The use of mucoadhesive polymers in vaginal delivery

Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews

Volumn 57, Issue 11, 2005, Pages 1692-1712

  Valenta, Claudia ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF VIENNA   (Austria)

Author keywords

Carrageenan; Cellulose derivatives; Chitosan; Hyaluronic acid; Na alginate; Pectin; Poly(acrylates); Starch; Sulfated polysaccharides; Traganth

Indexed keywords

CELLULOSE DERIVATIVES; CHITIN; DRUG DOSAGE; DRUG PRODUCTS; PHYSIOLOGY; POLYSACCHARIDES;

CARRAGEENAN; NA-ALGINATE; PECTIN; SULFATED POLYSACCHARIDES; TRAGANTH;

POLYACRYLATES;

'SUMMER'S EVE'; ACIDFORM; ADVANTAGE S; ALGINIC ACID; CARBOMER; CARBOXYMETHYLCELLULOSE; CARRAGEENAN; CELLULOSE DERIVATIVE; CHITOSAN; CONTRACEPTIVE AGENT; FUNGICIDE; GELATIN; HEPATITIS B SURFACE ANTIGEN; HYALURONIC ACID DERIVATIVE; JELLY; LUBRICATING AGENT; MACROGOL; MUCOADHESIVE POLYMER; NONOXINOL 9; PECTIN; POLYACRYLIC ACID; POLYCARBOPHIL; POLYMER; POLYSACCHARIDE SULFATE; PROGESTERONE; REPLENS; SPERMICIDAL AGENT; STARCH; TRAGANTH; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG; UTROGEST; VACCINE;

ADHESION; DRUG ABSORPTION; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM; DRUG DOSAGE FORM; HUMAN; IMMUNE RESPONSE; MYCOSIS; NONHUMAN; PH; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; UTERINE CERVIX MUCUS; VAGINA CONTRACEPTION; VAGINA FLORA; VAGINAL DRYNESS; VAGINAL LAVAGE; VAGINITIS;

ADMINISTRATION, INTRAVAGINAL; ANIMALS; FEMALE; HUMANS; POLYMERS; TISSUE ADHESIVES; VAGINA;

CELLULOSE DERIVATIVES; CHITOSAN; DRUGS; HYALURONIC ACID; PHYSIOLOGY; POLYACRYLATES;

EID: 26844560127     PISSN: 0169409X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2005.07.004     Document Type: Review

References (141)

