Medicinal benefits of green tea: Part II. Review of anticancer properties

Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine

Volumn 11, Issue 4, 2005, Pages 639-652

  Cooper, Raymond ^a   Morré, D James ^b   Morré, Dorothy M ^c  

^a PhytoScience Inc   (United States)

^b PURDUE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c PURDUE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALPHA TOCOPHEROL; ASCORBIC ACID; CAPSICUM EXTRACT; CATECHIN; DOXORUBICIN; EPIGALLOCATECHIN; EPIGALLOCATECHIN GALLATE; GENISTEIN; GLYCOPROTEIN P; GREEN TEA EXTRACT; GREEN TEA EXTRACT PLUS PEPPER EXTRACT; IDARUBICIN; PIRARUBICIN; PLANT EXTRACT; POLYPHENOL DERIVATIVE; REDUCED NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE DEHYDROGENASE; THEANINE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ANGIOGENESIS; ANTIINFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY; ANTINEOPLASTIC ACTIVITY; ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY; BEVERAGE; BLADDER CANCER; BLOATING; BLOOD TOXICITY; BREAST CANCER; CANCER EPIDEMIOLOGY; CANCER INCIDENCE; CANCER PREVENTION; CANCER RISK; CARDIOTOXICITY; CIGARETTE SMOKING; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONCENTRATION RESPONSE; DIET; DIET SUPPLEMENTATION; DRUG BIOAVAILABILITY; DRUG BLOOD LEVEL; DRUG HALF LIFE; DRUG MARKETING; DRUG METABOLISM; DRUG POTENTIATION; ENZYME INHIBITION; ESOPHAGUS CANCER; GASTROINTESTINAL SYMPTOM; HEAD CANCER; HEART PALPITATION; HUMAN; INSOMNIA; LIPID PEROXIDATION; MAXIMUM TOLERATED DOSE; MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE; NAUSEA; NECK CANCER; NEUROTOXICITY; NONHUMAN; PANCREAS CANCER; PARESTHESIA; PEPPER; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSTATE CANCER; RESTLESSNESS; REVIEW; RISK REDUCTION; SIDE EFFECT; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SORE THROAT; STOMACH CANCER; SUSTAINED RELEASE PREPARATION; TEA; TUMOR GROWTH;

ANIMALS; ANTICARCINOGENIC AGENTS; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, PHYTOGENIC; ANTIOXIDANTS; BREAST NEOPLASMS; CAMELLIA SINENSIS; CATECHIN; FEMALE; FREE RADICAL SCAVENGERS; HUMANS; MALE; NEOPLASMS; PLANT EXTRACTS; PROSTATIC NEOPLASMS; TEA;

EID: 22344452397     PISSN: 10755535     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1089/acm.2005.11.639     Document Type: Review

References (148)

1. Dreosti IE. Bioactive ingredients: antioxidants and polyphenols in tea. Nutr Rev 1996;54:S51-S58.
2. Ahmad N, Feyes DK, Nieminen AL, et al. Green tea constituent epigallocatechin-3-gallate and induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in human carcinoma cells. J Natl Cancer Inst 1997;89:1881-1886.
3. Chen ZP, Schell JB, Ho CT, Chen KY. Green tea epigallocatechin gallate shows a pronounced growth inhibitory effect on cancerous cells but not on their normal counterparts. Cancer Lett 1998;129:173-179.
4. Conney AH, Lu Y-P, Lou Y-R, et al. Inhibition effect of green and black tea on tumor growth. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1999;220:229-233.
5. Fujiki H, Suganuma M, Okabe S, et al. Cancer inhibition by green tea. Mutation Res 1998;402:307-310.
6. Gupta S, Hastack K, Ahmad N, et al. Inhibition of prostate carcinogenesis in TRAMP mice by oral infusion of green tea polyphenols. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001;98:10350-10355.
7. Liao S, Umekita Y, Guo J, et al. Growth inhibition and regression of human prostate and breast tumors in athymic mice by tea epigallocatechin gallate. Cancer Lett 1995;96:239-243.
