Perfusion Imaging Using Arterial Spin Labeling

Topics in Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Volumn 15, Issue 1, 2004, Pages 10-27

  Golay, Xavier ^a   Hendrikse, Jeroen ^b   Lim, Tchoyoson C C ^a  

^a NATIONAL NEUROSCIENCE INSTITUTE   (Singapore)

^b UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER UTRECHT   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Arterial spin labeling; Cerebral blood flow; Perfusion imaging; Quantitative MR imaging; Spin tagging

Indexed keywords

ARTERIAL SPIN LABELING; BRAIN BLOOD FLOW; CONTRAST ENHANCEMENT; MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PERFUSION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS; REVIEW; TECHNIQUE; THEORY;

ANIMALS; ARTIFACTS; BLOOD FLOW VELOCITY; BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER; BRAIN DISEASES; CEREBROVASCULAR CIRCULATION; HUMANS; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; OXYGEN; SPIN LABELS; SUBTRACTION TECHNIQUE;

EID: 1842511490     PISSN: 08993459     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00002142-200402000-00003     Document Type: Review

References (230)

1. Kety SS, Schmidt CF. The determination of cerebral blood flow in man by use of nitrous oxide in low concentrations. Am J Physiol. 1945;143: 53-66.
2. Kety SS, Schmidt CF. The nitrous oxide method for the determination of cerebral blood flow in man: theory, procedure and normal values. J Clin Invest. 1948;27:467-483.
3. Roberts DA, Rizi R, Lenkinski RE, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain: blood partition coefficient for water: application to spin-tagging measurement of perfusion. J Magn Reson Imaging. 1996;6:363-366.
4. Powers WJ, Grubb RL Jr, Darriet D, et al. Cerebral blood flow and cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen requirements for cerebral function and viability in humans. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1985;5:600-608.
5. Raichle ME. Measurement of local cerebral blood flow and metabolism in man with positron emission tomography. Fed Proc. 1981;40:2331-2334.
6. Maeda T, Matsuda H, Hisada K, et al. Three-dimensional regional cerebral blood perfusion images with single-photon emission computed tomography. Radiology. 1981;140:817-822.
7. Barbier EL, Lamalle L, Decorps M. Methodology of brain perfusion imaging. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2001;13:496-520.
8. Calamante F, Thomas DL, Pell GS, et al. Measuring cerebral blood flow using magnetic resonance imaging techniques. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1999;19:701-735.
9. Alsop DC. Perfusion magnetic resonance imaging. In: Atlas SW, ed. Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Brain and Spine, 3rd ed, vol. 1. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2002:215-238.
10. Kwong KK, Chesler DA, Weisskoff RM, et al. MR perfusion studies with T1-weighted echo planar imaging. Magn Reson Med. 1995;34:878-887.
11. Detre JA, Zhang W, Roberts DA, et al. Tissue specific perfusion imaging using arterial spin labeling. NMR Biomed. 1994;7:75-82.
12. Silva AC, Williams DS, Koretsky AP. Evidence for the exchange of arterial spin-labeled water with tissue water in rat brain from diffusion-sensitized measurements of perfusion. Magn Reson Med. 1997;38:232-237.
13. Williams DS, Detre JA, Leigh JS, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of perfusion using spin inversion of arterial water. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1992;89:212-216.
14. Dixon WT, Du LN, Faul DD, et al. Projection angiograms of blood labeled by adiabatic fast passage. Magn Reson Med. 1986;3:454-462.
15. Zhang W, Williams DS, Koretsky AP. Measurement of rat brain perfusion by NMR using spin labeling of arterial water: in vivo determination of the degree of spin labeling. Magn Reson Med. 1993;29:416-421.
16. Maccotta L, Detre JA, Alsop DC. The efficiency of adiabatic inversion for perfusion imaging by arterial spin labeling. NMR Biomed. 1997;10: 216-221.
17. Utting JF, Thomas DL, Gadian DG, et al. Velocity-driven adiabatic fast passage for arterial spin labeling: results from a computer model. Magn Reson Med. 2003;49:398-401.
18. Gach HM, Kam AW, Reid ED, et al. Quantitative analysis of adiabatic fast passage for steady laminar and turbulent flows. Magn Reson Med. 2002;47:709-719.
19. Edelman RR, Siewert B, Darby DG, et al. Qualitative mapping of cerebral blood flow and functional localization with echo-planar MR imaging and signal targeting with alternating radio frequency. Radiology. 1994;192:513-520.
20. Kim SG. Quantification of relative cerebral blood flow change by flow-sensitive alternating inversion recovery (FAIR) technique: application to functional mapping. Magn Reson Med. 1995;34:293-301.
21. Wolff SD, Balaban RS. Magnetization transfer contrast (MTC) and tissue water proton relaxation in vivo. Magn Reson Med. 1989;10:135-144.
22. Henkelman RM, Huang X, Xiang QS, et al. Quantitative interpretation of magnetization transfer. Magn Reson Med. 1993;29:759-766.
23. Silva AC, Zhang W, Williams DS, et al. Multi-slice MRI of rat brain perfusion during amphetamine stimulation using arterial spin labeling. Magn Reson Med. 1995;33:209-214.
24. Zhang W, Silva AC, Williams DS, et al. NMR measurement of perfusion using arterial spin labeling without saturation of macromolecular spins. Magn Reson Med. 1995;33:370-376.
25. Trampel R, Mildner T, Goerke U, et al. Continuous arterial spin labeling using a local magnetic field gradient coil. Magn Reson Med. 2002;48: 543-546.
26. Zaharchuk G, Ledden PJ, Kwong KK, et al. Multislice perfusion and perfusion territory imaging in humans with separate label and image coils. Magn Reson Med. 1999;41:1093-1098.
