Molecular targets for treatment of Barrett's esophagus

Diseases of the Esophagus

Volumn 18, Issue 2, 2005, Pages 75-86

  Feagins, L A ^a   Souza, Rhonda F ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS SOUTHWESTERN MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS SOUTHWESTERN MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Barrett's esophagus; Esophageal adenocarcinoma; GERD; Molecular markers

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; AE 941; BEVACIZUMAB; CYCLOOXYGENASE 2 INHIBITOR; EFLORNITHINE; EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR ANTIBODY; EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR KINASE INHIBITOR; FLAVOPIRIDOL; FLUOROURACIL; FOLINIC ACID; HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; IRINOTECAN; MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE INHIBITOR; NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; ORNITHINE DECARBOXYLASE; PACLITAXEL; PROTON PUMP INHIBITOR; RESVERATROL; SULINDAC; TELOMERASE INHIBITOR; TROGLITAZONE;

ANTINEOPLASTIC ACTIVITY; APOPTOSIS; BARRETT ESOPHAGUS; CANCER INCIDENCE; CANCER INHIBITION; CANCER INVASION; CANCER MORTALITY; CANCER RISK; CARCINOGENESIS; CAUCASIAN; CELL AGING; CELL PROLIFERATION; CELL STIMULATION; CLINICAL TRIAL; DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURE; DIGESTIVE SYSTEM CANCER; DRUG TARGETING; ESOPHAGEAL ADENOCARCINOMA; ESOPHAGITIS; ESOPHAGUS MUCOSA; EUROPE; GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX; GENOMIC INSTABILITY; HUMAN; INTESTINE MUCOSA; METAPLASIA; METASTASIS; NONHUMAN; PEPTIC ULCER; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SIDE EFFECT; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; TISSUE INJURY; TUMOR VASCULARIZATION; UNITED KINGDOM; UNITED STATES;

ADENOCARCINOMA; APOPTOSIS; BARRETT ESOPHAGUS; CELL AGING; CELL CYCLE; CHROMOSOMAL INSTABILITY; DISEASE PROGRESSION; ESOPHAGEAL NEOPLASMS; GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX; GROWTH INHIBITORS; HUMANS; NEOPLASTIC PROCESSES; NEOVASCULARIZATION, PATHOLOGIC;

EID: 22144448565     PISSN: 11208694     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-2050.2005.00465.x     Document Type: Review

References (111)

1. Lagergren J, Bergstrom R, Lindgren A, Nyren O. Symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux as a risk factor for esophageal adenocarcinoma. N Engl J Med 1999; 340: 825-31.
2. Spechler S J. Clinical practice. Barrett's Esophagus. N Engl J Med 2002; 346: 836-42.
3. Parker S L, Tong T, Bolden S, Wingo P A. Cancer statistics, 1997. (Published erratum appears in CA Cancer J Clin 1997; 47 (2): 68). CA Cancer J Clin 1997; 47: 5-27.
4. Dulai G S, Guha S, Kahn K L, Gornbein J, Weinstein W M. Preoperative prevalence of Barrett's esophagus in esophageal adenocarcinoma: a systematic review. Gastroenterology 2002; 122: 26-33.
5. Reid B J, Haggitt R C, Rubin C E et al. Observer variation in the diagnosis of dysplasia in Barrett's esophagus. Hum Pathol 1988; 19: 166-78.
6. Montgomery E, Bronner M P, Goldblum J R et al. Reproducibility of the diagnosis of dysplasia in Barrett esophagus: a reaffirmation. Hum Pathol 2001; 32: 368-78.
7. Reid B J, Levine D S, Longton G, Blount P L, Rabinovitch P S. Predictors of progression to cancer in Barrett's esophagus: baseline histology and flow cytometry identify low- and high-risk patient subsets. Am J Gastroenterol 2000; 95: 1669-76.
8. Hanahan D, Weinberg R A. The hallmarks of cancer. Cell 2000; 100: 57-70.
9. Hahn W C, Weinberg R A. Rules for making human tumor cells. N Engl J Med 2002; 347: 1593-603.
10. Rabinovitch P S, Longton G, Blount P L, Levine D S, Reid B J. Predictors of progression in Barrett's esophagus III: baseline flow cytometric variables. Am J Gastroenterol 2001; 96: 3071-83.