8. Fujiki H, Suganuma M, Okabe S, et al. Mechanistic findings of green tea as cancer preventive for humans. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1999;220:225-228.
9. Katdare M, Osborn, MP, Telang NT. Inhibition of aberrant proliferation and induction of apoptosis in pre-neoplastic human mammary epithelial cells by natural phytochemicals. Oncol Rep 1998;5:311-315.
10. Bushman JL. Green tea and cancer in humans: A review of the literature. Nutr Cancer 1998;31:151-159.
11. Imai K, Suga K, Nakachi K. Cancer-preventive effects of drinking green tea among a Japanese population. Prev Med 1997;6:769-775.
12. Zhu M, Chen Y, Li RC. Oral absorption and bioavailability of tea catechins. Planta Med 2000;66:444-447.
13. Guo YT, McGlaughlin JK, Blot WJ, et al. Reduced risk of esophageal cancer associated with green tea consumption. J Natl Cancer Inst 1994;86:855-858.
14. Ji BT, Chow WH, Hsing AW, et al. Green tea consumption and the risk of pancreatic and colorectal cancers. Intl J Cancer 1997;70:255-258.
15. Kono S, Ikeda M, Tokudome S, Kuratsune M. A case control study of gastric cancer and diet in northern Kyushu, Japan. Jpn J Cancer 1988;79:1067-1074.
16. Khan WA, Wang ZY, Athar M, et al. Inhibition of the skin tumorigenicity of (+/-)-7β, 8α-dihydroxy-9α,10α-epoxy-7,8,9,10- tetrahydrobenzoyl[α]pyrene by tannic acid, green tea polyphenols and quercetin in Sencar mice. Cancer Lett 1988;42:7-12.
17. Wang ZY, Cheng SJ, Zhou ZC, et al. Antimutagenic activity of green tea polyphenols. Mutat Res 1989;223:273-285.
18. Stoner GD, Mukhtar H. Polyphenols as cancer chemopreventive agents. J Cell Biochem 1995;22(Suppl)169-180.
19. McKenna DJ, Jones K, Hughes K. Green Tea in Botanical Medicines: The Desk Reference for Major Herbal Supplements, 2nd ed. New York: Haworth Press, 2002:597-656.
20. Yang CS, Maliaka P, Meng X. Inhibition of carcinogenesis by tea. Ann Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2002;42:25-54.
21. Hara Y. Green Tea: Health Benefits and Applications. New York: Marcel Dekker, 2001.
22. Henning SM, Fajardo-Lira C, Lee HW, et al. Catechin content of 18 teas and a green tea extract supplement correlated with the antioxidant capacity. Nutr Cancer 2003;45:226-235.
23. Wiseman SA, Balentine DA, Frei B. Antioxidants in tea. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 1997;37:705-718.
24. Benzie IF, Szeto YT, Strain JJ, Tomlinson B. Consumption of green tea causes rapid increase in plasma antioxidant power in humans. Nutr Cancer 1999;34:83-87.
25. Hasegawa R, Chujo T, Sai-Kato K, et al. Preventive effects of green tea against liver oxidative DNA damage and hepatotoxicity in rats treated with 2-nitropropane. Food Chem Toxicol 1995;33:961-970.
26. Hirose M, Hoshiya T, Akagi K, et al. Inhibition of mammary gland carcinogenesis by green tea catechins and other naturally occurring antioxidants in female Sprague-Dawley rats pretreated with 7,12-dimethylbenz[alpha] anthracene. Cancer Lett 1994;83:149-156.
27. Mitscher LA. The Green Tea Book. Garden City Park, New York: Avery Publishing Group, 1998.
28. Tanaka H, Hirose M, Kawabe M, et al. Post-initiation inhibitory effects of green tea catechins on 7,12-dimethyl-benz[a]anthracene-induced mammary gland carcinogenesis in female Sprague-Dawley rats. Cancer Lett 1997;116:47-52.