27. Mildner T, Trampel R, Moller HE, et al. Functional perfusion imaging using continuous arterial spin labeling with separate labeling and imaging coils at 3 T. Magn Reson Med. 2003;49:791-795.
28. Alsop DC, Detre JA. Multisection cerebral blood flow MR imaging with continuous arterial spin labeling. Radiology. 1998;208:410-416.
29. Naidu S, Kaufmann WE, Abrams MT, et al. Neuroimaging studies in Rett syndrome. Brain Dev. 2001;23(suppl 1):62-71.
30. Schwarzbauer C, Morrissey SP, Haase A. Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging of perfusion using magnetic labeling of water proton spins within the detection slice. Magn Reson Med. 1996;35:540-546.
31. Calamante F, Williams SR, van Bruggen N, et al. A model for quantification of perfusion in pulsed labelling techniques. NMR Biomed. 1996; 9:79-83.
32. Kim SG, Tsekos NV. Perfusion imaging by a flow-sensitive alternating inversion recovery (FAIR) technique: application to functional brain imaging. Magn Reson Med. 1997;37:425-435.
33. Kao YH, Wan X, MacFall JR. Simultaneous multislice acquisition with arterial-flow tagging (SMART) using echo planar imaging (EPI). Magn Reson Med. 1998;39:662-665.
34. Yang Y, Frank JA, Hou L, et al. Multislice imaging of quantitative cerebral perfusion with pulsed arterial spin labeling. Magn Reson Med. 1998;39:825-832.
35. Wong EC, Buxton RB, Frank LR. Implementation of quantitative perfusion imaging techniques for functional brain mapping using pulsed arterial spin labeling. NMR Biomed. 1997;10:237-249.
36. Yongbi MN, Branch CA, Helpern JA. Perfusion imaging using FOCI RF pulses. Magn Reson Med. 1998;40:938-943.
37. Tanabe JL, Yongbi M, Branch C, et al. MR perfusion imaging in human brain using the UNFAIR technique: un-inverted flow-sensitive alternating inversion recovery. J Magn Reson Imaging. 1999;9:761-767.
38. Berr SS, Mai VM. Extraslice spin tagging (EST) magnetic resonance imaging for the determination of perfusion. J Magn Reson Imaging. 1999;9:146-150.
39. Berr SS, Hagspiel KD, Mai VM, et al. Perfusion of the kidney using extraslice spin tagging (EST) magnetic resonance imaging. J Magn Reson Imaging. 1999;10:886-891.
40. Zhou J, Mori S, van Zijl PC. FAIR excluding radiation damping (FAIRER). Magn Reson Med. 1998;40:712-719.
41. Zhou J, van Zijl PC. Perfusion imaging using FAIR with a short predelay. Magn Reson Med. 1999;41:1099-1107.
42. Mai VM, Berr SS. MR perfusion imaging of pulmonary parenchyma using pulsed arterial spin labeling techniques: FAIRER and FAIR. J Magn Reson Imaging. 1999;9:483-487.
43. Mai VM, Hagspiel KD, Christopher JM, et al. Perfusion imaging of the human lung using flow-sensitive alternating inversion recovery with an extra radiofrequency pulse (FAIRER). Magn Reson Imaging. 1999;17: 355-361.
44. Lai S, Wang J, Jahng GH. FAIR exempting separate T (1) measurement (FAIREST): a novel technique for online quantitative perfusion imaging and multi-contrast fMRI. NMR Biomed. 2001;14:507-516.
45. Pell GS, Thomas DL, Lythgoe MF, et al. Implementation of quantitative FAIR perfusion imaging with a short repetition time in time-course studies. Magn Reson Med. 1999;41:829-840.
46. Schwarzbauer C, Heinke W. BASE imaging: a new spin labeling technique for measuring absolute perfusion changes. Magn Reson Med. 1998;39:717-722.
47. Edelman RR, Chen Q. EPISTAR MRI: multislice mapping of cerebral blood flow. Magn Reson Med. 1998;40:800-805.
48. Golay X, Stuber M, Pruessmann KP, et al. Transfer insensitive labeling technique (TILT): application to multislice functional perfusion imaging. J Magn Reson Imaging. 1999;9:454-461.
49. Pruessmann KP, Golay X, Stuber M, et al. RF pulse concatenation for spatially selective inversion. J Magn Reson. 2000;146:58-65.
50. Jahng GH, Zhu XP, Matson GB, et al. Improved perfusion-weighted MRI by a novel double inversion with proximal labeling of both tagged and control acquisitions. Magn Reson Med. 2003;49:307-314.
51. Wong EC, Buxton RB, Frank LR. Quantitative imaging of perfusion using a single subtraction (QUIPSS and QUIPSS II). Magn Reson Med. 1998;39:702-708.
52. Wong EC, Buxton RB, Frank LR. A theoretical and experimental comparison of continuous and pulsed arterial spin labeling techniques for quantitative perfusion imaging. Magn Reson Med. 1998;40:348-355.
53. Luh WM, Wong EC, Bandettini PA, et al. QUIPSS II with thin-slice TII periodic saturation: a method for improving accuracy of quantitative perfusion imaging using pulsed arterial spin labeling. Magn Reson Med. 1999;41:1246-1254.
54. Luh WM, Wong EC, Bandettini PA, et al. Comparison of simultaneously measured perfusion and BOLD signal increases during brain activation with T(1)-based tissue identification. Magn Reson Med. 2000;44:137-143.
55. Wong EC, Luh WM, Liu TT. Turbo ASL: arterial spin labeling with higher SNR and temporal resolution. Magn Reson Med. 2000;44:511-515.
56. Silva AC, Kim SG. Pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling technique for measuring CBF dynamics with high temporal resolution. Magn Reson Med. 1999;42:425-429.
