Molecular interactions of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor and its biological and toxicological relevance for reproduction

Reproduction

Volumn 129, Issue 4, 2005, Pages 379-389

  Pocar, Paola ^b   Fischer, B ^b   Klonisch, T ^a   Hombach Klonisch, S ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MANITOBA   (Canada)

^b MARTIN LUTHER UNIVERSITY HALLE WITTENBERG   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

2,3,7,8 TETRACHLORODIBENZO PARA DIOXIN; 3,3',4,4',5 PENTACHLOROBIPHENYL; AROMATIC HYDROCARBON; AROMATIC HYDROCARBON RECEPTOR; BENZO[A]PYRENE; CELL NUCLEUS RECEPTOR; DIMETHYL ETHER; DIMETHYLBENZ[A]ANTHRACENE; LIGAND; STEROID RECEPTOR; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR;

APOPTOSIS; CELL CYCLE; CELL FUNCTION; FEMALE; FEMALE GENITAL SYSTEM; HUMAN; HYPOTHALAMUS HYPOPHYSIS GONAD SYSTEM; MEDIATOR; MEDICAL LITERATURE; MOLECULAR BIOLOGY; MOLECULAR INTERACTION; NONHUMAN; POLLUTANT; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN FUNCTION; REGULATORY MECHANISM; REPRODUCTION; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SPECIES; TOXICOLOGY;

ANIMALS; APOPTOSIS; CELL CYCLE; DIOXINS; ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS; FEMALE; GENOME; HUMANS; HYPOTHALAMO-HYPOPHYSEAL SYSTEM; MICE; MICE, KNOCKOUT; MODELS, ANIMAL; OVARY; RECEPTORS, ARYL HYDROCARBON; RECEPTORS, ESTROGEN; REPRODUCTION; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

EID: 17444383491     PISSN: 14701626     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1530/rep.1.00294     Document Type: Review

References (115)

1. Abbott BD 1995 Review of the interaction between TCDD and glucocorticoids in embryonic palate. Toxicology 105 365-373.
2. Abbott BD & Birnbaum LS 1990 TCDD-induced altered expression of growth factors may have a role in producing cleft palate and enhancing the incidence of clefts after coadministration of retinoic acid and TCDD. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 106 418-432.
3. Abbott BD, Birnbaum LS & Perdew GH 1995 Developmental expression of two members of a new class of transcription factors: I. Expression of aryl hydrocarbon receptor in the C57BL/6N mouse embryo. Developmental Dynamics 204 133-143.
4. Abbott BD, Held GA, Wood CR, Buckalew AR, Brown JG & Schmid J 1999 AhR, ARNT, and CYP1A1 mRNA quantitation in cultured human embryonic palates exposed to TCDD and comparison with mouse palate in vivo and in culture. Toxicological Sciences 47 62-75.
5. Adachi J, Mori Y, Matsui S, Takigami H, Fujino J, Kitagawa H, Miller CA 3rd, Kato T, Saeki K & Matsuda T 2001 Indirubin and indigo are potent aryl hydrocarbon receptor ligands present in human urine. Journal of Biological Chemistry 276 31475-31478.
6. Apparao KB, Lovely LP, Gui Y, Lininger RA & Lessey BA 2002 Elevated endometrial androgen receptor expression in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome. Biology of Reproduction 66 297-304.
7. Benedict JC, Lin TM, Loeffler IK, Peterson RE & Flaws JA 2000 Physiological role of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor in mouse ovary development. Toxicological Sciences 56 382-388.
8. Benedict JC, Miller KP, Lin TM, Greenfeld C, Babus JK, Peterson RE & Flaws JA 2003 Aryl hydrocarbon receptor regulates growth, but not atresia, of mouse preantral and antral follicles. Biology of Reproduction 68 1511-1517.
