The MPTP model of Parkinson's disease

Molecular Brain Research

Volumn 134, Issue 1, 2005, Pages 57-66

  Smeyne, Richard Jay ^a   Jackson Lewis, Vernice ^b  

^a Jude Children's Research Hospital   (United States)

^b Och Spine at New York Presbyterian Hospitals   (United States)

Author keywords

Glial cells; MPTP; Parkinson's disease; Substantia nigra

Indexed keywords

1,2,3,6 TETRAHYDRO 1 METHYL 4 PHENYLPYRIDINE; ALPHA SYNUCLEIN; BRAIN DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR; DOPAMINE; DOPAMINE TRANSPORTER; ENDOTHELIAL NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE; EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR; FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR; GLIAL CELL LINE DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR; HYDROXYL RADICAL; INDUCIBLE NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE; LEVODOPA; MINOCYCLINE; PEROXYNITRITE; ROPINIROLE; SUPEROXIDE; TYROSINE 3 MONOOXYGENASE; UBIDECARENONE;

ASTROCYTE; BIOTRANSFORMATION; BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER; DOPAMINERGIC NERVE CELL; GLIA; LEWY BODY; MOLECULAR MECHANICS; NERVE CELL; NERVE CELL NECROSIS; NEUROPROTECTION; NEUROTOXICITY; NONHUMAN; PARKINSON DISEASE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SUBSTANTIA NIGRA;

EID: 15744401358     PISSN: 0169328X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.molbrainres.2004.09.017     Document Type: Review

References (161)

1. J. Ara, S. Przedborski, A.B. Naini, V. Jackson-Lewis, R.R. Trifiletti, J. Horwitz, and H. Ischiropoulos Inactivation of tyrosine hydroxylase by nitration following exposure to peroxynitrite and 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 95 1998 7659 7663
2. M.F. Beal Mitochondria, oxidative damage, and inflammation in Parkinson's disease Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 991 2003 120 131
3. D. Ben-Shachar, and M.B. Youdim Iron, melanin and dopamine interaction: relevance to Parkinson's disease Prog. Neuro-psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 17 1993 139 150
4. R. Betarbet, T.B. Sherer, G. MacKenzie, M. Garcia-Osuna, A.V. Panov, and J.T. Greenamyre Chronic systemic pesticide exposure reproduces features of Parkinson's disease Nat. Neurosci. 3 2000 1301 1306
5. E. Bezard, C.E. Gross, M.C. Fournier, S. Dovero, B. Bloch, and M. Jaber Absence of MPTP-induced neuronal death in mice lacking the dopamine transporter Exp. Neurol. 155 1999 268 273
6. J.E. Brecknell, S.B. Dunnett, and J.W. Fawcett A quantitative study of cell death in the substantia nigra following a mechanical lesion of the medial forebrain bundle Neuroscience 64 1995 219 227
7. W.J. Brooks, M.F. Jarvis, and G.C. Wagner Astrocytes as a primary locus for the conversion MPTP into MPP+ J. Neural Transm. 76 1989 1 12
8. A.I. Brooks, C.A. Chadwick, H.A. Gelbard, D.A. Cory-Slechta, and H.J. Federoff Paraquat elicited neurobehavioral syndrome caused by dopaminergic neuron loss Brain Res. 823 1999 1 10
9. R.E. Burke Recent advances in research on Parkinson disease: synuclein and parkin Neurologist 10 2004 75 81
10. R.S. Burns, P. LeWitt, M.H. Ebert, H. Pakkenberg, and I.J. Kopin The clinical syndrome of striatal dopamine deficiency; parkinsonism induced by MPTP N. Engl. J. Med. 312 1985 1418 1421
11. C. Cerruti, D.M. Walther, M.J. Kuhar, and G.R. Uhl Dopamine transporter mRNA expression is intense in rat midbrain neurons and modest outside midbrain Mol. Brain Res. 18 1993 181 186
12. F.C. Cheng, D.R. Ni, M.C. Wu, J.S. Kuo, and L.G. Chia Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor protects against 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced neurotoxicity in C57BL/6 mice Neurosci. Lett. 252 1998 87 90
13. H.S. Chun, G.E. Gibson, L.A. DeGiorgio, H. Zhang, V.J. Kidd, and J.H. Son Dopaminergic cell death induced by MPP(+), oxidant and specific neurotoxicants shares the common molecular mechanism J. Neurochem. 76 2001 1010 1021
14. M.W. Cleeter, J.M. Cooper, and A.H. Schapira Irreversible inhibition of mitochondrial complex I by 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium: evidence for free radical involvement J. Neurochem. 58 1992 786 789
15. K.A. Conway, J.D. Harper, and P.T. Lansbury Accelerated in vitro fibril formation by a mutant alpha-synuclein linked to early-onset Parkinson disease Nat. Med. 4 1998 1318 1320