1. K. Vermani, and S. Garg The scope and potential of vaginal drug delivery PSTT 3 2000 359 364
2. A. Desphande, C.T. Rhodes, and M. Danish Intravaginal drug delivery Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm. 18 1992 1225 1279
3. M. Furuhjelm, C. Karlgren, and K. Carlstrom Intravaginal administration of conjugated estrogens in postmenopausal women Int. J. Gynecol. Obstet. 17 1980 335 339
4. L. Genc, C. Oguzlar, and E. Güler Studies on vaginal bioadhesive tablets of acyclovir Pharmazie 55 2000 297 299
5. J.L. Richardson, and T.I. Trevor Vaginal delivery of calcitonin by hyaluronic acid formulations Drugs Pharm. Sci. 98 1999 563 599
6. C. Elson, A. Milne, D. Curran, and A. Kydonieus N,O-Carboxymethylchitosan as a mucoadhesive for vaginal delivery of levonorgestrel Proc. Int. Symp. Control. Release Bioact. Mater. 27 2000 7201 7202
7. T.K. Mandal Swelling-controlled release system for the vaginal delivery of miconazole Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 50 2000 337 343
8. C. Valenta, C. Kast, I. Harich, and A. Bernkop-Schnürch Development and in vitro evaluation of a mucoadhesive vaginal delivery system for progesterone J. Control. Release 77 2001 323 332
9. C. Valenta, M. Marschütz, C. Egyed, and A. Bernkop-Schnürch Evaluation of the inhibitory effect of thiolated poly(acrylates) on vaginal membrane bound aminopeptidase N J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 54 2002 603 610
10. C.E. Kast, C. Valenta, M. Leopold, and A. Bernkop-Schnürch Design and in vitro evaluation of a novel bioadhesive vaginal drug delivery system for clotrimazole J. Control. Release 81 2002 347 354
11. W. Platzer, S. Poisel, and E.S.E. Hafez Functional anatomy of the human vagina E.S.E. Hafez T.N. Evans The Human Vagina 1978 North Holland Publishing Company
12. A.E. Rakoff, L.G. Feo, and L. Goldstein The biologic characteristics of the normal vagina Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 47 1944 467 494
13. E.R. Boskey, R.A. Cone, K.J. Whaley, and D.R. Moench Origins of vaginal acidity: high D/L lactate ratio is consistent with bacteria being the primary source Hum. Reprod. 16 2001 1809 1813
14. D.E.S. Stewart-Tull Evidence that vaginal lactobacilli do not ferment glycogen J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 88 1964 676 679
15. J.L. Richardson, and L. Illum The vaginal route of peptide and protein drug delivery Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 8 1992 341 366
16. H. Okada, I. Yamazaki, T. Yashiki, and H. Mima Vaginal absorption of a potent luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone analog (leuprolide) in rats: II. Mechanism of absorption enhancement with organic acids J. Pharm. Sci. 72 1983 75 80
17. J.A.J. Owen Physiology of the menstrual cycle Clin. Nutr. 28 1975 333 338
18. H. Pschera, A. Hjerpe, and K. Carlstroem Influence of the maturity of the vaginal epithelium upon the absorption of vaginally administered 17b-estradiol and progesterone in postmenopausal women Gynecol. Obstet. Invest. 27 1989 204 207
19. M. Furuhjelm, E. Karlgren, and K. Carlstroem Intravaginal administration of conjugated estrogens in premenopausal and postmenopausal women Int. J. Gynecol. Obstet. 17 1980 335 339
20. D.P. Benzinger, and J. Edelson Absorption from the vagina Drug Metab. Rev. 14 1983 137 168
21. S. Muranishi, A. Yamamoto, and H. Okada Rectal and vaginal absorption of peptides and proteins Pharm. Biotech. 4 1993 199 227
22. M. Bourin, J. Guenzet, and G. Pradal Vaginal absorption of drugs J. Gynecol. Obstet. Biol. Reprod. 12 1983 717 726