11. Galipeau P C, Cowan D S, Sanchez C A et al. 17p (p53) Allelic losses, 4n (G2/tetraploid) populations, and progression to aneuploidy in Barrett's esophagus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996; 93: 7081-4.
12. Gray M R, Hall P A, Nash J, Ansari B, Lane D P, Kingsnorth A N. Epithelial proliferation in Barrett's esophagus by proliferating cell nuclear antigen immunolocalization. Gastroenterology 1992; 103: 1769-76.
13. Hong M K, Laskin W B, Herman B E et al. Expansion of the Ki-67 proliferative compartment correlates with degree of dysplasia in Barrett's esophagus. Cancer 1995; 75: 423-9.
14. Ouatu-Lascar R, Fitzgerald R C, Triadafilopoulos G. Differentiation and proliferation in Barrett's esophagus and the effects of acid suppression. Gastroenterology 1999; 117: 327-35.
15. Fitzgerald R C, Omary M B, Triadafilopoulos G. Dynamic effects of acid on Barrett's esophagus. An ex vivo proliferation and differentiation model. J Clin Invest 1996; 98: 2120-8.
16. Fitzgerald R C, Omary M B, Triadafilopoulos G. Altered sodium-hydrogen exchange activity is a mechanism for acid-induced hyperproliferation in Barrett's esophagus. Am J Physiol 1998; 275: G47-G55.
17. Souza R F, Shewmake K, Terada L S, Spechler S J. Acid exposure activates the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways in Barrett's esophagus. Gastroenterology 2002; 122: 299-307.
18. Gray M R, Wallace H M, Goulding H, Hoffman J, Kenyon W E, Kingsnorth A N. Mucosal polyamine metabolism in the columnar lined oesophagus. Gut 1993; 34: 584-7.
19. Garewal H S, Gerner E W, Sampliner R E, Roe D. Ornithine decarboxylase and polyamine levels in columnar upper gastrointestinal mucosae in patients with Barrett's esophagus. Cancer Res 1988; 48: 3288-91.
20. Garewal H S, Sampliner R, Gerner E, Steinbronn K, Alberts D, Kendall D. Ornithine decarboxylase activity in Barrett's esophagus: a potential marker for dysplasia. Gastroenterology 1988; 94: 819-21.
21. Peters F T, Ganesh S, Kuipers E J et al. Effect of elimination of acid reflux on epithelial cell proliferative activity of Barrett esophagus. Scand J Gastroenterol 2000; 35: 1238-44.
22. Umansky M, Yasui W, Hallak A et al. Proton pump inhibitors reduce cell cycle abnormalities in Barrett's esophagus. Oncogene 2001; 20: 7987-91.
23. El Serag H B, Aguirre T V, Davis S, Kuebeler M, Bhattacharyya A, Sampliner R E. Proton pump inhibitors are associated with reduced incidence of dysplasia in Barrett's esophagus. Am J Gastroenterol 2004; 99: 1877-83.
24. Haigh C R, Attwood S E, Thompson D G et al. Gastrin induces proliferation in Barrett's metaplasia through activation of the CCK2 receptor. Gastroenterology 2003; 124: 615-25.
25. Garewal H S, Sampliner R E, Fennerty M B. Chemopreventive studies in Barrett's esophagus: a model premalignant lesion for esophageal adenocarcinoma. J Natl Cancer Institute Monogr 1992; 51-4.
26. Takshima T, Fujiwara Y, Higuchi K et al. PPAR-gamma ligands inhibit growth of human esophageal adenocarcinoma cells through induction of apoptosis, cell cycle arrest and reduction of ornithine decarboxylase activity. Int J Oncol 2001; 19: 465-71.
27. Weinberg R A. The retinoblastoma protein and cell cycle control. Cell 1995; 81: 323-30.
28. Arber N, Gammon M D, Hibshoosh H et al. Overexpression of cyclin D1 occurs in both squamous carcinomas and adenocarcinomas of the esophagus and in adenocarcinomas of the stomach. Hum Pathol 1999; 30: 1087-92.
29. Arber N, Lightdale C, Rotterdam H et al. Increased expression of the cyclin D1 gene in Barrett's esophagus. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1996; 5: 457-9.
30. Sarbia M, Bektas N, Muller W, Heep H, Borchard F, Gabbert H E. Expression of cyclin E in dysplasia, carcinoma, and nonmalignant lesions of Barrett esophagus. Cancer 1999; 86: 2597-601.