57. Barbier EL, Silva AC, Kim HJ, et al. Perfusion analysis using dynamic arterial spin labeling (DASL). Magn Reson Med. 1999;41:299-308.
58. Barbier EL, Silva AC, Kim SG, et al. Perfusion imaging using dynamic arterial spin labeling (DASL). Magn Reson Med. 2001;45:1021-1029.
59. Mani S, Pauly J, Conolly S, et al. Background suppression with multiple inversion recovery nulling: applications to projective angiography. Magn Reson Med. 1997;37:898-905.
60. Ye FQ, Frank JA, Weinberger DR, et al. Noise reduction in 3D perfusion imaging by attenuating the static signal in arterial spin tagging (ASSIST). Magn Reson Med. 2000;44:92-100.
61. Blamire AM, Styles P. Spin echo entrapped perfusion image (SEEPAGE): a nonsubtraction method for direct imaging of perfusion. Magn Reson Med. 2000;43:701-704.
62. Duyn JH, Tan CX, van Gelderen P, et al. High-sensitivity single-shot perfusion-weighted fMRI. Magn Reson Med. 2001;46:88-94.
63. Buxton RB, Frank LR, Wong EC, et al. A general kinetic model for quantitative perfusion imaging with arterial spin labeling. Magn Reson Med. 1998;40:383-396.
64. Alsop DC, Detre JA. Reduced transit-time sensitivity in noninvasive magnetic resonance imaging of human cerebral blood flow. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1996;16:1236-1249.
65. Chesler DA, Kwong KK. An intuitive guide to the TI based perfusion model. Int J Imaging Syst Technol. 1995;6:171-174.
66. Pekar J, Jezzard P, Roberts DA, et al. Perfusion imaging with compensation for asymmetric magnetization transfer effects. Magn Reson Med. 1996;35:70-79.
67. McLaughlin AC, Ye FQ, Pekar JJ, et al. Effect of magnetization transfer on the measurement of cerebral blood flow using steady-state arterial spin tagging approaches: a theoretical investigation. Magn Reson Med. 1997;37:501-510.
68. Silva AC, Zhang W, Williams DS, et al. Estimation of water extraction fractions in rat brain using magnetic resonance measurement of perfusion with arterial spin labeling. Magn Reson Med. 1997;37:58-68.
69. Parkes LM, Tofts PS. Improved accuracy of human cerebral blood perfusion measurements using arterial spin labeling: accounting for capillary water permeability. Magn Reson Med. 2002;48:27-41.
70. Zhou J, Wilson DA, Ulatowski JA, et al. Two-compartment exchange model for perfusion quantification using arterial spin tagging. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2001;21:440-455.
71. St. Lawrence KS, Frank JA, McLaughlin AC. Effect of restricted water exchange on cerebral blood flow values calculated with arterial spin tagging: a theoretical investigation. Magn Reson Med. 2000;44:440-449.
72. Ewing JR, Cao Y, Fenstermacher J. Single-coil arterial spin-tagging for estimating cerebral blood flow as viewed from the capillary: relative contributions of intra- and extravascular signal. Magn Reson Med. 2001; 46:465-475.
73. Yongbi MN, Tan CX, Frank JA, et al. A protocol for assessing subtraction errors of arterial spin-tagging perfusion techniques in human brain. Magn Reson Med. 2000;43:896-900.
74. Oguz KK, Golay X, Pizzini FB, et al. Sickle cell disease: continuous arterial spin-labeling perfusion MR imaging in children. Radiology. 2003;227:567-574.
75. Lei H, Peeling J. A strategy to optimize the signal-to-noise ratio in one-coil arterial spin tagging perfusion imaging. Magn Reson Med. 1999;41: 563-568.
76. Li TQ, Moseley ME, Glover G. A FAIR study of motor cortex activation under normo- and hypercapnia induced by breath challenge. Neuroimage. 1999;10:562-569.
77. Yang Y, Gu H, Zhan W, et al. Simultaneous perfusion and BOLD imaging using reverse spiral scanning at 3T: characterization of functional contrast and susceptibility artifacts. Magn Reson Med. 2002;48:278-289.
78. Zhang W. A quantitative analysis of alternated line scanning in k space and its application in MRI of regional tissue perfusion by arterial spin labeling. J Magn Reson B. 1995;107:165-171.
79. Branch CA, Hernandez L, Yongbi M, et al. Rapid and continuous monitoring of cerebral perfusion by magnetic resonance line scan assessment with arterial spin tagging. NMR Biomed. 1999;12:15-25.
80. Chen Q, Siewert B, Bly BM, et al. STAR-HASTE: perfusion imaging without magnetic susceptibility artifact. Magn Reson Med. 1997;38: 404-408.
81. Crelier GR, Hoge RD, Munger P, et al. Perfusion-based functional magnetic resonance imaging with single-shot RARE and GRASE acquisitions. Magn Reson Med. 1999;41:132-136.
82. Liu HL, Kochunov P, Hou J, et al. Perfusion-weighted imaging of interictal hypoperfusion in temporal lobe epilepsy using FAIR-HASTE: comparison with H(2)(15)O PET measurements. Magn Reson Med. 2001;45:431-435.
83. Prasad PV, Kim D, Kaiser AM, et al. Noninvasive comprehensive characterization of renal artery stenosis by combination of STAR angiography and EPISTAR perfusion imaging. Magn Reson Med. 1997;38:776-787.
84. Frank LR, Wong EC, Haseler LJ, et al. Dynamic imaging of perfusion in human skeletal muscle during exercise with arterial spin labeling. Magn Reson Med. 1999;42:258-267.
85. Raynaud JS, Duteil S, Vaughan JT, et al. Determination of skeletal muscle perfusion using arterial spin labeling NMRI: validation by comparison with venous occlusion plethysmography. Magn Reson Med. 2001;46:305-311.