29. Weisburger JH. Tea and health: A historical perspective. Cancer Lett 1997;114:315-317.
30. Palermo CM, Hernando JIM, Dertinger SD, et al. Identification of potential aryl hydrocarbon receptor antagonists in green tea. Chem Res Toxicol 2003;16:865-872.
31. Nakagawa K, Ninomiya M, Okubo T. Tea catechin supplementation increases antioxidant capacity and prevents phospholipid hydroperoxidation in plasma of humans. J Agric Food Chem 1999;47:3967-3973.
32. Sung H, Nah J, Chun S. In vivo antioxidant effect of green tea. Eur J Clin Nutr 2000;54:527-529.
33. Mitscher LA, Jung M, Shankel D, et al. Chemoprotection: A review of the potential therapeutic antioxidant properties of green tea (Camellia sinensis) and certain of its constituents. Med Res Rev 1997;17:327-365.
34. FDA Docket No. 91N-0101, April 1, 2003 Enforcement Discretion Letter. Online document at: www.cfsan.fda.gov/ ~dms/ds-ltr34.html
35. Cutter H, Wang L-Y, Kim C, et al. Is the cancer protective effect of green tea (-)-epigallocatechin gallate mediated through an antioxidant mechanism? Cancer Lett 2001;162:149-154.
36. Kemberling JL, Hampton JA, Keck RW, et al. Inhibition of bladder tumor growth by the green tea derivative epigallocatechin-3-gallate. J Urol 2003;170:773-776.
37. Wu AH, Yu MC, Tseng CC, et al. Green tea and risk of breast cancer in Asian Americans. Int J Cancer 2003;106:574-579.
38. Gao CM, Takezaki T, Wu JZ, Li ZY, Liu YT, Li SP, Ding JH, Su P, Hu X, Xu TL, Sugimura H, Tajima K. Glutathione-S-transferases M1 (GSTM1) and GSTT1 genotype, smoking, consumption of alcohol and tea and risk of esophageal and stomach cancers: a case-control study of a high-incidence area in Jiangsu Province, China. Cancer Lett. 2002;188:95-102.
39. Adhami VM, Ahmad N, Mukhtar H. Molecular targets for green tea in prostate cancer prevention. J Nutr 2003;133:2417S-2424S.
40. Jian L, Xie LP, Lee AH, Binns CW. Protective effect of green tea against prostate cancer: A case controlled study in southeast China. Int J Cancer 2004;108:130-135.
41. Komori A, Yatsunami Y, Okabe S, et al. Anticarcinogenic activity of green tea poly phenols. Jpn J Clin Oncol 1993;23:186-190.
42. Katiyar SK, Mukhtar H. Tea antioxidants in cancer chemoprevention. J Cell Biochem 1997;67(27 Suppl):59-67.
43. Hu G, Chen HC, et al. Inhibition of oncogene expression by green tea and (-)-epigallocatechin gallate in mice. Nutr Cancer 1995;24:203-209.
44. Jankun J, Selman SH, Swiercz R, Skrypcsack-Jankun E. Why drinking tea could prevent cancer. Nature 1997;387:561.
45. Nakachi K, Suemasu K, Suga K, et al. Influence of drinking green tea on breast cancer malignancy among Japanese patients. Jpn J Cancer Res 1998;89:254-261.
46. Nagata C. Association of coffee, green tea, and caffeine intakes with serum concentrations of estradiol and sex hormone-binding globulin in premenopausal Japanese women. Nutr Cancer 1998;30:21-24.
47. Mukhtar H. Cancer chemoprevention by green tea components. Adv Exp Med Biol 1994;354:123-134.
48. Agarwal R. Cancer chemoprevention by polyphenols in green tea and artichoke. Adv Exp Med Biol 1996;401:35-50.
49. Marie RN, Cheng KK. Meat intake, heterocyclic amines, and colon cancer. Am J Gastroenterol 2000;95:3683-3684.
50. Oguri A, Suda M, Totsuka Y. Inhibitory effects of antioxidants on formation of heterocyclic amines. Mutat Res 1998;402:237-245.
