L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine as a neurotransmitter candidate in the central nervous system

Pharmacology and Therapeutics

Volumn 97, Issue 2, 2003, Pages 117-137

  Misu, Yoshimi ^a,b   Kitahama, Kunio ^c   Goshima, Yoshio ^a  

^a YOKOHAMA CITY UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

^b Shinobu Hospital   (Japan)

^c UNIVERSITÉ LYON 1   (France)

Author keywords

Baroreflex neurotransmitter candidate; Delayed neuronal death; DOPA; Glutamate release; Neuronal nitric oxide synthase; Nitric oxide production

Indexed keywords

DOPA; LEVODOPA; NEUROTRANSMITTER;

ACTIVE TRANSPORT; ANIMAL TISSUE; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM; COMPETITIVE INHIBITION; DOPAMINE METABOLISM; DOPAMINE RELEASE; DRUG EFFECT; ISCHEMIA; NERVE CELL NECROSIS; NEUROMODULATION; NEUROTRANSMISSION; NONHUMAN; PARKINSON DISEASE; PRECURSOR; PRESSORECEPTOR REFLEX; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RAT; REVIEW; STRUCTURE ACTIVITY RELATION;

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM; DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE; HUMANS; NEUROTRANSMITTER AGENTS;

EID: 12244301573     PISSN: 01637258     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0163-7258(02)00325-X     Document Type: Review

References (155)