31. Geddert H, Heep H J, Gabbert H E, Sarbia M. Expression of cyclin B1 in the metaplasia-dysplasia-carcinoma sequence of Barrett esophagus. Cancer 2002; 94: 212-18.
32. Lundberg A S, Weinberg R A. Control of the cell cycle and apoptosis. Eur J Cancer 1999; 35: 531-9.
33. Liu J J, Chao J R, Jiang M C, Ng S Y, Yen J J, Yang-Yen H F. Ras transformation results in an elevated level of cyclin D1 and acceleration of G1 progression in NIH 3T3 cells. Mol Cell Biol 1995; 15: 3654-63.
34. Malumbres M, Pellicer A. RAS pathways to cell cycle control and cell transformation. Front Biosci 1998; 3: d887-d912.
35. Jankowski J, Hopwood D, Wormsley K G. Flow-cytometric analysis of growth-regulatory peptides and their receptors in Barrett's oesophagus and oesophageal adenocarcinoma. Scand J Gastroenterol 1992; 27: 147-54.
36. Brito M J, Filipe M I, Linehan J, Jankowski J. Association of transforming growth factor alpha (TGFA) and its precursors with malignant change in Barrett's epithelium: biological and clinical variables. Int J Cancer 1995; 60: 27-32.
37. Yacoub L, Goldman H, Odze R D. Transforming growth factor-alpha, epidermal growth factor receptor, and MiB-1 expression in Barrett's-associated neoplasia: correlation with prognosis. Mod Pathol 1997; 10: 105-12.
38. Jankowski J, Coghill G, Hopwood D, Wormsley K G. Oncogenes and onco-suppressor gene in adenocarcinoma of the oesophagus. Gut 1992; 33: 1033-8.
39. Flejou J F, Paraf F, Muzeau F et al. Expression of c-erbB-2 oncogene product in Barrett's adenocarcinoma: pathological and prognostic correlations. J Clin Pathol 1994; 47: 23-6.
40. Brien T P, Odze R D, Sheehan C E, McKenna B J, Ross J S. HER-2/neu gene amplification by FISH predicts poor survival in Barrett's esophagus-associated adenocarcinoma. Hum Pathol 2000; 31: 35-9.
41. Cooper G M. Cellular transforming genes. Science 1982; 217: 801-6.
42. Sommerer F, Vieth M, Markwarth A et al. Mutations of BRAF and KRAS2 in the development of Barrett's adenocarcinoma. Oncogene 2004; 23: 554-8.
43. Trautmann B, Wittekind C, Strobel D et al. K-ras point mutations are rare events in premalignant forms of Barrett's oesophagus. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1996; 8: 799-804.
44. Meltzer S J, Mane S M, Wood P K et al. Activation of c-Ki-ras in human gastrointestinal dysplasias determined by direct sequencing of polymerase chain reaction products. Cancer Res 1990; 50: 3627-30.
45. Schwartz G K, O'Reilly E, Ilson D et al. Phase I study of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor flavopiridol in combination with paclitaxel in patients with advanced solid tumors. J Clin Oncol 2002; 20: 2157-70.
46. El Rayes B F, LoRusso P M. Targeting the epidermal growth factor receptor. Br J Cancer 2004; 91: 418-24.
47. Hommes D, van den B B, Plasse T et al. Inhibition of stress-activated MAP kinases induces clinical improvement in moderate to severe Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology 2002; 122: 7-14.
48. Subbaramaiah K, Chung W J, Michaluart P et al. Resveratrol inhibits cyclooxygenase-2 transcription and activity in phorbol ester-treated human mammary epithelial cells. Curr Opin Cell Biol 1998; 273: 21875-82.
49. Jang M, Cai L, Udeani G O et al. Cancer chemopreventive activity of resveratrol, a natural product derived from grapes. Science 1997; 275: 218-20.
50. Boynton R F, Huang Y, Blount P L et al. Frequent loss of heterozygosity at the retinoblastoma locus in human esophageal cancers. Cancer Res 1991; 51: 5766-9.
51. Huang Y, Meltzer S J, Yin J et al. Altered messenger RNA and unique mutational profiles of p53 and Rb in human esophageal carcinomas. Cancer Res 1993; 53: 1889-94.