51. Hirose M, Futakuchi M, Tanaka H. Prevention by antioxidants of heterocyclic amine-induced carcinogenesis in a rat medium-term liver bioassay: Results of extended and combination treatment experiments. Eur J Cancer Prev 1998;7:61-67.
52. Lambert JD, Yang CS. Mechanisms of cancer prevention by tea constituents. J Nutr 2003;133:32625-32675.
53. Frei B, Higdon JV. Antioxidant activity of tea polyphenols in vivo: evidence from animal studies. J Nutr 2003;133:32755-32845.
54. Ahmad N, Mukhtar H. Green tea polyphenols and cancer biologic mechanisms and practical implications. Nutr Rev 1999;57:78-83.
55. Gupta S, Ahmad N, Mukhtar H. Prostate cancer chemoprevention by green tea. Semin Urol Oncol 1999;17:70-76.
56. Lyn-Cook BD, Rogers T, Yan Y, et al. Chemopreventive effects of tea extracts and various components on human pancreatic and prostate tumor cells in vitro. Nutr Cancer 1999;35:80-86.
57. Wang ZY, Huang MT, Ho CT, et al. Inhibitory effect of green tea on the growth of established skin papillomas in mice. Cancer Res 1992;52:6657-6665.
58. Xu Y, Ho CT, Amin SG, et al. Inhibition of tobacco-specific nitrosamine-induced lung tumorigenesis in A/J mice by green tea and its major polyphenol as antioxidants. Cancer Res 1992;52:3875-3879.
59. Morré DJ, Bridge A, Wu L-Y, Morré DM. Epigallocatechin gallate inhibits preferentially the NADH oxidase and growth of transformed cells in culture. Biochem Pharmacol 2000;60:937-946.
60. Gupta S, Ahmad N, Nieminen AL, Mukhtar H. Growth inhibition, cell-cycle dysregulation and induction of apoptosis by green tea constituent (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate in androgen-sensitive and androgen-insensitive human prostate carcinoma cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2000;164:82-90.
61. Liang Y-C, Lin-shiau S-Y, Chen C-F, Lin J-K. Suppression of extracellular signals and cell proliferation through EGF receptor binding by (-)-epigallocatechin gallate in human A431 epidermoid carcinoma cells. J Cell Biochem 1997;67:55-65.
62. Lin YL, Lin JK. (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate blocks the induction of nitric oxide synthase by down-regulating lipopolysaccharide-induced activity of transcription factor nuclear factor kappa-B. Mol Pharmacol 1997;52:465-472.
63. Chan MM-Y, Dunne F, Ho C-T, Huang H-I. Inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase gene expression and enzyme activity by epigallocatechin gallate, a natural product from green tea. Biochem Pharmacol 1997;54:1281-1286.
64. Dong Z, Ma W, Huang C, Yang CS. Inhibition of tumor promoter-induced activator protein 1 activation and cell transformation by tea polyphenols, (-)-epigallocatechin gallate, and theaflavins. Cancer Res 1997;57:4414-4419.
65. Haslam E: Natural polyphenols (vegetable tannins) as drugs: Possible modes of action. J Nat Prod 1996;59:205-215.
66. Chung JY, Huang C, Meng X, et al. Inhibition of activator protein 1 activity and cell growth by purified green tea and black tea polyphenols in H-ras-transformed cells: Structure-activity relationship and mechanisms involved. Cancer Res 1999;59:4610-4617.
67. Yang F, Oz HS, Barve S, et al. The green tea polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate blocks nuclear factor-κB activation by inhibiting IκB kinase activity in the intestinal epithelial cell line IEC-6. Mol Pharmacol 2001;60:528-533.
68. Ahmad N, Gupta S, Mukhtar H. Green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-3- gallate differentially modulates nuclear factor κB in cancer cells versus normal cells. Arch Biochem Biophys 2000;376:338-346.