16. R. Cook, L. Lu, J. Gu, R.W. Williams, and R.J. Smeyne Identification of a single QTL, Mptp1, for susceptibility to MPTP-induced substantia nigra pars compacta neuron loss in mice Mol. Brain Res. 110 2003 279 288
17. R.J. D'Amato, Z.P. Lipman, and S.H. Snyder Selectivity of the parkinsonian neurotoxin MPTP: toxic metabolite MPP+ binds to neuromelanin Science 231 1986 987 989
18. P. Damier, E.C. Hirsch, Y. Agid, and A.M. Graybiel The substantia nigra of the human brain: II. Patterns of loss of dopamine-containing neurons in Parkinson's disease Brain 122 1999 1437 1448
19. I. Date, M. Aoi, S. Tomita, F. Collins, and T. Ohmoto GDNF administration induces recovery of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system both in young and aged parkinsonian mice NeuroReport 9 1998 2365 2369
20. M. Del Zompo, M.P. Piccardi, S. Ruiu, M. Quartu, G.L. Gessa, and A. Vaccari Selective MPP+ uptake into synaptic dopamine vesicles: possible involvement in MPTP neurotoxicity Br. J. Pharmacol. 109 1993 411 414
21. M.C. de Rijk, M.M. Breteler, G.A. Graveland, A. Ott, D.E. Grobbee, F.G. van der Meche, and A. Hofman Prevalence of Parkinson's disease in the elderly: the Rotterdam Study Neurology 45 1995 2143 2146
22. R. Deumens, A. Blokland, and J. Prickaerts Modeling Parkinson's disease in rats: an evaluation of 6-OHDA lesions of the nigrostriatal pathway Exp. Neurol. 175 2002 303 317
23. D.A. Di Monte The environment and Parkinson's disease: is the nigrostriatal system preferentially targeted by neurotoxins? Lancet Neurol. 2 2003 531 538
24. D. Di Monte, M.S. Sandy, G. Ekstrom, and M.T. Smith Comparative studies on the mechanisms of paraquat and 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridine (MPP+) cytotoxicity Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 137 1986 303 309
25. D.A. Di Monte, E.Y. Wu, I. Irwin, L.E. Delanney, and J.W. Langston Production and disposition of 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium in primary cultures of mouse astrocytes Glia 5 1992 48 55
26. D.A. Di Monte, J.E. Royland, I. Irwin, and J.W. Langston Astrocytes as the site for bioactivation of neurotoxins Neurotoxicology 17 1996 697 703
27. R. Dringen, B. Pfeiffer, and B. Hamprecht Synthesis of the antioxidant glutathione in neurons: supply by astrocytes of CysGly as precursor for neuronal glutathione J. Neurosci. 19 1999 562 569
28. B. Drukarch, E. Schepens, J.C. Stoof, C.H. Langeveld, and F.L. Van Muiswinkel Astrocyte-enhanced neuronal survival is mediated by scavenging of extracellular reactive oxygen species Free Radic. Biol. Med. 25 1998 217 220
29. K.K. Elbirt, and H.L. Bonkovsky Heme oxygenase: recent advances in understanding its regulation and role Proc. Assoc. Am. Physicians 111 1999 438 447
30. S. Fahn, and S. Przedborski Parkinsonism L.P. Rowland Merritt's Neurology 2000 Lippincott Williams and Wilkins Philadelphia 679 693
31. R.L. Faull, and W.R. Mehler The cells of origin of nigrotectal, nigrothalamic and nigrostriatal projections in the rat Neuroscience 3 1978 989 1002
32. A. Fernandez-Gonzales, I. Perez-Otano, and J.I. Morgan MPTP selectively induces heme oxygenase-1 expression in striatal astrocytes Eur. J. Neurosci. 12 2000 1573 1583
33. F. Fornai, G. Battaglia, M. Gesi, F.S. Giorgi, F. Orzi, F. Nicoletti, and S. Ruggieri Time-course and dose-response study on the effects of chronic l-DOPA administration on striatal dopamine levels and dopamine transporter following MPTP toxicity Brain Res. 887 2000 110 117
34. L.S. Forno, L.E. DeLanney, I. Irwin, D. Di Monte, and J.W. Langston Astrocytes and Parkinson's disease Prog. Brain Res. 94 1992 429 436
35. D.M. Frim, T.A. Uhler, W.R. Galpern, M.F. Beal, X.O. Breakefield, and O. Isacson Implanted fibroblasts genetically engineered to produce brain-derived neurotrophic factor prevent 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium toxicity to dopaminergic neurons in the rat Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 91 1994 5104 5108
36. R.R. Gainetdinov, F. Fumagalli, S.R. Jones, and M.G. Caron Dopamine transporter is required for in vivo MPTP neurotoxicity: evidence from mice lacking the transporter J. Neurochem. 69 1997 1322 1325