23. M. Vermesh, G.T. Fossum, and O.A. Kletzky Vaginal bromocriptine: pharmacology and effect on serum prolactin in normal women Obstet. Gynecol. 72 1988 693 698
24. V.M. Jasonni, R. Raffelli, A. de March, G. Frank, and C. Flamigni Vaginal bromocriptine in hyperprolactinemic patients and puerperal women Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand. 493-495 1991
25. L.G. Patel Propanolol concentration in plasma after insertion into the vagina Br. Med. J. 287 1984 1247 1248
26. F.C. Christensen, M. Tehranifar, J.L. Gonzales, C.R. Qualls, V.J. Rappaport, and W.F. Rayburn Randomized trial of concurrent oxytocin with a sustained-release dinoprostone vaginal insert for labor induction at term Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 186 2002 61 65
27. N. Agarwal, A. Gupta, A. Kriplani, and N.P. Bhatla Six hourly vaginal misoprostol versus intracervical dinoprostone for cervical ripening and labor induction J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Res. 29 2003 147 151
28. K. Han, J.S. Park, Y.B. Chung, N.J.P. Jeong, H.B. Park, and J.R. Robinson Development of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LH-RH) delivery systems for vaginal mucosal route Arch. Pharm. Res. 18 1995 325 331
29. J.B. Livingston, S. Lu, H. Robinson, and D.J. Anderson Immunization of the female genital tract with a DNA-based vaccine Infect. Immun. 66 1998 322 329
30. R.K. Malcolm The intravaginal ring Drugs Pharm. Sci. 126 2003 775 790
31. E. Cicinelli, M. Cignarelli, S. Sabatelli, F. Romano, L.M. Schonauer, R. Padovano, and N. Einer-Jensen Plasma concentrations of progesterone are higher in the uterine artery than in the radial artery after vaginal administration of micronized progesterone in an oil-based solution to postmenopausal women Fertil. Steril. 69 1998 471 473
32. E. Cicinelli, D. de Ziegler, C. Bulletti, M.G. Matteo, L.M. Schonauer, and P. Galantino Direct transport of progesterone from vagina to uterus Obstet. Gynecol. 95 2000 403 406
33. N. Einer-Jensen, E. Cicinelli, P. Galantino, V. Pinto, and B.H.R. Barba Uterine first pass effect in postmenopausal women Hum. Reprod. 17 12 2002 3060 3064
34. D. De Ziegler, C. Bulletti, B. De Monstier, and A.-S. Jaaskelainen The first uterine pass effect Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 828 1997 291 299 (Uterus: Endometrium and Myometrium)
35. G. Dezarnaulds, and I.S. Fraser Vaginal ring delivery of hormone replacement therapy - a review Expert Opin. Pharmacother. 4 2003 201 212
36. M.I. Cedars, and H.L. Judd Nonoral routes of estrogen administration Obstet. Gynecol. Clin. North Am. 14 1987 269 298
37. A.D. Woolfson, R.K. Malcolm, and R. Gallagher Drug delivery by the intravaginal route Crit. Rev. Ther. Drug Carr. Syst. 17 2000 509 555
38. F. Acaturk, and J.R. Robinson Effect of the spermicide, nonoxynol 9, on vaginal permeability in normal and ovariectomized rabbits Pharm. Res. 13 1996 950 951
39. H. Okada, T. Yashiki, and H. Mima Vaginal absorption of a potent luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone analog (leuprolide) in rats: III. Effect of estrous cycle on vaginal absorption of hydrophilic model compounds J. Pharm. Sci. 72 1983 173 176
40. B.W. Müller Factors which are influencing the drug liberation as well as topical effects Suppositoria Wissenschaftl 1986 Verlagsges Stuttgart 272 275
41. N.F.H. Ho, L. Suhardja, S. Hwang, E. Owada, A. Molokhia, G.L. Flynn, W.I. Higuchi, and J.Y. Park Systems approach to vaginal delivery of drugs: III. Simulation studies interfacing steroid release from silicone matrix and vaginal absorption in rabbits J. Pharm. Sci. 65 1976 1578 1585