1. Aicher S.A., Milner T.A., Pickel V.M., Reis D.J. Anatomical substrates for baroreflex sympathoinhibition in the rat. Brain Res Bull. 51:2000;107-110.
2. Akbar M., Ishihara K., Sasa M., Misu Y. Inhibition by L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine of hippocampal CA1 neurons with facilitation of noradrenaline and γ-aminobutyric acid release. Eur J Pharmacol. 414:2001;197-203.
3. Andresen M.C., Doyle M.W., Jin Y.H., Bailey T.W. Cellular mechanisms of baroreceptor integration at the nucleus tractus solitarius. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 940:2001;132-141.
4. Arai N., Misugi K., Goshima Y., Misu Y. Evaluation of a 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-treated C57 black mouse model for parkinsonism. Brain Res. 515:1990;57-63.
5. Arai N., Furukawa N., Miyamae T., Goshima Y., Sasaki Y., Ohshima E., Suzuki F., Fijita K., Misu Y. DOPA cyclohexyl ester, a competitive DOPA antagonist, protects glutamate release and resultant delayed neuron death by transient ischemia in hippocampus CA1 in conscious rats. Neurosci Lett. 299:2001;213-216.
6. Bartholini G., Bates H.M., Burkard W.P., Pletscher A. Increase of cerebral catecholamines by 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine after inhibition of peripheral decarboxylase. Nature. 215:1967;852-853.
7. Bartholini G., Constantinidis J., Puig M., Tissort R., Pletscher A. The stereoisomers of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylserine as precursor of norepinephrine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 193:1975;523-532.
8. Blunt S.B., Jenner P., Marsden C.D. Suppressive effects of L-DOPA on dopamine cells remaining in the ventral tegmental area of rats previously exposed to the neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine. Mov Disord. 8:1993;129-133.
9. Buchan A., Pulsinelli W.A. Hypothermia but not the N-methyl-d-aspartate antagonist, MK-801, attenuates neuronal damage in gerbil subjected to transient global ischemia. J Neurosci. 10:1990;311-316.
10. Bunney B.S., Aghajanian G.K., Roth R.H. Comparison of effects of L-dopa, amphetamine and apomorphine on firing rate of rat dopaminergic neurons. Nature (New Biol). 245:1973;123-125.
11. Carlsson A., Lindqvist M., Magnusson T. 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine and 5-hydroxytryptophan as reserpine antagonists. Nature. 180:1957;1200.
12. Catelli J.M., Giakas W.J., Sved A.F. GABAergic mechanisms in nucleus tractus solitarii alter blood pressure and vasopressin release. Brain Res. 403:1987;279-289.
13. Chang W.Y., Webster R.A. Effects of 3-O-methyl dopa on L-dopa-facilitated synthesis and efflux of dopamine from rat striatal slices. Br J Pharmacol. 116:1995;2637-2640.
14. Cheng N.-N., Maeda T., Kume T., Kaneko S., Kochiyama H., Akaike A., Goshima Y., Misu Y. Differential neurotoxicity induced by L-DOPA and dopamine in cultured striatal neurons. Brain Res. 743:1996;278-283.
15. Choi D.W. Glutamate neurotoxicity and diseases of the nervous system. Neuron. 1:1988;623-634.
16. Chritton S.L., Chinnow S.L., Grabau C., Dousa M.K., Lucas D., Roddy D., Yaksh T.L., Tyce G.M. Adrenomedullary secretion of DOPA, catecholamines, catechol metabolites, and neuropeptides. J Neurochem. 69:1997;2413-2420.
17. Dawson V.L., Dawson T.M., Bartley D.A., Uhl G.R., Snyder S.H. Mechanisms of nitric oxide-mediated neurotoxicity in primary brain cultures. J Neurosci. 13:1993;2651-2661.
18. Devés R., Boyd C.A.R. Transporters for cationic amino acids in animal cells: discovery, structure, and function. Physiol Rev. 78:1998;487-545.
19. Douglas W.W., Rubin R.P. The mechanism of catecholamine release from the adrenal medulla and the role of calcium in stimulus-secretion coupling. J Physiol. 167:1963;288-310.
20. 2+-dependent phosphorylation. Nature. 302:1983;830-832.
21. Fahn S. Is levodopa toxic? Neurology. 47(suppl. 3):1996;S184-S195.
22. Fisher A., Biggs C.S., Eradiri O., Starr M.S. Dual effects of L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine on aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase, dopamine release and motor stimulation in the reserpine-treated rat: evidence that behaviour is dopamine independent. Neuroscience. 95:2000;97-111.
23. Foley C.M., Vogl H.W., Mueller P.J., Hay M., Hasser E.M. Cardiovascular response to group I metabotropic glutamate receptor activation in NTS. Am J Physiol. 276:1999;R1469-R1478.