9. Bertazzi PA, Zocchetti C, Guercilena S, Consonni D, Tironi A, Landi MT & Pesatori AC 1997 Dioxin exposure and cancer risk: a 15-year mortality study after the 'Seveso accident'. Epidemiology 8 646-652.
10. Brandenberger AW, Lebovic DI, Tee MK, Ryan IP, Tseng JF, Jaffe RB & Taylor RN 1999 Oestrogen receptor (ER)-alpha and ER-beta isoforms in normal endometrial and endometriosis-derived stromal cells. Molecular Human Reproduction 5 651-655.
11. Brenner RM, Slayden OD & Critchley HO 2002 Anti-proliferative effects of progesterone antagonists in the primate endometrium: a potential role for the androgen receptor. Reproduction 124 167-172.
12. Bruner-Tran KL, Rier SE, Eisenberg E & Osteen KG 1999 The potential role of environmental toxins in the pathophysiology of endometriosis. Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation 48 (Suppl 1) 45-56.
13. Carlson DB & Perdew GH 2002 A dynamic role for the Ah receptor in cell signaling? Insights from a diverse group of Ah receptor interacting proteins. Journal of Biochemical and Molecular Toxicology 16 317-325.
14. Carver LA & Bradfield CA 1997 Ligand-dependent interaction of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor with a novel immunophilin homolog in vivo. Journal of Biological Chemistry 272 11452-11456.
15. Chaffin CL, Stouffer RL & Duffy DM 1999 Gonadotropin and steroid regulation of steroid receptor and aryl hydrocarbon receptor messenger ribonucleic acid in macaque granulosa cells during the periovulatory interval. Endocrinology 140 4753-4760.
16. Conney AH 1982 Induction of microsomal enzymes by foreign chemicals and carcinogenesis by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: G. H. A. Clowes Memorial Lecture. Cancer Research 42 4875-4917.
17. Crawford RB, Holsapple MP & Kaminski NE 1997 Leukocyte - activation induces aryl hydrocarbon receptor up-regulation, DNA binding, and increased Cyp1a1 expression in the absence of exogenous ligand. Molecular Pharmacology 52 921-927.
18. Crews ST, Thomas JB & Goodman CS 1988 The Drosophila single-minded gene encodes a nuclear protein with sequence similarity to the per gene product. Cell 52 143-151.
19. Cummings AM, Metcalf JL & Birnbaum L 1996 Promotion of endometriosis by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in rats and mice: time-dose dependence and species comparison. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 138 131-139.
20. Denis M, Cuthill S, Wikstrom AC, Poellinger L & Gustafsson JA 1988 Association of the dioxin receptor with the Mr 90,000 heat shock protein: a structural kinship with the glucocorticoid receptor. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 155 801-807.
21. Denison MS, Fisher JM & Whitlock JP Jr 1988 The DNA recognition site for the dioxin-Ah receptor complex. Nucleotide sequence and functional analysis. Journal of Biological Chemistry 263 17221-17224.
22. DeVito MJ & Birnbaum LS 1995 Dioxins: model chemicals for assessing receptor-mediated toxicity. Toxicology 102 115-123.
23. Dohr O, Vogel C & Abel J 1994 Modulation of growth factor expression by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Experimental and Clinical Immunogenetics 11 142-148.
24. Dolwick KM, Swanson HI & Bradfield CA 1993 In vitro analysis of Ah receptor domains involved in ligand-activated DNA recognition. PNAS 90 8566-8570.
25. Duan R, Porter W, Samudio I, Vyhlidal C, Kladde M & Safe S 1999 Transcriptional activation of c-fos protooncogene by 17beta-estradiol: mechanism of aryl hydrocarbon receptor-mediated inhibition. Molecular Endocrinology 13 1511-1521.
26. Elferink CJ, Ge NL & Levine A 2001 Maximal aryl hydrocarbon receptor activity depends on an interaction with the retinoblastoma protein. Molecular Pharmacology 59 664-673.
