Healing after myocardial infarction

Cardiovascular Research

Volumn 66, Issue 1, 2005, Pages 22-32

  Ertl, Georg ^a   Frantz, Stefan ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL WÜRZBURG   (Germany)

Author keywords

Healing; Inflammation; MMP; Myocardial infarction; RAAS

Indexed keywords

BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; CHEMOKINE; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; ENDOTHELIN; ENDOTHELIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; ESTROGEN; GLITAZONE DERIVATIVE; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; NEUROHORMONE; NITRIC OXIDE; PROTECTIVE AGENT; RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA1; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

AGE; CYTOKINE PRODUCTION; GENDER; GENETIC DISORDER; GENETICS; HEART FAILURE; HEART INFARCTION; HEART INFARCTION SIZE; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE FAILURE; HUMAN; LEUKOCYTE; MECHANICAL STRESS; NONHUMAN; PATIENT; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; RENIN ANGIOTENSIN ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM; REPERFUSION; REVIEW; WOUND HEALING;

AGE FACTORS; AGED; ANIMALS; COLLAGEN; CYTOKINES; FEMALE; GENDER IDENTITY; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; MYOCARDIAL REPERFUSION INJURY; MYOCARDIUM; RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM; STRESS, MECHANICAL; TIME FACTORS; VENTRICULAR REMODELING; WOUND HEALING;

EID: 14944362972     PISSN: 00086363     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.cardiores.2005.01.011     Document Type: Review

References (117)

1. R.G. McKay, M.A. Pfeffer, R.C. Pasternak, J.E. Markis, P.C. Come, and S. Nakao Left ventricular remodeling after myocardial infarction: a corollary to infarct expansion Circulation 74 1986 693 702
2. J.M. Pfeffer, M.A. Pfeffer, P.J. Fletcher, and E. Braunwald Progressive ventricular remodeling in rat with myocardial infarction Am J Physiol 260 1991 H1406 H1414
3. P. Gaudron, I. Kugler, K. Hu, W. Bauer, C. Eilles, and G. Ertl Time course of cardiac structural, functional and electrical changes in asymptomatic patients after myocardial infarction: their inter-relation and prognostic impact J Am Coll Cardiol 38 2001 33 40
4. J.W. Holmes, H. Yamashita, L.K. Waldman, and J.W. Covell Scar remodeling and transmural deformation after infarction in the pig Circulation 90 1994 411 420
5. C.J. Doillon, R.M. Hembry, H.P. Ehrlich, and J.F. Burke Actin filaments in normal dermis and during wound healing Am J Pathol 126 1987 164 170
6. G.S. Ashcroft, K. Lei, W. Jin, G. Longenecker, A.B. Kulkarni, and T. Greenwell-Wild Secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor mediates non-redundant functions necessary for normal wound healing Nat Med 6 2000 1147 1153
7. S. Gudbjarnason, J.C. Fenton, P.L. Wolf, and R.J. Bing Stimulation of reparative processes following experimental myocardial infarction Arch Intern Med 118 1966 33 40
8. K.D. Poss, L.G. Wilson, and M.T. Keating Heart regeneration in zebrafish Science 298 2002 2188 2190
9. M. Bettencourt-Dias, S. Mittnacht, and J.P. Brockes Heterogeneous proliferative potential in regenerative adult newt cardiomyocytes J Cell Sci 116 2003 4001 4009
10. J.O. Oberpriller, and J.C. Oberpriller Response of the adult newt ventricle to injury J Exp Zool 187 1974 249 253
11. W.M. Blankesteijn, E. Creemers, E. Lutgens, J.P. Cleutjens, M.J. Daemen, and J.F. Smits Dynamics of cardiac wound healing following myocardial infarction: observations in genetically altered mice Acta Physiol Scand 173 2001 75 82
12. B.I. Jugdutt Ventricular remodeling after infarction and the extracellular collagen matrix: when is enough enough? Circulation 108 2003 1395 1403
13. P. Whittaker, D.R. Boughner, and R.A. Kloner Role of collagen in acute myocardial infarct expansion Circulation 84 1991 2123 2134
