Epidermal growth factor receptor family and its role in cancer progression

Current Science

Volumn 88, Issue 6, 2005, Pages 890-898

  Nair, Pradip ^a  

^a TATA INSTITUTE OF FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH   (India)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 20444424617     PISSN: 00113891     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (110)

1. Hunter, T. and Eckhart, W., The discovery of tyrosine phosphorylation: It's all in the buffer! Cell, 2004, 116, S35-S39, 1 p following S48.
2. Carpenter, G., King, Jr. L. and Cohen, S., Epidermal growth factor stimulates phosphorylation in membrane preparations in vitro. Nature, 1978, 276, 409-410.
3. Eckhart, W., Hutchinson, M. A. and Hunter, T., An activity phosphorylating tyrosine in polyoma T antigen immunoprecipitates. Cell, 1979, 18, 925-933.
4. Gschwind, A., Fischer, O. M. and Ullrich, A., The discovery of receptor tyrosine kinases: Targets for cancer therapy. Nature Rev. Cancer, 2004, 4, 361-370.
5. Yarden, Y. and Sliwkowski, M. X., Untangling the ErbB signalling network. Nature Rev. Mol. Cell Biol., 2001, 2, 127-137.
6. Marmor, M. D., Skaria, K. B. and Yarden, Y., Signal transduction and oncogenesis by ErbB/HER receptors. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys., 2004, 58, 903-913.
7. Yarden, Y., The EGFR family and its ligands in human cancer. Signalling mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities. Eur. J. Cancer (Suppl.), 2001, 37, S3-S8.
8. Schlessinger, J. and Lemmon, M. A., SH2 and PTB domains in tyrosine kinase signalling. Sci. STKE, 2003, 2003, RE12.
9. Carpenter, G., Receptors for epidermal growth factor and other polypeptide mitogens. Annu. Rev. Biochem., 1987, 56, 881-914.
10. Harris, R. C., Chung, E. and Coffey, R. J., EGF receptor ligands. Exp. Cell Res., 2003, 284, 2-13.
11. Citri, A., Skaria, K. B. and Yarden, Y., The deaf and the dumb: The biology of ErbB-2 and ErbB-3. Exp. Cell Res., 2003, 284, 54-65.
12. Mosesson, Y. and Yarden, Y., Oncogenic growth factor receptors: Implications for signal transduction therapy. Semin. Cancer Biol., 2004, 14, 262-270.
13. Neve, R. M., Sutterluty, H., Pullen, N., Lane, H. A., Daly, J. M., Krek, W. and Hynes, N. E., Effects of oncogenic ErbB2 on G1 cell cycle regulators in breast tumour cells. Oncogene, 2000, 19, 1647-1656.
14. Fischer, O. M., Hart, S., Gschwind, A. and Ullrich, A., EGFR signal transactivation in cancer cells. Biochem. Soc. Trans., 2003, 31, 1203-1208.
15. Jorissen, R. N., Walker, F., Pouliot, N., Garrett, T. P., Ward, C. W. and Burgess, A. W., Epidermal growth factor receptor: Mechanisms of activation and signalling. Exp. Cell Res., 2003, 284, 31-53.
16. Ullrich, A. et al., Human epidermal growth factor receptor cDNA sequence and aberrant expression of the amplified gene in A431 epidermoid carcinoma cells. Nature, 1984, 309, 418-425.
17. Slieker, L. J., Martensen, T. M. and Lane, M. D., Synthesis of epidermal growth factor receptor in human A431 cells. Glycosylation-dependent acquisition of ligand binding activity occurs post-translationally in the endoplasmic reticulum. J. Biol. Chem., 1986, 261, 15233-15241.
18. Garrett, T. P. et al., Crystal structure of a truncated epidermal growth factor receptor extracellular domain bound to transforming growth factor alpha. Cell, 2002, 110, 763-773.
19. Burgess, A. W. et al., An open-and-shut case? Recent insights into the activation of EGF/ErbB receptors. Mol. Cell, 2003, 12, 541-552.
20. Domagala, T. et al., Stoichiometry, kinetic and binding analysis of the interaction between epidermal growth factor (EGF) and the extracellular domain of the EGF receptor. Growth Factors, 2000, 18, 11-29.