27. Enan E & Matsumura F 1995 Evidence for a second pathway in the action mechanism of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). Significance of Ah-receptor mediated activation of protein kinase under cell-free conditions. Biochemical Pharmacology 49 249-261.
28. Erlander MG, Tillakaratne NJ, Feldblum S, Patel N & Tobin AJ 1991 Two genes encode distinct glutamate decarboxylases. Neuron 7 91-100.
29. Fernandez-Salguero P, Pineau T, Hilbert DM, McPhail T, Lee SS, Kimura S, Nebert DW, Rudikoff S, Ward JM & Gonzalez FJ 1995 Immune system impairment and hepatic fibrosis in mice lacking the dioxin-binding Ah receptor. Science 268 722-726.
30. Fernandez-Salguero PM, Hilbert DM, Rudikoff S, Ward JM & Gonzalez FJ 1996 Aryl-hydrocarbon receptor-deficient mice are resistant to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-induced toxicity. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 140 173-179.
31. Fernandez-Salguero PM, Ward JM, Sundberg JP & Gonzalez FJ 1997 Lesions of aryl-hydrocarbon receptor-deficient mice. Veterinary Pathology 34 605-614.
32. Fischer B 2000 Receptor-mediated effects of chlorinated hydrocarbons. Andrologia 32 279-283.
33. Flaws JA, Sommer RJ, Silbergeld EK, Peterson RE & Hirshfield AN 1997 In utero and lactational exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) induces genital dysmorphogenesis in the female rat. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 147 351-362.
34. Fujimoto J, Sakaguchi H, Aoki I, Khatun S, Toyoki H & Tamaya T 2000 Steroid receptors and metastatic potential in endometrial cancers. Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 75 209-212.
35. Fujimoto J, Sakaguchi H, Aoki I, Toyoki H & Tamaya T 2002 Clinical implications of the expression of estrogen receptor-alpha and -beta in primary and metastatic lesions of uterine endometrial cancers. Oncology 62 269-277.
36. Gao X, Son DS, Terranova PF & Rozman KK 1999 Toxic equivalency factors of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins in an ovulation model: validation of the toxic equivalency concept for one aspect of endocrine disruption. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 157 107-116.
37. Gao X, Petroff BK, Rozman KK & Terranova PF 2000 Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) partially reverses the inhibitory effect of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin on ovulation in the immature gonadotropin-treated rat. Toxicology 147 15-22.
38. Gao X, Mizuyachi K, Terranova PF & Rozman KK 2001 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin decreases responsiveness of the hypothalamus to estradiol as a feedback inducer of preovulatory gonadotropin secretion in the immature gonadotropin-primed rat. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 170 181-190.
39. Ge NL & Elferink CJ 1998 A direct interaction, between the aryl hydrocarbon receptor and retinoblastoma protein. Linking dioxin signaling to the cell cycle. Journal of Biological Chemistry 273 22708-22713.
40. Gillesby BE, Stanostefano M, Porter W, Safe S, Wu ZF & Zacharewski TR 1997 Identification of a motif within the 5′ regulatory region of pS2 which is responsible for AP-1 binding and TCDD-mediated suppression. Biochemistry 36 6080-6089.
41. Gray LE Jr & Ostby JS 1995 In utero 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) alters reproductive morphology and function in female rat offspring. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 133 285-294.
42. Gray LE, Wolf C, Mann P & Ostby JS 1997 In utero exposure to low doses of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin alters reproductive development of female Long Evans hooded rat offspring. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 146 237-244.
43. Greenlee WE, Hushka LJ & Hushka DR 2001 Molecular basis of dioxin actions: evidence supporting chemoprotection. Toxicologic Pathology 29 6-7.
44. Gregoraszczuk EL 2002 Dioxin exposure and porcine reproductive hormonal activity. Cadernos de Saude Publica 18 453-462.
45. Hays LE, Carpenter CD & Petersen SL 2002 Evidence that GABAergic neurons in the preoptic area of the rat brain are targets of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin during development. Environmental Health Perspectives 110 (Suppl 3) 369-376.
