Chromosome ends: Different sequences may provide conserved functions

BioEssays

Volumn 27, Issue 7, 2005, Pages 685-697

  Louis, Edward J ^a,c   Vershinin, Alexander V ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LEICESTER   (United Kingdom)

^b INSTITUTE OF CYTOLOGY AND GENETICS   (Russian Federation)

^c UNIVERSITY OF NOTTINGHAM   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CHROMOSOME PROTEIN; MRE11 PROTEIN; RAD50 PROTEIN; RAD51 PROTEIN; RAD52 PROTEIN; REPETITIVE DNA; TELOMERASE; TELOMERE BINDING PROTEIN; DNA;

ARABIDOPSIS; CENTROMERE; CHROMATIN STRUCTURE; CHROMOSOME STRUCTURE; DNA SEQUENCE; DNA STRUCTURE; DROSOPHILA; PROTEIN STRUCTURE; REVIEW; TANDEM REPEAT; TELOMERE; UBIQUITINATION; ANIMAL; BIOLOGICAL MODEL; CHEMISTRY; CHROMATIN; CHROMOSOME; FLUORESCENCE IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION; GENE SILENCING; GENETIC RECOMBINATION; GENETICS; HUMAN; PHYLOGENY; SACCHAROMYCES; ULTRASTRUCTURE;

ARABIDOPSIS; FUNGI; MAMMALIA; PROTOZOA;

ANIMALS; ARABIDOPSIS; CENTROMERE; CHROMATIN; CHROMOSOMES; DNA; DROSOPHILA; GENE SILENCING; HUMANS; IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION, FLUORESCENCE; MODELS, GENETIC; PHYLOGENY; RECOMBINATION, GENETIC; SACCHAROMYCES; TELOMERE;

EID: 23044470772     PISSN: 02659247     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/bies.20259     Document Type: Review

References (116)

