Control of human telomere length by TRF1 and TRF2

Molecular and Cellular Biology

Volumn 20, Issue 5, 2000, Pages 1659-1668

  Smogorzewska, Agata ^a,b,c,d,e,f   Van Steensel, Bas ^a,b,c,d,e,f   Bianchi, Alessandro ^a,b,c,d,e,f   Oelmann, Stefan ^a,b,c,d,e,f   Schaefer, Matthias R ^a,b,c,d,e,f   Schnapp, Gisela ^a,b,c,d,e,f   De Lange, Titia ^a,b,c,d,e,f  

^a ROCKEFELLER UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b BOEHRINGER INGELHEIM PHARMA GMBH AND CO KG   (Germany)

^c Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF GENEVA   (Switzerland)

^e HANNOVER MEDICAL SCHOOL   (Germany)

^f RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY   (Austria)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BINDING PROTEIN; TELOMERASE;

ARTICLE; CANCER CELL CULTURE; CHROMOSOME SIZE; ENZYME ACTIVITY; GENE OVEREXPRESSION; HOMEOSTASIS; HUMAN; HUMAN CELL; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN BINDING; SARCOMA CELL; TELOMERE;

CELL LINE; DNA-BINDING PROTEINS; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; HUMANS; NUCLEAR PROTEINS; TELOMERE; TELOMERIC REPEAT BINDING PROTEIN 1; TELOMERIC REPEAT BINDING PROTEIN 2;

EID: 0033961281     PISSN: 02707306     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1128/MCB.20.5.1659-1668.2000     Document Type: Article

References (47)