46. Heimler I, Rawlins RG, Owen H & Hutz RJ 1998 Dioxin perturbs, in a dose- and time-dependent fashion, steroid secretion, and induces apoptosis of human luteinized granulosa cells. Endocrinology 139 4373-4379.
47. Huang ZJ, Edery I & Rosbash M 1993 PAS is a dimerization domain common to Drosophila period and several transcription factors. Nature 364 259-262.
48. Huff J, Lucier G & Tritscher A 1994 Carcinogenicity of TCDD: experimental, mechanistic, and epidemiologic evidence. Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology 34 343-372.
49. Hutchison KA, Brott BK, De Leon JH, Perdew GH, Jove R & Pratt WB 1992 Reconstitution of the multiprotein complex of pp60src, hsp90, and p50 in a cell-free system. Journal of Biological Chemistry 267 2902-2908.
50. Jacobson MD, Weil M & Raff MC 1997 Programmed cell death in animal development. Cell 88 347-354.
51. Jazaeri AA, Nunes KJ, Dalton MS, Xu M, Shupnik MA & Rice LW 2001 Well-differentiated endometrial adenocarcinomas and poorly differentiated mixed mullerian tumors have altered ER and PR isoform expression. Oncogene 20 6965-6969.
52. Johnson KL, Cummings AM & Birnbaum LS 1997 Promotion of endometriosis in mice by polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, and biphenyls. Environmental Health Perspectives 105 750-755.
53. Jyonouchi H, Sun S, Iijima K, Wang M & Hecht SS 1999 Effects of anti-7,8-dihydroxy-9,10-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene on human small airway epithelial cells and the protective effects of myo-inositol. Carcinogenesis 20 139-145.
54. Kamath AB, Xu H, Nagarkatti PS & Nagarkatti M 1997 Evidence for the induction of apoptosis in thymocytes by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in vivo. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 142 367-377.
55. Kizu R, Okamura K, Toriba A, Kakishima H, Mizokami A, Burnstein KL & Hayakawa K 2003 A role of aryl hydrocarbon receptor in the antiandrogenic effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in LNCaP human prostate carcinoma cells. Archives of Toxicology 77 335-343.
56. Klinge CM, Bowers JL, Kulakosky PC, Kamboj KK & Swanson HI 1999 The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR)/AHR nuclear translocator (ARNT) heterodimer interacts with naturally occurring estrogen response elements. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 157 105-119.
57. Kobayashi A, Sogawa K & Fujii-Kuriyama Y 1996 Cooperative interaction between AhR.Arnt and Sp1 for the drug-inducible expression of CYP1A1 gene. Journal of Biological Chemistry 271 12310-12316.
58. Kuil CW, Brouwer A, van der Saag PT & van der Burg B 1998 Interference between progesterone and dioxin signal transduction pathways. Different mechanisms are involved in repression by the progesterone receptor A and B isoforms. Journal of Biological Chemistry 273 8829-8834.
59. Lei W, Yu R, Mandlekar S & Kong AN 1998 Induction of apoptosis and activation of interleukin 1beta-converting enzyme/Ced-3 protease (caspase-3) and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase 1 by benzo(a)pyrene. Cancer Research 58 2102-2106.
60. Li X, Johnson DC & Rozman KK 1995 Reproductive effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in female rats: ovulation, hormonal regulation, and possible mechanism(s). Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 133 321-327.
61. Lind PM, Eriksen EF, Sahlin L, Edlund M & Orberg J 1999 Effects of the antiestrogenic environmental pollutant 3,3′,4,4′, 5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB #126) in rat bone and uterus: diverging effects in ovariectomized and intact animals. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 154 236-244.
62. Ma Q & Whitlock JP Jr 1996 The aromatic hydrocarbon receptor modulates the Hepa 1c1c7 cell cycle and differentiated state independently of dioxin. Molecular and Cellular Biology 16 2144-2150.
