메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 47, Issue 6 SUPPL. 3, 1996, Pages

Is levodopa toxic?

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

COPPER ZINC SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE; GLUTATHIONE; LEVODOPA;

EID: 0029775677     PISSN: 00283878     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1212/wnl.47.6_suppl_3.184s     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (155)

References (154)
  • 1
    • 0001002059 scopus 로고
    • Adverse effects of levodopa in Parkinson's disease
    • Calne DB, ed. Drugs for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Berlin: Springer-Verlag
    • Fahn S. Adverse effects of levodopa in Parkinson's disease. In: Calne DB, ed. Drugs for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Handbook of experimental pharmacology. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1989;88:385-409.
    • (1989) Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology , vol.88 , pp. 385-409
    • Fahn, S.1
  • 2
    • 0017834407 scopus 로고
    • Considerations in the management of parkinsonism
    • Fahn S, Calne DB. Considerations in the management of parkinsonism. Neurology 1978;28:5-7.
    • (1978) Neurology , vol.28 , pp. 5-7
    • Fahn, S.1    Calne, D.B.2
  • 4
    • 0021234640 scopus 로고
    • Should levodopa therapy for parkinsonism be started early or late? Evidence against early treatment
    • Fahn S, Bressman SB. Should levodopa therapy for parkinsonism be started early or late? Evidence against early treatment. Can J Neurol Sci 1984;11:200-206.
    • (1984) Can J Neurol Sci , vol.11 , pp. 200-206
    • Fahn, S.1    Bressman, S.B.2
  • 5
    • 0021257761 scopus 로고
    • Should levodopa therapy be started early or late?
    • Muenter MD. Should levodopa therapy be started early or late? Can J Neurol Sci 1984;11:195-199.
    • (1984) Can J Neurol Sci , vol.11 , pp. 195-199
    • Muenter, M.D.1
  • 6
    • 0028911347 scopus 로고
    • A case for early levodopa treatment of Parkinson's disease
    • Caraceni T. A case for early levodopa treatment of Parkinson's disease. Clin Neuropharmacol 1994;17:S38-S42.
    • (1994) Clin Neuropharmacol , vol.17
    • Caraceni, T.1
  • 7
    • 0028965017 scopus 로고
    • A case against early levodopa treatment of Parkinson's disease
    • Quinn NP. A case against early levodopa treatment of Parkinson's disease. Clin Neuropharmacol 1994;17:S43-S49.
    • (1994) Clin Neuropharmacol , vol.17
    • Quinn, N.P.1
  • 8
    • 0002928859 scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of long-term therapy in Parkinson's disease: Mortality and therapeutic efficacy
    • Birkmayer W, Hornykiewicz O, eds. Basel: Editiones Roche
    • Yahr MD. Evaluation of long-term therapy in Parkinson's disease: mortality and therapeutic efficacy. In: Birkmayer W, Hornykiewicz O, eds. Advances in parkinsonism. Basel: Editiones Roche, 1976;444-455.
    • (1976) Advances in Parkinsonism , pp. 444-455
    • Yahr, M.D.1
  • 9
    • 0018415901 scopus 로고
    • Analysis of the clinical problems in parkinsonism and the complications of long-term levodopa therapy
    • Lesser RP, Fahn S, Snider SR, Cote LJ, Isgreen WP, Barrett RE. Analysis of the clinical problems in parkinsonism and the complications of long-term levodopa therapy. Neurology 1979;29:1253-1260.
    • (1979) Neurology , vol.29 , pp. 1253-1260
    • Lesser, R.P.1    Fahn, S.2    Snider, S.R.3    Cote, L.J.4    Isgreen, W.P.5    Barrett, R.E.6
  • 10
    • 0021278775 scopus 로고
    • Chronic low dose levodopa therapy in Parkinson's disease: An argument for delaying L-dopa therapy
    • Rajput AH, Stern W, Laverty WH. Chronic low dose levodopa therapy in Parkinson's disease: an argument for delaying L-dopa therapy. Neurology 1984;34:991-996.
    • (1984) Neurology , vol.34 , pp. 991-996
    • Rajput, A.H.1    Stern, W.2    Laverty, W.H.3
  • 11
    • 0022627693 scopus 로고
    • Initiation of levodopa therapy in parkinsonian patients should be delayed until the advanced stages of the disease
    • Melamed E. Initiation of levodopa therapy in parkinsonian patients should be delayed until the advanced stages of the disease. Arch Neurol 1986;43:402-405.
    • (1986) Arch Neurol , vol.43 , pp. 402-405
    • Melamed, E.1
  • 12
    • 0023175905 scopus 로고
    • Parkinson's disease and long-term L-dopa therapy
    • Bergmann KJ, Mendoza MR, Yahr MD. Parkinson's disease and long-term L-dopa therapy. Adv Neurol 1986;45:463-467.
    • (1986) Adv Neurol , vol.45 , pp. 463-467
    • Bergmann, K.J.1    Mendoza, M.R.2    Yahr, M.D.3
  • 13
    • 0023026069 scopus 로고
    • Low-dose L-dopa therapy in Parkinson's disease: A 6-year follow-up study
    • Poewe WH, Lees AJ, Stern GM. Low-dose L-dopa therapy in Parkinson's disease: a 6-year follow-up study. Neurology 1986;36:1528-1530.
    • (1986) Neurology , vol.36 , pp. 1528-1530
    • Poewe, W.H.1    Lees, A.J.2    Stern, G.M.3
  • 14
    • 0023261115 scopus 로고
    • Factors that influence the occurrence of response variations in Parkinson's disease
    • de Jong GJ, Meerwaldt JD, Schmitz PIM. Factors that influence the occurrence of response variations in Parkinson's disease. Ann Neurol 1987;22:4-7.