1. Ashley, T., and D. C. Ward. 1993. A "hot spotof recombination coincides with an interstitial telomeric sequence in the Armenian hamster. Cytogenet. Cell Genet. 62:169-171.
2. Auffrav, C., and G. Rougeon. 1980. Purification of mouse immunoglobulin heavy-chain messenger RNAs from total myeloma tumor RNA. Eur. J. Biochem. 107:303-314.
3. Barnett, M., V. Buckle, E. Evans, A. Porter, D. Rout, A. Smith, and W. R. A. Brown. 1993. Telomere directed fragmentation of mammalian chromosomes. Nucleic Acids Res. 21:27-36.
4. Bianchi, A. 1999. Characterization of DNA hinding activities at vertebrate telomeres. Doctoral dissertation. The Rockefeller University, New York, N.Y.
5. Bianchi, A., S. Smith, L. Chong, P. Elias, and T. de Lange. 1997. TRF1 is a dimer and bends telomeric DNA. EMBO J. 16:1785-1794.
6. Bianchi, A., R. M. Stansel, L. Fairall, J. D. Griffith, D. Rhodes, and T. de Lange. 1999. TRF1 binds a bipartite telomeric site with extreme spatial flexibility. EMBO J. 18:5735-5744.
7. Bilaud. T., C. Brun, K. Ancelin, C. E. Koering, T. Laroche, and E. Gilson. 1997. Telomeric localization of TRF2, a novel human telobox protein. Nat. Genet. 17:236-239.
8. Boulton, S. J., and S. P. Jackson. 1998. Components of the Ku-dependent non-homologous end-joining pathway are involved in telomeric length maintenance and telomeric silencing. EMBO J. 17:1819-1828.
9. Broccoli, D., L. Chong, S. Oelmann, A. A. Fernald, N. Marziliano, B. van Steensel, D. Kipling, M. M. Le Beau, and T. de Lange. 1997. Comparison of the human and mouse genes encoding the telomeric protein, TRF1: chromosomal localization, expression, and conserved protein domains. Hum. Mol. Genet. 6:69-76.
10. Broccoli, D., A. Smogorzewska, L. Chong, and T. de Lange. 1997. Human telomeres contain two distinct Myb-related proteins. TRFI and TRF2. Nat. Genet. 17:231-235.
11. Chong, L., B. van Steensel, D. Broccoli, H. Erdjument-Bromage, J. Hanish. P. Tempst, and T. de Lange. 1995. A human telomeric protein. Science 270: 1663-1667.
12. Counter, C. M., A. A. Avilion, C. E. LeFeuvre, N. G. Stewart, C. W. Greider, C. B. Harley, and S. Bacchetti. 1992. Telomere shortening associated with chromosome instability is arrested in immortal cells with express telomerase activity. EMBO J. 11:1921-1929.
13. Counter, C. M., H. W. Hirte, S. Bacchetti, and C. Harley. 1994. Telomerase activity in human ovarian carcinoma. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:2900-2904.
14. de Lange, T. 1992. Human telomeres are attached to the nuclear matrix. EMBO J. 11:717-724.
15. de Lange, T., L. Shiue, R. M. Myers, D. R. Cox, S. L. Naylor, A. M. Killery, and H. E. Varmus. 1990, Structure and variabilily of human chromosome ends. Mol. Cell. Biol. 10:518-527.
16. Dignam, J. P., R. M. Lebovitz, and R. G. Roeder. 1983. Accurate transcription initiation by RNA polymerase II in a soluble extract from isolated mammalian nuclei. Nucleic Acids Res. 11:1475-1489.
17. Gilson, E., T. Laroche, and S. M. Gasser. 1993. Telomeres and the functional architecture of the nucleus. Trends Cell Biol. 3:128-134.
18. Gilson, E., T. Muller, J. Sogo, T. Laroche, and S. M. Gasser. 1994. RAP1 stimulates single-to double-strand association of yeast telomeric DNA: implications for telomere-telomere interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 22: 5310-5320.
19. Gossen, M., and H. Bujard. 1992. Tight control of gene expression in mammalian cells by tetracyclin-responsive promoters. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:5547-5551.
20. Griffith, J., A. Bianchi, and T. de Lange. 1998. TRF1 promotes parallel pairing of telomeric tracts in vitro. J. Mol. Biol. 278:79-88.
21. Griffith, J. D., L. Comeau, S. Rosenfield, R. M. Stansel, A. Bianchi, H. Moss, and T. de Lange. 1999. Mammalian telomeres end in a large duplex loop. Cell 97:503-514.
22. Grunstein, M. 1997. Molecular model for telomeric heterochromatin in yeast. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 9:383-387.
23. Hanish, J. P., J. Yanowitz, and T. de Lange. 1994. Stringent sequence requirements for telomere formation in human cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:8861-8865.
24. Karlseder, J., D. Broccoli, Y. Dai, S. Hardy, and T. de Lange. 1999. p53- and ATM-dependent apoptosis induced by telomeres lacking TRF2. Science 283: 1321-1325.
25. Kim, N. W., M. A. Piatyszek, K. R. Prowse, C. B. Harley, M. D. West, P. L. C. Ho, G. M. Coviello, W. E. Wright, S. L. Weinrich, and J. W. Shay. 1994. Specific association of human telomerase activity with immortal cells and cancer. Science 266:2011-2015.
26. Kipling, D., and H. J. Cooke. 1990. Hypervariable ultra-long telomeres in mice. Nature 347:400-402.
27. Lansdorp, P. M., N. P. Verwoerd, F. M. van de Rijke, V. Dragowska, M.-T. Little, R. W. Dirks, A. K. Raap, and H. J. Tanke. 1996. Heterogeneity in telomere length of human chromosomes. Hum. Mol. Genet. 5:685-691.
28. Lee, M. S., and E. H. Blackburn. 1993. Sequence-specific DNA primer effects on telomerase polymerization activity. Mol. Cell. Biol. 13:6586-6599.
29. Li, B., and A. J. Lustig. 1996. A novel mechanism for telomere size control in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genes Dev. 10:1310-1326.
30. Lingner, J., and T. R. Cech. 1996. Purification of telomerase from Euplotes aediculatus: requirement of a primer 3′ overhang. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:10712-10717.
31. Marcand, S., E. Gilson, and D. Shore. 1997. A protein-counting mechanism for telomere length regulation in yeast. Science 275:986-990.
32. Meyerson, M., C. M. Counter, E. N. Eaton, L. W. Ellisen, P. Steiner, S. D. Caddle, L. Ziaugra, R. L. Beyersbergen, M. J. Davidoff, Q. Liu, S. Bacchetti, D. A. Haber, and R. A. Weinberg. 1997. hEST2, the putative human telomerase catalytic subunit gene, is up-regulated in tumor cells and during immortalization. Cell 90:785-795.
33. Meyne, J., R. J. Baker, H. H. Hobart, T. C. Hsu, O. A. Ryder, O. G. Ward, J. E. Wiley, D. H. Wurster-Hill, T. L. Yates, and R. K. Moyzis. 1990. Distribution of non-telomeric sites of the (TTAGGG)n telomeric sequence in vertebrate chromosomes. Chromosoma 99:3-10.
34. Morin, G. B. 1989. The human telomere terminal transferase enzyme is a ribonucleoprotein that synthesizes TTAGGG repeats. Cell 59:521-529.
35. Morin, G. B. 1991. Recognition of a chromosome truncation site associated with alpha-thalassaemia hy human telomerase. Nature 353:454-456.
36. Nugent, C., G. Bosco, L. Ross, S. Evans, A. Salinger, J. Moore, J. Haber, and V. Lundblad. 1998. Telomere maintenance is dependent on activities required for end repair of double-strand breaks. Curr. Biol. 8:657-660.
37. Nugent, C. I., and V. Lundblad. 1998. The telomerase reverse transcriptase: components and regulation. Genes Dev. 12:1073-1085.
38. Polotnianka, R., J. Li, and A. Lustig. 1998. The yeast Ku heterodimer is essential for protection of the telomere against nucleolytic and recombinational activities. Curr. Biol. 8:831-834.
39. Saltman, D., R. Morgan, M. L. Cleary, and T. de Lange. 1993. Telomeric structure in cells with chromosome end associations. Chromosoma 102: 121-128.
40. Shore, D. 1997. Telomerase and telomere-binding proteins: controlling the endgame. Trends Biochem. Sci. 22:233-235.
41. Shore, D. 1997. Telomere length regulation: getting the measure of chromosome ends. Biol. Chem. 378:591-597.
42. Smith, S., I. Giriat, A. Schmitt, and T. de Lange. 1998. Tankyrase, a poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase at human telomeres [see comments]. Science 282: 1484-1487.
43. Sprung, C. N., G. E. Reynolds, M. Jasin, and J. P. Murnane. 1999. Chromosome healing in mouse embryonic stem cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96:6781-6786.
44. van Steensel, B., and T. de Lange. 1997. Control of telomere length by the human telomeric protein TRF1. Nature 385:740-743.
45. van Steensel, B., A. Smogorzewska, and T. de Lange. 1998. TRF2 protects human telomeres from end-to-end fusions. Cell 92:401-413.
46. Wang, H., and E. H. Blackburn. 1997. De novo telomere addition by Tetrahymena telomerase in vitro. EMBO J. 16:866-879.
47. Wright, W. E., M. A. Piatyszek, W. R. Rainey, W. Byrd, and J. W. Shay. 1996. Telomerase activity in human germline and embryonic tissues and cells. Dev. Genet. 18:173-179.