69. Balasubramanian S, Efimova T, Eckert RL. Green tea polyphenol stimulates a Ras, MEKK1, MEK3, and p38 cascade to increase activator protein 1 factor-dependent involucrin gene expression in normal human keratinocytes. J Biol Chem 2002;277:1828-1836.
70. Wright SC, Zhong J, Larrick JW. Inhibition of apoptosis as a mechanism of tumor promotion. FASEB J 1994;8:654-660.
71. Ahmad N, Mukhtar H. Green tea polyphenols and cancer biologic mechanisms and practical implications. Nutr Rev 1999;57:78-83.
72. Sato D. Inhibition of urinary bladder tumors induced by N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)-nitrosamine in rats by green tea. Int J Urol 1999;6:93-99.
73. Su LJ, Arab I. Tea consumption and the reduced risk of colon cancer-results from a national prospective cohort study. Public Health Nutr 2002;5:419-425.
74. Zhang M, Binns CW, Lee AH. Tea consumption and ovarian cancer risk: A case control study in China. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2002;11:713-718.
75. Zhou J-R, Yu L, Mai Z, Blackburn GL. Combined inhibition of estrogen-dependent human breast carcinoma by soy and tea bioactive components in mice. Int J Cancer 2004;108:8-14.
76. Schut HA, Yao R. Tea as a potential chemopreventive agent in PhIP carcinogenesis: Effects of green tea and black tea on PhIP-DNA adduct formation in female F-344 rats. Nutr Cancer 2000;36:52-58.
77. Yang CS, Yang GY, Landau JM, et al. Tea and tea polyphenols inhibit cell hyperproliferation, lung tumorigenesis, and tumor progression. Exp Lung Res 1998;24:629-639.
78. Klein RD, Fischer SM. Black tea polyphenols inhibit IGF-I-induced signaling through Akt in normal prostate epithelial cells and Du145 prostate carcinoma cells. Carcinogenesis 2002;23:217-221.
79. Lu LH, Lee SS, Huang HC. Epigallocatechin suppression of proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells: Correlation with c-jun and JNK. Br J Pharmacol 1998;124:1227-1237.
80. Pianetti S, Guo S, Kavanaugh KT, Sonenshein GE. Green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-3 gallate inhibits Her-2/Neu signaling, proliferation and transformed phenotype of breast cancer cells. Cancer Res 2002;62:652-655.
81. Liberto M, Cobrinik D: Growth factor-dependent induction of p21 CIPI by the green tea polyphenol, epigallocatechin gallate. Cancer Lett 2000;154:151-161.
82. Hsu S, Lewis JB, Borke JL, et al. Chemopreventive effects of green tea polyphenols correlate with reversible induction of p57 expression. Anticancer Res 2001;6A:3743-3748.
83. Levites Y, Amit T, Youdim MB, Mandel S. Involvement of protein kinase C activation and cell survival/ cell cycle genes in green tea polyphenol, (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate neuroprotective action. J Biol Chem 2002;277:30574-30580.
84. Chen W, Dong Z, Valcic S, et al. Inhibition of ultraviolet B-induced c-fos gene expression and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activation by (-)-epigallocatechin gallate in a human keratinocyte cell line. Molec Carcinog 1999;24:79-84.
85. Folkman J. Angiogenesis in cancer, vascular, rheumatoid and other disease. Nature Med 1995;1:27-31.
86. Carmeliet P, Jain RK. Angiogenesis in cancer and other diseases. Nature 2000;407:249-257.
87. Weidner N, Semple JP, Welch WR, Folkman J. Tumor angiogenesis and metastasis: correlation in invasive breast carcinoma. N Engl J Med 1991;324:1-8.
88. Nguyen M, Watanabe H, Budson A, et al. Elevated levels of an angiogenic peptide, basic fibroblast growth factor, in the urine of patients with a wide spectrum of cancers. J Natl Cancer Inst 1994;86:356-361.
89. Nguyen M. Angiogenic factors as tumor markers. Invest New Drug 1997;15:29-37.
90. Liu Y, Wang JL, Chang H, et al. Breast cancer diagnosis with nipple fluid bFGF. Lancet 2000;356:567.
91. Sartippour M, Shao ZM, Heber D, et al. Green tea inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) induction in human breast cancer cells. J Nutr 2002;132:2307-2311.