42. S.-J. Wu, and J.R. Robinson Vaginal epithelial models Models for Assessing Drug Absorption and Metabolism vol. 8 1996 Kluwer 409 424
43. J.L. Richardson, and L. Illum Routes of delivery: case studies Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 8 1992 341 366
44. A.S. Hussain, and W.A. Ritschel "Body burden" of phosphonoformic acid after topical and vaginal administration to rabbits and beagle dogs Methods Find. Exp. Clin. Pharmacol. 11 1989 111 114
45. F. Roumen Contraceptive efficacy and tolerability with a novel combined contraceptive vaginal ring, NuvaRing Eur. J. Contracpt. Reprod. Health Care 7 Suppl. 2 2002 19 24
46. K. Malcolm, D. Woolfson, J. Russell, P. Tallon, L. McAuley, and D. Craig Influence of silicone elastomer solubility and diffusivity on the in vitro release of drugs from intravaginal rings J. Control. Release 90 2003 217 225
47. J.C. Shah, Y. Sadhale, and D.M. Chilukuri Cubic phase gels as drug delivery systems Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 47 2001 229 250
48. K.R. Shah, Hydrophilic polystyrene graft copolymer vehicle for intravaginal administration of pharmacologically active agents, U. S. 5814 329 (1998).
49. D.W. Osborne, and C.V. Pesheck Vaginal drug delivery device PCT Int. Appl. 9218101 1992
50. J.R. Robinson, M.A. Longer, and M. Veillard Bioadhesive polymers for controlled drug delivery Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 507 1987 307 314
51. J.R. Robinson, and W.J. Bologna Vaginal and reproductive system treatments using a bioadhesive polymer J. Control. Release 28 1994 87 94
52. H.E. Junginger Bioadhesive polymer systems for peptide delivery Acta Pharm. Technol. 36 1990 110 126
53. H.S. Ch'ng, H. Park, P. Kelly, and R. Robinson Bioadhesive polymers as platforms for oral controlled drug delivery: II. Synthesis and evaluation of some swelling water insoluble bioadhesive polymers J. Pharm. Sci. 74 1985 399 405
54. C.M. Lehr Bioadhesion technologies for the controlled delivery of peptide and protein drugs to the gastrointestinal tract Crit. Rev. Ther. Drug Carr. Syst. 11 1995 177 218
55. M.H. Burgos, and C.E.R. Linaires Ultrastructure of the vaginal mucosa E.S.E. Hafez T.N. Evans The Human Vagina 1978 North Holland Publishing Company
56. F. Lejoyeux, G. Ponchel, D. Wouessidjewe, N.A. Peppas, and D. Duchene Bioadhesive tablets-influence of the testing medium composition on bioadhesion Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm. 15 1989 2037 2048
57. D.P. Wolf, J.E. Sokoloski, and M. Litt Composition and function of human cervical mucus Biochim. Biophys. Acta Gen. Subj. 630 1980 545 558
58. B.T. Burruano, R.L. Schnaare, and D. Malamud Synthetic cervical mucus formulation Contraception 66 2002 137 140
59. D.H. Owen, and D.F. Katz A vaginal fluid simulant Contraception 59 1999 91 95
60. R.K. Willits, and W.M. Saltzman Synthetic polymers alter the structure of cervical mucus Biomaterials 22 2001 445 452
61. D.F. Katz, and E.N. Dunmire Cervical mucus: problems and opportunities for drug delivery via the vagina and cervix Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 11 1993 385 401
62. A. Ahuja, R.K. Khar, and J. Ali Mucoadhesive drug delivery systems Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm. 23 1997 489 515
63. L. Brannon-Peppas Novel vaginal drug release applications Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 11 1993 169 177
64. J.D. Smart, I.W. Kellaway, and H.E.C. Worthington An in-vitro investigation of mucosa-adhesive materials for use in controlled drug delivery J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 36 1984 295 299