1. Muller HJ. 1938. The remaking of chromosomes. Collecting Net 8:181-195.
2. McClintock B. 1941. The stability of broken ends of chromosomes in Zea mays. Genetics 26:234-282.
3. Richards EJ, Ausubel FM. 1988. Isolation of a higher eukaryotic telomere from Arabidopsis thaliana. Cell 53:127-136.
4. Klobutcher LA, Swanton MT, Donini P, Prescott DM. 1981. All gene-sized DNA molecules in four species of hypotrichs have the same terminal sequence and an unusual 3′ terminus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 78:3015-3019.
5. Runge KW, Zakian VA. 1989. Introduction of extra telomeric DNA sequences into Saccharomyces cerevisiae results in telomere elongation. Mol Cell Biol 9:1488-1497.
6. Kipling D, Cooke HJ. 1990. Hypervariable ultra-long telomeres in mice. Nature 347:400-402.
7. Olovnikov AM. 1973. A theory of marginotomy. J Theor Biol 41:181-190.
8. Watson JD. 1972. Origin of concatemeric T7 DNA. Nat New Biol 239:197-201.
9. Greider CW, Blackburn EH. 1985. Identification of a specific telomere terminal transferase activity in Tetrahymena extracts. Cell 43:405-413.
10. Marcand S, Brevet V, Mann C, Gilson E. 2000. Cell cycle restriction of telomere elongation. Curr Biol 10:487-490.
11. Biessmann H, Mason JM. 1992. Genetics and molecular biology of telomeres. Adv Genet 30:185-249.
12. n telomeric sequence in vertebrate chromosomes. Chromosoma 99:3-10.
13. Zou Y, Yi X, Wright WE, Shay JW. 2002. Human telomerase can immortalize Indian muntjac cells. Exp Cell Res 281:63-76.
14. Traverse KL, Pardue ML. 1988. A spontaneously opened ring chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster has acquired He-T DNA sequences at both new telomeres. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85:8116-8120.
15. Biessmann H, Mason JM, Ferry K, d'Hulst M, Valgeirsdottir K, et al. 1990. Addition of telomere-associated HeT DNA sequences "heals" broken chromosome ends in Drosophila. Cell 61:663-673.
16. Levis RW, Ganesan R, Houtchens K, Tolar LA, Sheen FM. 1993. Transposons in place of telomeric repeats at a Drosophila telomere. Cell 75:1083-1093.
17. Lopez CC, Nielsen L, Edstrom JE. 1996. Terminal long tandem repeats in chromosomes from Chironomous pallidivittatus. Mol Cell Biol 16:3285-3290.
18. Biessmann H, Donath J, Walter MF. 1996. Molecular characterization of the Anopheles gambiae 2L telomeric region via an integrated transgene. Insect Mol Biol 5:11-20.
19. Pich U, Schubert I. 1998. Terminal heterochromatin and alternative telomeric sequences in Allium cepa. Chromosome Res 6:315-321.
20. Bryan TM, Englezou A, Gupta J, Bacchetti S, Reddel RR. 1995. Telomere elongation in immortal human cells without detectable telomerase activity. EMBO J 14:4240-4248.
21. Lundblad V, Wright WE. 1996. Telomeres and telomerase: A simple picture becomes complex. Cell 87:369-375.
22. Henson JD, Neumann AA, Yeager TR, Reddel RR. 2002. Alternative lengthening of telomeres in mammalian cells. Oncogene 21:598-610.
23. Henderson ER, Blackburn EH. 1989. An overhanging 3′ terminus is a conserved feature of telomeres. Mol Cell Biol 9:345-348.
24. Lingner J, Cooper JP, Cech TR. 1995. Telomerase and DNA end replication: no longer a lagging strand problem? Science 269:1533-1534.
25. Wellinger RJ, Ethier K, Labrecque P, Zakian VA. 1996. Evidence for a new step in telomere maintenance. Cell 85:423-433.
26. Makarov VL, Hirose Y, Langmore JP. 1997. Long G tails at both ends of human chromosomes suggest a C strand degradation mechanism for telomere shortening. Cell 88:657-666.
27. Riha K., McKnight TD, Fajkus J, Vyskot B, Shippen DE. 2000. Analysis of the G-overhang structures on plant telomeres: evidence for two distinct telomere architectures. Plant J 23:633-641.
28. Fajkus J, Zentgraf U. 2002. Structure and maintenance of chromosome ends in plants. In: Krupp G, Parwaresch R, editors. Telomeres and Telomerases: Cancer and Biology. Chapter 23. Georgetown, TX: Landes Bioscience.
29. Wright WE, Tesmer VM, Huffman KE, Levene SD, Shay JW. 1997. Normal human chromosomes have long G-rich telomeric overhangs at one end. Genes Dev 11:2801-2809.
30. Fajkus J, Kovarik A, Kralovics R, Bezdek M. 1995. Organization of telomeric and subtelomeric chromatin in the higher plant Nicotiana tabacum. Mol Gen Genet 247:633-638.
31. Vershinin AV, Heslop-Harrison JS. 1998. Comparative analysis of the nucleosomal structure of rye, wheat and their relatives. Plant Mol Biol 36:149-161.