    • (1987) Ann Neurol , vol.22 , pp. 4-7
    • De Jong, G.J.1    Meerwaldt, J.D.2    Schmitz, P.I.M.3
  • 16
    • 0029269229 scopus 로고
    • The rationale for the use of dopamine agonists in Parkinson's disease
    • Jenner P. The rationale for the use of dopamine agonists in Parkinson's disease. Neurology 1995;45(suppl 3):6-12.
    • (1995) Neurology , vol.45 , Issue.3 SUPPL. , pp. 6-12
    • Jenner, P.1
  • 17
    • 0029022695 scopus 로고
    • Does levodopa therapy delay death in Parkinson's disease? A review of the evidence
    • Clarke CE. Does levodopa therapy delay death in Parkinson's disease? A review of the evidence. Mov Disord 1995;10: 250-256.
    • (1995) Mov Disord , vol.10 , pp. 250-256
    • Clarke, C.E.1
  • 18
    • 0019519328 scopus 로고
    • Evidence to support early levodopa therapy in PD
    • Markham CH, Diamond SG. Evidence to support early levodopa therapy in PD. Neurology 1981;31:125-131.
    • (1981) Neurology , vol.31 , pp. 125-131
    • Markham, C.H.1    Diamond, S.G.2
  • 19
    • 0020989520 scopus 로고
    • Parkinsonism treated with levodopa: Progression and mortality
    • Hoehn MMM. Parkinsonism treated with levodopa: progression and mortality. J Neural Transm 1983;19(suppl):253-264.
    • (1983) J Neural Transm , vol.19 , Issue.SUPPL. , pp. 253-264
    • Hoehn, M.M.M.1
  • 20
    • 0022652016 scopus 로고
    • Modification of Parkinson's disease by long-term levodopa treatment
    • Markham CH, Diamond SG. Modification of Parkinson's disease by long-term levodopa treatment. Arch Neurol 1986;43: 405-407.
    • (1986) Arch Neurol , vol.43 , pp. 405-407
    • Markham, C.H.1    Diamond, S.G.2
  • 21
    • 0022574859 scopus 로고
    • Long-term follow up of early dopa treatment in Parkinson's disease
    • Markham CH, Diamond SG. Long-term follow up of early dopa treatment in Parkinson's disease. Ann Neurol 1986;19: 365-372.
    • (1986) Ann Neurol , vol.19 , pp. 365-372
    • Markham, C.H.1    Diamond, S.G.2
  • 23
    • 0025265733 scopus 로고
    • Mortality associated with early and late levodopa therapy initiation in Parkinson's disease
    • Scigliano G, Musicco M, Soliveri P, et al. Mortality associated with early and late levodopa therapy initiation in Parkinson's disease. Neurology 1990;40:265-269.
    • (1990) Neurology , vol.40 , pp. 265-269
    • Scigliano, G.1    Musicco, M.2    Soliveri, P.3
  • 24
    • 0023802240 scopus 로고
    • Does levodopa aggravate Parkinson's disease?
    • Blin J, Bonnet A-M, Agid Y. Does levodopa aggravate Parkinson's disease? Neurology 1988;38:1410-1416.
    • (1988) Neurology , vol.38 , pp. 1410-1416
    • Blin, J.1    Bonnet, A.-M.2    Agid, Y.3
  • 26
    • 0025765530 scopus 로고
    • The occurrence of motor fluctuations in parkinsonian patients treated long term with levodopa: Role of early treatment and disease progression
    • Caraceni T, Scigliano G, Musicco M. The occurrence of motor fluctuations in parkinsonian patients treated long term with levodopa: role of early treatment and disease progression. Neurology 1991;41:380-384.
    • (1991) Neurology , vol.41 , pp. 380-384
    • Caraceni, T.1    Scigliano, G.2    Musicco, M.3
  • 27
    • 0025802827 scopus 로고
    • Early initiation of levodopa treatment does not promote the development of motor response fluctuations, dyskinesias, or dementia in Parkinson's disease
    • Cedarbaum JM, Gandy SE, McDowell FH. Early initiation of levodopa treatment does not promote the development of motor response fluctuations, dyskinesias, or dementia in Parkinson's disease. Neurology 1991;41:622-629.
    • (1991) Neurology , vol.41 , pp. 622-629
    • Cedarbaum, J.M.1    Gandy, S.E.2    McDowell, F.H.3
  • 28
    • 0027425687 scopus 로고
    • Levodopa therapy and survival in idiopathic Parkinson's disease: Olmsted county project
    • Uitti RJ, Ahlskog JE, Maraganore DM, et al. Levodopa therapy and survival in idiopathic Parkinson's disease: Olmsted county project. Neurology 1993;43:1918-1926.
    • (1993) Neurology , vol.43 , pp. 1918-1926
    • Uitti, R.J.1    Ahlskog, J.E.2    Maraganore, D.M.3
  • 29
    • 9844245051 scopus 로고
    • Survival in Parkinson's disease: Early levodopa treatment enhances life expectancy
    • Marttila RJ, Kuopio AM, Rinne UK. Survival in Parkinson's disease: early levodopa treatment enhances life expectancy [abstract]. New Trends Clin Neuropharm 1994;8:120-121.
    • (1994) New Trends Clin Neuropharm , vol.8 , pp. 120-121
    • Marttila, R.J.1    Kuopio, A.M.2    Rinne, U.K.3
  • 30
    • 0015043830 scopus 로고
    • L-Dopa therapy of Parkinson's disease: Plasma L-dopa concentration, therapeutic response, and side effects
    • Muenter MD, Tyce GM. L-Dopa therapy of Parkinson's disease: plasma L-dopa concentration, therapeutic response, and side effects. Mayo Clin Proc 1971;46:231-239.