24. Furukawa N., Goshima Y., Miyamae T., Nishihama M., Okumura F., Fujita K., Misu Y. An L-DOPA-like depressor action of L-threo-dihydroxyphenylserine in the rat caudal ventrolateral medulla. Life Sci. 61:1997;1177-1183.
25. Furukawa N., Goshima Y., Miyamae T., Sugiyama Y., Shimizu M., Ohshima E., Suzuki F., Arai N., Fujita K., Misu Y. L-DOPA cyclohexyl ester is a novel potent and relatively stable competitive antagonist against L-DOPA among L-DOPA ester compounds in rats. Jpn J Pharmacol. 82:2000;40-47.
26. Furukawa N., Arai N., Goshima Y., Miyamae T., Ohshima E., Suzuki F., Fujita K., Misu Y. Endogenously released DOPA is a causal factor for glutamate release and resultant delayed neuronal cell death by transient ischemia in rat striata. J Neurochem. 76:2001;815-824.
27. Geffard M., Buijs R.M., Seguela P., Pool C.W., Moal M.L. First demonstration of highly specific and sensitive antibodies against dopamine. Brain Res. 294:1984;161-165.
28. Goodale D.B., Moore K.E. A comparison of the effects of decarboxylase inhibitors on L-DOPA-induced circling behavior and the conversion of DOPA to dopamine in the brain. Life Sci. 19:1976;701-706.
29. Goshima Y., Kubo T., Misu Y. Autoregulation of endogenous epinephrine release via presynaptic adrenoceptors in the rat hypothalamic slice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 235:1985;248-253.
30. Goshima Y., Kubo T., Misu Y. Biphasic actions of L-DOPA on the release of endogenous noradrenaline and dopamine from rat hypothalamic slices. Br J Pharmacol. 89:1986;229-234.
31. Goshima Y., Kubo T., Misu Y. Transmitter-like release of endogenous 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine from rat striatal slices. J Neurochem. 50:1988;1725-1730.
32. 2-adrenoceptors under essentially complete inhibition of L-aromatic amino acid decarboxylase in rat hypothalamic slices. Jpn J Pharmacol. 53:1990;47-56.
33. Goshima Y., Misu Y., Arai N., Misugi K. Nanomolar L-DOPA facilitates release of dopamine via presynaptic β-adrenoceptors: comparative studies on the actions in striatal slices from control and 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-treated C57 black mice, an animal model for Parkinson's disease. Jpn J Pharmacol. 55:1991;93-100.
34. Goshima Y., Nakamura S., Misu Y. L-Dihydroxyphenylalanine methyl ester is a potent competitive antagonist of the L-dihydroxyphenylalanine-induced facilitation of the evoked release of endogenous norepinephrine from rat hypothalamic slices. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 258:1991;466-471.
35. Goshima Y., Nakamura S., Ohno K., Misu Y. Picomolar concentrations of L-DOPA stereoselectively potentiate activities of presynaptic β-adrenoceptors to facilitate the release of endogenous noradrenaline from rat hypothalamic slices. Neurosci Lett. 129:1991;214-216.
36. 2+-dependent and tetrodotoxin-sensitive release of endogenous glutamate from rat striatal slices. Brain Res. 617:1993;167-170.
37. Goshima Y., Miyamae T., Nakamura S., Miki K., Kosaka K., Misu Y. Ventral tegmental injection of nicotine induces locomotor activity and L-DOPA release from nucleus accumbens. Eur J Pharmacol. 309:1996;229-233.
38. Goshima Y., Ueda H., Misu Y. Therapeutic and adverse actions of L-DOPA. Nanomolar L-DOPA induces basal L-glutamate release in intact striata and its augmentation in 6-OHDA-lesioned striata of awake rats. Jpn J Pharmacol. 71(suppl. I):1996;. 30P.
39. A receptors in the nucleus tractus solitarii of anesthetized rats. Neurosci Lett. 261:1999;155-158.
40. Greenamyre J.T. Glutamate-dopamine interactions in the basal ganglia: relationship to Parkinson's disease. J Neural Transm. 91:1993;255-269.
41. Hefti F., Melamed E. L-DOPA's mechanism of action in Parkinson's disease. Trends Neurosci. 3:1980;229-231.
42. Helke C.J., Niederer A.J. Studies on the coexistence of substance P with other putative transmitters in the nodose and petrosal ganglia. Synapse. 5:1990;144-151.
43. Hirai K., Katayama Y., Misu Y. L-DOPA induces concentration-dependent facilitation and inhibition of presynaptic acetylcholine release in the guinea-pig submucous plexus. Brain Res. 718:1996;105-111.