14. I.E. Willems, M.G. Havenith, J.G. De Mey, and M.J. Daemen The alpha-smooth muscle actin-positive cells in healing human myocardial scars Am J Pathol 145 1994 868 875
15. J.S. Hochman, and H. Choo Limitation of myocardial infarct expansion by reperfusion independent of myocardial salvage Circulation 75 1987 299 306
16. P. Gaudron, K. Hu, R. Schamberger, M. Budin, B. Walter, and G. Ertl Effect of endurance training early or late after coronary artery occlusion on left ventricular remodeling, hemodynamics, and survival in rats with chronic transmural myocardial infarction Circulation 89 1994 402 412
17. Y. Aikawa, L. Rohde, J. Plehn, S.C. Greaves, F. Menapace, and M.O. Arnold Regional wall stress predicts ventricular remodeling after anteroseptal myocardial infarction in the healing and early afterload reducing trial (HEART): an echocardiography-based structural analysis Am Heart J 141 2001 234 242
18. B.I. Jugdutt, M.I. Khan, S.J. Jugdutt, and G.E. Blinston Effect of prolonged inotropic stimulation on ventricular remodeling during healing after myocardial infarction in the dog: mechanistic insights J Am Coll Cardiol 27 1996 1787 1795
19. B.I. Jugdutt, M.I. Khan, S.J. Jugdutt, and G.E. Blinston Impact of left ventricular unloading after late reperfusion of canine anterior myocardial infarction on remodeling and function using isosorbide-5-mononitrate Circulation 92 1995 926 934
20. H. Horie, M. Takahashi, K. Minai, M. Izumi, A. Takaoka, and M. Nozawa Long-term beneficial effect of late reperfusion for acute anterior myocardial infarction with percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty Circulation 98 1998 2377 2382
21. S. Sadanandan, C. Buller, V. Menon, V. Dzavik, M. Terrin, and B. Thompson The late open artery hypothesis-a decade later Am Heart J 142 2001 411 421
22. A. Abbate, R. Bussani, G.G. Biondi-Zoccai, R. Rossiello, F. Silvestri, and F. Baldi Persistent infarct-related artery occlusion is associated with an increased myocardial apoptosis at postmortem examination in humans late after an acute myocardial infarction Circulation 106 2002 1051 1054
23. P.Y. Cheung, G. Sawicki, M. Wozniak, W. Wang, M.W. Radomski, and R. Schulz Matrix metalloproteinase-2 contributes to ischemia-reperfusion injury in the heart Circulation 101 2000 1833 1839
24. W.C. Carlyle, A.W. Jacobson, D.L. Judd, B. Tian, C. Chu, and K.M. Hauer Delayed reperfusion alters matrix metalloproteinase activity and fibronectin mRNA expression in the infarct zone of the ligated rat heart J Mol Cell Cardiol 29 1997 2451 2463
25. K.J. Peuhkurinen, L. Risteli, J.T. Melkko, M. Linnaluoto, A. Jounela, and J. Risteli Thrombolytic therapy with streptokinase stimulates collagen breakdown Circulation 83 1991 1969 1975
26. M. Lindsey, K. Wedin, M.D. Brown, C. Keller, A.J. Evans, and J. Smolen Matrix-dependent mechanism of neutrophil-mediated release and activation of matrix metalloproteinase 9 in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion Circulation 103 2001 2181 2187
27. B. Freude, T.N. Masters, F. Robicsek, A. Fokin, S. Kostin, and R. Zimmermann Apoptosis is initiated by myocardial ischemia and executed during reperfusion J Mol Cell Cardiol 32 2000 197 208
28. B.S. Gillum, E.J. Graves, and E. Wood National hospital discharge survey Vital Health Stat 13 i-v 1998 1 51
29. A.P. Maggioni, A. Maseri, C. Fresco, M.G. Franzosi, F. Mauri, and E. Santoro Age-related increase in mortality among patients with first myocardial infarctions treated with thrombolysis. The investigators of the Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell'Infarto Miocardico (GISSI-2) N Engl J Med 329 1993 1442 1448
30. G.S. Ashcroft, M.A. Horan, and M.W. Ferguson Aging is associated with reduced deposition of specific extracellular matrix components, an upregulation of angiogenesis, and an altered inflammatory response in a murine incisional wound healing model J Invest Dermatol 108 1997 430 437