21. Mineo, C., Gill, G. N. and Anderson, R. G., Regulated migration of epidermal growth factor receptor from caveolae. J. Biol. Chem., 1999, 274, 30636-30643.
22. Li, H. and Villalobo, A., Evidence for the direct interaction between calmodulin and the human epidermal growth factor receptor. Biochem. J., 2002, 362, 499-505.
23. Yamabhai, M. and Anderson, R. G., Second cysteine-rich region of epidermal growth factor receptor contains targetting information for caveolae/rafts. J. Biol. Chem., 2002, 277, 24843-24846.
24. Hobert, M. E., Friend, L. A. and Carlin, C. R., Regulation of EGF signalling by cell polarity in MDCK kidney epithelial cells. J. Cell Physiol., 1999, 181, 330-341.
25. Castagnino, P., Biesova, Z., Wong, W. T., Fazioli, F., Gill, G. N. and Di Fiore, P. P., Direct binding of eps 8 to the juxtamembrane domain of EGFR is phosphotyrosine- and SH2-independent. Oncogene, 1995, 10, 723-729.
26. Roskoski, Jr. R., The ErbB/HER receptor protein-tyrosine kinases and cancer. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 2004, 319, 1-11.
27. Ebina, Y. et al., The human insulin receptor cDNA: The structural basis for hormone-activated transmembrane signalling. Cell, 1985, 40, 747-758.
28. Huang, Y., Kim, S. O., Jiang, J. and Frank, S. J., Growth hormone-induced phosphorylation of epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor in 3T3-F442A cells. Modulation of EGF-induced trafficking and signalling. J. Biol. Chem., 2003, 278, 18902-18913.
29. Huang, H. S. et al., The enhanced tumourigenic activity of a mutant epidermal growth factor receptor common in human cancers is mediated by threshold levels of constitutive tyrosine phosphorylation and unattenuated signalling. J. Biol. Chem., 1997, 272, 2927-2935.
30. Hackel, P. O., Zwick, E., Prenzel, N. and Ullrich, A., Epidermal growth factor receptors: Critical mediators of multiple receptor pathways. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol., 1999, 11, 184-189.
31. Graus-Porta, D., Beerli, R. R., Daly, J. M. and Hynes, N. E., ErbB-2, the preferred heterodimerization partner of all ErbB receptors, is a mediator of lateral signalling. EMBO J., 1997, 16, 1647-1655.
32. Hunter, T. and Cooper, J. A., Epidermal growth factor induces rapid tyrosine phosphorylation of proteins in A431 human tumour cells. Cell, 1981, 24, 741-752.
33. Cohen, S., Isolation of a mouse submaxillary gland protein accelerating incisor eruption and eyelid opening in the new-born animal. J. Biol. Chem., 1962, 237, 1555-1562.
34. Todaro, G. J., De Larco, J. E., Fryling, C., Johnson, P. A. and Sporn, M. B., Transforming growth factors (TGFs): Properties and possible mechanisms of action. J. Supramol. Struct. Cell. Biochem., 1981, 15, 287-301.
35. Dempsey, P. J., Meise, K. S. and Coffey, R. J., Basolateral sorting of transforming growth factor-alpha precursor in polarized epithelial cells: Characterization of cytoplasmic domain determinants. Exp. Cell Res., 2003, 285, 159-174.
36. Higashiyama, S., Abraham, J. A., Miller, J., Fiddes, J. C. and Klagsbrun, M., A heparin-binding growth factor secreted by macrophage-like cells that is related to EGF. Science, 1991, 251, 936-939.
37. Pierce, K. L., Tohgo, A., Ahn, S., Field, M. E., Luttrell, L. M. and Lefkowitz, R. J., Epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor-dependent ERK activation by G protein-coupled receptors: A co-culture system for identifying intermediates upstream and downstream of heparin-binding EGF shedding. J. Biol. Chem., 2001, 276, 23155-23160.
38. Raab, G. and Klagsbrun, M., Heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1997, 1333, F179-F199.
39. Raab, G., Kover, K., Paria, B. C., Dey, S. K., Ezzell, R. M. and Klagsbrun, M., Mouse preimplantation blastocysts adhere to cells expressing the transmembrane form of heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor. Development, 1996, 122, 637-645.