52. Coppola D, Schreiber R H, Mora L, Dalton W, Karl R C. Significance of Fas and retinoblastoma protein expression during the progression of Barrett's metaplasia to adenocarcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol 1999; 6: 298-304.
53. Hamelin R, Flejou J F, Muzeau F et al. TP53 gene mutations and p53 protein immunoreactivity in malignant and premalignant Barrett's esophagus. Gastroenterology 1994; 107: 1012-18.
54. Galipeau P C, Prevo L J, Sanchez C A, Longton G M, Reid B J. Clonal expansion and loss of heterozygosity at chromosomes 9p and 17p in premalignant esophageal (Barrett's) tissue. J Natl Cancer Inst 1999; 91: 2087-95.
55. Meltzer S J, Yin J, Huang Y et al. Reduction to homozygosity involving p53 in esophageal cancers demonstrated by the polymerase chain reaction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1991; 88: 4976-80.
56. Blount P L, Galipeau P C, Sanchez C A et al. 17p allelic losses in diploid cells of patients with Barrett's esophagus who develop aneuploidy. Cancer Res 1994; 54: 2292-5.
57. Barrett M T, Sanchez C A, Galipeau P C, Neshat K, Emond M, Reid B J. Allelic loss of 9p21 and mutation of the CDKN2/p16 gene develop as early lesions during neoplastic progression in Barrett's esophagus. Oncogene 1996; 13: 1867-73.
58. Wong D J, Barrett M T, Stoger R, Emond M J, Reid B J. p16INK4a promoter is hypermethylated at a high frequency in esophageal adenocarcinomas. Cancer Res 1997; 57: 2619-22.
59. Klump B, Hsieh C J, Holzmann K, Gregor M, Porschen R. Hypermethylation of the CDKN2/p16 promoter during neoplastic progression in Barrett's esophagus. Gastroenterology 1998; 115: 1381-6.
60. Kawamata N, Morosetti R, Miller C W et al. Molecular analysis of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor gene p27/Kip1 in human malignancies. Cancer Res 1995; 55: 2266-9.
61. Singh S P, Lipman J, Goldman H et al. Loss or altered subcellular localization of p27 in Barrett's associated adenocarcinoma. Cancer Res 1998; 58: 1730-5.
62. Huber O, Korn R, McLaughlin J, Ohsugi M, Herrmann B G, Kemler R. Nuclear localization of beta-catenin by interaction with transcription factor LEF-1. Mech Dev 1996; 59: 3-10.
63. Rubinfeld B, Albert I, Porfiri E, Fiol C, Munemitsu S, Polakis P. Binding of GSK3beta to the APC-beta-catenin complex and regulation of complex assembly. Science 1996; 272: 1023-6.
64. Dolan K, Garde J, Walker S J, Sutton R, Gosney J, Field J K. LOH at the sites of the DCC, APC, and TP53 tumor suppressor genes occurs in Barrett's metaplasia and dysplasia adjacent to adenocarcinoma of the esophagus. Hum Pathol 1999; 30: 1508-14.
65. Eads C A, Lord R V, Kurumboor S K et al. Fields of aberrant CpG island hypermethylation in Barrett's esophagus and associated adenocarcinoma. Cancer Res 2000; 60: 5021-6.
66. Reid B J, Prevo L J, Galipeau P C et al. Predictors of progression in Barrett's esophagus II: baseline 17p (p53) loss of heterozygosity identifies a patient subset at increased risk for neoplastic progression. Am J Gastroenterol 2001; 96: 2839-48.
67. Crawford L V, Pim D C, Bulbrook R D. Detection of antibodies against the cellular protein p53 in sera from patients with breast cancer. Int J Cancer 1982; 30: 403-8.
68. Winter S F, Minna J D, Johnson B E, Takahashi T, Gazdar A F, Carbone D P. Development of antibodies against p53 in lung cancer patients appears to be dependent on the type of p53 mutation. Cancer Res 1992; 52: 4168-74.
69. Volkmann M, Muller M, Hofmann W J et al. The humoral immune response to p53 in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma is specific for malignancy and independent of the alpha-fetoprotein status. Hepatology 1993; 18: 559-65.
70. Angelopoulou K, Diamandis E P, Sutherland D J, Kellen J A, Bunting P S. Prevalence of serum antibodies against the p53 tumor suppressor gene protein in various cancers. Int J Cancer 1994; 58: 480-7.