31. S. Taddei, A. Virdis, L. Ghiadoni, G. Salvetti, G. Bernini, and A. Magagna Age-related reduction of NO availability and oxidative stress in humans Hypertension 38 2001 274 279
32. G. Murphy, and J. Reynolds Extracellular matrix degeneration P. Royce B. Steinmann Connective tissue and its heritable disorders 1993 Wiley-Liss and Sons New York 287 316
33. M.F. Leal, N.F. Souza Filho, H. Haggi Filho, E.R. Klosoviski, and E.C. Munhoz Acute myocardial infarction in elderly patients: comparative analysis of the predictors of mortality. the elderly versus the young Arq Bras Cardiol 79 2002 363 374
34. P.J. Smith, O. Ornatsky, D.J. Stewart, P. Picard, F. Dawood, and W.H. Wen Effects of estrogen replacement on infarct size, cardiac remodeling, and the endothelin system after myocardial infarction in ovariectomized rats Circulation 102 2000 2983 2989
35. V. Vaccarino, L. Parsons, N.R. Every, H.V. Barron, and H.M. Krumholz Sex-based differences in early mortality after myocardial infarction. National registry of myocardial infarction 2 participants N Engl J Med 341 1999 217 225
36. K.P. Alexander, L.K. Newby, A.S. Hellkamp, R.A. Harrington, E.D. Peterson, and S. Kopecky Initiation of hormone replacement therapy after acute myocardial infarction is associated with more cardiac events during follow-up J Am Coll Cardiol 38 2001 1 7
37. G.S. Ashcroft, T. Greenwell-Wild, M.A. Horan, S.M. Wahl, and M.W. Ferguson Topical estrogen accelerates cutaneous wound healing in aged humans associated with an altered inflammatory response Am J Pathol 155 1999 1137 1146
38. M.P. Piccinni, M.G. Giudizi, R. Biagiotti, L. Beloni, L. Giannarini, and S. Sampognaro Progesterone favors the development of human T helper cells producing Th2-type cytokines and promotes both IL-4 production and membrane CD30 expression in established Th1 cell clones J Immunol 155 1995 128 133
39. G.S. Ashcroft, J. Dodsworth, E. van Boxtel, R.W. Tarnuzzer, M.A. Horan, and G.S. Schultz Estrogen accelerates cutaneous wound healing associated with an increase in TGF-beta1 levels Nat Med 3 1997 1209 1215
40. M.P. Haynes, D. Sinha, K.S. Russell, M. Collinge, D. Fulton, and M. Morales-Ruiz Membrane estrogen receptor engagement activates endothelial nitric oxide synthase via the PI3-kinase-Akt pathway in human endothelial cells Circ Res 87 2000 677 682
41. J. Binko, T.V. Murphy, and H. Majewski 17Beta-oestradiol enhances nitric oxide synthase activity in endothelium-denuded rat aorta Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 25 1998 120 127
42. T. Zdrojewski, P. Gaudron, P. Whittaker, S. Poelzl, J. Schiemann, and K. Hu Ventricular remodeling after myocardial infarction and effects of ACE inhibition on hemodynamics and scar formation in SHR Cardiovasc Pathol 11 2002 88 93
43. S. Ichihara, T. Senbonmatsu, E. Price Jr., T. Ichiki, F.A. Gaffney, and T. Inagami Targeted deletion of angiotensin II type 2 receptor caused cardiac rupture after acute myocardial infarction Circulation 106 2002 2244 2249
44. M.I. Phillips, and S. Kagiyama Angiotensin II as a pro-inflammatory mediator Curr Opin Investig Drugs 3 2002 569 577
45. L. Piqueras, P. Kubes, A. Alvarez, E. O'Connor, A.C. Issekutz, and J.V. Esplugues Angiotensin II induces leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions in vivo via AT(1) and AT(2) receptor-mediated P-selectin upregulation Circulation 102 2000 2118 2123
46. C.M. Yu, G.L. Tipoe, K. Wing-Hon Lai, and C.P. Lau Effects of combination of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and angiotensin receptor antagonist on inflammatory cellular infiltration and myocardial interstitial fibrosis after acute myocardial infarction J Am Coll Cardiol 38 2001 1207 1215
47. S. Sakai, T. Miyauchi, M. Kobayashi, I. Yamaguchi, K. Goto, and Y. Sugishita Inhibition of myocardial endothelin pathway improves long-term survival in heart failure Nature 384 1996 353 355