40. Suzuki, M., Raab, G., Moses, M. A., Fernandez, C. A. and Klagsbrun, M., Matrix metalloproteinase-3 releases active heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor by cleavage at a specific juxtamembrane site. J. Biol. Chem., 1997, 272, 31730-31737.
41. Izumi, Y. et al., A metalloprotease-disintegrin, MDC9/meltrin-gamma/ADAM9 and PKC delta are involved in TPA-induced ectodomain shedding of membrane-anchored heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor. EMBO J., 1998, 17, 7260-7272.
42. Chen, Y., Fischer, W. H. and Gill, G. N., Regulation of the ERBB-2 promoter by RBPJ kappa and NOTCH. J. Biol. Chem., 1997, 272, 14110-14114.
43. Radtke, F. and Raj, K., The role of Notch in tumourigenesis: Oncogene or tumour suppressor? Nature Rev. Cancer, 2003, 3, 756-767.
44. Luetteke, N. C., Qiu, T. H., Fenton, S. E., Troyer, K. L., Riedel, R. F., Chang, A. and Lee, D. C., Targeted inactivation of the EGF and amphiregulin genes reveals distinct roles for EGF receptor ligands in mouse mammary gland development. Development, 1999, 126, 2739-2750.
45. Shoyab, M., McDonald, V. L., Bradley, J. G. and Todaro, G. J., Amphiregulin: A bifunctional growth-modulating glycoprotein produced by the phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-treated human breast adenocarcinoma cell line MCF-7. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1988, 85, 6528-6532.
46. Brown, C. L., Meise, K. S., Plowman, G. D., Coffey, R. J. and Dempsey, P. J., Cell surface ectodomain cleavage of human amphiregulin precursor is sensitive to a metalloprotease inhibitor. Release of a predominant N-glycosylated 43-kDa soluble form. J. Biol. Chem., 1998, 273, 17258-17268.
47. Dunbar, A. J. and Goddard, C., Structure-function and biological role of betacellulin. Int. J. Biochem. Cell. Biol., 2000, 32, 805-815.
48. Sasada, R., Ono, Y., Taniyama, Y., Shing, Y., Folkman, J. and Igarashi, K., Cloning and expression of cDNA encoding human betacellulin, a new member of the EGF family. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 1993, 190, 1173-1179.
49. Toyoda, H., Komurasaki, T., Uchida, D., Takayama, Y., Isobe, T., Okuyama, T. and Hanada, K., Epiregulin. A novel epidermal growth factor with mitogenic activity for rat primary hepatocytes. J. Biol. Chem., 1995, 270, 7495-7500.
50. Zhu, Z. et al., Epiregulin is up-regulated in pancreatic cancer and stimulates pancreatic cancer cell growth. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 2000, 273, 1019-1024.
51. Prenzel, N., Zwick, E., Daub, H., Leserer, M., Abraham, R., Wallasch, C. and Ullrich, A., EGF receptor transactivation by G-protein-coupled receptors requires metalloproteinase cleavage of proHB-EGF. Nature, 1999, 402, 884-888.
52. Vassar, R. and Fuchs, E., Transgenic mice provide new insights into the role of TGF-alpha during epidermal development and differentiation. Genes Dev., 1991, 5, 714-727.
53. Sandgren, E. P., Luetteke, N. C., Qiu, T. H., Palmiter, R. D., Brinster, R. L. and Lee, D. C., Transforming growth factor alpha dramatically enhances oncogene-induced carcinogenesis in transgenic mouse pancreas and liver. Mol. Cell Biol., 1993, 13, 320-330.
54. Humble, M. C. et al., TGF alpha is dispensable for skin tumourigenesis in Tg.AC mice. Toxicol. Pathol., 1998, 26, 562-569.
55. Luetteke, N. C., Qiu, T. H., Peiffer, R. L., Oliver, P., Smithies, O. and Lee, D. C., TGF alpha deficiency results in hair follicle and eye abnormalities in targeted and waved-1 mice. Cell, 1993, 73, 263-278.