44. Hoffman B.B., Taylor P. Neurotransmission: the autonomic and somatic motor nervous systems. Hardman J.G., Limbird L.E., Gilman A.G. Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 2001;115-153 McGraw-Hill, New York.
45. A receptors to inhibit hypotension and bradycardia by L-DOPA microinjected into depressor sites of the nucleus tractus solitarii in anesthetized rats. Neurosci Lett. 261:1999;93-96.
46. 11C]raclopride binding in rat striatum, quantified using PET. Synapse. 21:1995;45-53.
47. Hunter L.W., Rorie D.K., Tyce G.M. Dihydroxyphenylalanine and dopamine are released from portal vein together with noradrenaline and dihydroxyphenylglycol during nerve stimulation. J Neurochem. 59:1992;972-982.
48. + RNA. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1466:2000;61-70.
49. Jaeger C.B., Ruggiero D.A., Albert V.R., Park D.H., Joh T.H., Reis D.J. Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase in the rat brain: immunocytochemical localization in neurons of the brain stem. Neuroscience. 11:1984;691-713.
50. Karasawa N., Isomura G., Nagatsu I. Production of specific antibody against L-DOPA and its ultrastructural localization of immunoreactivity in the house-shrew (Suncus murinus) lateral habenular nucleus. Neurosci Lett. 143:1992;267-270.
51. Katz D.M., Markey K.A., Goldstein M., Black I.B. Expression of catecholaminergic characteristics by primary sensory neurons in the normal adult rat in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 80:1983;3526-3530.
52. Kirpekar S.M., Misu Y. Release of noradrenaline by splenic nerve stimulation and its dependence on calcium. J Physiol. 188:1967;219-234.
53. Kiss J.Z., Mezey E. Tyrosine hydroxylase in magnocellular neurosecretory neurons; response to physiological manipulations. Neuroendocrinology. 43:1986;519-525.
54. Kitahama K., Denoyer M., Raynaud B., Borri-Voltattorni C., Weber M., Jouvet M. Immunohistochemistry of aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase in the cat forebrain. J Comp Neurol. 270:1988;337-353.
55. Kitahama K., Geffard M., Okamura H., Nagatsu I., Mons N., Jouvet M. Dopamine- and DOPA-immunoreactive neurons in the cat forebrain with reference to tyrosine hydroxylase-immunohistochemistry. Brain Res. 518:1990;83-94.
56. Kitahama K., Nagatsu I., Pearson J. Catecholamine systems in mammalian midbrain and hindbrain: theme and variations. Smeets W.J.A.J., Reiner A. Phylogeny and Development of Catecholamine Systems in the CNS of Vertebrates. 1994;183-205 Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
57. Kitahama K., Ikemoto K., Jouvet A., Nagatsu I., Geffard M., Okamura H., Pearson J. Dopamine synthesizing enzymes in paraventricular hypothalamic neurons of the human and monkey (Macaca fuscata). Neurosci Lett. 243:1998;1-4.
58. Kitahama K., Ikemoto K., Jouvet A., Nagatsu I., Sakamoto N., Pearson J. Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase- and tyrosine hydroxylase-immunohistochemistry in the adult human hypothalamus. J Chem Neuroanat. 16:1998;43-55.
59. Komori K., Uesaka S., Yamaoka H., Fujita K., Yamaoka K., Naitoh H., Kuroda M., Karasawa N., Ito T., Karasawa Y., Nagatsu I. Identification of L-DOPA immunoreactivity in some neurons in the human mesencephalic region: a novel DOPA neuron group? Neurosci Lett. 157:1993;13-16.
60. Kristensen E.W., Chinnow S.L., Montreuil R.S., Tyce G.M. Precursors and metabolites of norepinephrine in sympathetic ganglia of the dog. J Neurochem. 54:1990;1782-1790.
61. Kubo T., Kihara M. Evidence for the presence of GABAergic and glycine-like systems responsible for cardiovascular control in the nucleus tractus solitarii of the rat. Neurosci Lett. 74:1987;331-336.
62. Kubo T., Kihara M. Evidence for γ-aminobutyric acid receptor-mediated modulation of the aortic baroreceptor reflex in the nucleus tractus solitarii of the rat. Neurosci Lett. 89:1988;156-160.
63. Kubo T., Yue J.-L., Goshima Y., Nakamura S., Misu Y. Evidence for L-DOPA systems responsible for cardiovascular control in the nucleus tractus solitarii of the rat. Neurosci Lett. 140:1992;153-156.
64. Leone C., Gordon F.J. Is L-glutamate a neurotransmitter of baroreceptor information in the nucleus of the tractus solitarius? J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 250:1989;953-962.
65. Lipton S.A., Rosenberg P.A. Excitatory amino acids as a final common pathway for neurologic disorders. N Engl J Med. 330:1994;613-622.