48. D. Fraccarollo, J. Bauersachs, M. Kellner, P. Galuppo, and G. Ertl Cardioprotection by long-term ET(A) receptor blockade and ACE inhibition in rats with congestive heart failure: mono-versus combination therapy Cardiovasc Res 54 2002 85 94
49. M. Clozel, C. Qiu, C.S. Qiu, P. Hess, and J.P. Clozel Short-term endothelin receptor blockade with tezosentan has both immediate and long-term beneficial effects in rats with myocardial infarction J Am Coll Cardiol 39 2002 142 147
50. K. Hu, P. Gaudron, T.J. Schmidt, K.D. Hoffmann, and G. Ertl Aggravation of left ventricular remodeling by a novel specific endothelin ET(A) antagonist EMD94246 in rats with experimental myocardial infarction J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 32 1998 505 508
51. D. Fraccarollo, P. Galuppo, J. Bauersachs, and G. Ertl Collagen accumulation after myocardial infarction: effects of ETA receptor blockade and implications for early remodeling Cardiovasc Res 54 2002 559 567
52. B.K. Podesser, D.A. Siwik, F.R. Eberli, F. Sam, S. Ngoy, and J. Lambert ET(A)-receptor blockade prevents matrix metalloproteinase activation late postmyocardial infarction in the rat Am J Physiol, Heart Circ Physiol 280 2001 H984 H991
53. M. Scherrer-Crosbie, R. Ullrich, K.D. Bloch, H. Nakajima, B. Nasseri, and H.T. Aretz Endothelial nitric oxide synthase limits left ventricular remodeling after myocardial infarction in mice Circulation 104 2001 1286 1291
54. F. Sam, D.B. Sawyer, Z. Xie, D.L. Chang, S. Ngoy, and D.A. Brenner Mice lacking inducible nitric oxide synthase have improved left ventricular contractile function and reduced apoptotic cell death late after myocardial infarction Circ Res 89 2001 351 356
55. P.C. Lee, A.N. Salyapongse, G.A. Bragdon, L.L. Shears II, S.C. Watkins, and H.D. Edington Impaired wound healing and angiogenesis in eNOS-deficient mice Am J Physiol 277 1999 H1600 H1608
56. K. Yamasaki, H.D. Edington, C. McClosky, E. Tzeng, A. Lizonova, and I. Kovesdi Reversal of impaired wound repair in iNOS-deficient mice by topical adenoviral-mediated iNOS gene transfer J Clin Invest 101 1998 967 971
57. A. Herskowitz, S. Choi, A.A. Ansari, and S. Wesselingh Cytokine mRNA expression in postischemic/reperfused myocardium Am J Pathol 146 1995 419 428
58. J.M. Brown, C.W. White, L.S. Terada, M.A. Grosso, P.F. Shanley, and D.W. Mulvin Interleukin 1 pretreatment decreases ischemia/reperfusion injury Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 87 1990 5026 5030
59. S. Frantz, A. Ducharme, D. Sawyer, L.E. Rohde, L. Kobzik, and R. Fukazawa Targeted deletion of caspase-1 reduces early mortality and left ventricular dilatation following myocardial infarction JMCC 35 2003 685 694
60. F.D. Pagani, L.S. Baker, C. Hsi, M. Knox, M.P. Fink, and M.S. Visner Left ventricular systolic and diastolic dysfunction after infusion of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in conscious dogs J Clin Invest 90 1992 389 398
61. A. Diwan, Z. Dibbs, S. Nemoto, G. DeFreitas, B.A. Carabello, and N. Sivasubramanian Targeted overexpression of noncleavable and secreted forms of tumor necrosis factor provokes disparate cardiac phenotypes Circulation 109 2004 262 268
62. W.W. Brooks, and C.H. Conrad Myocardial fibrosis in transforming growth factor beta(1)heterozygous mice J Mol Cell Cardiol 32 2000 187 195
63. S. Rosenkranz, M. Flesch, K. Amann, C. Haeuseler, H. Kilter, and U. Seeland Alterations of beta-adrenergic signaling and cardiac hypertrophy in transgenic mice overexpressing TGF-beta(1) Am J Physiol, Heart Circ Physiol 283 2002 H1253 H1262
64. H. Nakajima, H.O. Nakajima, O. Salcher, A.S. Dittie, K. Dembowsky, and S. Jing Atrial but not ventricular fibrosis in mice expressing a mutant transforming growth factor-beta(1) transgene in the heart Circ Res 86 2000 571 579