63. Ma Q & Whitlock JP Jr 1997 A novel cytoplasmic protein that interacts with the Ah receptor, contains tetratricopeptide repeat motifs, and augments the transcriptional response to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Journal of Biological Chemistry 272 8878-8884.
64. Mann PC 1997 Selected lesions of dioxin in laboratory rodents. Toxicologic Pathology 25 72-79.
65. Matikainen T, Perez GI, Jurisicova A, Pru JK, Schlezinger JJ, Ryu HY, Laine J, Sakai T, Korsmeyer SJ, Casper RF, Sherr DH & Tilly JL 2001 Aromatic hydrocarbon receptor-driven Bax gene expression is required for premature ovarian failure caused by biohazardous environmental chemicals. Nature Genetics 28 355-360.
66. Matsumura F 1994 How important is the protein phosphorylation pathway in the toxic expression of dioxin-type chemicals? Biochemical Pharmacology 48 215-224.
67. Mattison DR, Singh H, Takizawa K & Thomford PJ 1989 Ovarian toxicity of benzo(a)pyrene and metabolites in mice. Reproductive Toxicology 3 115-125.
68. Mayani A, Barel S, Soback S & Almagor M 1997 Dioxin concentrations in women with endometriosis. Human Reproduction 12 373-375.
69. Meyer BK, Pray-Grant MG, Vanden Heuvel JP & Perdew GH 1998 Hepatitis B virus X-associated protein 2 is a subunit of the unliganded aryl hydrocarbon receptor core complex and exhibits transcriptional enhancer activity. Molecular and Cellular Biology 18 978-988.
70. Miller ML, Andringa A, Cody T, Dixon K & Albert RE 1996 Cell proliferation and nuclear abnormalities are increased and apoptosis is decreased in the epidermis of the p53 null mouse after topical application of benzo[a]pyrene. Cell Proliferation 29 561-576.
71. Mimura J, Yamashita K, Nakamura K, Morita M, Takagi TN, Nakao K, Ema M, Sogawa K, Yasuda M, Katsuki M & Fujii-Kuriyama Y 1997 Loss of teratogenic response to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in mice lacking the Ah (dioxin) receptor. Genes Cells 2 645-654.
72. Morita Y & Tilly JL 1999 Oocyte apoptosis: like sand through an hourglass. Developmental Biology 213 1-17.
73. Morita Y, Hayashi Y, Kanamaru T, Itoh T, Suzuki S, Yamamoto M, Kuroda Y & Itoh H 1999 Inhibitory role of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in invasion and proliferation of HLE hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Japanese Journal of Cancer Research 90 747-752.
74. Nambu JR, Lewis JO, Wharton KA Jr & Crews ST 1991 The Drosophila single-minded gene encodes a helix-loop-helix protein that acts as a master regulator of CNS midline development. Cell 67 1157-1167.
75. Nguyen TA, Hoivik D, Lee JE & Safe S 1999 Interactions of nuclear receptor coactivator/corepressor proteins with the aryl hydrocarbon receptor complex. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 367 250-257.
76. Ohtake F, Takeyama K, Matsumoto T, Kitagawa H, Yamamoto Y, Nohara K, Tohyama C, Krust A, Mimura J, Chambon P, Yanagisawa J, Fujii-Kuriyama Y & Kato S 2003 Modulation of oestrogen receptor signalling by association with the activated dioxin receptor. Nature 423 545-550.
77. Pelletier G, Labrie C & Labrie F 2000 Localization of oestrogen receptor alpha, oestrogen receptor beta and androgen receptors in the rat reproductive organs. Journal of Endocrinology 165 359-370.
78. Perdew GH 1988 Association of the Ah receptor with the 90-kDa heat shock protein. Journal of Biological Chemistry 263 13802-13805.
79. Perez GI & Tilly JL 1997 Cumulus cells are required for the increased apoptotic potential in oocytes of aged mice. Human Reproduction 12 2781-2783.