92. Sartippour MR, Heber D, Zhang L, et al. Inhibition of fibroblast growth factors by green tea. Int J Oncol 2002;21:487-491.
93. Tang FY, Meydani M. Green tea catechins and vitamin E inhibit angiogenesis of human microvascular endothelial cells through suppression of IL-8 production. Nutr Cancer 2001;41:119-125.
94. Annabi B, Lachambre MP, Bousquet-Gagnon N, et al. Green tea polyphenol (-)-epigallocatchin 3-gallate inhibits MMP-2 secreation and MT1-MMP-driven migration in glioblastoma cells. Biochim Biophys Acta 2002;1542:209-220.
95. Ahn HY, Hadizadeh KR, Seul C, et al. Epigallocatechin 3-gallate selectively inhibits the PDGF-BB-induced intracellular signaling transduction pathway in vascular smooth muscle cells and inhibits transformation of sis-transfected NIH 3T3 fibroblast and human glioblastoma cells (A172). Mol Biol Cell 1999;10:1093-1104.
96. Sachinidis A, Seul C, Seewald S, et al. Green tea compounds inhibit tyrosine phosphorylation of PDGF B-receptor and transformation of A172 human glioblastoma. FEBS Lett 2000;471:51-55.
97. Hong J, Smith TJ, Ho CT, et al. Effects of purified green and black tea polyphenols on cyclooxegenase- and lipooxygenase-dependent metabolism of arachidonic acid in human colon mucosa and colon tumor tissues. Biochem Pharmacol 2001;62:1175-1183.
98. Lee MC, Tomlinson J, Nguyen M. Lessons from clinical trials of anti-angiogenic drugs in the treatment of cancer. In: Therapeutic Implications of Angiogenesis Inhibitors and Stimulators: Current Status and Future Treatment Directions. Texas: Landes Bioscience, 2000:151-160.
99. Kabbinavar F, Hurwitz HI, Fehrenbacher L, et al. Phase II, randomized trial comparing bevacizumab plus fluorouracil (FU)leucovorin (LV) with FU/LV alone in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 2003;21:60-65.
100. Adhami VM, Siddiqui IA, Ahmad N, et al. Consumption of green tea polyphenols inhibits insulin-like growth factor-1-induced signaling in an auto-chthonous mouse model of prostate cancer. Cancer Res 2004;64:8175-8722.
101. Jatol A, Ellison N, Burch PA, et al. A phase II clinical trial of green tea in the treatment of patients with androgen independent metastatic prostate cancer. Cancer 2003;97:1442-1446.
102. Jatol A, Ellison N, Burch PA, et al. A Phase II trial of green tea in the treatment of patients with androgen independent metastatic prostate carcinoma. Urol Oncol 2003;21:409-410.
103. Ren F, Zhang S, Mitchell SH, et al. Tea polyphenols down-regulate the expression of the androgen receptor in LNCaP prostate cancer cells. Oncogene 2000;19:1924-1932.
104. Kohlmeier L, Weterings KG, Steck S, Kok FJ. Tea and cancer prevention: An evaluation of the epidemiologic literature. Nutr Cancer 1997;27:1-13.
105. Chung FL, Schwartz J, Herzog CR, Yang YM. Tea and cancer prevention: Studies in animals and humans. J Nutr 2003;133:3268S-3274S.
106. Suzuki Y, Tsubono Y, Nakaya N, et al. Green tea and the risk of breast cancer: Pooled analysis of two prospective studies in Japan. Br J Cancer 2004;90:1361-1363.
107. Inoue M, Tajima K, Mizutani M, et al. Regular consumption of green tea and the risk of breast cancer recurrence: Follow-up study from the hospital-based epidemiologic research program at Aichi Cancer Center (HERPACC), Japan. Cancer Lett 2001;167:175-182.