65. M. Dittgen, M.J. Durrani, and K. Lehmann Acrylic polymers. A review of pharmaceutical applications STP Pharma 7 1997 403 437
66. J. Brown, G. Hooper, C.J. Kenyon, S. Haines, J. Burt, J.M. Humphries, S.P. Newman, S.S. Davis, R.A. Sparrow, and I.R. Wilding Spreading and retention of vaginal formulations in post-menopausal women as assessed by gamma scintigraphy Pharm. Res. 14 1997 1073 1078
67. J.L. Richardson, J. Whetstone, A.N. Fisher, P. Watts, N.F. Farraj, M. Hinchcliffe, L. Benedetti, and L. Illum Gamma-scintigraphy as a novel method to study the distribution and retention of a bioadhesive vaginal delivery system in sheep J. Control. Release 42 1996 133 142
68. M. Caswell, and M. Kane Comparison of the moisturization efficacy of two vaginal moisturizers: pectin versus polycarbophil technologies J. Cosmet. Sci. 53 2002 81 87
69. E. Amaral, A. Faundes, L. Zaneveld, D. Waller, and S. Garg Study of the vaginal tolerance to Acidform, an acid-buffering, bioadhesive gel Contraception 60 1999
70. S. Garg, R.A. Anderson, C.J. Chany, D.P. Waller, X.H. Diao, K. Vermani, and L.J. Zaneveld Properties of a new acid-buffering bioadhesive vaginal formulation (ACIDFORM) Contraception 64 2001 67 75
71. E. Amaral, A. Faundes, L. Zaneveld, D. Waller, and S. Garg Study of the vaginal tolerance to Acidform, an acid-buffering, bioadhesive gel Contraception 60 2000 361 366
72. M. Chvapil, W. Droegemueller, J.A. Owen, C.D. Eskelson, and K. Betts Studies of nonoxynol-9: I. The effect on the vaginas of rabbits and rats Fertil. Steril. 33 1980 445 450
73. M. Chvapil, C.D. Eskelson, V. Stiffel, J.A. Owen, and W. Droegemueller Studies on nonoxynol-9: II. Intravaginal absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion in rats and rabbits Contraception 22 1980 325 339
74. D.H. Owen, J.J. Peters, M.L. Lavine, and D.F. Katz Effect of temperature and pH on contraceptive gel viscosity Contraception 67 2003 57 64
75. P.A. Kozlowski, S. Cu-Uvin, and M.R. Neutra Mucosal vaccination strategies for women J. Infect. Dis. 179 Suppl. 3 1999 493 498
76. C. Schreckenberger, P. Sethupathi, A. Kanjanahaluethai, M. Muller, J. Zhou, L. Gissmann, and L. Qiao Induction of an HPV 6bL1-specific mucosal IgA response by DNA immunization Vaccine 19 2000 227 233
77. H. Shen, E. Goldberg, and W.M. Saltzman Gene expression and mucosal immune responses after vaginal DNA immunization in mice using a controlled delivery matrix J. Control. Release 86 2003 339 348
78. F. De Bernardis, M. Boccanera, D. Adriani, A. Girolamo, and A. Cassone Intravaginal and intranasal immunizations are equally effective in inducing vaginal antibodies and conferring protection against vaginal candidiasis Infect. Immun. 70 2002 2725 2729
79. E.-L. Johansson, C. Rask, M. Fredriksson, K. Eriksson, C. Czerkinsky, and J. Holmgren Antibodies and antibody-secreting cells in the female genital tract after vaginal or intranasal immunization with cholera toxin B subunit or conjugates Infect. Immun. 66 1998 514 520
80. V.H. Lee Enzymatic barriers to peptide and protein absorption Crit. Rev. Ther. Drug Carr. Syst. 5 1988 69 97
81. O. Yu-Kyoung, P. Jeong-Sook, Y. Ho, and K. Chong-Kook Enhanced mucosal and systemic immune responses to a vaginal vaccine coadministered with RANTES expressing plasmid DNA using in situ-gelling mucoadhesive delivery system Vaccine 21 2003 1980 1988
82. J. Kunisawaa, A. Okudairaa, Y. Tsutusmia, I. Takahashib, T. Nakanishia, H. Kiyonob, and T. Mayumia Characterization of mucoadhesive microspheres for the induction of mucosal and systemic immune responses Vaccine 19 2001 589 594