80. Petersen SL, Curran MA, Marconi SA, Carpenter CD, Lubbers LS & McAbee MD 2000 Distribution of mRNAs encoding the arylhydrocarbon receptor, arylhydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator, and arylhydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator-2 in the rat brain and brainstem. Journal of Comparative Neurology 427 428-439.
81. Peterson RE, Theobald HM & Kimmel GL 1993 Developmental and reproductive toxicity of dioxins and related compounds: cross-species comparisons. Critical Reviews in Toxicology 23 283-335.
82. Pinal CS, Cortessis V & Tobin AJ 1997 Multiple elements regulate GAD65 transcription. Developmental Neuroscience 19 465-475.
83. Pocar P, Augustin R & Fischer B 2004 Constitutive expression of CYP1A1 in bovine cumulus oocyte-complexes in vitro: mechanisms and biological implications. Endocrinology 145 1594-1601.
84. Poland A & Knutson JC 1982 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and related halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons: examination of the mechanism of toxicity. Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology 22 517-554.
85. Pollenz RS, Sattler CA & Poland A 1994 The aryl hydrocarbon receptor and aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator protein show distinct subcellular localizations in Hepa 1c1c7 cells by immunofluorescence microscopy. Molecular Pharmacology 45 428-438.
86. Pru JK & Tilly JL 2001 Programmed cell death in the ovary: insights and future prospects using genetic technologies. Molecular Endocrinology 15 845-853.
87. Puga A, Nebert DW & Carrier F 1992 Dioxin induces expression of c-fos and c-jun proto-oncogenes and a large increase in transcription factor AP-1. DNA and Cell Biology 11 269-281.
88. Puga A, Barnes SJ, Dalton TP, Chang C, Knudsen ES & Maier MA 2000 Aromatic hydrocarbon receptor interaction with the retinoblastoma protein potentiates repression of E2F-dependent transcription and cell cycle arrest. Journal of Biological Chemistry 275 2943-2950.
89. Puga A, Xia Y & Elferink C 2002 Role of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor in cell cycle regulation. Chemico-Biological Interactions 141 117-130.
90. Reiners JJ Jr & Clift RE 1999 Aryl hydrocarbon receptor regulation of ceramide-induced apoptosis in murine hepatoma 1c1c7 cells. A function independent of aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator. Journal of Biological Chemistry 274 2502-2510.
91. Reyes H, Reisz-Porszasz S & Hankinson O 1992 Identification of the Ah receptor nuclear translocator protein (Arnt) as a component of the DNA binding form of the Ah receptor. Science 256 1193-1195.
92. Ricci MS, Toscano DG & Toscano WA Jr 1999 ECC-1 human endometrial cells as a model system to study dioxin disruption of steroid hormone function. In Vitro Cell and Developmental Biology. Animal 35 183-189.
93. Rier SE 2002 The potential role of exposure to environmental toxicants in the pathophysiology of endometriosis. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 955 201-212 Discussion 230-232, 396-406.
94. Robles R, Morita Y, Mann KK, Perez GI, Yang S, Matikainen T, Sherr DH & Tilly JL 2000 The aryl hydrocarbon receptor, a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor of the PAS gene family, is required for normal ovarian germ cell dynamics in the mouse. Endocrinology 141 450-453.
95. Safe SH 1986 Comparative toxicology and mechanism of action of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans. Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology 26 371-399.
96. Safe S & Krishnan V 1995 Chlorinated hydrocarbons: estrogens and antiestrogens. Toxicology Letters 82-83 731-736.
97. Safe S, Wormke M & Samudio I 2000 Mechanisms of inhibitory aryl hydrocarbon receptor-estrogen receptor crosstalk in human breast cancer cells. Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia 5 295-306.
98. Schmidt JV, Su GH, Reddy JK, Simon MC & Bradfield CA 1996 Characterization of a murine Ahr null allele: involvement of the Ah receptor in hepatic growth and development. PNAS 93 6731-6736.