108. Liao S, Hippaka RA. Selective inhibition of steroid 5 alpha-reductase isozymes by tea epicatechin-3-gallate and epigallocatechin-3-gallate. Biochem Biophys Commun 1995;214:833-888.
109. Jodoin J, Demeule M, Beliveau R. Inhibition of multidrug resistance P-glycoprotein activity by green tea polyphenols. Biochim Biophys Acta 2002;1542:149-159.
110. Cooper R, Morre DJ, Morre DM. Medicinal benefits of green tea. Part I. Review of noncancer health benefits. J Altern Complement Med 2005;11:521-528.
111. Sadzuka Y, Sugiyama T, Miyagishima A, et al. The effects of theanine, as a novel biochemical modulator, on the anti-tumor activity of adriamycin. Cancer Lett 1996;105:203-209.
112. Sadzuka Y, Sugiyama T, Hirota S. Modulation of cancer chemotherapy by green tea. Clin Cancer Res 1998;4:153-156.
113. Sadzuka Y, Sugiyama T, Sonobe T. Efficacies of tea components on doxorubicin induced antitumor activity and reversal of multidrug resistance. Toxicol Lett 2000a;114:155-162.
114. Sadzuka Y, Sugiyama T, Sonobe T. Improvement of idarubicin induced antitumor activity and bone marrow suppression by theanine, a component of tea. Cancer Lett 2000b;158:119-124.
115. Sadzuka Y, Yamashita Y, Sugiyama T, Sonobe T. Effect of dihydrokainate on the antitumor activity of doxorubicin. Cancer Lett 2002;179:157-163.
116. Sugiyama T, Sadzuka T. Enhancing effect of green tea compounds on the antitumor activity of adriamycin a gainst M5076 ovarian sarcomsa. Cancer Lett 1998;133:19-26.
117. Sugiyama T, Sadzuka Y. Combination of theanine with doxorubicin inhibits hepatic metastasis of M5076 ovarian sarcoma. Clin Cancer Res 1999;2:413-416.
118. Sugiyama T, Sadzuka Y, Tanaka K, Sonobe T. Inhibition of glutamate transporter by theanine enhances the therapeutic efficacy of doxorubicin. Toxicol Lett 2001;121:89-96.
119. Salucci M, Stivala LA, Maiani G, et al. Flavonoids uptake and their effect on cell cycle of human colon adenocarcinoma cells (Caco2). Br J Cancer 2002;55:1645-1651.
120. Paschka AG, Butler R, Young CY-F. Induction of apoptosis in prostate cancer cell lines by the green tea component, (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate. Cancer Lett 1998;130:1-7.
121. Yang GY, Liao J, Kim K, et al. Inhibition of growth and induction of apoptosis in human cancer cell lines by tea polyphenols. Carcinogenesis 1998;19:611-616.
122. Suganuma M, Okabe S, Kai Y, et al. Synergistic effects of (-)-epigallocatechin gallate with (-)epicatechins, sulindac or tamoxifen on cancer-preventive activity in the human lung cancer cell line PC-9. Cancer Res 1999;59:44-47.
123. Chueh P, Kim C, Cho NM, et al. Molecular cloning and characterization of a tumor-associated and growth-related time keeping hydroquinone (NADH) oxidase of the HeLa cell surface. Biochemistry 2002;41:3732-3741.
124. Morré DM, Wu L-Y, Chueh P-J, Morré DJ. Cancer-specific cell surface NADH oxidase (tNOX) inhibited by green tea catechins. FASEB J 2000;14:A472.
125. Morré DJ, Chueh P, Morré DM. Capsacin inhibits preferentially the NADH oxidase and growth of transformed cells in culture. Proc. Natl Acad Sci USA 1995;92:1821-1835.
126. Chueh P-J Wu L-Y, Morre DM, Morre DJ. tNOX is both necessary and sufficient as a cellular target for the anticancer actions of capsaicin and the green tea catechin (-)-epigallocatechin gallate. Biofactors 2004;20:237-241.