65. N.G. Frangogiannis, C.W. Smith, and M.L. Entman The inflammatory response in myocardial infarction Cardiovasc Res 53 2002 31 47
66. J. Vinten-Johansen Involvement of neutrophils in the pathogenesis of lethal myocardial reperfusion injury Cardiovasc Res 61 2004 481 497
67. R. Gillitzer, and M. Goebeler Chemokines in cutaneous wound healing J Leukoc Biol 69 2001 513 521
68. J.P. Cleutjens, J.C. Kandala, E. Guarda, R.V. Guntaka, and K.T. Weber Regulation of collagen degradation in the rat myocardium after infarction J Mol Cell Cardiol 27 1995 1281 1292
69. L.E. Rohde, A. Ducharme, L.H. Arroyo, M. Aikawa, G.H. Sukhova, and A. Lopez-Anaya Matrix metalloproteinase inhibition attenuates early left ventricular enlargement after experimental myocardial infarction in mice Circulation 99 1999 3063 3070
70. A. Ducharme, S. Frantz, M. Aikawa, E. Rabkin, M. Lindsey, and L.E. Rohde Targeted deletion of matrix metalloproteinase-9 attenuates left ventricular enlargement and collagen accumulation after experimental myocardial infarction J Clin Invest 106 2000 55 62
71. N. Jahovic, E. Guzel, S. Arbak, and B.C. Yegen The healing-promoting effect of saliva on skin burn is mediated by epidermal growth factor (EGF): role of the neutrophils Burns 30 2004 531 538
72. B.L. Hart, and K.L. Powell Antibacterial properties of saliva: role in maternal periparturient grooming and in licking wounds Physiol Behav 48 1990 383 386
73. P. Sansilvestri-Morel, A. Rupin, S. Jaisson, J.N. Fabiani, T.J. Verbeuren, and P.M. Vanhoutte Synthesis of collagen is dysregulated in cultured fibroblasts derived from skin of subjects with varicose veins as it is in venous smooth muscle cells Circulation 106 2002 479 483
74. S.E. Herrick, G.W. Ireland, D. Simon, C.N. McCollum, and M.W. Ferguson Venous ulcer fibroblasts compared with normal fibroblasts show differences in collagen but not fibronectin production under both normal and hypoxic conditions J Invest Dermatol 106 1996 187 193
75. K.A. Holbrook, and P.H. Byers Skin is a window on heritable disorders of connective tissue Am J Med Genet 34 1989 105 121
76. U. Seemuller, M. Arnhold, H. Fritz, K. Wiedenmann, W. Machleidt, and R. Heinzel The acid-stable proteinase inhibitor of human mucous secretions (HUSI-I, antileukoprotease). Complete amino acid sequence as revealed by protein and cDNA sequencing and structural homology to whey proteins and Red Sea turtle proteinase inhibitor FEBS Lett 199 1986 43 48
77. Y. Zhang, D.L. DeWitt, T.B. McNeely, S.M. Wahl, and L.M. Wahl Secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor suppresses the production of monocyte prostaglandin H synthase-2, prostaglandin E2, and matrix metalloproteinases J Clin Invest 99 1997 894 900
78. G.S. Ashcroft, K. Lei, W. Jin, G. Longenecker, A.B. Kulkarni, and T. Greenwell-Wild Secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor mediates non-redundant functions necessary for normal wound healing Nat Med 6 2000 1147 1153
79. D.T. Denhardt, and X. Guo Osteopontin: a protein with diverse functions FASEB J 7 1993 1475 1482
80. B.B. Mukherjee, M. Nemir, S. Beninati, E. Cordella-Miele, K. Singh, and I. Chackalaparampil Interaction of osteopontin with fibronectin and other extracellular matrix molecules Ann N Y Acad Sci 760 1995 201 212
81. L. Liaw, D.E. Birk, C.B. Ballas, J.S. Whitsitt, J.M. Davidson, and B.L. Hogan Altered wound healing in mice lacking a functional osteopontin gene (spp1) J Clin Invest 101 1998 1468 1478
82. N.A. Trueblood, Z. Xie, C. Communal, F. Sam, S. Ngoy, and L. Liaw Exaggerated left ventricular dilation and reduced collagen deposition after myocardial infarction in mice lacking osteopontin Circ Res 88 2001 1080 1087
83. K. Singh, G. Sirokman, C. Communal, K.G. Robinson, C.H. Conrad, and W.W. Brooks Myocardial osteopontin expression coincides with the development of heart failure Hypertension 33 1999 663 670