66. Lloyd K.G., Davidson L., Hornykiewicz O. The neurochemistry of Parkinson's disease: effect of L-dopa therapy. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 195:1975;453-464.
67. Lokhandwala M.F., Buckley J.P. The effect of L-dopa on peripheral sympathetic nerve function: role of presynaptic dopamine receptors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 204:1978;362-371.
68. Maeda M., Inoue M., Takao S., Nakai M. Central control mechanisms of circulation in the medulla oblongata by nitric oxide. Jpn J Physiol. 49:1999;467-478.
69. Maeda T., Cheng N.-N., Kume T., Kaneko S., Kouchiyama H., Akaike A., Ueda M., Satoh M., Goshima Y., Misu Y. L-DOPA neurotoxicity is mediated by glutamate release in cultured rat striatal neurons. Brain Res. 771:1997;159-162.
70. McGivan J.D., Pastor-Anglada M. Regulatory and molecular aspects of mammalian amino acid transport. Biochem J. 299:1994;321-334.
71. Meister B., Hökfelt T., Steinbusch H.W.M., Skagerberg G., Lindvall O., Geffard M., Joh T.H., Cuello A.C., Goldstein M. Do tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive neurons in the ventrolateral arcuate nucleus produce dopamine or only L-dopa? J Chem Neuroanat. 1:1988;59-64.
72. Melamed E., Hefti F., Bitton V., Globus M. Suppression of L-dopa-induced circling in rats with nigral lesions by blockade of central dopa-decarboxylase: implications for mechanism of action of L-dopa in parkinsonism. Neurology. 34:1984;1566-1570.
73. Misu Y., Goshima Y. Is L-dopa an endogenous neurotransmitter? Trends Pharmacol Sci. 14:1993;119-123.
74. Misu Y., Kubo T. Presynaptic β-adrenoceptors. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 4:1983;506-508.
75. Misu Y., Kubo T. Presynaptic β-adrenoceptors. Med Res Rev. 6:1986;197-225.
76. Misu Y., Goshima Y., Ueda H., Kubo T. Presynaptic inhibitory dopamine receptors on noradrenergic nerve terminals: analysis of biphasic actions of dopamine and apomorphine on the release of endogenous norepinephrine in rat hypothalamic slices. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 235:1985;771-777.
77. Misu Y., Goshima Y., Kubo T. Biphasic actions of L-DOPA on the release of endogenous dopamine via presynaptic receptors in rat striatal slices. Neurosci Lett. 72:1986;194-198.
78. 2+-dependently endogenous 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine from rat striatal slices. Brain Res. 520:1990;334-337.
79. Misu Y., Yue J.-L., Okumura Y., Nishihama M., Okumura F. Endogenous L-DOPA but not glutamate or GABA is released by aortic nerve and baroreceptor stimulation in the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) of rats. Jpn J Pharmacol. 64(suppl. I):1994;. 342P.
80. Misu Y., Ueda H., Goshima Y. Neurotransmitter-like actions of L-DOPA. Adv Pharmacol. 32:1995;427-459.
81. Misu Y., Yue J.-L., Goshima Y. L-DOPA systems for blood pressure regulation in the lower brainstem. Neurosci Res. 23:1995;147-158.
82. Misu Y., Yue J.-L., Miyamae T., Goshima Y. Altered L-DOPA systems for blood pressure regulation in the lower brainstem of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Hypertension Res. 18:1995;267-277.
83. Misu Y., Goshima Y., Ueda H., Okamura H. Neurobiology of L-DOPAergic systems. Prog Neurobiol. 49:1996;415-454.
84. Misu Y., Goshima Y., Miyamae T., Furukawa N., Sugiyama Y., Okumura Y., Shimizu M., Ohshima E., Suzuki F. L-DOPA cyclohexyl ester is a novel stable and potent competitive antagonist against L-DOPA, as compared to L-DOPA methyl ester. Jpn J Pharmacol. 75:1997;307-309.
85. Misu Y., Furukawa N., Arai N., Miyamae T., Goshima Y., Fujita K. DOPA causes glutamate release and delayed neuron death by brain ischemia in rats. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 24:2002;629-638.
86. Misu Y., Goshima Y., Miyamae T. Is DOPA a neurotransmitter? Trends Pharmacol Sci. 23:2002;262-268.
87. Miyamae T., Yue J.-L., Okumura Y., Goshima Y., Misu Y. Loss of tonic neuronal activity to release L-DOPA in the caudal ventrolateral medulla of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Neurosci Lett. 198:1995;37-40.
88. Miyamae T., Yue J.-L., Goshima Y., Misu Y. Depressor action of L-threo-dihydroxyphenylserine in the rat nucleus tractus solitarii. Eur J Pharmacol. 300:1996;105-108.