37. R.R. Gainetdinov, F. Fumagalli, Y.M. Wang, S.R. Jones, A.I. Levey, G.W. Miller, and M.G. Caron Increased MPTP neurotoxicity in vesicular monoamine transporter 2 heterozygote knockout mice J. Neurochem. 70 1998 1973 1978
38. T. Gasser Genetics of Parkinson's disease J. Neurol. 248 2001 833 840
39. D.C. German, K. Manaye, W.K. Smith, D.J. Woodward, and C.B. Saper Midbrain dopaminergic cell loss in Parkinson's disease: computer visualization Ann. Neurol. 26 1989 507 514
40. B.I. Giasson, J.E. Duda, I.V. Murray, Q. Chen, J.M. Souza, H.I. Hurtig, H. Ischiropoulos, J.Q. Trojanowski, and V.M. Lee Oxidative damage linked to neurodegeneration by selective alpha-synuclein nitration in synucleinopathy lesions Science 290 2000 985 989
41. B.I. Giasson, R. Jakes, M. Goedert, J.E. Duda, S. Leight, J.Q. Trojanowski, and V.M. Lee A panel of epitope-specific antibodies detects protein domains distributed throughout human alpha-synuclein in Lewy bodies of Parkinson's disease J. Neurosci. Res. 59 2000 528 533
42. L. Gong, R.J. Wyatt, I. Baker, and J.M. Masserano Brain-derived and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factors protect a catecholaminergic cell line from dopamine-induced cell death Neurosci. Lett. 263 1999 153 156
43. D.G. Graham Oxidative pathways for catecholamines in the genesis of neuromelanin and cytotoxic quinones Mol. Pharmacol. 14 1978 633 643
44. I. Grofova Extrinsic connections of the neostriatum I. Divac R.G. Oberg The Neostriatum 1979 Pergamon Press Oxford 37 51
45. M. Hadjiconstantinou, J.G. Fitkin, A. Dalia, and N.H. Neff Epidermal growth factor enhances striatal dopaminergic parameters in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine-treated mouse J. Neurochem. 57 1991 479 482
46. K. Hamre, R. Tharp, K. Poon, X. Xiong, and R.J. Smeyne Differential strain susceptibility following 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) administration acts in an autosomal dominant fashion: quantitative analysis in seven strains of Mus musculus Brain Res. 828 1999 91 103
47. T.W. Hansen Bilirubin in the brain. distribution and effects on neurophysiological and neurochemical processes Clin. Pediatr. (Phila) 33 1994 452 459
48. T.G. Hastings Enzymatic oxidation of dopamine: the role of prostaglandin H synthase J. Neurochem. 64 1995 919 924
49. S. Hatakeyama, Y. Hayasaki, M. Masuda, A. Kazusaka, and S. Fujita Mechanism for mouse strain differences in the protective effect of sudan III against the in vivo genotoxicity of 7, 12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene Toxicol. Lett. 89 1996 231 239
50. A.S. Hazell, Y. Itzhak, H. Liu, and M.D. Norenberg 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) decreases glutamate uptake in cultured astrocytes J. Neurochem. 68 1997 2216 2219
51. M.B. Heaton, M. Paiva, I. Madorsky, J. Mayer, and D.B. Moore Effects of ethanol on neurotrophic factors, apoptosis-related proteins, endogenous antioxidants, and reactive oxygen species in neonatal striatum: relationship to periods of vulnerability Dev. Brain Res. 140 2003 237 252
52. S. Higuchi, T. Muramatsu, H. Arai, M. Hayashida, H. Sasaki, and J.Q. Trojanowski Polymorphisms of dopamine receptor and transporter genes and Parkinson's disease J. Neural Transm. 10 1995 107 113
53. J. Hirrlinger, J.B. Schulz, and R. Dringen Effects of dopamine on the glutathione metabolism of cultured astroglial cells: implications for Parkinson's disease J. Neurochem. 82 2002 458 467
54. E.C. Hirsch, S. Hunot, P. Damier, and B. Faucheux Glial cells and inflammation in Parkinson's disease: a role in neurodegeneration? Ann. Neurol. 44 1998 S115 S120
55. E.C. Hirsch, G. Hoglinger, E. Rousselet, T. Breidert, K. Parain, J. Feger, M. Ruberg, A. Prigent, C. Cohen-Salmon, and J.M. Launay Animal models of Parkinson's disease in rodents induced by toxins: an update J. Neural Transm. Suppl. 2003 89 100
56. C.J. Hu, S.M. Sung, H. Liu, and J.G. Chang No mutation of G209A in the alpha-synuclein gene in sporadic Parkinson's disease among Taiwan Chinese Eur. Neurol. 41 1999 85 87
57. S. Hunot, N. Dugas, B. Faucheux, A. Hartmann, M. Tardieu, P. Debre, Y. Agid, B. Dugas, and E.C. Hirsch FcepsilonRII/CD23 is expressed in Parkinson's disease and induces, in vitro, production of nitric oxide and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in glial cells J. Neurosci. 19 1999 3440 3447