84. T.F. Lane, and E.H. Sage The biology of SPARC, a protein that modulates cell-matrix interactions FASEB J 8 1994 163 173
85. A. Basu, L.H. Kligman, S.J. Samulewicz, and C.C. Howe Impaired wound healing in mice deficient in a matricellular protein SPARC (osteonectin, BM-40) BMC Cell Biol 2 2001 15
86. S. Masson, B. Arosio, G. Luvara, N. Gagliano, F. Fiordaliso, and D. Santambrogio Remodelling of cardiac extracellular matrix during beta-adrenergic stimulation: upregulation of SPARC in the myocardium of adult rats J Mol Cell Cardiol 30 1998 1505 1514
87. E. Cario, H. Goebell, and A.U. Dignass Factor XIII modulates intestinal epithelial wound healing in vitro Scand J Gastroenterol 34 1999 485 490
88. I.E. el-Hakim The effect of fibrin stabilizing factor (F.XIII) on healing of bone defects in normal and uncontrolled diabetic rats Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 28 1999 304 308
89. G. Wozniak, T. Noll, U. Bott, and F.W. Hehrlein Factor XIII: experimental and clinical results in diabetic foot ulcer Zentralbl Chir 124 Suppl 1 1999 73 77
90. M.F. Jimenez-Navarro, J.J. Gomez-Doblas, I. Rodriguez Bailon, and E. de Teresa Galvan Endocarditis of the native aortic valve due to Propionibacterium acnes Rev Clin Esp 199 1999 331
91. T. Iwasaka, N. Takahashi, S. Nakamura, T. Sugiura, N. Tarumi, and Y. Kimura Residual left ventricular pump function after acute myocardial infarction in NIDDM patients Diabetes Care 15 1992 1522 1526
92. S. Uemura, H. Matsushita, W. Li, A.J. Glassford, T. Asagami, and K.H. Lee Diabetes mellitus enhances vascular matrix metalloproteinase activity: role of oxidative stress Circ Res 88 2001 1291 1298
93. K. Iwakura, H. Ito, M. Ikushima, S. Kawano, A. Okamura, and K. Asano Association between hyperglycemia and the no-reflow phenomenon in patients with acute myocardial infarction J Am Coll Cardiol 41 2003 1 7
94. S.M. Weis, J.L. Emery, K.D. Becker, D.J. McBride Jr., J.H. Omens, and A.D. McCulloch Myocardial mechanics and collagen structure in the osteogenesis imperfecta murine (oim) Circ Res 87 2000 663 669
95. R.S. Wong, F.M. Follis, B.K. Shively, and J.A. Wernly Osteogenesis imperfecta and cardiovascular diseases Ann Thorac Surg 60 1995 1439 1443
96. F.G. Spinale, M.L. Coker, L.J. Heung, B.R. Bond, H.R. Gunasinghe, and T. Etoh A matrix metalloproteinase induction/activation system exists in the human left ventricular myocardium and is upregulated in heart failure Circulation 102 2000 1944 1949
97. J.T. Peterson, H. Li, L. Dillon, and J.W. Bryant Evolution of matrix metalloprotease and tissue inhibitor expression during heart failure progression in the infarcted rat Cardiovasc Res 46 2000 307 315
98. S. Hayashidani, H. Tsutsui, M. Ikeuchi, T. Shiomi, H. Matsusaka, and T. Kubota Targeted deletion of MMP-2 attenuates early LV rupture and late remodeling after experimental myocardial infarction Am J Physiol, Heart Circ Physiol 285 2003 H1229 H1235
99. S. Heymans, A. Luttun, D. Nuyens, G. Theilmeier, E. Creemers, and L. Moons Inhibition of plasminogen activators or matrix metalloproteinases prevents cardiac rupture but impairs therapeutic angiogenesis and causes cardiac failure Nat Med 5 1999 1135 1142
100. G.C. Wei, M.G. Sirois, R. Qu, P. Liu, and J.L. Rouleau Subacute and chronic effects of quinapril on cardiac cytokine expression, remodeling, and function after myocardial infarction in the rat J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 39 2002 842 850
101. H. Toko, Y. Zou, T. Minamino, M. Sakamoto, M. Sano, and M. Harada Angiotensin II type 1a receptor is involved in cell infiltration, cytokine production, and neovascularization in infarcted myocardium Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 24 2004 664 670