89. Miyamae T., Goshima Y., Shimizu M., Shibata T., Kawashima K., Ohshima E., Suzuki F., Misu Y. Some interactions of L-DOPA and its related compounds with glutamate receptors. Life Sci. 64:1999;1045-1054.
90. Miyamae T., Goshima Y., Yue J.-L., Misu Y. L-DOPAergic components in the caudal ventrolateral medulla in baroreflex neurotransmission. Neuroscience. 92:1999;137-149.
91. Mons N., Geffard M. Specific antisera against the catecholamines: L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine, dopamine, noradrenaline and octopamine tested by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. J Neurochem. 48:1987;1826-1833.
92. Mons N., Tison F., Geffard M. Existence of L-DOPA immunoreactive neurons in the rat preoptic area and anterior hypothalamus. Neuroendocrinology. 51:1990;425-428.
93. Murata M., Kanazawa I. Repeated L-DOPA administration reduces the ability of dopamine storage and abolishes the supersensitivity of dopamine receptors in the striatum of intact rat. Neurosci Res. 16:1993;15-23.
94. Nagatsu I., Ichinose H., Sakai M., Titani K., Suzuki M., Nagatsu T. Immunocytochemical localization of GTP cyclohydrolase I in the brain, adrenal gland, and liver of mice. J Neuronal Transm [Gen Sect]. 102:1995;175-188.
95. Nagatsu I., Ikemoto K., Kitahama K., Nishimura A., Ichinose H., Nagatsu T. Specific localization of the guanosine triphosphate (GTP) cyclohydrolase I-immunoreactivity in the human brain. J Neural Transm. 106:1999;607-617.
96. +-evoked release of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine from the striatum in conscious rats studied by microdialysis. J Neurochem. 58:1992;270-275.
97. Nakamura S., Goshima Y., Yue J.-L., Miyamae T., Misu Y. Transmitter-like 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine is tonically released by nicotine in striata of conscious rats. Eur J Pharmacol. 222:1992;75-80.
98. Nakamura S., Goshima Y., Yue J.-L., Miyamae T., Misu Y. Endogenously released DOPA is probably relevant to nicotine-induced increases in locomotor activities of rats. Jpn J Pharmacol. 62:1993;107-110.
99. 2-receptor-mediated locomotor activities of conscious rats. Neurosci Lett. 170:1994;22-26.
100. Nakazato T., Akiyama A. Effect of exogenous L-DOPA on behavior in the rat: an in vivo voltammetric study. Brain Res. 490:1989;332-338.
101. Narabayashi H., Kondo Y., Hayashi A., Suzuki T., Nagatsu T. L-threo-3,4-Dihydroxyphenylserine treatment for akinesia and freezing of parkinsonism. Proc Jpn Acad Ser B. 57:1981;353-354.
102. Newcomer T.A., Rosenberg P.A., Aizenman E. TOPA quinone, a kainate-like agonist and excitotoxin, is generated by a catecholaminergic cell line. J Neurosci. 15:1995;3172-3177.
103. Ng K.Y., Chase T.N., Colburn R.W., Kopin I.J. L-Dopa-induced release of cerebral monoamines. Science. 170:1970;76-77.
104. Ng K.Y., Chase T.N., Colburn R.W., Kopin I.J. Dopamine: stimulation-induced release from central neurons. Science. 172:1971;487-489.
105. Nishihama M., Miyamae T., Goshima Y., Okumura F., Misu Y. An L-DOPAergic relay from the posterior hypothalamic nucleus to the rostral ventrolateral medulla and its cardiovascular function in anesthetized rats. Neuroscience. 92:1999;123-135.
106. Obrenovitch T.P., Richards D.A. Extracellular neurotransmitter changes in cerebral ischemia. Cerebrovasc Brain Metab Rev. 7:1995;1-54.
107. 2+ channel antagonists on striatal dopamine and DOPA release, studied by in vivo microdialysis. Br J Pharmacol. 123:1998;805-814.
108. Okamura H., Kitahama K., Mons N., Ibata Y., Jouvet M., Geffard M. L-DOPA-immunoreactive neurons in the rat hypothalamic tuberal region. Neurosci Lett. 95:1988;42-46.
109. Okamura H., Kitahama K., Nagatsu I., Geffard M. Comparative topography of dopamine- and tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive neurons in the rat arcuate nucleus. Neurosci Lett. 95:1988;347-353.
110. Okamura H., Kitahama K., Mons N., Matsumoto Y., Ibata Y., Geffard M. Heterogeneous distribution of L-DOPA immunoreactivity in dopaminergic neurons of the rat midbrain. Nagatsu T., Fisher A., Yoshida M. Basic, Clinical, and Therapeutic Aspects of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Diseases. Vol. 1:1990;423-426 Plenum Press, New York.
111. Okamura H., Kitahama K., Raynaud B., Borri-Voltattorni C., Nagatsu I., Weber M. Immunocytochemistry of aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase in the rat preoptic area and anterior hypothalamus, with special reference to tyrosine hydroxylase immunocytochemistry. Biog Amine. 7:1990;351-361.