58. M. Inazu, H. Takeda, and T. Matsumiya Expression and functional characterization of the extraneuronal monoamine transporter in normal human astrocytes J. Neurochem. 84 2003 43 52
59. H. Ischiropoulos, and A.B. al-Mehdi Peroxynitrite-mediated oxidative protein modifications FEBS Lett. 364 1995 279 282
60. V. Jackson-Lewis, M. Jakowec, R.E. Burke, and S. Przedborski Time course and morphology of dopaminergic neuronal death caused by the neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine Neurodegeneration 4 1995 257 269
61. C. Jan, C. Francois, D. Tande, J. Yelnik, L. Tremblay, Y. Agid, and E. Hirsch Dopaminergic innervation of the pallidum in the normal state, in MPTP-treated monkeys and in parkinsonian patients Eur. J. Neurosci. 12 2000 4525 4535
62. K.A. Jellinger The role of iron in neurodegeneration: prospects for pharmacotherapy of Parkinson's disease Drugs Aging 14 1999 115 140
63. P. Jenner The contribution of the MPTP-treated primate model to the development of new treatment strategies for Parkinson's disease Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. 9 2003 131 137
64. R.N. Kalaria, M.J. Mitchell, and S.I. Harik Correlation of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine neurotoxicity with blood-brain barrier monoamine oxidase activity Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 84 1987 3521 3525
65. E. Kienzl, K. Jellinger, H. Stachelberger, and W. Linert Iron as catalyst for oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease? Life Sci. 65 1999 1973 1976
66. P.B. Kirschner, B.G. Jenkins, J.B. Schulz, S.P. Finkelstein, R.T. Matthews, B.R. Rosen, and M.F. Beal NGF, BDNF and NT-5, but not NT-3 protect against MPP+ toxicity and oxidative stress in neonatal animals Brain Res. 713 1996 178 185
67. S. Kitayama, J.B. Wang, and G.R. Uhl Dopamine transporter mutants selectively enhance MPP+ transport Synapse 15 1993 58 62
68. C. Knott, G. Stern, and G.P. Wilkin Inflammatory regulators in Parkinson's disease: iNOS, lipocortin-1, and cyclooxygenases-1 and -2 Mol. Cell. Neurosci. 16 2000 724 739
69. I.J. Kopin Features of the dopaminergic neurotoxin MPTP Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 648 1992 96 104
70. I.J. Kopin, and S.P. Markey MPTP toxicity: implications for research in Parkinson's disease Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 11 1988 81 96
71. D.M. Kuhn, C.W. Aretha, and T.J. Geddes Peroxynitrite inactivation of tyrosine hydroxylase: mediation by sulfhydryl oxidation, not tyrosine nitration J. Neurosci. 19 1999 10289 10294
72. J. Lan, and D.H. Jiang Excessive iron accumulation in the brain: a possible potential risk of neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease J. Neural Transm. 104 1997 649 660
73. J.R. Lancaster Jr. Diffusion of free nitric oxide Methods Enzymol. 268 1996 31 50
74. E.S. Lander, and N.J. Schork Genetic dissection of complex traits Science 265 1994 2037 2048 [published erratum appears in Science 1994 Oct 21;266(5184):353]
75. J.W. Langston The case of the tainted heroin Sciences 25 1985 34 40
76. J.W. Langston, and J. Palfreman The Case of the Frozen Addicts 1996 Vintage Books New York
77. Y.S. Lau, Y.K. Fung, K.L. Trobough, J.R. Cashman, and J.A. Wilson Depletion of striatal dopamine by the N-oxide of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) Neurotoxicology 12 1991 189 199
78. M.J. LaVoie, and T.G. Hastings Peroxynitrite- and nitrite-induced oxidation of dopamine: implications for nitric oxide in dopaminergic cell loss J. Neurochem. 73 1999 2546 2554
79. D.G. Le Couteur, P.W. Leighton, S.J. McCann, and S. Pond Association of a polymorphism in the dopamine-transporter gene with Parkinson's disease Mov. Disord. 12 1997 760 763
80. M.S. Levine, C.D. Hull, R.S. Fisher, N.A. Buchwald, and A. Heller Effects of neonatal destruction of the medial forebrain bundle in the cat: long-term neurochemical, locomotor, and regulatory deficits Exp. Neurol. 81 1983 340 358
81. G.T. Liberatore, V. Jackson-Lewis, S. Vukosavic, A.S. Mandir, M. Vila, W.G. McAuliffe, V.L. Dawson, T.M. Dawson, and S. Przedborski Inducible nitric oxide synthase stimulates dopaminergic neurodegeneration in the MPTP model of Parkinson disease Nat. Med. 5 1999 1403 1409
82. Y. Liu, D. Peter, A. Roghani, S. Schuldiner, G.G. Prive, D. Eisenberg, N. Brecha, and R.H. Edwards A cDNA that suppresses MPP+ toxicity encodes a vesicular amine transporter Cell 70 1992 539 551