56. Mann, G. B., Fowler, K. J., Gabriel, A., Nice, E. C., Williams, R. L. and Dunn, A. R., Mice with a null mutation of the TGF alpha gene have abnormal skin architecture, wavy hair, and curly whiskers and often develop corneal inflammation. Cell, 1993, 73, 249-261
57. Shiota, G., Kawasaki, H., Nakamura, T. and Schmidt, E. V., Characterization of double transgenic mice expressing hepatocye growth factor and transforming growth factor alpha. Res. Commun. Mol. Pathol. Pharmacol., 1995, 90, 17-24.
58. Rose-Hellekant, T. A. and Sandgren, E. P., Transforming growth factor alpha- and c-myc-induced mammary carcinogenesis in transgenic mice. Oncogene, 2000, 19, 1092-1096.
59. Sandgren, E. P., Schroeder, J. A., Qui, T. H., Palmiter, R. D., Brinster, R. L. and Lee, D. C., Inhibition of mammary gland involution is associated with transforming growth factor alpha but not c-myc-induced tumourigenesis in transgenic mice. Cancer Res., 1995, 55, 3915-3927.
60. Sargent, L. M., Zhou, X., Keck, C. L., Sanderson, N. D., Zimonjic, D. B., Popescu, N. C. and Thorgeirsson, S. S., Nonrandom cytogenetic alterations in hepatocellular carcinoma from transgenic mice overexpressing c-Myc and transforming growth factor-alpha in the liver. Am. J. Pathol., 1999, 154, 1047-1055.
61. Santoni-Rugiu, E., Jensen, M. R., Factor, V. M. and Thorgeirsson, S. S., Acceleration of c-Myc-induced hepatocarcinogenesis by co-expression of transforming growth factor (TGF)-alpha in transgenic mice is associated with TGF-beta1 signalling disruption. Am. J. Pathol., 1999, 154, 1693-1700.
62. Hong, S. W. and Park, C., The effect of aflatoxin B1 on the expression of early response genes and transforming growth factor-alpha in CC14 induced rat liver injury. Yonsei Med. J., 1997, 38, 167-177.
63. Calvisi, D. F., Ladu, S., Conner, E. A., Factor, V. M. and Thorgeirsson, S. S., Disregulation of E-cadherin in transgenic mouse models of liver cancer. Lab. Invest., 2004.
64. Threadgill, D. W. et al., Targeted disruption of mouse EGF receptor: Effect of genetic background on mutant phenotype. Science, 1995, 269, 230-234.
65. Lee, K. F., Simon, H., Chen, H., Bates, B., Hung, M. C. and Hauser, C., Requirement for neuregulin receptor erbB2 in neural and cardiac development. Nature, 1995, 378, 394-398.
66. Erickson, S. L. et al., ErbB3 is required for normal cerebellar and cardiac development: A comparison with ErbB2- and heregulin-deficient mice. Development, 1997, 124, 4999-5011.
67. Garrett, T. P. et al., The crystal structure of a truncated ErbB2 ectodomain reveals an active conformation, poised to interact with other ErbB receptors. Mol. Cell., 2003, 11, 495-505.
68. Hunter, T. and Sefton, B. M., Transforming gene product of Rous sarcoma virus phosphorylates tyrosine. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1980, 77, 1311-1315.
69. Yeatman, T. J., A renaissance for SRC. Nature Rev. Cancer, 2004, 4, 470-480.
70. Brunton, V. G., Ozanne, B. W., Paraskeva, C. and Frame, M. C., A role for epidermal growth factor receptor, c-Src and focal adhesion kinase in an in vitro model for the progression of colon cancer. Oncogene, 1997, 14, 283-293.
71. Moro, L. et al., Integrin-induced epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor activation requires c-Src and p130Cas and leads to phosphorylation of specific EGF receptor tyrosines. J. Biol. Chem., 2002, 277, 9405-9414.
72. Bao, J., Gur, G. and Yarden, Y., Src promotes destruction of c-Cbl: Implications for oncogenic synergy between Src and growth factor receptors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2003, 100, 2438-2443.
73. Maa, M. C., Leu, T. H., McCarley, D. J., Schatzman, R. C. and Parsons, S. J., Potentiation of epidermal growth factor receptor-mediated oncogenesis by c-Src: Implications for the etiology of multiple human cancers. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1995, 92, 6981-6985.