32. Hemann MT, Greider CW. 2000. Wild-derived inbred mouse strains have short telomeres. Nucl Acids Res 28:4474-4478.
33. Harley CB, Futcher AB, Greider CW. 1990. Telomeres shorten during ageing of human fibroblasts. Nature 345:458-460.
34. Hastie ND, Dempster M, Dunlop MG, Thompson AM, Green DK, Allshire RC. 1990. Telomere reduction in human colorectal carcinoma and with ageing. Nature 346:866-868.
35. Broccoli D, Godley LA, Donehower LA, Varmus HE, de Lange T. 1996. Telomerase activation in mouse mammary tumors: lack of telomere shortening and evidence for regulation of telomerase RNA with cell proliferation. Mol Cell Biol 16:3765-3772.
36. Kilian A, Stiff C, Kleinhofs A. 1995. Barley telomeres shorten during differentiation but grow in callus culture. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92:9555-9559.
37. Shippen DE, McKnight TD. 1998. Telomeres, telomerase and plant development. Trends Plant Sci 3:126-130.
38. Riha K, Fajkus J, Siroky J, Vyskot B. 1998. Developmental control of telomere lengths and telomerase activity in plants. Plant Cell 10:1691-1698.
39. Fitzgerald MS, Riha K, Gao F, Ren S, McKnight TD, Shippen DE. 1999. Disruption of the telomerase catalytic subunit gene from Arabidopsis inactivates telomerase and leads to a slow loss of telomeric DNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96:14813-14818.
40. Fajkus J, Fulneckova J, Hulanova M, Berkova K, Riha K, Matyasek R. 1998. Plant cells express telomerase activity upon transfer to callus culture, without extensively changing telomere lengths. Mol Gen Genet 260:470-474.
41. de Lange T, Shiue L, Myers RM, Cox DR, Naylor SL, et al. 1990. Structure and variability of human telomeres. Mol Cell Biol 10:518-527.
42. 3 repeats. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:7423-7428.
43. Burr B, Burr FA, Matz EC, Romero-Severson R. 1992. Pinning down loose ends: mapping telomeres and factors affecting their length. Plant Cell 4:953-960.
44. Askree SH, Yehuda T, Smolikov S, Gurevich R, Hawk J, et al. 2004. A genome-wide screen for Saccharomyces cerevisiae deletion mutants that affect telomere length. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101:8658-8663.
45. Pardue ML, Danilevskaya ON, Lowenhaupt K, Slot F, Traverse KL. 1996. Drosophila telomeres: new views on chromosome evolution. Trends Genet 12:48-52.
46. n, in the silkworm Bombyx mori and in other insects. Mol Cell Biol 13:1424-1432.
47. Biessmann H, Zurovcova M, Yao JG, Lozovskaya E, Walter MF. 2000. A telomeric satellite in Drosophila virilis and its sibling species. Chromosoma 109:372-380.
48. Casacuberta E, Pardue M-L. 2003. Transposon telomeres are widely distributed in the Drosophila genus: TARTelements in the virilis group. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:3363-3368.
49. Sahara K, Marec F, Traut W. 1999. TTAGG telomeric repeats in chromosomes of some insects and other arthropods. Chromosome Res 7:449-460.
50. Kamnert I, Lopez CC, Rosen M, Edsrtom J-E. 1997. Telomeres terminating with long complex tandem repeats. Hereditas 127:175-180.
51. n telomeres. Chromosoma 109:201-205.
52. Sykorova E, Lim KY, Chase MW, Knapp S, Leitch IJ, Leitch AR, Fajkus J. 2003. The absence of Arabidopsis-type telomeres in Cestrum and closely related genera Vestia and Sessea (Solanaceae): first evidence from eudicots. Plant J 34:283-291.
53. Blackburn EH, Szostak JW. 1984. The molecular structure of centromeres and telomeres. Ann Rev Biochem 53:163-194.
54. Louis EJ. 1995. The chromosome ends of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Yeast 11:1553-1573.
55. Fu G, Barker DC. 1998. Characterisation of Leishmania telomeres reveals unusual telomeric repeats and conserved telomere-associated sequence. Nucl Acids Res 26:2161-2167.
56. Brown WR, MacKinnon PJ, Villasante A, Spurr N, Buckle VJ, Dobson MJ. 1990. Structure and polymorphism of human telomere-associated DNA. Cell 63:119-132.
57. Richards EJ, Chao S, Vongs A, Yang J. 1992. Characterization of Arabidopsis thaliana telomeres isolated in yeast. Nucl Acids Res 20:4039-4046.
58. Copenhaver GP, Pikaard CS. 1996. RFLP and physical mapping with an rDNA-specific endonuclease reveals that nucleolus organizer regions of Arabidopsis thaliana adjoin the telomeres on chromosomes 2 and 4. Plant J 9:259-272.
59. Riethman H, Ambrosini A, Castaneda C, Finklestein J, Hu X-L, et al. 2004. Mapping and initial analysis of human subtelomeric sequence assemblies. Genome Res 14:18-28.