83. F. Bombart, Aqueous vaginal douche compositions, WO 9210998 A1 19920709 (1992).
84. E. Ghelardi, A. Tavanti, A. Lupetti, F. Celandroni, E. Boldrini, M. Campa, and S. Senesi Control of Candida albicans murine vaginitis by topical administration of polycarbophil-econazole complex Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 42 1998 2434 2436
85. S. Bouckaert, M. Temmerman, J. Voorspoels, H. Van Kets, J.P. Remon, and M. Dhont Preliminary efficacy study of a bioadhesive vaginal metronidazole tablet in the treatment of bacterial vaginosis J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 47 1995 970 971
86. Y.-C. Jung, Y.-K. Oh, H. Soo Kong, E. Jung Kim, D.-J. Dong, and T.-N. Ki Prolonged antifungal effects of clotrimazole-containing mucoadhesive thermosensitive gels on vaginitis J. Control. Release 82 2002 39 50
87. J.P. Toner Vaginal delivery of progesterone in donor oocyte therapy Hum. Reprod. 15 2000 166 171 (Suppl)
88. M. Ludwig, P. Schwartz, B. Babahan, A. Katalinic, J.M. Weiss, R. Felberbaum, S. Al-Hasani, and K. Diedrich Luteal phase support using either Crinone 8% or Utrogest: results of a prospective, randomized study Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol. 103 2002 48 52
89. F. Casanas-Roux, M. Nisolle, E. Marbaix, M. Smets, S. Bassil, and J. Donnez Morphometric, immunohistological and three-dimensional evaluation of the endometrium of menopausal women treated by oestrogen and Crinone, a new slow-release vaginal progesterone Hum. Reprod. 11 1996 357 363
90. J. Brown, G. Hooper, C.J. Kenyon, S. Haines, J. Burt, J.M. Humphries, S.P. Newman, S.S. Davies, R.A. Sperrow, and I. Wilding Spreading and retention of vaginal formulations in post-menopausal women as assessed by gamma-scintigraphy Pharm. Res. 14 1997 1073 1708
91. K. Morimoto, T. Takeeda, Y. Nakamoto, and K. Morisaka Effective vaginal absorption of insulin in diabetic rats and rabbits using polyacrylic acid aqueous gel bases Int. J. Pharm. 12 1982 107 111
92. A.K. Singla, and M. Chawala Chitosan: some pharmaceutical and biological aspects-an update J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 53 2001 1047 1167
93. L. Illum Chitosan and its use as a pharmaceutical excipient Pharm. Res. 15 1998
94. V. Dodane, and V.D. Vilivalam Pharmaceutical applications of chitosan Pharm. Sci. Technol. Today 1 1998 246 253
95. K.W. Kim, R.L. Thomas, C. Lee, and H.J. Park Antimicrobial activity of native chitosan, degraded chitosan, and O-carboxymethylated chitosan J. Food Prot. 66 2003 1495 1498
96. H.L. Luessen, B.J. de Leeuw, M.W. Langemeyer, A.B. de Boer, J.C. Verhoef, and H.E. Junginger Mucoadhesive polymers in peroral peptide drug delivery: VI. Carbomer and chitosan improve the intestinal absorption of the peptide drug buserelin in vivo Pharm. Res. 13 1996 1668 1672
97. S. Miyazaki, A. Nakayama, M. Oda, M. Takada, and D.F.P.S.H.S. Attwood Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin vol. 17 (5) 1994 University Hokkaido Hokkaido, Japan 745 747
98. Chitosan and sodium alginate based bioadhesive tablets for intraoral drug delivery Biol. Pharm. Bull. 17 1994 745 747
99. O. Felt, P. Buri, and R. Gurny Chitosan: a unique polysaccharide for drug delivery Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm. 24 1998 979 1003
100. N.A. Peppas, and P.A. Bury Surface interfacial and molecular aspects of polymer bioadhesion on soft tissues J. Control. Release 2 1985 257 275
101. J.R. Robinson, and G.M. Mlynek Bioadhesive and phase-change polymers for ocular drug delivery Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 16 1995 45 50