127. Chueh P-J, Morré DM, Morré DJ. A site-directed mutagenesis analysis of tNOX functional domains. Biochim Biophys Acta 2002;1594:74-83.
128. Morré DJ, Morré DM. Synergistic capsicum-tea mixtures with anticancer activity. J Pharm Pharmacol 2003;155:987-994.
129. Morré DJ, Morré DM, Sun H, et al. Tea catechin synergies in inhibition of cancer cell proliferation and of cancer cell-specific ECTO-NOX activity. Pharmacol Toxicol 2003;92:234-241.
130. Stammler G. Green tea catechins (EGCG and EGC) have modulating effects on the activity of doxorubicin in drug-resistant cell lines. Anticancer Drugs 1997;8:265-268.
131. Chen H, Tritton TR, Kenney N, et al. Tamoxifen induces TGF-beta 1 activity and apoptosis of human MCF-7 breast cancer cells. J Cell Biochem 1996;61:9-17.
132. Piazza GA, Rahm AL, Krutzsch M, et al. Antineoplastic drugs sulindac sulfide and sulfone inhibit cell growth by inducing apoptosis. Cancer Res 1995;55:3110-3116.
133. Suganuma M, Okabe S, Sueoka E, et al. A new process of cancer prevention mediated through inhibition of tumor necrosis factor alpha expression. Cancer Res 1996;56:3711-3715.
134. Office of Dietary Supplements. Botanical Fact Sheet, Green Tea 2001.
135. Pisters KMW, Newman RA, Coldman B, et al. Phase I trial of oral green tea extract in adult patients with solid tumors. J Clin Oncol 2001;19:1830-1838.
136. Ng KK, Miller VA, Grant SC, et al. Phase I and clinical pharmacologic study of green tea extract (GTE) in patients with advanced solid tumors (ASCO). Am Soc Clinical Oncology Meeting abstract 1999; #853.
137. Maiani G, Serafini M, Salucci M. Application of a new high-performance liquid chromatographic method for measuring selected polyphenols in human plasma. J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl 1997;692:311-317.
138. Yang CS, Chen L, Lee MJ, et al. Blood and urine levels of tea catechins after ingestion of different amounts of green tea by human volunteers. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1998;7:351-354.
139. Nakagawa K, Miyazawa T. Absorption and distribution of tea catechin, (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate, in the rat. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol 1997;43:679-684.
140. Li C, Meng X, Winnik B, et al. Analysis of urinary metabolites of tea catechins by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Chem Res Toxicol 2001;14:702-707.
141. van het Hof KH, Wiseman SA, Yang CS, Tijburg LBM. Plasma and lipoprotein levels of tea catechins following repeated tea consumption. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1999;220:203-209.
142. Nakagawa K, Okuda S, Miyazawa T. Dose-dependent incorporation of tea catechins, (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate and (-)-epigallocatechin, into human plasma. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 1997;61:1981-1985.
143. Suganuma M, Okabe S, Oniyama M, et al. Wide distribution of [3H](-)-epigallocatechin gallate, a cancer preventive tea polyphenol, in mouse tissue. Carcinogenesis 1998;19:1771-1776.
144. Unno T, Takeo T. Absorption, distribution, elimination of tea polyphenols in rats. Absorption of (-)-epigallocatechin gallate into the circulation system of rats. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 1995;59:1558-1559.
145. Warden BA, Smith LS, Beecher GR, et al. Catechins are bioavailable in men and women drinking black tea throughout the day. J Nutr 2001;131:1731-1737.
146. Zhu M, Chen Y, Li RC. Pharmacokinetics and system linearity of tea catechins in rat. Xenobiotica 2001;31:51-60.
147. Zaveri NT. Synthesis of a 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoyl ester analogue of epigallocatechin-3-gallate(EGCG): A potential route to the natural product green tea catechin EGCG. Org Lett 2001;3:843-846.
148. Morré DM, Morré DJ, Cooper R, Chang MN. Tea catechins in sustained release formulations as cancer specific proliferation inhibitors US Patent 6,410,052, June 25, 2002.