71. Cawley H M, Meltzer S J, De Benedetti V M et al. Anti-p53 antibodies in patients with Barrett's esophagus or esophageal carcinoma can predate cancer diagnosis. Gastroenterology 1998; 115: 19-27.
72. Kawakami K, Brabender J, Lord R V et al. Hypermethylated APC DNA in plasma and prognosis of patients with esophageal adenocarcinoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 2000; 92: 1805-11,
73. Hetts S W. To die or not to die: an overview of apoptosis and its role in disease. JAMA 1998; 279: 300-7.
74. Shureiqi I, Xu X, Chen D et al. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs induce apoptosis in esophageal cancer cells by restoring 15-lipoxygenase-1 expression. Cancer Res 2001; 61: 4879-84.
75. Suda T, Takahashi T, Golstein P, Nagata S. Molecular cloning and expression of the Fas ligand, a novel member of the tumor necrosis factor family. Cell 1993; 75: 1169-78.
76. Younes M, Schwartz M R, Ertan A, Finnie D, Younes A. Fas ligand expression in esophageal carcinomas and their lymph node metastases. Cancer 2000; 88: 524-8.
77. Elder D J, Halton D E, Hague A, Paraskeva C. Induction of apoptotic cell death in human colorectal carcinoma cell lines by a cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)-selective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug: independence from COX-2 protein expression. Clin Cancer Res 1997; 3: 1679-83.
78. Tsujii M, DuBois R N. Alterations in cellular adhesion and apoptosis in epithelial cells overexpressing prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase 2. Cell 1995; 83: 493-501.
79. Wilson K T, Fu S, Ramanujam K S, Meltzer S J. Increased expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 in Barrett's esophagus and associated adenocarcinomas. Cancer Res 1998; 58: 2929-34.
80. Lacronique V, Mignon A, Fabre M et al. Bcl-2 protects from lethal hepatic apoptosis induced by an anti-Fas antibody in mice. Nat Med 1996; 2: 80-6.
81. Aoki K, Akyurek L M, San H et al. Restricted expression of an adenoviral vector encoding Fas ligand (CD95L) enhances safety for cancer gene therapy. Mol Ther 2000; 1: 555-65.
82. Souza R F, Shewmake K, Beer D G, Cryer B, Spechler S J. Selective inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 suppresses growth and induces apoptosis in human esophageal adenocarcinoma cells. Cancer Res 2000; 60: 5767-72.
83. Buttar N S, Wang K K, Anderson M A et al. The effect of selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition in Barrett's esophagus epithelium: an in vitro study. J Natl Cancer Inst 2002; 94: 422-9.
84. Buttar N S, Wang K K, Leontovich O et al. Chemoprevention of esophageal adenocarcinoma by COX-2 inhibitors in an animal model of Barrett's esophagus. Gastroenterology 2002; 122: 1101-12.
85. Kaur B S, Khamnehei N, Iravani M, Namburu S S, Lin O, Triadafilopoulos G. Rofecoxib inhibits cyclooxygenase 2 expression and activity and reduces cell proliferation in Barrett's esophagus. Gastroenterology 2002; 123: 60-7.
86. Aggarwal S, Taneja N, Lin L, Orringer M B, Rehemtulla A, Beer D G. Indomethacin-induced apoptosis in esophageal adenocarcinoma cells involves upregulation of Bax and translocation of mitochondrial cytochrome C independent of COX-2 expression. Neoplasia 2000; 2: 346-56.
87. Raj A, Jankowski J. Acid suppression and chemoprevention in Barrett's oesophagus. Dig Dis 2004; 22: 171-80.
88. Jankowski J, Sharma P. Review article: approaches to Barrett's oesophagus treatment - the role of proton pump inhibitors and other interventions. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2004; 19: 54-9.
89. Shay J W, Bacchetti S. A survey of telomerase activity in human cancer. Eur J Cancer 1997; 33: 787-91.
90. Lord R V, Salonga D, Danenberg K D et al. Telomerase reverse transcriptase expression is increased early in the Barrett's metaplasia, dysplasia, adenocarcinoma sequence. J Gastrointest Surg 2000; 4: 135-42.
91. Morales C P, Lee E L, Shay J W. In situ hybridization for the detection of telomerase RNA in the progression from Barrett's esophagus to esophageal adenocarcinoma. Cancer 1998; 83: 652-9.