86. Richardson RS, Haseler LJ, Nygren AT, et al. Local perfusion and metabolic demand during exercise: a noninvasive MRI method of assessment. J Appl Physiol. 2001;91:1845-1853.
87. Reeder SB, Atalay MK, McVeigh ER, et al. Quantitative cardiac perfusion: a noninvasive spin-labeling method that exploits coronary vessel geometry. Radiology. 1996;200:177-184.
88. Belle V, Kahler E, Waller C, et al. In vivo quantitative mapping of cardiac perfusion in rats using a noninvasive MR spin-labeling method. J Magn Reson Imaging. 1998;8:1240-1245.
89. Reeder SB, Holmes AA, McVeigh ER, et al. Simultaneous noninvasive determination of regional myocardial perfusion and oxygen content in rabbits: toward direct measurement of myocardial oxygen consumption at MR imaging. Radiology. 1999;212:739-747.
90. Waller C, Kahler E, Hiller KH, et al. Myocardial perfusion and intracapillary blood volume in rats at rest and with coronary dilatation: MR imaging in vivo with use of a spin-labeling technique. Radiology. 2000; 215:189-197.
91. Waller C, Hiller KH, Voll S, et al. Myocardial perfusion imaging using a non-contrast agent MR imaging technique. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2001;17:123-132.
92. Streif JU, Hiller KH, Waller C, et al. In vivo assessment of absolute perfusion in the murine skeletal muscle with spin labeling MRI: magnetic resonance imaging. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2003;17:147-152.
93. Marro KI, Kushmerick MJ. Skeletal muscle perfusion measurements using adiabatic inversion of arterial water. Magn Reson Med. 1997;38: 40-47.
94. Toussaint JF, Kwong KK, M'Kparu F, et al. Interrelationship of oxidative metabolism and local perfusion demonstrated by NMR in human skeletal muscle. JAppl Physiol. 1996;81:2221-2228.
95. Roberts DA, Gefter WB, Hirsch JA, et al. Pulmonary perfusion: respiratory-triggered three-dimensional MR imaging with arterial spin tagging - preliminary results in healthy volunteers. Radiology. 1999;212: 890-895.
96. Hatabu H, Tadamura E, Prasad PV, et al. Noninvasive pulmonary perfusion imaging by STAR-HASTE sequence. Magn Reson Med. 2000; 44:808-812.
97. Mai VM, Chen Q, Bankier AA, et al. Effect of lung inflation on arterial spin labeling signal in MR perfusion imaging of human lung. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2001;13:954-959.
98. Mai VM, Bankier AA, Prasad PV, et al. MR ventilation-perfusion imaging of human lung using oxygen-enhanced and arterial spin labeling techniques. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2001;14:574-579.
99. Wang JJ, Hendrich KS, Jackson EK, et al. Perfusion quantitation in transplanted rat kidney by MRI with arterial spin labeling. Kidney Int. 1998;53:1783-1791.
100. Tempel C, Neeman M. Spatial and temporal modulation of perfusion in the rat ovary measured by arterial spin labeling MRI. J Magn Reson Imaging. 1999;9:794-803.
101. Tempel C, Neeman M. Perfusion of the rat ovary: application of pulsed arterial spin labeling MRI. Magn Reson Med. 1999;41:113-123.
102. Karger N, Biederer J, Lusse S, et al. Quantitation of renal perfusion using arterial spin labeling with FAIR-UFLARE. Magn Reson Imaging. 2000; 18:641-647.
103. Ye FQ, Mattay VS, Jezzard P, et al. Correction for vascular artifacts in cerebral blood flow values measured by using arterial spin tagging techniques. Magn Reson Med. 1997;37:226-235.
104. Pell GS, Lewis DP, Branch CA. Pulsed arterial spin labeling using TurboFLASH with suppression of intravascular signal. Magn Reson Med. 2003;49:341-350.
105. Wang J, Alsop DC, Song HK, et al. Arterial transit time imaging with flow encoding arterial spin tagging (FEAST). Magn Reson Med. 2003; 50:599-607.
106. Frank LR, Wong EC, Buxton RB. Slice profile effects in adiabatic inversion: application to multislice perfusion imaging. Magn Reson Med. 1997;38:558-564.
107. Schepers J, Garwood M, van der Sanden B, et al. Improved subtraction by adiabatic FAIR perfusion imaging. Magn Reson Med. 2002;47:330-336.
108. Zhan W, Gu H, Silbersweig DA, et al. Inversion profiles of adiabatic inversion pulses for flowing spins: the effects on labeling efficiency and labeling accuracy in perfusion imaging with pulsed arterial spin-labeling. Magn Reson Imaging. 2002;20:487-494.
109. Keilholz-George SD, Knight-Scott J, Berr SS. Theoretical analysis of the effect of imperfect slice profiles on tagging schemes for pulsed arterial spin labeling MRI. Magn Reson Med. 2001;46:141-148.
110. Yongbi MN, Yang Y, Frank JA, et al. Multislice perfusion imaging in human brain using the C-FOCI inversion pulse: comparison with hyperbolic secant. Magn Reson Med. 1999;42:1098-1105.
111. Shinnar M, Leigh JS. The application of spinors to pulse synthesis and analysis. Magn Reson Med. 1989;12:93-98.
112. Kwong KK, Belliveau JW, Chesler DA, et al. Dynamic magnetic resonance imaging of human brain activity during primary sensory stimulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1992;89:5675-5679.
113. Bandettini PA, Wong EC, Hinks RS, et al. Time course EPI of human brain function during task activation. Magn Reson Med. 1992;25:390-397.
114. Ogawa S, Lee TM, Kay AR, et al. Brain magnetic resonance imaging with contrast dependent on blood oxygenation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1990;87:9868-9872.