112. 2+-dependent and tetrodotoxin-sensitive release of endogenous glutamate from striata of conscious rats. Jpn J Pharmacol. 67(suppl. I):1995;. 233P.
113. Olney J.W., Sharpe L.G. Brain lesions in an infant rhesus monkey treated with monosodium glutamate. Science. 166:1969;386-388.
114. Olney J.W., Zorumski C.F., Stewart G.R., Price M.T., Wang G., Labruyere J. Excitotoxicity of L-DOPA and 6-OH-DOPA: implications for Parkinson's and Huntington's diseases. Exp Neurol. 108:1990;269-272.
115. Opacka-Juffry J., Brooks D.J. L-Dihydroxyphenylalanine and its decarboxylase: new ideas on their neuroregulatory roles. Mov Disord. 10:1995;241-249.
116. Ponzio F., Achilli G., Perego C., Rinaldi G., Algeri S. Does acute L-DOPA increase active release of dopamine from dopaminergic neurons? Brain Res. 273:1983;45-51.
117. Price J., Mudge A.W. A subpopulation of rat dorsal root ganglion neurons is catecholaminergic. Nature. 301:1983;241-243.
118. Rossi D.J., Oshima T., Attwell D. Glutamate release in severe brain ischaemia is mainly by reversed uptake. Nature. 403:2000;316-321.
119. Roth R.H. CNS dopamine autoreceptors: distribution, pharmacology, and function. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 430:1984;27-53.
120. 2-adrenoceptor- but not facilitatory angiotensin II receptor-mediated modulation of noradrenaline release from rat hypothalamic slices. Jpn J Pharmacol. 62:1993;119-122.
121. 3 agonist, on acetylcholine release during striatal microdialysis in conscious rats. Brain Res. 655:1994;233-236.
122. Sato K., Ueda H., Okumura F., Misu Y. Supersensitization of intrastriatal dopamine receptors involved in opposite regulation of acetylcholine release in Parkinson's model rats. Neurosci Lett. 173:1994;59-62.
123. Sheardown M.J., Nielsen E.Ø., Hansen A.J., Jacobsen P., Honoré T. 2,3-Dihydroxy-6-nitro-7-sulfamoyl-benzo (F) quinoxaline: a neuroprotectant for cerebral ischemia. Science. 247:1990;571-574.
124. Skagerberg G., Meister B., Hökfelt T., Lindvall O., Goldstein M., Joh T., Cuello A.C. Studies on dopamine-, tyrosine hydroxylase- and aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase-containing cells in the rat diencephalon: comparison between formaldehyde-induced histofluorescence and immunofluorescence. Neuroscience. 24:1988;605-620.
125. +-dependent uptake of the neurotransmitter candidate L-DOPA in the CNS. Neuroscience. 104:2001;1-14.
126. Sun M.-K. Pharmacology of reticulospinal vasomotor neurons in cardiovascular regulation. Pharmacol Rev. 48:1996;465-494.
127. Sved A.F., Curtis J.T. Amino acid neurotransmitters in nucleus tractus solitarius: an in vivo microdialysis study. J Neurochem. 61:1993;2089-2098.
128. Talman W.T., Perrone M.H., Reis D.J. Evidence for L-glutamate as the neurotransmitter of baroreceptor afferent nerve fibers. Science. 209:1980;813-815.
129. Tanaka M., Okamura H., Kitahama K., Kawakami F., Mons N., Geffard M., Ibata Y. L-DOPA-immunoreactivity in hypothalamic magnocellular neurons of hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system. Neurosci Res (suppl.). 16:1991;S29.
130. Tedroff J.M. The neuroregulatory properties of L-DOPA. A review of the evidence and potential role in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Rev Neurosci. 8:1998;195-204.
131. Tedroff J., Torstenson R., Hartvig P., Lindner K.J., Watanabe Y., Bjurling P., Westerberg G., Långström B. L-DOPA modulates striatal dopaminergic function in vivo: evidence from PET investigations in nonhuman primates. Synapse. 25:1997;56-61.
132. Tison F., Mons N., Rouet-Kamara S., Geffard M., Henry P. Endogenous L-DOPA in the rat dorsal vagal complex: an immunocytochemical study by light and electron microscopy. Brain Res. 497:1989;260-270.
133. Tison F., Mons N., Geffard M., Henry P. Immunohistochemistry of endogenous L-DOPA in the rat posterior hypothalamus. Histochemistry. 93:1990;655-660.
134. Treseder S.A., Jackson M., Jenner P. The effects of central aromatic amino acid DOPA decarboxylase inhibition on the motor actions of L-DOPA and dopamine agonists in MPTP-treated primates. Br J Pharmacol. 129:2000;1355-1364.