    • (1971) Mayo Clin Proc , vol.46 , pp. 231-239
    • Muenter, M.D.1    Tyce, G.M.2
  • 31
    • 0002859737 scopus 로고
    • Adverse effects of levodopa
    • Olanow CW, Lieberman AN, eds. Carnforth, England: Parthenon
    • Fahn S. Adverse effects of levodopa. In: Olanow CW, Lieberman AN, eds. The scientific basis for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Carnforth, England: Parthenon, 1992;89-112.
    • (1992) The Scientific Basis for the Treatment of Parkinson's Disease , pp. 89-112
    • Fahn, S.1
  • 32
    • 0001925175 scopus 로고
    • Fluctuations of disability in Parkinson's disease: Clinical aspects
    • Marsden CD, Fahn S, eds. London: Butterworth Scientific
    • Marsden CD, Parkes JD, Quinn N. Fluctuations of disability in Parkinson's disease: clinical aspects. In: Marsden CD, Fahn S, eds. Movement disorders. London: Butterworth Scientific, 1982;96-122.
    • (1982) Movement Disorders , pp. 96-122
    • Marsden, C.D.1    Parkes, J.D.2    Quinn, N.3
  • 33
    • 0001925175 scopus 로고
    • Fluctuations of disability in Parkinson's disease: Pathophysiological aspects
    • Marsden CD, Fahn S, eds. London: Butterworth Scientific
    • Fahn S. Fluctuations of disability in Parkinson's disease: pathophysiological aspects. In: Marsden CD, Fahn S, eds. Movement disorders. London: Butterworth Scientific, 1982; 123-145.
    • (1982) Movement Disorders , pp. 123-145
    • Fahn, S.1
  • 34
    • 0017468670 scopus 로고
    • Patterns of dystonia ('I-D-I' and 'D-I-D') in response to L-dopa therapy of Parkinson's disease
    • Muenter MD, Sharpless NS, Tyce GM, Darley FL. Patterns of dystonia ('I-D-I' and 'D-I-D') in response to L-dopa therapy of Parkinson's disease. Mayo Clin Proc 1977;52:163-174.
    • (1977) Mayo Clin Proc , vol.52 , pp. 163-174
    • Muenter, M.D.1    Sharpless, N.S.2    Tyce, G.M.3    Darley, F.L.4
  • 35
    • 0016432612 scopus 로고
    • Patterns of clinical response and plasma dopa levels in Parkinson's disease
    • Tolosa ES, Martin WE, Cohen HP, Jacobson RL. Patterns of clinical response and plasma dopa levels in Parkinson's disease. Neurology 1975;25:177-183.
    • (1975) Neurology , vol.25 , pp. 177-183
    • Tolosa, E.S.1    Martin, W.E.2    Cohen, H.P.3    Jacobson, R.L.4
  • 36
    • 0016587362 scopus 로고
    • "On-off" response: Clinical and biochemical correlations during oral and intravenous levodopa administration
    • Shoulson I, Glaubiger GA, Chase TN. "On-off" response: clinical and biochemical correlations during oral and intravenous levodopa administration. Neurology 1975;25:1144-1148.
    • (1975) Neurology , vol.25 , pp. 1144-1148
    • Shoulson, I.1    Glaubiger, G.A.2    Chase, T.N.3
  • 37
    • 0023521931 scopus 로고
    • On-off phenomenon: Relation to levodopa pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics
    • Nutt JG. On-off phenomenon: relation to levodopa pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Ann Neurol 1987;22:535-540.
    • (1987) Ann Neurol , vol.22 , pp. 535-540
    • Nutt, J.G.1
  • 38
    • 0023127020 scopus 로고
    • Levodopa pharmacokinetic mechanisms and motor fluctuations in Parkinson's disease
    • Fabbrini G, Juncos J, Mouradian MM, Serrati C, Chase TN. Levodopa pharmacokinetic mechanisms and motor fluctuations in Parkinson's disease. Ann Neurol 1987;21:370-376.
    • (1987) Ann Neurol , vol.21 , pp. 370-376
    • Fabbrini, G.1    Juncos, J.2    Mouradian, M.M.3    Serrati, C.4    Chase, T.N.5
  • 39
    • 0024384156 scopus 로고
    • Continuous levodopa infusions to treat complex dystonia in Parkinson's disease
    • Sage JI, McHale DM, Sonsalla P, Vitagliano D, Heikkila RE. Continuous levodopa infusions to treat complex dystonia in Parkinson's disease. Neurology 1989;39:888-891.
    • (1989) Neurology , vol.39 , pp. 888-891
    • Sage, J.I.1    McHale, D.M.2    Sonsalla, P.3    Vitagliano, D.4    Heikkila, R.E.5
  • 40
    • 0024802672 scopus 로고
    • Experience with continuous enteral levodopa infusions in the treatment of nine patients with advanced Parkinson's disease
    • Sage JI, Trooskin S, Sonsalla PK, Heikkila RE. Experience with continuous enteral levodopa infusions in the treatment of nine patients with advanced Parkinson's disease. Neurology 1989;39(suppl 2):60-63.
    • (1989) Neurology , vol.39 , Issue.2 SUPPL. , pp. 60-63
    • Sage, J.I.1    Trooskin, S.2    Sonsalla, P.K.3    Heikkila, R.E.4
  • 41
    • 0025129116 scopus 로고
    • Modification of central dopaminergic mechanisms by continuous levodopa therapy for advanced Parkinson's disease
    • Mouradian MM, Heuser IJE, Baronti F, Chase TN. Modification of central dopaminergic mechanisms by continuous levodopa therapy for advanced Parkinson's disease. Ann Neurol 1990;27:18-23.