115. Kim SG, Tsekos NV, Ashe J. Multi-slice perfusion-based functional MRI using the FAIR technique: comparison of CBF and BOLD effects. NMR Biomed. 1997;10:191-196.
116. Buxton RB, Wong EC, Frank LR. Dynamics of blood flow and oxygenation changes during brain activation: the balloon model. Magn Reson Med. 1998;39:855-864.
117. Ye FQ, Smith AM, Yang Y, et al. Quantitation of regional cerebral blood flow increases during motor activation: a steady-state arterial spin tagging study. Neuroimage. 1997;6:104-112.
118. Ye FQ, Yang Y, Duyn J, et al. Quantitation of regional cerebral blood flow increases during motor activation: a multislice, steady-state, arterial spin tagging study. Magn Reson Med. 1999;42:404-407.
119. Schulte AC, Speck O, Oesterle C, et al. Separation and quantification of perfusion and BOLD effects by simultaneous acquisition of functional I(0)- and T2(*)-parameter maps. Magn Reson Med. 2001;45:811-816.
120. Zhu XH, Kim SG, Andersen P, et al. Simultaneous oxygenation and perfusion imaging study of functional activity in primary visual cortex at different visual stimulation frequency: quantitative correlation between BOLD and CBF changes. Magn Reson Med. 1998;40:703-711.
121. Talagala SL, Noll DC. Functional MRI using steady-state arterial water labeling. Magn Reson Med. 1998;39:179-183.
122. Darby DG, Nobre AC, Thangaraj V, et al. Cortical activation in the human brain during lateral saccades using EPISTAR functional magnetic resonance imaging. Neuroimage. 1996;3:53-62.
123. Ye FQ, Smith AM, Mattay VS, et al. Quantitation of regional cerebral blood flow increases in prefrontal cortex during a working memory task: a steady-state arterial spin-tagging study. Neuroimage. 1998;8:44-49.
124. Aguirre GK, Detre JA, Zarahn E, et al. Experimental design and the relative sensitivity of BOLD and perfusion fMRI. Neuroimage. 2002;15: 488-500.
125. Detre JA, Wang J. Technical aspects and utility of fMRI using BOLD and ASL. Clin Neurophysiol. 2002;113:621-634.
126. Wang J, Aguirre GK, Kimberg DY, et al. Arterial spin labeling perfusion fMRI with very low task frequency. Magn Reson Med. 2003;49:796-802.
127. Kim SG, Ugurbil K. Comparison of blood oxygenation and cerebral blood flow effects in fMRI: estimation of relative oxygen consumption change. Magn Reson Med. 1997;38:59-65.
128. Preibisch C, Haase A. Perfusion imaging using spin-labeling methods: contrast-to-noise comparison in functional MRI applications. Magn Reson Med. 2001;46:172-182.
129. Tsekos NV, Zhang F, Merkle H, et al. Quantitative measurements of cerebral blood flow in rats using the FAIR technique: correlation with previous iodoantipyrine autoradiographic studies. Magn Reson Med. 1998;39:564-573.
130. Duong TQ, Kim SG. In vivo MR measurements of regional arterial and venous blood volume fractions in intact rat brain. Magn Reson Med. 2000;43:393-402.
131. Duong TQ, Kim DS, Ugurbil K, et al. Localized cerebral blood flow response at submillimeter columnar resolution. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2001;98:10904-10909.
132. Lee SP, Silva AC, Kim SG. Comparison of diffusion-weighted high-resolution CBF and spin-echo BOLD fMRI at 9.4 T. Magn Reson Med. 2002;47:736-741.
133. Liu HL, Pu Y, Nickerson LD, et al. Comparison of the temporal response in perfusion and BOLD-based event-related functional MRI. Magn Reson Med. 2000;43:768-772.
134. Liu HL, Gao JH. Perfusion-based event-related functional MRI. Magn Reson Med. 1999;42:1011-1013.
135. Yang Y, Engelien W, Pan H, et al. A CBF-based event-related brain activation paradigm: characterization of impulse-response function and comparison to BOLD. Neuroimage. 2000;12:287-297.
136. Zhou J, van Zijl PC. Effect of transit times on quantification of cerebral blood flow by the FAIR T(1)-difference approach. Magn Reson Med. 1999;42:890-894.
137. Gonzalez-At JB, Alsop DC, Detre JA. Cerebral perfusion and arterial transit time changes during task activation determined with continuous arterial spin labeling. Magn Reson Med. 2000;43:739-746.
138. Yang Y, Engelien W, Xu S, et al. Transit time, trailing time, and cerebral blood flow during brain activation: measurement using multislice, pulsed spin-labeling perfusion imaging. Magn Reson Med. 2000;44: 680-685.
139. Gunther M, Bock M, Schad LR. Arterial spin labeling in combination with a look-locker sampling strategy: inflow turbo-sampling EPI-FAIR (ITS-FAIR). Magn Reson Med. 2001;46:974-984.
140. Hendrikse J, Lu H, van der Grond J, et al. Measurements of cerebral perfusion and arterial hemodynamics during visual stimulation using TURBO-TILT. Magn Reson Med. 2003;50:429-433.
141. Wang J, Aguirre GK, Kimberg DY, et al. Empirical analyses of null-hypothesis perfusion FMRI data at 1.5 and 4 T. Neuroimage. 2003;19: 1449-1462.
142. Davis TL, Kwong KK, Weisskoff RM, et al. Calibrated functional MRI: mapping the dynamics of oxidative metabolism. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1998;95:1834-1839.
143. Kim SG, Rostrup E, Larsson HB, et al. Determination of relative CMRO2 from CBF and BOLD changes: significant increase of oxygen consumption rate during visual stimulation. Magn Reson Med. 1999;41: 1152-1161.