60. Mondello C, Pirzio L, Azzalin CM, Giulotto E. 2000. Instability of interstitial telomeric sequences in the human genome. Genomics 68:111-117.
61. Azzalin CM, Nergadze SG, Giulotto E. 2001. Human intrachromosomal telomeric-like repeats: sequence organization and mechanisms of origin. Chromosoma 110:75-82.
62. Flint J, Bates GP, Clark K, Dorman A, Willingham D, et al. 1997. Sequence comparison of human and yeast telomeres identifies structurally distinct subtelomeric domains. Hum Mol Genet 6:1305-1313.
63. Sykorova E, Cartagena J, Horakova M, Fukui K, Fajkus J. 2003. Characterization of telomere-subtelomere junctions in Silene latifolia. Mol Gen Genet 269:13-20.
64. Alkhimova OG, Mazurok NA, Potapova TA, Zakian SM, Heslop-Harrison JP, Vershinin AV. 2004. Diverse patterns of the tandem repeats organization in rye chromosomes. Chromosoma 113:42-52.
65. Muller AE, Kamisugi Y, Gruneberg R, Niedenhof I, Horold RJ, Meyer P. 1999. Palindromic sequences and A + T elements promote illegitimate recombination in Nicotiana tabacum. J Mol Biol 291:29-46.
66. Teng SC, Zakian VA. 1999. Telomere-telomere recombination is an efficient bypass pathway for telomere maintenance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Cell Biol 19:8083-8093.
67. Hernandez-Rivas R, Mattei D, Sterkers Y, Peterson DS, Wellems TE, Scherf A. 1997. Expressed var genes are found in Plasmodium falciparum subtelomeric regions. Mol Cell Biol 17:604-611.
68. Pryde FE, Gorham HC, Louis EJ. 1997. Chromosome ends: all the same under their caps. Curr Opin Genet Dev 7:822-828.
69. Mefford HC, Trask BJ. 2002. The complex structure and dynamic evolution of human subtelomeres. Nature Rev Genet 3:91-102.
70. Blackburn EH. 2001. Switching and signaling at the telomere. Cell 106:661-673.
71. Conrad MN, Wright JH, Wolf AJ, Zakian VA. 1990. RAP1 protein interacts with yeast telomeres in vivo: overproduction alters telomere structure and decreases chromosome stability. Cell 63:739-750.
72. Krauskopf A, Blackburn EH. 1996. Control of telomere growth by interaction of RAP1 with the most distal telomeric repeats. Nature 383:354-357.
73. Fang G, Cech TR. 1995. Telomere proteins. In: Blackburn EH, Greider CW, editos. Telomeres. New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. p 69-104.
74. Shampay J, Blackburn EH. 1988. Generation of telomere-length heterogeneity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85:534-538.
75. Marcand S, Gilson E, Shore D. 1997. A protein-counting mechanism for telomere-length regulation in yeast. Science 275:986-990.
76. Smogorzewska A, van Steensel B, Bianchi A, Oelmann S, Schaefer MR, et al. 2000. Control of human telomere length by TRF1 and TRF2. Mol Cell Biol 20:1659-1668.
77. Li B, Oestreich S, de Lange T. 2000. Identification of human Rap1: implications for telomere evolution. Cell 101:471-483.
78. Bilaud T, Koering CE, Binet-Brasselet E, Ancelin K, Pollice A, et al. 1996. The telebox, a Myb-related telomeric DNA binding motif found in proteins from yeast, plants and human. Nucl Acids Res 24:1294-1303.
79. Hwang MG, Chung IK, Kang BG, Cho MH. 2001. Sequence-specific binding property of Arabidopsis thaliana telomeric DNA binding protein 1 (AtTBPI). FEBS Lett 503:35-40.
80. Yu EY, Kim SE, Kim JH, Ko JH, Cho MH, Chung IK. 2000. Sequence-specific DNA recognition by the Myb-like domain of plant telomeric protein RTBP1. J Biol Chem 275:24208-24214.
81. Schrumpfova P, Kuchar M, Mikova G, Skrisovska L, Kubicarova T, Fajkus J. 2004. Characterization of two Arabidopsis thaliana proteins showing affinity to telomeric DNA sequence. Genome 47:316-324.
82. Teixeira MT, Arneric M, Sperisen P, Lingner J. 2004. Telomere length homeostasis is achieved via a switch between telomerase-extendible and -nonextendible states. Cell 117:323-335.
83. Blackburn EH. 2000. The end of the (DNA) line. Nature Struct Biol 7:847-850.
84. Smith CD, Blackburn EH. 1999. Uncapping and deregulation of telomeres lead to detrimental cellular consequences in yeast. J Cell Biol 145:203-214.
85. Dunham MA, Neumann AA, Fasching CL, Reddel RR. 2000. Telomere maintenance by recombination in human cells. Nature Genet 26:447-450.
86. Kim NW, Piatyszek MA, Prowse KR, Harley CB, West MD, et al. 1994. Specific association of human telomerase activity with immortal cells and cancer. Science 266:2011-2015.
87. Hsu H-L, Gilley D, Blackburn EH, Chen DJ. 1999. Ku is associated with the telomere in mammals. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96:12454-12458.