    • (1990) Ann Neurol , vol.27 , pp. 18-23
    • Mouradian, M.M.1    Heuser, I.J.E.2    Baronti, F.3    Chase, T.N.4
  • 42
    • 0016259489 scopus 로고
    • "On-off phenomenon with levodopa therapy in parkinsonism: Clinical and pharmacologic correlations and the effect of intramuscular pyridoxine
    • Fahn S. "On-off phenomenon with levodopa therapy in parkinsonism: clinical and pharmacologic correlations and the effect of intramuscular pyridoxine. Neurology 1974;24:431-441.
    • (1974) Neurology , vol.24 , pp. 431-441
    • Fahn, S.1
  • 43
    • 0023762236 scopus 로고
    • Motor fluctuations in Parkinson's disease: Central pathophysiological mechanisms, part I
    • Fabbrini G, Mouradian MM, Juncos JL, Schlegel J, Mohr E, Chase TN. Motor fluctuations in Parkinson's disease: central pathophysiological mechanisms, part I. Ann Neurol 1988;24: 366-371.
    • (1988) Ann Neurol , vol.24 , pp. 366-371
    • Fabbrini, G.1    Mouradian, M.M.2    Juncos, J.L.3    Schlegel, J.4    Mohr, E.5    Chase, T.N.6
  • 45
    • 0024083143 scopus 로고
    • Progress in understanding the pathophysiology of treatment-related fluctuations in Parkinson's disease
    • Wooten GF. Progress in understanding the pathophysiology of treatment-related fluctuations in Parkinson's disease. Ann Neurol 1988;24:363-365.
    • (1988) Ann Neurol , vol.24 , pp. 363-365
    • Wooten, G.F.1
  • 46
    • 0024852627 scopus 로고
    • Motor complications associated with chronic levodopa therapy in Parkinson's disease
    • Obeso JA, Grandas F, Vaamonde J, et al. Motor complications associated with chronic levodopa therapy in Parkinson's disease. Neurology 1989;39(suppl 2):11-19.
    • (1989) Neurology , vol.39 , Issue.2 SUPPL. , pp. 11-19
    • Obeso, J.A.1    Grandas, F.2    Vaamonde, J.3
  • 47
    • 0026480977 scopus 로고
    • Effect of long-term therapy on the pharmacodynamics of levodopa: Relation to on-off phenomenon
    • Nutt JG, Woodward WR, Carter JH, Gancher ST. Effect of long-term therapy on the pharmacodynamics of levodopa: relation to on-off phenomenon. Arch Neurol 1992;49:1123-1130.
    • (1992) Arch Neurol , vol.49 , pp. 1123-1130
    • Nutt, J.G.1    Woodward, W.R.2    Carter, J.H.3    Gancher, S.T.4
  • 48
    • 0027406657 scopus 로고
    • Repeated L-dopa administration reduces the ability of dopamine storage and abolishes the supersensitivity of dopamine receptors in the striatum of intact rat
    • Murata M, Kanazawa I. Repeated L-dopa administration reduces the ability of dopamine storage and abolishes the supersensitivity of dopamine receptors in the striatum of intact rat. Neurosci Res 1993;16:15-23.
    • (1993) Neurosci Res , vol.16 , pp. 15-23
    • Murata, M.1    Kanazawa, I.2
  • 50
  • 52
    • 0028470918 scopus 로고
    • Palliative and prophylactic benefits of continuously administered dopaminomimetics in Parkinson's disease
    • Chase TN, Engber TM, Mouradian MM. Palliative and prophylactic benefits of continuously administered dopaminomimetics in Parkinson's disease. Neurology 1994;44:S15-S18.
    • (1994) Neurology , vol.44
    • Chase, T.N.1    Engber, T.M.2    Mouradian, M.M.3
  • 54
    • 0026536547 scopus 로고
    • Leksell's posteroventral pallidotomy in the treatment of Parkinson's disease
    • Laitinen LV, Bergenheim AT, Hariz MI. Leksell's posteroventral pallidotomy in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. J Neurosurg 1992;76:53-61.
    • (1992) J Neurosurg , vol.76 , pp. 53-61
    • Laitinen, L.V.1    Bergenheim, A.T.2    Hariz, M.I.3
  • 55
    • 0028907570 scopus 로고
    • Stereotactic ventral pallidotomy for Parkinson's disease
    • Dogali M, Fazzini E, Kolodny E, et al. Stereotactic ventral pallidotomy for Parkinson's disease. Neurology 1995;45:753-761.
    • (1995) Neurology , vol.45 , pp. 753-761
    • Dogali, M.1    Fazzini, E.2    Kolodny, E.3
  • 56
    • 0028864745 scopus 로고
    • Effect of GPi pallidotomy on motor function in Parkinson's disease
    • Lozano AM, Lang AE, Galvez-Jimenez N, et al. Effect of GPi pallidotomy on motor function in Parkinson's disease. Lancet 1995;346:1383-1387.
    • (1995) Lancet , vol.346 , pp. 1383-1387
    • Lozano, A.M.1    Lang, A.E.2    Galvez-Jimenez, N.3
  • 58
    • 0029144021 scopus 로고
    • Bilateral subthalamic nucleus stimulation for severe Parkinson's disease
    • Limousin P, Pollak P, Benazzouz A, et al. Bilateral subthalamic nucleus stimulation for severe Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 1995;10:672-674.