102. J.F. Smits, C. van Krimpen, R.G. Schoemaker, J.P. Cleutjens, and M.J. Daemen Angiotensin II receptor blockade after myocardial infarction in rats: effects on hemodynamics, myocardial DNA synthesis, and interstitial collagen content J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 20 1992 772 778
103. B. Schieffer, A. Wirger, M. Meybrunn, S. Seitz, J. Holtz, and U.N. Riede Comparative effects of chronic angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition and angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockade on cardiac remodeling after myocardial infarction in the rat Circulation 89 1994 2273 2282
104. S.D. Prabhu, B. Chandrasekar, D.R. Murray, and G.L. Freeman Beta-adrenergic blockade in developing heart failure: effects on myocardial inflammatory cytokines, nitric oxide, and remodeling Circulation 101 2000 2103 2109
105. S. Wei, L.T. Chow, and J.E. Sanderson Effect of carvedilol in comparison with metoprolol on myocardial collagen postinfarction J Am Coll Cardiol 36 2000 276 281
106. E.F. Smith III, D.E. Griswold, L.M. Hillegass, M.J. Slivjak, P.A. Davis, and M.J. DiMartino Cardioprotective effects of the vasodilator/beta-adrenoceptor blocker, carvedilol, in two models of myocardial infarction in the rat Pharmacology 44 1992 297 305
107. E.F. Smith III, J.W. Egan, and D.E. Griswold Effect of propranolol on ischemic myocardial damage and left ventricular hypertrophy following permanent coronary artery occlusion or occlusion followed by reperfusion Pharmacology 38 1989 298 309
108. D. Fraccarollo, P. Galuppo, S. Hildemann, M. Christ, G. Ertl, and J. Bauersachs Additive improvement of left ventricular remodeling and neurohormonal activation by aldosterone receptor blockade with eplerenone and ACE inhibition in rats with myocardial infarction J Am Coll Cardiol 42 2003 1666 1673
109. J.S. Silvestre, C. Heymes, A. Oubenaissa, V. Robert, B. Aupetit-Faisant, and A. Carayon Activation of cardiac aldosterone production in rat myocardial infarction: effect of angiotensin II receptor blockade and role in cardiac fibrosis Circulation 99 1999 2694 2701
110. R.S. Rosenson, C.C. Tangney, and L.C. Casey Inhibition of proinflammatory cytokine production by pravastatin Lancet 353 1999 983 984
111. S. Hayashidani, H. Tsutsui, T. Shiomi, N. Suematsu, S. Kinugawa, and T. Ide Fluvastatin, a 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme a reductase inhibitor, attenuates left ventricular remodeling and failure after experimental myocardial infarction Circulation 105 2002 868 873
112. J. Bauersachs, P. Galuppo, D. Fraccarollo, M. Christ, and G. Ertl Improvement of left ventricular remodeling and function by hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme a reductase inhibition with cerivastatin in rats with heart failure after myocardial infarction Circulation 104 2001 982 985
113. C.P. Tiefenbacher, J. Kapitza, V. Dietz, C.H. Lee, and F. Niroomand Reduction of myocardial infarct size by fluvastatin Am J Physiol, Heart Circ Physiol 285 2003 H59 H64
114. C.A. Lygate, K. Hulbert, M. Monfared, M.A. Cole, K. Clarke, and S. Neubauer The PPARgamma-activator rosiglitazone does not alter remodeling but increases mortality in rats post-myocardial infarction Cardiovasc Res 58 2003 632 637
115. S. Frantz, K. Hu, J. Widder, B. Bayer, C.C. Witzel, and I. Schmidt Peroxisome proliferator activated-receptor agonism and left ventricular remodeling in mice with chronic myocardial infarction Br J Pharmacol 141 2004 9 14
116. T. Shiomi, H. Tsutsui, S. Hayashidani, N. Suematsu, M. Ikeuchi, and J. Wen Pioglitazone, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma agonist, attenuates left ventricular remodeling and failure after experimental myocardial infarction Circulation 106 2002 3126 3132
117. T.-L. Yue, J. Chen, W. Bao, P. Narayanan, A. Bril, and W. Jiang In vivo myocardial protection from ischemia/reperfusion injury by the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-agonist rosiglitazone Circulation 104 2001 2588