102. C.M. Lehr, J.A. Bouwstra, E.H. Schacht, and H.E. Junginger In vitro evaluation of mucoadhesive properties of chitosan and some other natural polymers Int. J. Pharm. 78 1992 43 48
103. Y. Sawayanagi, N. Nambu, and T. Nagai Use of chitosan for sustained release preparations of water soluble drugs Chem. Pharm. Bull. 30 1982 4213 4215
104. A.G. Nigalaye, P. Adusumilli, and S. Bolton Investigation of prolonged drug release from matrix formulations of chitosan Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm. 16 1990 449 467
105. S.Y. Lin, and P.C. Lin Effect of acid type, acetic acid and sodium carboxymethylcellulose concentrations on the formation, micromeretic, dissolution and floating properties of theophylline chitosan microcapsules Chem. Pharm. Bull. 40 1992 2491 2497
106. H. Fukuda, and Y. Kikuchi Polyelectrolyte complexes of sodium carboxymethylcellulose with chitosan Makromol. Chem. 180 1979 1631 1633
107. M.M. Meshali, and K.E. Gabr Effect of interpolymer complex formation of chitosan with pectin or acacia on the release behaviour of chlorpromazine HCl Int. J. Pharm. 89 1993 177 181
108. J.W. Lee, J.H. Park, and J.R. Robinson Bioadhesive-based dosage forms: the next generation J. Pharm. Sci. 89 2000 850 866
109. A. El-Kamel, M. Sokar, V. Naggar, and S. Al Gamal Chitosan and sodium alginate-based bioadhesive vaginal tablets AAPS PharmSci 44 2002 (Artcle)
110. A. Bernkop-Schnürch, M. Hornof, and D. Guggi Thiolated chitosans Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 57 2004 9 17
111. D. Duchene, and G. Ponchel Principle and investigation of the bioadhesion mechanism of solid dosage forms Biomaterials 13 1992 709 714
112. K. Khanvilkar, M.D. Donovan, and D.R. Flanagan Drug transfer through mucus Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 48 2001 173 193
113. J.L. Lanchares, and M.L. Hernandez Recurrent vaginal candidiasis changes in etiopathogenical patterns Int. J. Gynaecol. Obstet. 71 2000 S29 S35
114. J. Ferrer Vaginal candidosis: epidemiological and etiological factors Int. J. Gynaecol. Obstet. 71 2000 S21 S27
115. A. Bernkop-Schnürch, M. Hornof, and T. Zoidl Thiolated polymers- Thiomers: Modification of chitosan with 2-iminothiolane Int. J. Pharm. 260 2003 229 237
116. A.H. El-Kamel, M.S. Sokar, V.F. Naggar, S.S.D.o.P. Gamal, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia. (2002), 52(3),, Bioadhesive controlled release metronidazole vaginal tablets, Acta Pharmaceutica (Zagreb, Croatia) 52 (2002) 171-179.
117. G.C. Ceschel, P. Maffei, B.S. Lombardi, C. Ronchi, and S. Rossi Development of a mucoadhesive dosage form for vaginal administration Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm. 27 2001 541 554
118. A.P. Gordon-Wright, and M.G. Elder The systemic absorption from the vagina of prostaglandin E2 administered for the induction of labour Prostaglandins 18 1979 153 160
119. I.Z. MacKenzie, F.R. Burnet, and M.P. Embrey In vitro studies of the characteristics of the release of prostaglandins from viscous solutions Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 87 1980 292 295
120. Y. Machida, H. Masuda, N. Fujiyama, S.M. Ito, and T. Nagai Pharmaceutical interactions in dosage form and processing: Part XIII. Preparation and phase II clinical examination of topical dosage form for treatment of cervical carcinoma containing bleomycin with hydroxypropyl cellulose Chem. Pharm. Bull. 27 1979 93 100
121. M.A. D'Augustine, J.H. Liu, D.C. Harrison, Device and method for intravaginal or transvaginal treatment of fungal, bacterial, viral or parasitic infections, WO 0203896 (2002).