    • (1995) Mov Disord , vol.10 , pp. 672-674
    • Limousin, P.1    Pollak, P.2    Benazzouz, A.3
  • 59
    • 0029913261 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Abnormal involuntary movements induced by subthalamic nucleus stimulation in parkinsonian patients
    • Limousin P, Pollak P, Hoffmann D, Benazzouz A, Perret JE, Benabid AT, Abnormal involuntary movements induced by subthalamic nucleus stimulation in parkinsonian patients. Mov Disord 1996;11:231-235.
    • (1996) Mov Disord , vol.11 , pp. 231-235
    • Limousin, P.1    Pollak, P.2    Hoffmann, D.3    Benazzouz, A.4    Perret, J.E.5    Benabid, A.T.6
  • 60
    • 0026443974 scopus 로고
    • Survival of implanted fetal dopamine cells and neurologic improvement 12 to 46 months after transplantation for Parkinson's disease
    • Freed CR, Breeze RE, Rosenberg NL, et al. Survival of implanted fetal dopamine cells and neurologic improvement 12 to 46 months after transplantation for Parkinson's disease. N Engl J Med 1992;327:1549-1555.
    • (1992) N Engl J Med , vol.327 , pp. 1549-1555
    • Freed, C.R.1    Breeze, R.E.2    Rosenberg, N.L.3
  • 61
    • 0027977759 scopus 로고
    • Evidence for long-term survival and function of dopaminergic grafts in progressive Parkinson's disease
    • Lindvall O, Sawle G, Widner H, et al. Evidence for long-term survival and function of dopaminergic grafts in progressive Parkinson's disease. Ann Neurol 1994;35:172-180.
    • (1994) Ann Neurol , vol.35 , pp. 172-180
    • Lindvall, O.1    Sawle, G.2    Widner, H.3
  • 62
    • 0029160456 scopus 로고
    • Bilateral fetal nigral transplantation into the postcommissural putamen in Parkinson's disease
    • Freeman TB, Olanow CW, Hauser RA, et al. Bilateral fetal nigral transplantation into the postcommissural putamen in Parkinson's disease. Ann Neurol 1995;38:379-388.
    • (1995) Ann Neurol , vol.38 , pp. 379-388
    • Freeman, T.B.1    Olanow, C.W.2    Hauser, R.A.3
  • 63
    • 0028911848 scopus 로고
    • Neuropathological evidence of graft survival and striatal reinnervation after the transplantation of fetal mesencephalic tissue in a patient with Parkinson's disease
    • Kordower JH, Freeman TB, Snow BJ, et al. Neuropathological evidence of graft survival and striatal reinnervation after the transplantation of fetal mesencephalic tissue in a patient with Parkinson's disease. N Engl J Med 1995;332:1118-1124.
    • (1995) N Engl J Med , vol.332 , pp. 1118-1124
    • Kordower, J.H.1    Freeman, T.B.2    Snow, B.J.3
  • 64
    • 0027200457 scopus 로고
    • Practice parameters: Initial therapy of Parkinson's disease (summary statement): report of the quality standards subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology
    • Paulson G. Practice parameters: initial therapy of Parkinson's disease (summary statement): report of the quality standards subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology 1993;43:1296-1297.
    • (1993) Neurology , vol.43 , pp. 1296-1297
    • Paulson, G.1
  • 65
    • 0345724066 scopus 로고
    • Dopamine turnover and glutathione oxidation: Implications for Parkinson's disease
    • Spina MB, Cohen G. Dopamine turnover and glutathione oxidation: implications for Parkinson's disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1988;86:1398-1400.
    • (1988) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.86 , pp. 1398-1400
    • Spina, M.B.1    Cohen, G.2
  • 66
    • 0025063462 scopus 로고
    • Toxicity of 6-hydroxydopamine and dopamine for dopaminergic neurons in culture
    • Michel PP, Hefti F. Toxicity of 6-hydroxydopamine and dopamine for dopaminergic neurons in culture. J Neurosci Res 1990;26:428-435.
    • (1990) J Neurosci Res , vol.26 , pp. 428-435
    • Michel, P.P.1    Hefti, F.2
  • 67
    • 0026061854 scopus 로고
    • Dopa and dopamine cause cultured neuronal death in the presence of iron
    • Tanaka M, Sotomatsu A, Kanai H, Hirai S. Dopa and dopamine cause cultured neuronal death in the presence of iron. J Neurol Sci 1991;101:198-203.
    • (1991) J Neurol Sci , vol.101 , pp. 198-203
    • Tanaka, M.1    Sotomatsu, A.2    Kanai, H.3    Hirai, S.4
  • 69
    • 0027268723 scopus 로고
    • Ascorbic acid protects against levodopa-induced neurotoxicity on a catecholamine-rich human neuroblastoma cell line
    • Pardo B, Mena MA, Fahn S, de Yebenes JG. Ascorbic acid protects against levodopa-induced neurotoxicity on a catecholamine-rich human neuroblastoma cell line. Mov Disord 1993;8:278-284.
    • (1993) Mov Disord , vol.8 , pp. 278-284
    • Pardo, B.1    Mena, M.A.2    Fahn, S.3    De Yebenes, J.G.4
  • 70
    • 0027462802 scopus 로고
    • Levodopa toxicity in foetal rat midbrain neurones in culture: Modulation by ascorbic acid
    • Mena MA, Pardo B, Paino CL, de Yebenes JG. Levodopa toxicity in foetal rat midbrain neurones in culture: modulation by ascorbic acid. Neuroreport 1993;4:438-440.
    • (1993) Neuroreport , vol.4 , pp. 438-440
    • Mena, M.A.1    Pardo, B.2    Paino, C.L.3    De Yebenes, J.G.4
  • 71
    • 0027362832 scopus 로고
    • Toxic and protective effects of L-dopa on mesencephalic cell cultures
    • Mytilineou C, Han SK, Cohen G. Toxic and protective effects of L-dopa on mesencephalic cell cultures. J Neurochem 1993; 61:1470-1478.