83. Y. Ma, V. Dhawan, M. Mentis, T. Chaly, P.G. Spetsieris, and D. Eidelberg Parametric mapping of [18F]FPCIT binding in early stage Parkinson's disease: a PET study Synapse 45 2002 125 133
84. M.D. Maines The heme oxygenase system: a regulator of second messenger gases Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 37 1997 517 554
85. M.D. Maines The heme oxygenase system and its functions in the brain Cell. Mol. Biol. (Noisy-le-grand) 46 2000 573 585
86. K. Marek, D. Jennings, and J. Seibyl Do dopamine agonists or levodopa modify Parkinson's disease progression? Eur. J. Neurol. 9 Suppl. 3 2002 15 22
87. A.M. Marini, R.H. Lipsky, J.P. Schwartz, and I.J. Kopin Accumulation of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine in cultured cerebellar astrocytes J. Neurochem. 58 1992 1250 1258
88. P.L. McGeer, and E.G. McGeer Glial cell reactions in neurodegenerative diseases: pathophysiology and therapeutic interventions Alzheimer Dis. Assoc. Disord. 12 Suppl. 2 1998 S1 S6
89. K.S.P. McNaught, and P. Jenner Altered glial function causes neuronal death and increases neuronal susceptibility to 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium- and 6-hydroxydopamine-induced toxicity in astrocytic/ventral mesencephalic co-cultures J. Neurochem. 73 1999 2469 2476
90. K.S. McNaught, U. Thull, P.A. Carrupt, C. Altomare, S. Cellamare, A. Carotti, B. Testa, P. Jenner, and C.D. Marsden Effects of isoquinoline derivatives structurally related to 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) on mitochondrial respiration Biochem. Pharmacol. 51 1996 1503 1511
91. E. Melamed, D. Offen, A. Shirvan, and I. Ziv Levodopa-an exotoxin or a therapeutic drug? J. Neurol. 247 Suppl. 2 2000 II135 II139
92. G.W. Miller, J.D. Erickson, J.T. Perez, S.N. Penland, D.C. Mash, D.B. Rye, and A.I. Levey Immunochemical analysis of vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT2) protein in Parkinson's disease Exp. Neurol. 156 1999 138 148
93. G.W. Miller, R.R. Gainetdinov, A.I. Levey, and M.G. Caron Dopamine transporters and neuronal injury Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 20 1999 424 429
94. N. Mitra, K.P. Mohanakumar, and D.K. Ganguly Resistance of golden hamster to 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine: relationship with low levels of regional monoamine oxidase B J. Neurochem. 62 1994 1906 1912
95. Y. Mizuno, N. Sone, K. Suzuki, and T. Saitoh Studies on the toxicity of 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion (MPP+) against mitochondria of mouse brain J. Neurol. Sci. 86 1988 97 110
96. Y. Mizuno, N. Sone, K. Suzuki, and T. Saitoh Studies on the toxicity of 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion (MPP+) against mitochondria of mouse brain J. Neurol. Sci. 86 1988 97 110
97. T. Muller, T. Buttner, A.F. Gholipour, and W. Kuhn Coenzyme Q10 supplementation provides mild symptomatic benefit in patients with Parkinson's disease Neurosci. Lett. 341 2003 201 204
98. Y. Muramatsu, R. Kurosaki, H. Watanabe, M. Michimata, M. Matsubara, Y. Imai, and T. Araki Cerebral alterations in a MPTP-mouse model of Parkinson's disease-an immunocytochemical study J. Neural Transm. 110 2003 1129 1144
99. U. Muthane, K.A. Ramsay, H. Jiang, V. Jackson-Lewis, D. Donaldson, S. Fernando, M. Ferreira, and S. Przedborski Differences in nigral neuron number and sensitivity to 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine in C57/bl and CD-1 mice Exp. Neurol. 126 1994 195 204
100. T. Nagatsu, M. Mogi, H. Ichinose, and A. Togari Changes in cytokines and neurotrophins in Parkinson's disease J. Neural Transm. Suppl. 2000 277 290
101. K. Nakajima, H. Hida, Y. Shimano, I. Fujimoto, T. Hashitani, M. Kumazaki, T. Sakurai, and H. Nishino GDNF is a major component of trophic activity in DA-depleted striatum for survival and neurite extension of DAergic neurons Brain Res. 916 2001 76 84
102. W.J. Nicklas, I. Vyas, and R.E. Heikkila Inhibition of NADH-linked oxidation in brain mitochondria by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-pyridine, a metabolite of the neurotoxin, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 5, 6-tetrahydropyridine Life Sci. 36 1985 2503 2508