74. Osherov, N. and Levitzki, A., Epidermal-growth-factor-dependent activation of the src-family kinases. Eur. J. Biochem., 1994, 225, 1047-1053.
75. Goldkorn, T., Balaban, N., Shannon, M. and Matsukuma, K., EGF receptor phosphorylation is affected by ionizing radiation. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1997, 1358, 289-299.
76. Oksvold, M. P., Huitfeldt, H. S., Ostvold, A. C. and Skarpen, E., UV induces tyrosine kinase-independent internalisation and endosome arrest of the EGF receptor. J. Cell Sci., 2002, 115, 793-803.
77. Kedar, D., Baker, C. H., Killion, J. J., Dinney, C. P. and Fidler, I. J., Blockade of the epidermal growth factor receptor signalling inhibits angiogenesis leading to regression of human renal cell carcinoma growing orthotopically in nude mice. Clin. Cancer Res., 2002, 8, 3592-3600.
78. Downward, J. et al., Close similarity of epidermal growth factor receptor and v-erb-B oncogene protein sequences. Nature, 1984, 307, 521-527.
79. Earp 3rd, H. S., Calvo, B. F. and Sartor, C. I., The EGF receptor family-multiple roles in proliferation, differentiation, and neoplasia with an emphasis on HER4. Trans. Am. Clin. Climatol. Assoc., 2003, 114, 315-333; discussion 333-334.
80. Harari, D. and Yarden, Y., Molecular mechanisms underlying ErbB2/HER2 action in breast cancer. Oncogene, 2000, 19, 6102-6114.
81. Lee, C. M., Lee, R. J., Hammond, E., Tsodikov, A., Dodson, M., Zempolich, K. and Gaffney, D. K., Expression of HER2neu (c-erbB-2) and epidermal growth factor receptor in cervical cancer: Prognostic correlation with clinical characteristics, and comparison of manual and automated imaging analysis. Gynecol. Oncol., 2004, 93, 209-214.
82. Tsai, T. C. and Chen, S. L., The biochemical and biological functions of human papillomavirus type 16 E5 protein. Arch. Virol., 2003, 148, 1445-1453.
83. Al Moustafa, A. E. et al., E6/E7 proteins of HPV type 16 and ErbB-2 cooperate to induce neoplastic transformation of primary normal oral epithelial cells. Oncogene, 2004, 23, 350-358.
84. Al Moustafa, A. E. et al., Cyclin D1 is essential for neoplastic transformation induced by both E6/E7 and E6/E7/ErbB-2 cooperation in normal cells. Oncogene, 2004, 23, 5252-5256.
85. Rangarajan, A., Syal, R., Selvarajah, S., Chakrabarti, O., Sarin, A. and Krishna, S., Activated Notch1 signalling cooperates with papillomavirus oncogenes in transformation and generates resistance to apoptosis on matrix withdrawal through PKB/Akt. Virology, 2001, 286, 23-30.
86. Nair, P., Somasundaram, K. and Krishna, S., Activated Notch1 inhibits p53-induced apoptosis and sustains transformation by human papillomavirus type 16 E6 and E7 oncogenes through a P13K-PKB/Akt-dependent pathway. J. Virol., 2003, 77, 7106-7112.
87. Bellone, S. et al., Selection of HER-2/neu-positive tumour cells in early stage cervical cancer: Implications for herceptin-mediated therapy. Gynecol. Oncol., 2003, 91, 231-240.
88. Anderson, N. G. and Ahmad, T., ErbB receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors as therapeutic agents. Front. Biosci., 2002, 7, d1926-d1940.
89. Slesak, B., Harlozinska, A., Porebska, I., Bojarowski, T., Lapinska, J., Rzeszutko, M. and Wojnar, A., Expression of epidermal growth factor receptor family proteins (EGFR, c-erbB-2 and c-erbB-3) in gastric cancer and chronic gastritis. Anticancer Res., 1998, 18, 2727-2732.
90. Chang, J. L., Tsao, Y. P., Liu, D. W., Han, C. P., Lee, W. H. and Chen, S. L., The expression of type I growth factor receptors in the squamous neoplastic changes of uterine cervix. Gynecol. Oncol., 1999, 73, 62-71.