    • (1993) J Neurochem , vol.61 , pp. 1470-1478
    • Mytilineou, C.1    Han, S.K.2    Cohen, G.3
  • 72
    • 0028050461 scopus 로고
    • Impaired oxidation of pyruvate in human embryonic fibroblasts after exposure to L-dopa
    • Werner P, Mytilineou C, Cohen G, Yahr MD. Impaired oxidation of pyruvate in human embryonic fibroblasts after exposure to L-dopa. Eur J Pharmacol 1994;263:157-162.
    • (1994) Eur J Pharmacol , vol.263 , pp. 157-162
    • Werner, P.1    Mytilineou, C.2    Cohen, G.3    Yahr, M.D.4
  • 73
    • 0028834192 scopus 로고
    • L-Dopa cytotoxicity to PC12 cells in culture is via its autoxidation
    • Basma AN, Morris EJ, Nicklas WJ, Geller HM. L-Dopa cytotoxicity to PC12 cells in culture is via its autoxidation. J Neurochem 1995;64:825-832.
    • (1995) J Neurochem , vol.64 , pp. 825-832
    • Basma, A.N.1    Morris, E.J.2    Nicklas, W.J.3    Geller, H.M.4
  • 74
    • 0029051317 scopus 로고
    • Induction of apoptosis in catecholaminergic PC12 cells by L-dopa: Implications for the treatment of Parkinson's disease
    • Walkinshaw G, Waters CM. Induction of apoptosis in catecholaminergic PC12 cells by L-dopa: implications for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. J Clin Invest 1995;95: 2458-2464.
    • (1995) J Clin Invest , vol.95 , pp. 2458-2464
    • Walkinshaw, G.1    Waters, C.M.2
  • 75
    • 0028988351 scopus 로고
    • Iron-mediated oxidation of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine to an excitotoxin
    • Newcomer TA, Rosenberg PA, Aizenman E. Iron-mediated oxidation of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine to an excitotoxin. J Neurochem 1995;64:1742-1748.
    • (1995) J Neurochem , vol.64 , pp. 1742-1748
    • Newcomer, T.A.1    Rosenberg, P.A.2    Aizenman, E.3
  • 76
    • 0028922038 scopus 로고
    • TOPA quinone, a kainate-like agonist and excitotoxin, is generated by a catecholaminergic cell line
    • Newcomer TA, Rosenberg PA, Aizenman E. TOPA quinone, a kainate-like agonist and excitotoxin, is generated by a catecholaminergic cell line. J Neurosci 1995;15:3172-3177.
    • (1995) J Neurosci , vol.15 , pp. 3172-3177
    • Newcomer, T.A.1    Rosenberg, P.A.2    Aizenman, E.3
  • 77
    • 0029053242 scopus 로고
    • Toxic effects of L-dopa on mesencephalic cell cultures: Protection with antioxidants
    • Pardo B, Mena MA, Casarejos MJ, Paino CL, de Yebenes JG. Toxic effects of L-dopa on mesencephalic cell cultures: protection with antioxidants. Brain Res 1995;682:133-143.
    • (1995) Brain Res , vol.682 , pp. 133-143
    • Pardo, B.1    Mena, M.A.2    Casarejos, M.J.3    Paino, C.L.4    De Yebenes, J.G.5
  • 79
    • 0028857498 scopus 로고
    • L-dopa inhibits complex IV of the electron transport chain in catecholamine-rich human neuroblastoma NB69 cells
    • Pardo B, Mena MA, de Yebenes JG. L-dopa inhibits complex IV of the electron transport chain in catecholamine-rich human neuroblastoma NB69 cells. J Neurochem 1995;64:576-582.
    • (1995) J Neurochem , vol.64 , pp. 576-582
    • Pardo, B.1    Mena, M.A.2    De Yebenes, J.G.3
  • 80
    • 0345363326 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dopamine-melanin induces apoptosis in PC12 and neuronal cells: Possible implications for therapeutic approaches in Parkinson's disease
    • Offen D, Ziv I, Gorodin S, Panet, H, Melamed E. Dopamine-melanin induces apoptosis in PC12 and neuronal cells: possible implications for therapeutic approaches in Parkinson's disease [abstract]. Mov Disord 1996;11(suppl 1):45.
    • (1996) Mov Disord , vol.11 , Issue.1 SUPPL. , pp. 45
    • Offen, D.1    Ziv, I.2    Gorodin, S.3    Panet, H.4    Melamed, E.5
  • 81
    • 0029687662 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dopamine-induced, genotoxic activation of programmed cell death: A role in nigrostriatal neuronal degeneration in Parkinson's disease?
    • Ziv I, Barzilai A, Offen D, Stein R, Achiron A, Melamed E. Dopamine-induced, genotoxic activation of programmed cell death: a role in nigrostriatal neuronal degeneration in Parkinson's disease? Adv Neurol 1996;69:229-233.
    • (1996) Adv Neurol , vol.69 , pp. 229-233
    • Ziv, I.1    Barzilai, A.2    Offen, D.3    Stein, R.4    Achiron, A.5    Melamed, E.6
  • 82
    • 0029915162 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glia conditioned medium protects fetal rat midbrain neurones in culture from L-dopa toxicity
    • Mena MA, Casarejos MJ, Carazo A, Paino CL, De Yebenes JG. Glia conditioned medium protects fetal rat midbrain neurones in culture from L-dopa toxicity. Neuroreport 1996;7: 441-445.