99. Scott DW, Grdina T & Shi Y 1996 T cells commit suicide, but B cells are murdered! Journal of Immunology 156 2352-2356.
100. Shiromizu K & Mattison DR 1985 Murine oocyte destruction following intraovarian treatment with 3-methylcholanthrene or 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene: protection by alpha-naphthoflavone. Teratogenesis, Carcinogenesis, and Mutagenesis 5 463-472.
101. Slayden OD, Nayak NR, Burton KA, Chwalisz K, Cameron ST, Critchley HO, Baird DT & Brenner RM 2001 Progesterone antagonists increase androgen receptor expression in the rhesus macaque and human endometrium. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 86 2668-2679.
102. Son DS, Roby KF, Rozman KK & Terranova PF 2002 Estradiol enhances and estriol inhibits the expression of CYP1A1 induced by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in a mouse ovarian cancer cell line. Toxicology 176 229-243.
103. Sone H & Yonemoto J 2002 Interaction between dioxin signaling and sex steroid hormones. Journal of Health Science 48 385-392.
104. Song J, Clagett-Dame M, Peterson RE, Hahn ME, Westler WM, Sicinski RR & DeLuca HF 2002 A ligand for the aryl hydrocarbon receptor isolated from lung. PNAS 99 14694-14699.
105. Stapleton HM & Baker JE 2003 Comparing polybrominated diphenyl ether and polychlorinated biphenyl bioaccumulation in a food web in Grand Traverse Bay, Lake Michigan. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 45 227-234.
106. Van Birgelen AP, Smit EA, Kampen IM, Groeneveld CN, Fase KM, Van der Kolk J, Poiger H, Van den Berg M, Koeman JH & Brouwer A 1995 Subchronic effects of 2,3,7,8-TCDD or PCBs on thyroid hormone metabolism: use in risk assessment. European Journal of Pharmacology 293 77-85.
107. Vaziri C & Faller DV 1997 A benzo[a]pyrene-induced cell cycle checkpoint resulting in p53-independent G1 arrest in 3T3 fibroblasts. Journal of Biological Chemistry 272 2762-2769.
108. Vogel CF & Matsumura F 2003 Interaction of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) with induced adipocyte differentiation in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) involves tyrosine kinase c-Src. Biochemical Pharmacology 66 1231-1244.
109. Wang F, Hoivik D, Pollenz R & Safe S 1998a Functional and physical interactions between the estrogen receptor Sp1 and nuclear aryl hydrocarbon receptor complexes. Nucleic Acids Research 26 3044-3052.
110. Wang F, Samudio I & Safe S 2001 Transcriptional activation of cathepsin D gene expression by 17beta-estradiol: mechanism of aryl hydrocarbon receptor-mediated inhibition. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 172 91-103.
111. Wang W, Smith R 3rd & Safe S 1998b Aryl hydrocarbon receptor-mediated antiestrogenicity in MCF-7 cells: modulation of hormone-induced cell cycle enzymes. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 356 239-248.
112. Wormke M, Stoner M, Saville B & Safe S 2000 Crosstalk between estrogen receptor alpha and the aryl hydrocarbon receptor in breast cancer cells involves unidirectional activation of proteasomes. FEBS Letters 478 109-112.
113. Yang JH 1999 Expression of dioxin-responsive genes in human endometrial cells in culture. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 257 259-263.
114. Zaher H, Fernandez-Salguero PM, Letterio J, Sheikh MS, Fornace AJ Jr, Roberts AB & Gonzalez FJ 1998 The involvement of aryl hydrocarbon receptor in the activation of transforming growth factor-beta and apoptosis. Molecular Pharmacology 54 313-321.
115. Zelzer E, Wappner P & Shilo BZ 1997 The PAS domain confers target gene specificity of Drosophila bHLH/PAS proteins. Genes and Development 11 2079-2089.