103. W.J. Nicklas, S.K. Youngster, M.V. Kindt, and R.E. Heikkila MPTP, MPP+ and mitochondrial function Life Sci. 40 1987 721 729
104. E. Nurmi, H.M. Ruottinen, J. Bergman, M. Haaparanta, O. Solin, P. Sonninen, and J.O. Rinne Rate of progression in Parkinson's disease: a 6-[18F]fluoro-l-dopa PET study Mov. Disord. 16 2001 608 615
105. M.K. O'Banion COX-2 and Alzheimer's disease: potential roles in inflammation and neurodegeneration Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs 8 1999 1521 1536
106. S. Ofori, and M. Schorderet Effects of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) on dopamine synthesis and release in the rabbit retina in vitro Neuropharmacology 26 1987 1607 1610
107. J.W. Olney, C.F. Zorumski, G.R. Stewart, M.T. Price, G.J. Wang, and J. Labruyere Excitotoxicity of l-dopa and 6-OH-dopa: implications for Parkinson's and Huntington's diseases Exp. Neurol. 108 1990 269 272
108. D. Otto, and K. Unsicker FGF-2 in the MPTP model of Parkinson's disease: effects on astroglial cells Glia 11 1994 47 56
109. J. Parkinson An Essay on Shaking Palsy 1817 Sherwood, Neeley and Jones London
110. H. Payami, and S. Zareparsi Genetic epidemiology of Parkinson's disease J. Geriatr. Psychiatry Neurol. 11 1998 98 106
111. A.A. Petersen, K.E. Larsen, G.G. Behr, N. Romero, S. Przedborski, P. Brundin, and D. Sulzer Brain-derived neurotrophic factor inhibits apoptosis and dopamine-induced free radical production in striatal neurons but does not prevent cell death Brain Res. Bull. 56 2001 331 335
112. M.H. Polymeropoulos, C. Lavedan, E. Leroy, S.E. Ide, A. Dehejia, A. Dutra, B. Pike, H. Root, J. Rubenstein, R. Boyer, E.S. Stenroos, S. Chandrasekharappa, A. Athanassiadou, T. Papapetropoulos, W.G. Johnson, A.M. Lazzarini, R.C. Duvoisin, G. Di Iorio, L.I. Golbe, and R.L. Nussbaum Mutation in the alpha-synuclein gene identified in families with Parkinson's disease Science 276 1997 2045 2047
113. K.D. Poss, and S. Tonegawa Heme oxygenase 1 is required for mammalian iron reutilization Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 94 1997 10919 10924
114. S. Przedborski, and M. Vila The 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine mouse model: a tool to explore the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 991 2003 189 198
115. S. Przedborski, V. Kostic, V. Jackson-Lewis, A.B. Naini, S. Simonetti, S. Fahn, E. Carlson, C.J. Epstein, and J.L. Cadet Transgenic mice with increased Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase activity are resistant to N-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine-induced neurotoxicity J. Neurosci. 12 1992 1658 1667
116. S. Przedborski, V. Jackson-Lewis, R. Yokoyama, T. Shibata, V.L. Dawson, and T.M. Dawson Role of neuronal nitric oxide in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced dopaminergic neurotoxicity Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 93 1996 4565 4571
117. S. Przedborski, V. Jackson-Lewis, R. Djaldetti, G. Liberatore, M. Vila, S. Vukosavic, and G. Almer The parkinsonian toxin MPTP: action and mechanism Restor. Neurol. Neurosci. 16 2000 135 142
118. S. Przedborski, Q. Chen, M. Vila, B.I. Giasson, R. Djaldatti, S. Vukosavic, J.M. Souza, V. Jackson-Lewis, V.M. Lee, and H. Ischiropoulos Oxidative post-translational modifications of alpha-synuclein in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) mouse model of Parkinson's disease J. Neurochem. 76 2001 637 640
119. R. Radi, A. Cassina, R. Hodara, C. Quijano, and L. Castro Peroxynitrite reactions and formation in mitochondria Free Radic. Biol. Med. 33 2002 1451 1464
120. R.R. Ramsay, and T.P. Singer Energy-dependent uptake of N-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium, the neurotoxic metabolite of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine, by mitochondria J. Biol. Chem. 261 1986 7585 7587
121. R.R. Ramsay, J. Dadgar, A. Trevor, and T.P. Singer Energy-driven uptake of N-methyl-4-phenylpyridine by brain mitochondria mediates the neurotoxicity of MPTP Life Sci. 39 1986 581 588
122. B.R. Ransom, D.M. Kunis, I. Irwin, and J.W. Langston Astrocytes convert the parkinsonism inducing neurotoxin, MPTP, to its active metabolite, MPP+ Neurosci. Lett. 75 1987 323 328