122. D.C. Harrison, J.H. Liu, G.M. Pauletti, W.A. Ritschel, Vaginal delivery of bisphosphonates, US 6572874 (2003).
123. J.L. Richardson, P.A. Ramires, M.R. Miglietta, M. Rochira, L. Bacelle, L. Callegaro, and L. Benedetti Novel vaginal delivery systems for calcitonin: 1. Evaluation of HYAFF/calcitonin microspheres in rats Int. J. Pharm. 115 1995 9 15
124. E. Bonucci, P. Ballanti, P.A. Ramires, J.L. Richardson, and L.M. Benedetti Prevention of ovariectomy osteopenia in rats after vaginal administration of HYAFF® 11 micro-spheres containing salmon calcitonin Calcif. Tissue Int. 56 1995 274 279
125. G. Honda, Vaginal lubricant pastes or gels containing hyaluronic acid, JP 10182435 (1998).
126. M. Baldacci, Pharmaceutical compositions for topical use containing hyaluronic acid and Doederlein's bacillus for the prevention and treatment of vaginal diseases, EP 769298 (1997).
127. E. Baloglu, M. Ozyazici, S.Y. Hizarcioglu, and H.A. Karavana An in vitro investigation for vaginal bioadhesive formulations: bioadhesive properties and swelling states of polymer mixtures Farmaco 58 2003 391 396
128. J.L. Richardson, L. Illum, and N.W. Thomas Vaginal absorption of insulin in the rat: effect of penetration enhancers on insulin uptake and mucosal histology Pharm. Res. 9 1992 878 883
129. N.B. Graham, and M.E. McNeill Hydrogels for controlled drug delivery Biomaterials 5 1984 27 36
130. N.B. Graham, M.E. McNeill, and M. Zulfigar Hydrogels for the controlled release of prostaglandin E2 Polym. Prepr. 21 1980 104 105
131. M.E. McNeill, and N.B. Graham Vaginal pessaries from crystalline/rubbery hydrogels for the delivery of prostaglandin E2 J. Control. Release 1 1984 99 117
132. M.P. Embrey, N.B. Graham, M.E. McNeill, and K. Hillier In vitro release characteristics and long term stability of poly(ethylene oxide) hydrogel vaginal pessaries containing prostaglandin E2 J. Control. Release 3 1986 39 45
133. M. Witvrouw, and E. De Clercq Sulfated polysaccharides extracted from sea algae as potential antiviral drugs Gen. Pharmacol. 29 1997 497 511
134. V.R. Zacharopoulos, and D.M. Phillips Vaginal formulations of carrageenan protect mice from herpes simplex virus infection Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. 4 1997 465 468
135. R.A. Maguire, V.R. Zacharopoulos, and D.M. Phillips Carrageenan-based nonoxynol-9 spermicides for prevention of sexually transmitted infections Sex. Transm. Dis. 25 1998 494 500
136. M.-E. Perotti, A. Pirovano, and D.M. Phillips Carrageenan formulation prevents macrophage trafficking from vagina: implications for microbicide development Biol. Reprod. 69 2003 933 939
137. C.J. Elias, C. Coggins, F. Alvarez, V. Brache, I.S. Fraser, M. Lacarra, P. Lahteenmaki, R. Massai, D.R.J. Mishell, D.M. Phillips, and A.M. Salvatierra Colposcopic evaluation of a vaginal gel formulation of iota-carrageenan Contraception 56 1997 387 389
138. E.N. Dunmire, and D.F. Katz Alteration of human sperm kinematics in cervical mucus due to nonoxynol-9 Contraception 55 1997 209 217
139. D.H. Owen, E.N. Dunmire, A.M. Plenys, and D.F. Katz Factors influencing nonoxynol-9 permeation and bioactivity in cervical mucus J. Control. Release 60 1999 23 34
140. G.A. Digenis, D. Nosek, F. Mohammadi, N.B. Darwazeh, H.S. Anwar, and P.M. Zavos Novel vaginal controlled-delivery systems incorporating coprecipitates of nonoxynol-9 Pharm. Dev. Technol. 4 1999 421 430
141. C. Meignant, C. Vieillard-Baron, S. Verdier, Synergistic pharmaceutical combination containing imidazole derivatives for locally treating vulvovaginitis and vaginosis, WO 99-FR973 (1999).