    • (1996) Neuroreport , vol.7 , pp. 441-445
    • Mena, M.A.1    Casarejos, M.J.2    Carazo, A.3    Paino, C.L.4    De Yebenes, J.G.5
  • 83
    • 0030059868 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • L-Dopa up-regulates glutathione and protects mesencephalic cultures against oxidative stress
    • Han SK, Mytilineou C, Cohen G. L-Dopa up-regulates glutathione and protects mesencephalic cultures against oxidative stress. J Neurochem 1996;66:501-510.
    • (1996) J Neurochem , vol.66 , pp. 501-510
    • Han, S.K.1    Mytilineou, C.2    Cohen, G.3
  • 84
    • 85047694873 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of adding selegiline to levodopa in early, mild Parkinson's disease: Selegiline may be toxic in presence of increased dopamine concentrations
    • Yu PH, Lai CT, Boulton AA. Effect of adding selegiline to levodopa in early, mild Parkinson's disease: selegiline may be toxic in presence of increased dopamine concentrations. BMJ 1996;312:703-704.
    • (1996) BMJ , vol.312 , pp. 703-704
    • Yu, P.H.1    Lai, C.T.2    Boulton, A.A.3
  • 85
    • 0025245453 scopus 로고
    • Chronic levodopa impairs morphological development of grafted embryonic dopamine neurons
    • Steece-Collier K, Collier TJ, Sladek CD, Sladek JR. Chronic levodopa impairs morphological development of grafted embryonic dopamine neurons. Exp Neurol 1990;110:201-208.
    • (1990) Exp Neurol , vol.110 , pp. 201-208
    • Steece-Collier, K.1    Collier, T.J.2    Sladek, C.D.3    Sladek, J.R.4
  • 86
    • 0025784256 scopus 로고
    • Chronic levodopa impairs the recovery of dopamine agonist-induced rotational behavior following neural grafting
    • Yurek DM, Steece-Collier K, Collier TJ, Sladek JR. Chronic levodopa impairs the recovery of dopamine agonist-induced rotational behavior following neural grafting. Exp Brain Res 1991;86:97-107.
    • (1991) Exp Brain Res , vol.86 , pp. 97-107
    • Yurek, D.M.1    Steece-Collier, K.2    Collier, T.J.3    Sladek, J.R.4
  • 87
    • 0028932534 scopus 로고
    • The detrimental effect of levodopa on behavioral efficacy of fetal dopamine neuron grafts in rats is reversible following prolonged withdrawal of chronic dosing
    • Steece-Collier K, Yurek DM, Collier TJ, Junn FS, Sladek JR. The detrimental effect of levodopa on behavioral efficacy of fetal dopamine neuron grafts in rats is reversible following prolonged withdrawal of chronic dosing. Brain Res 1995;676: 404-408.
    • (1995) Brain Res , vol.676 , pp. 404-408
    • Steece-Collier, K.1    Yurek, D.M.2    Collier, T.J.3    Junn, F.S.4    Sladek, J.R.5
  • 88
    • 0026784401 scopus 로고
    • Neurochemical responses to 6-hydroxydopamine and L-dopa therapy: Implications for Parkinson's disease
    • Zigmond MJ, Hastings TG, Abercrombie ED. Neurochemical responses to 6-hydroxydopamine and L-dopa therapy: implications for Parkinson's disease. Ann NY Acad Sci 1992;648: 71-86.
    • (1992) Ann NY Acad Sci , vol.648 , pp. 71-86
    • Zigmond, M.J.1    Hastings, T.G.2    Abercrombie, E.D.3
  • 89
    • 0027287928 scopus 로고
    • Suppressive effect of L-dopa on dopamine cells remaining in the ventral tegmental area of rats previously exposed to the neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine
    • Blunt SB, Jenner P, Marsden CD. Suppressive effect of L-dopa on dopamine cells remaining in the ventral tegmental area of rats previously exposed to the neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine. Mov Disord 1993;8:129-133.
    • (1993) Mov Disord , vol.8 , pp. 129-133
    • Blunt, S.B.1    Jenner, P.2    Marsden, C.D.3
  • 90
    • 0026036076 scopus 로고
    • The effect of chronic L-dopa treatment on the recovery of motor function in 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rats receiving ventral mesencephalic grafts
    • Blunt S, Jenner P, Marsden CD. The effect of chronic L-dopa treatment on the recovery of motor function in 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rats receiving ventral mesencephalic grafts. Neuroscience 1991;40:453-464.
    • (1991) Neuroscience , vol.40 , pp. 453-464
    • Blunt, S.1    Jenner, P.2    Marsden, C.D.3
  • 92
    • 0026515268 scopus 로고
    • Motor function, graft survival and gliosis in rats with 6-OHDA lesions and foetal ventral mesencephalic grafts chronically treated with L-dopa and carbidopa
    • Blunt SB, Jenner P, Marsden CD. Motor function, graft survival and gliosis in rats with 6-OHDA lesions and foetal ventral mesencephalic grafts chronically treated with L-dopa and carbidopa. Exp Brain Res 1992;88:326-340.
    • (1992) Exp Brain Res , vol.88 , pp. 326-340
    • Blunt, S.B.1    Jenner, P.2    Marsden, C.D.3
  • 93
    • 0026751670 scopus 로고
    • Autoradiographic study of striatal D1-dopamine and D2-dopamine receptors in 6-OHDA-lesioned rats receiving foetal ventral mesencephalic grafts and chronic treatment with L-dopa and carbidopa
    • Blunt SB, Jenner P, Marsden CD. Autoradiographic study of striatal D1-dopamine and D2-dopamine receptors in 6-OHDA-lesioned rats receiving foetal ventral mesencephalic grafts and chronic treatment with L-dopa and carbidopa. Brain Res 1992;582:299-311.