144. Hoge RD, Atkinson J, Gill B, et al. Linear coupling between cerebral blood flow and oxygen consumption in activated human cortex. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1999;96:9403-9408.
145. Hoge RD, Atkinson J, Gill B, et al. Stimulus-dependent BOLD and perfusion dynamics in human V1. Neuroimage. 1999;9:573-585.
146. Duong TQ, Iadecola C, Kim SG. Effect of hyperoxia, hypercapnia, and hypoxia on cerebral interstitial oxygen tension and cerebral blood flow. Magn Reson Med. 2001;45:61-70.
147. Silva AC, Lee SP, Yang G, et al. Simultaneous blood oxygenation level-dependent and cerebral blood flow functional magnetic resonance imaging during forepaw stimulation in the rat. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1999;19:871-879.
148. Silva AC, Lee SP, Iadecola C, et al. Early temporal characteristics of cerebral blood flow and deoxyhemoglobin changes during somatosensory stimulation. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2000;20:201-206.
149. Ernst T, Hennig J. Observation of a fast response in functional MR. Magn Reson Med. 1994;32:146-149.
150. Kim SG, Duong TQ. Mapping cortical columnar structures using fMRI. Physiol Behav. 2002;77:641-644.
151. Miller KL, Luh WM, Liu TT, et al. Nonlinear temporal dynamics of the cerebral blood flow response. Hum Brain Mapp. 2001;13:1-12.
152. Salmeron BJ, Stein EA. Pharmacological applications of magnetic resonance imaging. Psychopharmacol Bull. 2002;36:102-129.
153. Robertson CL, Hendrich KS, Kochanek PM, et al. Assessment of 2-chloroadenosine treatment after experimental traumatic brain injury in the rat using arterial spin-labeled MRI: a preliminary report. Acta Neurochir Suppl. 2000;76:187-189.
154. Kochanek PM, Hendrich KS, Robertson CL, et al. Assessment of the effect of 2-chloroadenosine in normal rat brain using spin-labeled MRI measurement of perfusion. Magn Reson Med. 2001;45:924-929.
155. Brown GG, Eyler Zorrilla LT, Georgy B, et al. BOLD and perfusion response to finger-thumb apposition after acetazolamide administration: differential relationship to global perfusion. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2003;23:829-837.
156. Detre JA, Samuels OB, Alsop DC, et al. Noninvasive magnetic resonance imaging evaluation of cerebral blood flow with acetazolamide challenge in patients with cerebrovascular stenosis. J Magn Reson Imaging. 1999;10:870-875.
157. St. Lawrence KS, Ye FQ, Lewis BK, et al. Effects of indomethacin on cerebral blood flow at rest and during hypercapnia: an arterial spin tagging study in humans. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2002;15:628-635.
158. St. Lawrence KS, Ye FQ, Lewis BK, et al. Measuring the effects of indomethacin on changes in cerebral oxidative metabolism and cerebral blood flow during sensorimotor activation. Magn Reson Med. 2003;50: 99-106.
159. Sicard K, Shen Q, Brevard ME, et al. Regional cerebral blood flow and BOLD responses in conscious and anesthetized rats under basal and hypercapnic conditions: implications for functional MRI studies. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2003;23:472-481.
160. Born AP, Rostrup E, Miranda MJ, et al. Visual cortex reactivity in sedated children examined with perfusion MRI (FAIR). Magn Reson Imaging. 2002;20:199-205.
161. Ewing JR, Wei L, Knight RA, et al. Direct comparison of local cerebral blood flow rates measured by MRI arterial spin-tagging and quantitative autoradiography in a rat model of experimental cerebral ischemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2003;23:198-209.
162. Pell GS, King MD, Proctor E, et al. Comparative study of the FAIR technique of perfusion quantification with the hydrogen clearance method. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2003;23:689-699.
163. Floyd TF, Ratcliffe SJ, Wang J, et al. Precision of the CASL-perfusion MRI technique for the measurement of cerebral blood flow in whole brain and vascular territories. JMagn Reson Imaging. 2003;18:649-655.
164. Wang J, Licht DJ, Jahng GH, et al. Pediatric perfusion imaging using pulsed arterial spin labeling. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2003;18:404-413.
165. Lia TQ, Guang Chen Z, Ostergaard L, et al. Quantification of cerebral blood flow by bolus tracking and artery spin tagging methods. Magn Reson Imaging. 2000;18:503-512.
166. Lia TQ, Haefelin TN, Chan B, et al. Assessment of hemodynamic response during focal neural activity in human using bolus tracking, arterial spin labeling and BOLD techniques. Neuroimage. 2000;12:442-451.
167. Ye FQ, Berman KF, Ellmore T, et al. H(2)(15)O PET validation of steady-state arterial spin tagging cerebral blood flow measurements in humans. Magn Reson Med. 2000;44:450-456.
168. Liachenko S, Tang P, Hamilton RL, et al. Regional dependence of cerebral reperfusion after circulatory arrest in rats. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2001;21:1320-1329.
169. Liachenko S, Tang P, Xu Y. Deferoxamine improves early postresuscitation reperfusion after prolonged cardiac arrest in rats. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2003;23:574-581.
170. Xu Y, Liachenko S, Tang P. Dependence of early cerebral reperfusion and long-term outcome on resuscitation efficiency after cardiac arrest in rats. Stroke. 2002;33:837-843.
171. Krep H, Bottiger BW, Bock C, et al. Time course of circulatory and metabolic recovery of cat brain after cardiac arrest assessed by perfusion- and diffusion-weighted imaging and MR-spectroscopy. Resuscitation. 2003;58:337-348.
172. Schoning M, Niemann G, Hartig B. Transcranial color duplex sonography of basal cerebral arteries: reference data of flow velocities from childhood to adulthood. Neuropediatrics. 1996;27:249-255.