123. N.J. Riachi, and S.I. Harik Strain differences in systemic 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine neurotoxicity in mice correlate best with monoamine oxidase activity at the blood-brain barrier Life Sci. 42 1988 2359 2363
124. N.J. Riachi, S.I. Harik, R.N. Kalaria, and L.M. Sayre On the mechanisms underlying 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine neurotoxicity: II. Susceptibility among mammalian species correlates with the toxin's metabolic patterns in brain microvessels and liver JPET 244 1988 443 448
125. N.J. Riachi, W.D. Dietrich, and S.I. Harik Effects of internal carotid administration of MPTP on rat brain and blood-brain barrier Brain Res. 533 1990 6 14
126. H. Rollema, W.G. Kuhr, G. Kranenborg, J. De Vries, and C. Van den Berg MPP+-induced efflux of dopamine and lactate from rat striatum have similar time courses as shown by in vivo brain dialysis JPET 245 1988 858 866
127. H. Russ, K. Staust, F. Martel, M. Gliese, and E. Schomig The extraneuronal transporter for monoamine transmitters exists in cells derived from human central nervous system glia Eur. J. Neurosci. 8 1996 1256 1264
128. D.G. Schaar, B.A. Sieber, C.F. Dreyfus, and I.B. Black Regional and cell-specific expression of GDNF in rat brain Exp. Neurol. 124 1993 368 371
129. D.G. Schaar, B.A. Sieber, A.C. Sherwood, D. Dean, G. Mendoza, L. Ramakrishnan, C.F. Dreyfus, and I.B. Black Multiple astrocyte transcripts encode nigral trophic factors in rat and human Exp. Neurol. 130 1994 387 393
130. W.R. Schabitz, C. Sommer, W. Zoder, M. Kiessling, M. Schwaninger, and S. Schwab Intravenous brain-derived neurotrophic factor reduces infarct size and counterregulates bax and bcl-2 expression after temporary focal cerebral ischemia Stroke 31 2000 2212 2217
131. H.M. Schipper Glial HO-1 expression, iron deposition and oxidative stress in neurodegenerative diseases Neurotox. Res. 1 1999 57 70
132. H.M. Schipper, A. Liberman, and E.G. Stopa Neural heme oxygenase-1 expression in idiopathic Parkinson's disease Exp. Neurol. 150 1998 60 68
133. H.M. Schipper, R. Vininsky, R. Brull, L. Small, and J.R. Brawer Astrocyte mitochondria: a substrate for iron deposition in the aging rat substantia nigra Exp. Neurol. 152 1998 188 196
134. O.M. Schluter, F. Fornai, M.G. Alessandri, S. Takamori, M. Geppert, R. Jahn, and T.C. Sudhof Role of alpha-synuclein in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine-induced parkinsonism in mice Neuroscience 118 2003 985 1002
135. C.J. Schmidt, L.A. Matsuda, and J.W. Gibb In vitro release of tritiated monoamines from rat CNS tissue by the neurotoxic compound 1-methyl-phenyl- tetrahydropyridine Eur. J. Pharmacol. 103 1984 255 260
136. J. Schmidt, K. Mertz, and J.I. Morgan Regulation of heme oxygenase-1 expression by dopamine in cultured C6 glioma and primary astrocytes Mol. Brain Res. 73 1999 50 59
137. R.K. Schwarting, and J.P. Huston The unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesion model in behavioral brain research. analysis of functional deficits, recovery and treatments Prog. Neurobiol. 50 1996 275 331
138. W.K. Scott, L.H. Yamaoka, J.M. Stajich, B.L. Scott, J.M. Vance, A.D. Roses, M.A. Pericak-Vance, R.L. Watts, M. Nance, J. Hubble, W. Koller, M.B. Stern, A. Colcher, F.H. Allen Jr., B.C. Hiner, J. Jankovic, W. Ondo, N.G. Laing, F. Mastaglia, C. Goetz, E. Pappert, G.W. Small, D. Masterman, J.L. Haines, and T.L. Davies The alpha-synuclein gene is not a major risk factor in familial Parkinson disease Neurogenetics 2 1999 191 192
139. C.W. Shults Coenzyme Q10 in neurodegenerative diseases Curr. Med. Chem. 10 2003 1917 1921
140. S.D. Skaper, M. Floreani, A. Negro, L. Facci, and P. Giusti Neurotrophins rescue cerebellar granule neurons from oxidative stress-mediated apoptotic death: selective involvement of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway J. Neurochem. 70 1998 1859 1868
141. A. Slivka, and G. Cohen Hydroxyl radical attack on dopamine J. Biol. Chem. 260 1985 15466 15472
142. M. Smeyne, O. Goloubeva, and R.J. Smeyne Strain-dependent susceptibility to MPTP and MPP+-induced Parkinsonism is determined by glia Glia 74 2001 73 80
143. P.K. Sonsalla, and R.E. Heikkila Neurotoxic effects of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) and methamphetamine in several strains of mice Prog. Neuro-psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 12 1988 345 354