88. Bertuch AA, Lundblad V. 2003. The Ku heterodimer performs separable activities at double-strand breaks and chromosome termini. Mol Cell Biol 23:8202-8215.
89. Samper E, Goytisolo FA, Slijepcevic P, Buul PPW, Blasco MA. 2000. Mammalian Ku86 protein prevents telomeric fusions independently of the length of TTAGGG repeats and the G-strand overhang. EMBO Reports 1:244-252.
90. Hemann MT, Greider CW. 1999. G-strand overhangs on telomeres in telomerase-deficient mouse cells. Nucl Acids Res 27:3964-3969.
91. Baumann P, Cech TR. 2001. Pot1, the putative telomere end-binding protein in fission yeast and humans. Science 292:1171-1175.
92. Pennock E, Buckley K, Lundblad V. 2001. Cdc13 delivers separate complexes to the telomere for end protection and replication. Cell 104:387-396.
93. van Steensel B, Smogorzewska A, de Lange T. 1998. TRF2 protects human telomeres from end-to-end fusions. Cell 92:401-413.
94. Griffith JD, Comeau L, Rosenfield S, Stansel RM, Bianchi A, et al. 1999. Mammalian telomeres end in a large duplex loop. Cell 97:503-514.
95. Shore D. 2001. Telomeric chromatin:replicating and wrapping up chromosome ends. Curr Opin Genet Dev 11:189-198.
96. Biessmann H, Carter SB, Mason JM. 1990. Chromosome ends in Drosophila without telomeric DNA sequences. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87:1758-1761.
97. Fanti L, Glovinazzo G, Berloco M, Pimpinelli S. 1998. The heterochromatin protein 1 prevents telomere fusions in Drosophila. Mol Cell 2:527-538.
98. Chan SW, Blackburn EH. 2002. New ways not to make ends meet: telomerase, DNA damage proteins and heterochromatin. Oncogene 161:995-1013.
99. Savitsky M, Kravchuk O, Melnikova L, Georgiev P. 2002. Heterochromatin protein 1 is involved in control of telomere elongation in Drosophila melanogaster. Mol Cell Biol 22:3204-3218.
100. Siriaco GM, Cenci G, Haoudi A, Champion LE, Zhou C, et al. 2002. Telomere elongation (Tel), a new mutation in Drosophila melanogaster that produces long telomeres. Genetics 160:235-245.
101. Gottschling DE, Aparicio OM, Billington BL, Zakian VA. 1990. Position effect at S.cerevisiae telomeres; reversible repression of Pol II transcription. Cell 63:751-762.
102. Pryde FE, Louis EJ. Limitations of silencing at native yeast telomeres. 1999. EMBO J 18:2538-2550.
103. Fourel G, Revardel E, Koering CE, Gilson E. 1999. Cohabitation of insulators and silencing elements in yeast subtelomeric regions. EMBO J 18:2522-2537.
104. Rusche LN, Kirchmaier AL, Rine J. 2003. The establishment, inheritance, and function of silenced chromatin in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Ann Rev Biochem 72:481-516.
105. Grewal SI, Elgin SC. 2002. Heterochromatin: new possibilities for the inheritance of structure. Curr Opin Genet Dev 12:178-187.
106. Wright JH, Gottschling DE, Zakian VA. 1992. Saccharomyces telomeres assume a non-nucleosomal chromatin structure. Genes Dev 6:197-210.
107. Tommerup H, Dousmanis A, de Lange T. 1994. Unusual chromatin in human telomeres. Mol Cell Biol 14:5777-5785.
108. Makarov VL, Lejnine S, Bedoyan J, Langmore JP. 1993. Nucleosomal organization of telomere-specific chromatin in rat. Cell 73:775-787.
109. Fajkus J, Trifonov EN. 2001. Columnar packing of telomeric nucleosomes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 280:961-963.
110. Gasser SM. 2000. A sense of the end. Science 288:1377-1379.
111. Gravel S, Larrivee M, Labrecque P, Wellinger RJ. 1998. Yeast Ku as a regulator of chromosomal DNA end structure. Science 280:741-744.
112. Bundock P, van Attikum H, Hooykaas P. 2002. Increased telomere length and hypersensitivity to DNA damaging agents in an Arabidopsis KU70 mutant. Nucl Acids Res 30:3395-3400.
113. Bailey SM, Meyne J, Chen DJ, Kurimasa A, Li GC, et al. 1999. DNA double-strand break repair proteins are required to cap the ends of mammalian chromosomes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96:14899-14904.
114. Riha K, Shippen DE. 2003. Ku is required for telomeric C-rich strand maintenance but not for end-to-end chromosome fusions in Arabidopsis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:611-615.
115. Liti G, Louis EJ. 2003. NEJ1 prevents NHEJ-dependent telomere fusions in yeast without telomerase. Mol Cell 11:1373-1378.
116. Liti G, Peruffo A, James SA, Roberts IN, Louis EJ. 2005. Inferences of evolutionary relationships from a population survey of LTR-retrotransposons and telomeric associated sequences in the Saccharomyces sensu stricto complex. Yeast 22:177-192.