173. Schoning M, Hartig B. Age dependence of total cerebral blood flow volume from childhood to adulthood. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1996;16: 827-833.
174. Calamante F, Lythgoe MF, Pell GS, et al. Early changes in water diffusion, perfusion, T1, and T2 during focal cerebral ischemia in the rat studied at 8.5 T. Magn Reson Med. 1999;41:479-485.
175. Zaharchuk G, Mandeville JB, Bogdanov AA Jr, et al. Cerebrovascular dynamics of autoregulation and hypoperfusion: an MRI study of CBF and changes in total and microvascular cerebral blood volume during hemorrhagic hypotension. Stroke. 1999;30:2197-2204; discussion 2204-2195.
176. Lythgoe MF, Thomas DL, Calamante F, et al. Acute changes in MRI diffusion, perfusion, T(1), and T(2) in a rat model of oligemia produced by partial occlusion of the middle cerebral artery. Magn Reson Med. 2000;44:706-712.
177. Chalela JA, Alsop DC, Gonzalez-Atavales JB, et al. Magnetic resonance perfusion imaging in acute ischemic stroke using continuous arterial spin labeling. Stroke. 2000;31:680-487.
178. Detre JA, Alsop DC. Perfusion magnetic resonance imaging with continuous arterial spin labeling: methods and clinical applications in the central nervous system. Eur J Radiol. 1999;30:115-124.
179. Tsuchiya K, Katase S, Hachiya J, et al. Cerebral perfusion MRI with arterial spin labeling technique at 0.5 Tesla. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 2000;24:124-127.
180. Siewert B, Schlaug G, Edelman RR, et al. Comparison of EPISTAR and T2*-weighted gadolinium-enhanced perfusion imaging in patients with acute cerebral ischemia. Neurology. 1997;48:673-679.
181. Yen YF, Field AS, Martin EM, et al. Test-retest reproducibility of quantitative CBF measurements using FAIR perfusion MRI and acetazolamide challenge. Magn Reson Med. 2002;47:921-928.
182. Gaa J, Warach S, Wen P, et al. Noninvasive perfusion imaging of human brain tumors with EPISTAR. Eur Radiol. 1996;6:518-522.
183. Silva AC, Kim SG, Garwood M. Imaging blood flow in brain tumors using arterial spin labeling. Magn Reson Med. 2000;44:169-173.
184. Warmuth C, Gunther M, Zimmer C. Quantification of blood flow in brain tumors: comparison of arterial spin labeling and dynamic
185. Nobauer-Huhmann IM, Ba-Ssalamah A, Mlynarik V, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging contrast enhancement of brain tumors at 3 tesla versus 1.5 tesla. Invest Radiol. 2002;37:114-119.
186. Ba-Ssalamah A, Nobauer-Huhmann IM, Pinker K, et al. Effect of contrast dose and field strength in the magnetic resonance detection of brain metastases. Invest Radiol. 2003;38:415-422.
187. Brown SL, Ewing JR, Kolozsvary A, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of perfusion in rat cerebral 9L tumor after nicotinamide administration. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1999;43:627-633.
188. Schmitt P, Kotas M, Tobermann A, et al. Quantitative tissue perfusion measurements in head and neck carcinoma patients before and during radiation therapy with a non-invasive MR imaging spin-labeling technique. Radiother Oncol. 2003;67:27-34.
189. Alsop DC, Detre JA, Grossman M. Assessment of cerebral blood flow in Alzheimer's disease by spin-labeled magnetic resonance imaging. Ann Neurol. 2000;47:93-100.
190. Sandson TA, O'Connor M, Sperling RA, et al. Noninvasive perfusion MRI in Alzheimer's disease: a preliminary report. Neurology. 1996;47: 1339-1342.
191. Wolf RL, Alsop DC, Levy-Reis I, et al. Detection of mesial temporal lobe hypoperfusion in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy by use of arterial spin labeled perfusion MR imaging. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2001;22:1334-1341.
192. Doraiswamy PM, MacFall J, Krishnan KR, et al. Magnetic resonance assessment of cerebral perfusion in depressed cardiac patients: preliminary findings. Am J Psychiatry. 1999;156:1641-1643.
193. Chalela JA, Kasner SE, McGarvey M, et al. Continuous arterial spin labeling perfusion magnetic resonance imaging findings in postpartum vasculopathy. J Neuroimaging. 2001;11:444-446.
194. Golay X, Eichler F, Barker PB, et al. Cerebral blood flow in Rett syndrome: evaluation with continuous arterial spin labeling. Glasgow. Proceedings of the 9th ISMRM. 2001:1575.
195. Moore DF, Ye F, Schiffmann R, et al. Increased signal intensity in the pulvinar on T1-weighted images: a pathognomonic MR imaging sign of Fabry disease. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2003;24:1096-1101.
196. 2 reactivity after controlled cortical impact by perfusion magnetic resonance imaging using arterial spin-labeling in rats. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1997;17:865-874.
197. Mai VM, Hagspiel KD, Altes T, et al. Detection of regional pulmonary perfusion deficit of the occluded lung using arterial spin labeling in magnetic resonance imaging. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2000;11:97-102.
198. Keilholz SD, Knight-Scott J, Christopher JM, et al. Gravity-dependent perfusion of the lung demonstrated with the FAIRER arterial spin tagging method. Magn Reson Imaging. 2001;19:929-935.
199. Roberts DA, Rizi RR, Lipson DA, et al. Dynamic observation of pulmonary perfusion using continuous arterial spin-labeling in a pig model. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2001;14:175-180.
200. Uematsu H, Levin DL, Hatabu H. Quantification of pulmonary perfusion with MR imaging: recent advances. Eur J Radiol. 2001;37:155-163.