135. Treseder S.A., Rose S., Jenner P. The central aromatic amino acid DOPA decarboxylase inhibitor, NSD-1015, does not inhibit L-DOPA-induced circling in unilateral 6-OHDA-lesioned-rats. Eur J Neurosci. 13:2001;162-170.
136. 11C]DOPA disposition in the monkey brain. Brain Res. 713:1996;92-98.
137. 2-adrenoceptors of endogenous noradrenaline and dopamine release from slices of rat hypothalamus. Life Sci. 33:1983;371-376.
138. 2- and dopamine-receptor-mediated inhibitory mechanisms and dopamine nerve terminals in the rat hypothalamus. Neurosci Lett. 40:1983;157-162.
139. Ueda H., Goshima Y., Kubo T., Misu Y. Adrenaline involvement in the presynaptic β-adrenoceptor-mediated mechanism of dopamine release from slices of the rat hypothalamus. Life Sci. 34:1984;1087-1093.
140. Ueda H., Goshima Y., Kubo T., Misu Y. Involvement of epinephrine in the presynaptic beta adrenoceptor mechanism of norepinephrine release from rat hypothalamic slices. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 232:1985;507-512.
141. Ueda H., Sato K., Okumura F., Misu Y. L-DOPA inhibits spontaneous acetylcholine release from the striatum of experimental Parkinson's model rats. Brain Res. 698:1995;213-216.
142. Ui-Tei K., Nishihara S., Sakuma M., Matsuda K., Miyake T., Miyata Y. Chemical analysis of neurotransmitter candidates in clonal cell lines from Drosophila central nervous system. I. ACh and L-DOPA. Neurosci Lett. 174:1994;85-88.
143. Urbanski R.W., Sapru H.N. Evidence for a sympathoexcitatory pathway from the nucleus tractus solitarii to the ventrolateral medullary pressor area. J Auton Nerv Syst. 23:1988;161-174.
144. Vertes R.P., Crane A.M. Descending projections of the posterior nucleus of the hypothalamus: Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin analysis in the rat. J Comp Neurol. 354:1996;607-631.
145. Westerink B.H.C., Van Es T.P., Spaan S.J. Effects of drugs interfering with dopamine and noradrenaline biosynthesis on the endogenous 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine levels in rat brain. J Neurochem. 39:1982;44-51.
146. Yamanashi K., Miyamae T., Misu Y., Goshima Y. Tonic function of nicotinic receptors in stress-induced release of L-DOPA from the nucleus accumbens in freely moving rats. Eur J Pharmacol. 424:2001;199-202.
147. Yamanashi K., Miyamae T., Sasaki Y., Maeda M., Hirano H., Misu Y., Goshima Y. Involvement of nitric oxide production via kynurenic acid-sensitive glutamate receptors in DOPA-induced depressor responses in the nucleus tractus solitarii of anesthetized rats. Neurosci Res. 43:2002;231-238.
148. Yoshida M., Kondo Y., Karasawa N., Yamada K., Takagi I., Nagatsu I. Immunohistocytochemical localization of catecholamine-synthesizing enzymes in suprarenal, superior cervical and nodose ganglia of dogs. Acta Histochem Cytochem. 14:1981;588-595.
149. Young W.S., Warden M., Mezey E. Tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA is increased by hyperosmotic stimuli in the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei. Neuroendocrinology. 46:1987;439-444.
150. Yue J.-L., Goshima Y., Nakamura S., Misu Y. L-Dopa-like regulatory actions of L-threo-3,4-dihydroxyphenylserine on the release of endogenous noradrenaline via presynaptic receptors in rat hypothalamic slices. J Pharm Pharmcol. 44:1992;990-995.
151. Yue J.-L., Goshima Y., Misu Y. Transmitter-like L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine tonically functions to mediate vasodepressor control in the caudal ventrolateral medulla of rats. Neurosci Lett. 159:1993;103-106.
152. Yue J.-L., Goshima Y., Miyamae T., Misu Y. Evidence for L-DOPA relevant to modulation of sympathetic activity in the rostral ventrolateral medulla of rats. Brain Res. 629:1993;310-314.
153. 2 receptor-mediated locomotor activities of conscious rats. Neurosci Lett. 170:1994;107-110.
154. Yue J.-L., Okamura H., Goshima Y., Nakamura S., Geffard M., Misu Y. Baroreceptor-aortic nerve-mediated release of endogenous L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine and its tonic function in the nucleus tractus solitarii of rats. Neuroscience. 62:1994;145-161.
155. Yue J.-L., Okumura Y., Miyamae T., Ueda H., Misu Y. Altered tonic L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine systems in the nucleus tractus solitarii and the rostral ventrolateral medulla of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Neuroscience. 67:1995;95-106.