91. Schlegel, J., Stumm, G., Brandle, K., Merdes, A., Mechtersheimer, G., Hynes, N. E. and Kiessling, M., Amplification and differential expression of members of the erbB-gene family in human glioblastoma. J. Neurooncol., 1994, 22, 201-207.
92. Slamon, D. J. et al., Use of chemotherapy plus a monoclonal antibody against HER2 for metastatic breast cancer that overexpresses HER2. N. Engl. J. Med., 2001, 344, 783-792.
93. Stover, D. R., Becker, M., Liebetanz, J. and Lydon, N. B., Src phosphorylation of the epidermal growth factor receptor at novel sites mediates receptor interaction with Src and P85 alpha. J. Biol. Chem., 1995, 270, 15591-15597.
94. Goldman, C. K., Kim, J., Wong, W. L., King, V., Brock, T. and Gillespie, G. Y., Epidermal growth factor stimulates vascular endothelial growth factor production by human malignant glioma cells: a model of glioblastoma multiforme pathophysiology. Mol. Biol. Cell, 1993, 4, 121-133.
95. Rosette, C. and Karin, M., Ultraviolet light and osmotic stress: Activation of the JNK cascade through multiple growth factor and cytokine receptors. Science, 1996, 274, 1194-1197.
96. Lin, S. Y. et al., Nuclear localization of EGF receptor and its potential new role as a transcription factor. Nature Cell Biol., 2001, 3, 802-808.
97. Waugh, M. G. and Hsuan, J. J., EGF receptors as transcription factors: ridiculous or sublime? Nature Cell Biol., 2001, 3, E209-E211.
98. Wells, A. and Marti, U., Signalling shortcuts: cell-surface receptors in the nucleus? Nature Rev. Mol. Cell. Biol., 2002, 3, 697-702.
99. Carpenter, G., Nuclear localization and possible functions of receptor tyrosine kinases. Curr. Opin. Cell. Biol., 2003, 15, 143-148.
100. Ni, C. Y., Yuan, H. and Carpenter, G., Role of the ErbB-4 carboxyl terminus in gamma-secretase cleavage. J. Biol. Chem., 2003, 278, 4561-4565.
101. Carpenter, G., ErbB-4: Mechanism of action and biology. Exp. Cell Res., 2003, 284, 66-77.
102. Li, W., Park, J. W., Nuijens, A., Sliwkowski, M. X. and Keller, G. A., Heregulin is rapidly translocated to the nucleus and its transport is correlated with c-myc induction in breast cancer cells. Oncogene, 1996, 12, 2473-2477.
103. Xie, Y. and Hung, M. C., Nuclear localization of p185neu tyrosine kinase and its association with transcriptional transactivation. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 1994, 203, 1589-1598.
104. McBride, K. M., McDonald, C. and Reich, N. C., Nuclear export signal located within the DNA-binding domain of the STAT1 transcription factor. EMBO J., 2000, 19, 6196-6206.
105. Todaro, G. J., De Larco, J. E. and Cohen, S., Transformation by murine and feline sarcoma viruses specifically blocks binding of epidermal growth factor to cells. Nature, 1976, 264, 26-31.
106. He, C., Hobert, M., Friend, L. and Carlin, C., The epidermal growth factor receptor juxtamembrane domain has multiple basolateral plasma membrane localization determinants, including a dominant signal with a polyproline core. J. Biol. Chein., 2002, 277, 38284-38293.
107. Kuwada, S. K., Lund, K. A., Li, X. F., Cliften, P., Amsler, K., Opresko, L. K. and Wiley, H. S., Differential signalling and regulation of apical vs basolateral EGFR in polarized epithelial cells. Am. J. Physiol., 1998, 275, C1419-C1428.
108. Reilly, R. M. et al., In-labeled EGF is selectively radiotoxic to human breast cancer cells overexpressing EGFR. J. Nucl. Med., 2000, 41, 429-438.
109. Paez, J. G. et al., EGFR mutations in lung cancer: Correlation with clinical response to Gefitinib therapy. Science, 2004, 304, 1497-1500.
110. Sordella, R., Bell, D. W., Haber, D. A. and Settleman, J., Gefitinib-sensitizing EGFR mutations in lung cancer activate antiapoptotic pathways. Science, 2004, 305, 1163-1167.