144. J.M. Souza, B.I. Giasson, Q. Chen, V.M. Lee, and H. Ischiropoulos Dityrosine cross-linking promotes formation of stable alpha-synuclein polymers. implication of nitrative and oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative synucleinopathies J. Biol. Chem. 275 2000 18344 18349
145. M.B. Spina, S.P. Squinto, J. Miller, R.M. Lindsay, and C. Hyman Brain-derived neurotrophic factor protects dopamine neurons against 6-hydroxydopamine and N-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion toxicity: involvement of the glutathione system J. Neurochem. 59 1992 99 106
146. K. Steece-Collier, E. Maries, and J.H. Kordower Etiology of Parkinson's disease: genetics and environment revisited Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 99 2002 13972 13974
147. A.J. Stoessl Etiology of Parkinson's disease Can. J. Neurol. Sci. 26 Suppl. 2 1999 S5 S12
148. E. Sundstrom, I. Stromberg, T. Tsutsumi, L. Olson, and G. Jonsson Studies on the effect of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) on central catacholamine neurons in C57Bl/6 mice. comparison with three other strains of mice Brain Res. 405 1987 26 38
149. K. Suzuki, Y. Mizuno, and M. Yoshida Effects of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-like compounds on mitochondrial respiration Adv. Neurol. 53 1990 215 218
150. N. Takahashi, L.L. Miner, I. Sora, H. Ujike, R.S. Revay, V. Kostic, V. Jackson-Lewis, S. Przedborski, and G.R. Uhl VMAT2 knockout mice: heterozygotes display reduced amphetamine-conditioned reward, enhanced amphetamine locomotion, and enhanced MPTP toxicity Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 94 1997 9938 9943
151. P. Teismann, K. Tieu, D.K. Choi, D.C. Wu, A. Naini, S. Hunot, M. Vila, V. Jackson-Lewis, and S. Przedborski Cyclooxygenase-2 is instrumental in Parkinson's disease neurodegeneration Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 100 2003 5473 5478
152. P. Teismann, K. Tieu, O. Cohen, D.K. Choi, C. Wu du, D. Marks, M. Vila, V. Jackson-Lewis, and S. Przedborski Pathogenic role of glial cells in Parkinson's disease Mov. Disord. 18 2003 121 129
153. M. Thiruchelvam, E.K. Richfield, R.B. Baggs, A.W. Tank, and D.A. Cory-Slechta The nigrostriatal dopaminergic system as a preferential target of repeated exposures to combined paraquat and maneb: implications for Parkinson's disease J. Neurosci. 20 2000 9207 9214
154. T. Tsukahara, M. Takeda, S. Shimohama, O. Ohara, and N. Hashimoto Effects of brain-derived neurotrophic factor on 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine-induced parkinsonism in monkeys Neurosurgery 37 1995 733 739 discussion 739-741
155. X.F. Wang, and M.S. Cynader Astrocytes provide cysteine to neurons by releasing glutathione J. Neurochem. 74 2000 1434 1442
156. A.L. Whone, R.L. Watts, A.J. Stoessl, M. Davis, S. Reske, C. Nahmias, A.E. Lang, O. Rascol, M.J. Ribeiro, P. Remy, W.H. Poewe, R.A. Hauser, and D.J. Brooks Slower progression of Parkinson's disease with ropinirole vs. levodopa: the REAL-PET study Ann. Neurol. 54 2003 93 101
157. T. Wichmann, and M.R. DeLong Pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease: the MPTP primate model of the human disorder Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 991 2003 199 213
158. D.C. Wu, V. Jackson-Lewis, M. Vila, K. Tieu, P. Teismann, C. Vadseth, D.K. Choi, H. Ischiropoulos, and S. Przedborski Blockade of microglial activation is neuroprotective in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine mouse model of Parkinson disease J. Neurosci. 22 2002 1763 1771
159. D.C. Wu, P. Teismann, K. Tieu, M. Vila, V. Jackson-Lewis, H. Ischiropoulos, and S. Przedborski NADPH oxidase mediates oxidative stress in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine model of Parkinson's disease Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 100 2003 6145 6150
160. M.B. Youdim, E. Grunblatt, Y. Levites, G. Maor, and S. Mandel Early and late molecular events in neurodegeneration and neuroprotection in Parkinson's disease MPTP model as assessed by cDNA microarray; the role of iron Neurotox. Res. 4 2002 679 689
161. A.B. Young, and J.B. Penney Biochemical and functional organization of the basal ganglia J. Jankovic E. Tolosa Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders 1993 Williams and Wilkins Baltimore 1 11