201. Keilholz SD, Mai VM, Berr SS, et al. Comparison of first-pass Gd-DOTA and FAIRER MR perfusion imaging in a rabbit model of pulmonary embolism. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2002;16:168-171.
202. Lipson DA, Roberts DA, Hansen-Flaschen J, et al. Pulmonary ventilation and perfusion scanning using hyperpolarized helium-3 MRI and arterial spin tagging in healthy normal subjects and in pulmonary embolism and orthotopic lung transplant patients. Magn Reson Med. 2002;47: 1073-1076.
203. Mai VM, Liu B, Polzin JA, et al. Ventilation-perfusion ratio of signal intensity in human lung using oxygen-enhanced and arterial spin labeling techniques. Magn Reson Med. 2002;48:341-350.
204. Rizi RR, Lipson DA, Dimitrov IE, et al. Operating characteristics of hyperpolarized 3He and arterial spin tagging in MR imaging of ventilation and perfusion in healthy subjects. Acad Radiol. 2003;10:502-508.
205. Uematsu H, Ohno Y, Hatabu H. Recent advances in magnetic resonance perfusion imaging of the lung. Top Magn Reson Imaging. 2003;14:245-251.
206. Wang T, Schultz G, Hebestreit H, et al. Quantitative perfusion mapping of the human lung using 1H spin labeling. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2003; 18:260-265.
207. Hiller KH, Waller C, Voll S, et al. Combined high-speed NMR imaging of perfusion and microscopic coronary conductance vessels in the isolated rat heart. Microvasc Res. 2001;62:327-334.
208. Roberts DA, Detre JA, Bolinger L, et al. Renal perfusion in humans: MR imaging with spin tagging of arterial water. Radiology. 1995;196:281-286.
209. Zhu DC, Buonocore MH. Breast tissue differentiation using arterial spin tagging. Magn Reson Med. 2003;50:966-975.
210. Hagspiel KD, Matsumoto AH, Berr SS. Uterine fibroid embolization: assessment of treatment response using perfusion-weighted extraslice spin tagging (EST) magnetic resonance imaging. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2001;13:982-986.
211. Wacker CM, Fidler F, Dueren C, et al. Quantitative assessment of myocardial perfusion with a spin-labeling technique: preliminary results in patients with coronary artery disease. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2003;18: 555-560.
212. Bernstein MA, Huston J 3rd, Lin C, et al. High-resolution intracranial and cervical MRA at 3.0T: technical considerations and initial experience. Magn Reson Med. 2001;46:955-962.
213. Gati JS, Menon RS, Ugurbil K, et al. Experimental determination of the BOLD field strength dependence in vessels and tissue. Magn Reson Med. 1997;38:296-302.
214. Barker PB, Hearshen DO, Boska MD. Single-voxel proton MRS of the human brain at 1.5T and 3.0T. Magn Reson Med. 2001;45:765-769.
215. Wansapura JP, Holland SK, Dunn RS, et al. NMR relaxation times in the human brain at 3.0 tesla. J Magn Reson Imaging. 1999;9:531-538.
216. Yongbi MN, Fera F, Yang Y, et al. Pulsed arterial spin labeling: comparison of multisection baseline and functional MR imaging perfusion signal at 1.5 and 3.0T: initial results in six subjects. Radiology. 2002; 222:569-575.
217. Wang J, Alsop DC, Li L, et al. Comparison of quantitative perfusion imaging using arterial spin labeling at 1.5 and 4.0 Tesla. Magn Reson Med. 2002;48:242-254.
218. Lu H, Golay X, van Zijl PC. Intervoxel heterogeneity of event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging responses as a function of T(1) weighting. Neuroimage. 2002;17:943-955.
219. Lu H, Clingman C, Golay X, et al. What is the longitudinal relaxation time (T1) of blood at 3.0 Tesla? Toronto. Proceedings of the 11th ISMRM. 2003:669.
220. Franke C, van Dorsten FA, Olah L, et al. Arterial spin tagging perfusion imaging of rat brain: dependency on magnetic field strength. Magn Reson Imaging. 2000;18:1109-1113.
221. Weber MA, Gunther M, Lichy MP, et al. Comparison of arterial spin-labeling techniques and dynamic susceptibility-weighted contrast-enhanced MRI in perfusion imaging of normal brain tissue. Invest Radiol. 2003;38:712-718.
222. Look DC, Locker DR. Time saving in measurement of NMR and EPR relaxation times. Rev Sci Instrum. 1970;41:250-251.
223. Edelman RR, Mattle HP, O'Reilly GV, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of flow dynamics in the circle of Willis. Stroke. 1990;21:56-65.
224. Eastwood JD, Holder CA, Hudgins PA, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging with lateralized arterial spin labeling. Magn Reson Imaging. 2002; 20:583-586.
225. Davies NP, Jezzard P. Selective arterial spin labeling (SASL): perfusion territory mapping of selected feeding arteries tagged using two-dimensional radiofrequency pulses. Magn Reson Med. 2003;49:1133-1142.
226. Hendrikse J, van der Grond J, Lu H, et al. Flow territory mapping of the cerebral arteries with regional Perfusion MRI (RPI). Stroke. 2004; (in press).
227. Duhamel G, de Bazelaire C, Alsop DC. Evaluation of systematic quantification errors in velocity-selective arterial spin labeling of the brain. Magn Reson Med. 2003;50:145-153.
228. Norris DG, Schwarzbauer C. Velocity selective radiofrequency pulse trains. J Magn Reson. 1999;137:231-236.
229. Wong EC, Liu TT, Sidaros K, et al. Velocity selective arterial spin labeling, Honolulu. Proceedings of the 10th ISMRM. 2002:621.
230. Guilfoyle DN, Gibbs P, Ordidge RJ, et al. Real-time flow measurements using echo-planar imaging. Magn Reson Med. 1991;18:1-8.