92. Hiyama E, Hiyama K. Clinical utility of telomerase in cancer. Oncogene 2002; 21: 643-9.
93. Yu H P, Xu S Q, Lu W H et al. Telomerase activity and expression of telomerase genes in squamous dysplasia and squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. J Surg Oncol 2004; 86: 99-104.
94. Hiyama E, Yokoyama T, Tatsumoto N et al. Telomerase activity in gastric cancer. Cancer Res 1995; 55: 3258-62.
95. Shammas M A, Koley H, Beer D G, Li C, Goyal R K, Munshi N C. Growth arrest, apoptosis, and telomere shortening of Barrett's-associated adenocarcinoma cells by a telomerase inhibitor. Gastroenterology 2004; 126: 1337-46.
96. Kleespies A, Guba M, Jauch K W, Bruns C J. Vascular endothelial growth factor in esophageal cancer. J Surg Oncol 2004; 87: 95-104.
97. Auvinen M I, Sihvo E I, Ruohtula T et al. Incipient angiogenesis in Barrett's epithelium and lymphangiogenesis in Barrett's adenocarcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2002; 20: 2971-9.
98. Achen M G, Jeltsch M, Kukk E et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor D (VEGF-D) is a ligand for the tyrosine kinases VEGF receptor 2 (Flk1) and VEGF receptor 3 (Flt4). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998; 95: 548-53.
99. Lord R V, Park J M, Wickramasinghe K et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor expression in esophageal adenocarcinoma and Barrett esophagus. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2003; 125: 246-53.
100. Couvelard A, Paraf F, Gratio V et al. Angiogenesis in the neoplastic sequence of Barrett's oesophagus. Correlation with VEGF expression. J Pathol 2000; 192: 14-18.
101. Torres C, Wang H, Turner J, Shahsafaei A, Odze R D. Prognostic significance and effect of chemoradiotherapy on microvessel density (angiogenesis) in esophageal Barrett's esophagus-associated adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. Hum Pathol 1999; 30: 753-8.
102. Hurwitz H, Fehrenbacher L, Novotny W et al. Bevacizumab plus irinotecan, fluorouracil, and leucovorin for metastatic colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med 2004; 350: 2335-42.
103. Baatar D, Jones M K, Tsugawa K et al. Esophageal ulceration triggers expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha and activates vascular endothelial growth factor gene: implications for angiogenesis and ulcer healing. Am J Pathol 2002; 161: 1449-57.
104. Aberle H, Schwartz H, Kemler R. Cadherin-catenin complex: protein interactions and their implications for cadherin function. J Cell Biochem 1996; 61: 514-23.
105. Swami S, Kumble S, Triadafilopoulos G. E-cadherin expression in gastroesophageal reflux disease, Barrett's esophagus, and esophageal adenocarcinoma: an immunohistochemical and immunoblot study. Am J Gastroenterol 1995; 90: 1808-13.
106. Washington K, Chiappori A, Hamilton K et al. Expression of beta-catenin, alpha-catenin, and E-cadherin in Barrett's esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinomas. Mod Pathol 1998; 11: 805-13.
107. Seery J P, Syrigos K N, Karayiannakis A J, Valizadeh A, Pignatelli M. Abnormal expression of the E-cadherin-catenin complex in dysplastic Barrett's oesophagus. Acta Oncol 1999; 38: 945-8.
108. Bailey T, Biddlestone L, Shepherd N, Barr H, Warner P, Jankowski J. Altered cadherin and catenin complexes in the Barrett's esophagus-dysplasia-adenocarcinoma sequence: correlation with disease progression and dedifferentiation. Am J Pathol 1998; 152: 135-44.
109. Coussens L M, Fingleton B, Matrisian L M. Matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors and cancer: trials and tribulations. Science 2002; 295: 2387-92.
110. Salmela M T, Karjalainen-Lindsberg M L, Puolakkainen P, Saarialho-Kere U. Upregulation and differential expression of matrilysin (MMP-7) and metalloelastase (MMP-12) and their inhibitors TIMP-1 and TIMP-3 in Barrett's oesophageal adenocarcinoma. Br J Cancer 2001; 85: 383-92.
111. Wagenaar-Miller R A, Gorden L, Matrisian L M. Matrix metalloproteinases in colorectal cancer: is it worth talking about? Cancer Metastasis Rev 2004; 23: 119-35.