa T, De Smet B, Verbeke K, et al. Gastric motor effects of peptide and non-peptide ghrelin agonists in mice in vivo and in vitro. Gut 2005;54:1078-84.
73. Moreaux B, Van den Berg J, Thielemans L, et al. Activation of the GHS-receptor accelerates gastric emptying in dogs. Gastroenterology 2004;126(suppl 2):A-278.
74. Tschop M, Wawarta R, Riepl RL, et al. Post-prandial decrease of circulating human ghrelin levels. J Endocrinol Invest 2001;24:RC19-21.
75. Tack J, Depoortere I, Bisschops R, et al. Influence of ghrelin on gastric emptying and meal-releated symptoms in idiopathic gastroparesis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2005 (in press).
76. De Smet B, Depoortere I, Moreaux B, et al. Gastric emptying and food intake in ghrelin knockout mice. Gastroenterology 2004;126(suppl 2):A-90.
77. Asakawa A, Inui A, Kaga T, et al. Antagonism of ghrelin receptor reduces food intake and body weight gain in mice. Gut 2003;52:947-52.
78. Trudel L, Bouin M, Tomasetto C, et al. Two new peptides to improve post-operative gastric ileus in dog. Peptides 2003;24:531-4.
79. De Winter BY, De Man JG, Seerden TC, et al. Effect of ghrelin and growth hormone-releasing peptide 6 on septic ileus in mice. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2004;16:439-46.
80. Xu L, Depoortere I, Tomasetto C, et al. Evidence for the presence of motilin, ghrelin, and the motilin and ghrelin receptor in neurons of the myenteric plexus. Regul Pept 2005;124:119-25.
81. Dass NB, Munonyara M, Bassil AK, et al. Growth hormone secretagogue receptors in rat and human gastrointestinal tract and the effects of ghrelin. Neuroscience 2003;120:443-53.
82. Bisschops R, Vanden Berghe P, Depoortere I, et al. Ghrelin activates a subset of myenteric neurons in guinea-pig jejunum. Gastroenterology 2003;124(suppl 1):A-1.
83. Peeters TL, Aerssens J, De Smet B, et al. The mouse is a natural knock-out for motilin and for the motilin receptor. Functionally they have been replaced by ghrelin. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2004;16:687.
84. Aerssens J, Depoortere I, Thielemans L, et al. The rat lacks functional genes for motilin and for the motilin receptor. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2004;16:841.
85. Asakawa A, Inui A, Fujimiya M, et al. Stomach regulates energy balance via acylated ghrelin and desacyl ghrelin. Gut 2005;54:18-24.
86. Itoh Z, Aizawa I, Takeuchi S, et al. In: Vantrappen G, ed. Hunger contractions and motilin. Porceedings of the Fifth International Symposium on Gastrointestinal Motility. Herentals, Belgium: Typoff-Press. 1975:48-55.
87. Spiegel K, Tasali E, Penev P, et al. Brief communication: Sleep curtailment in healthy young men is associated with decreased leptin levels, elevated ghrelin levels, and increased hunger and appetite. Ann Intern Med 2004;141:846-50.
88. Weikel JC, Wichniak A, Ising M, et al. Ghrelin promotes slow-wave sleep in humans. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2003;284:E407-15.