    • (1992) Brain Res , vol.582 , pp. 299-311
    • Blunt, S.B.1    Jenner, P.2    Marsden, C.D.3
  • 94
    • 0028081018 scopus 로고
    • Intense oxidative DNA damage promoted by L-dopa and its metabolites: Implications for neurodegenerative disease
    • Spencer JPE, Jenner A, Aruoma OI, et al. Intense oxidative DNA damage promoted by L-dopa and its metabolites: implications for neurodegenerative disease. FEBS Lett 1994;353: 246-250.
    • (1994) FEBS Lett , vol.353 , pp. 246-250
    • Spencer, J.P.E.1    Jenner, A.2    Aruoma, O.I.3
  • 95
    • 0027487511 scopus 로고
    • Chronic levodopa administration alters cerebral mitochondrial respiratory chain activity
    • Przedborski S, Jackson-Lewis V, Muthane U, et al. Chronic levodopa administration alters cerebral mitochondrial respiratory chain activity. Ann Neurol 1993;34:715-723.
    • (1993) Ann Neurol , vol.34 , pp. 715-723
    • Przedborski, S.1    Jackson-Lewis, V.2    Muthane, U.3
  • 96
    • 0029005237 scopus 로고
    • Antiparkinsonian therapies and brain mitochondrial complex I activity
    • Przedborski S, Jackson-Lewis V, Fahn S. Antiparkinsonian therapies and brain mitochondrial complex I activity. Mov Disord 1995;10:312-317.
    • (1995) Mov Disord , vol.10 , pp. 312-317
    • Przedborski, S.1    Jackson-Lewis, V.2    Fahn, S.3
  • 97
    • 0028988928 scopus 로고
    • L-dihydroxyphenylalanine and complex I deficiency in Parkinson's disease brain
    • Cooper JM, Daniel SE, Marsden CD, Schapira AHV. L-dihydroxyphenylalanine and complex I deficiency in Parkinson's disease brain. Mov Disord 1995;10:295-297.
    • (1995) Mov Disord , vol.10 , pp. 295-297
    • Cooper, J.M.1    Daniel, S.E.2    Marsden, C.D.3    Schapira, A.H.V.4
  • 98
    • 0028813395 scopus 로고
    • Dopamine neurotoxicity: Inhibition of mitochondrial respiration
    • Ben-Shachar D, Zuk R, Glinka Y. Dopamine neurotoxicity: inhibition of mitochondrial respiration. J Neurochem 1995; 64:718-723.
    • (1995) J Neurochem , vol.64 , pp. 718-723
    • Ben-Shachar, D.1    Zuk, R.2    Glinka, Y.3
  • 99
    • 0028972930 scopus 로고
    • Acute L-dopa pretreatment potentiates 6-hydroxydopamine-induced toxic effects on nigro-striatal dopamine neurons in mice
    • Naudin B, Bonnet JJ, Costentin J. Acute L-dopa pretreatment potentiates 6-hydroxydopamine-induced toxic effects on nigro-striatal dopamine neurons in mice. Brain Res 1995; 701:151-157.
    • (1995) Brain Res , vol.701 , pp. 151-157
    • Naudin, B.1    Bonnet, J.J.2    Costentin, J.3
  • 100
    • 0028812293 scopus 로고
    • Enzymatic oxidation of dopamine: The role of prostaglandin H synthase
    • Hastings TG. Enzymatic oxidation of dopamine: the role of prostaglandin H synthase. J Neurochem 1995;64:919-924.
    • (1995) J Neurochem , vol.64 , pp. 919-924
    • Hastings, T.G.1
  • 101
    • 0028969650 scopus 로고
    • Prostaglandin H synthetase-mediated metabolism of dopamine: Implication for Parkinson's disease
    • Mattammal MB, Strong R, Lakshmi VM, Chung HD, Stephenson AH. Prostaglandin H synthetase-mediated metabolism of dopamine: implication for Parkinson's disease. J Neurochem 1995;64:1645-1654.
    • (1995) J Neurochem , vol.64 , pp. 1645-1654
    • Mattammal, M.B.1    Strong, R.2    Lakshmi, V.M.3    Chung, H.D.4    Stephenson, A.H.5
  • 102
    • 0028988538 scopus 로고
    • Dopamine-derived 1-methyl-6,7-dihydroxyisoquinolines as hydroxyl radical promoters and scavengers in the rat brain: In vivo and in vitro studies
    • Maruyama W, Dostert P, Naoi M. Dopamine-derived 1-methyl-6,7-dihydroxyisoquinolines as hydroxyl radical promoters and scavengers in the rat brain: in vivo and in vitro studies. J Neurochem 1995;64:2635-2643.
    • (1995) J Neurochem , vol.64 , pp. 2635-2643
    • Maruyama, W.1    Dostert, P.2    Naoi, M.3
  • 103
    • 0029933450 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of oxidation in the neurotoxic effects of intrastriatal dopamine injections
    • Hastings TG, Lewis DA, Zigmond MJ. Role of oxidation in the neurotoxic effects of intrastriatal dopamine injections. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996;93:1956-1961.
    • (1996) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.93 , pp. 1956-1961
    • Hastings, T.G.1    Lewis, D.A.2    Zigmond, M.J.3
  • 104
    • 0026583465 scopus 로고
    • Transgenic mice with increased Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase activity are resistant to N-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced neurotoxicity
    • Przedborski S, Kostic V, Jackson-Lewis V, et al. Transgenic mice with increased Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase activity are resistant to N-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced neurotoxicity. J Neurosci 1992;12:1658-1667.
    • (1992) J Neurosci , vol.12 , pp. 1658-1667
    • Przedborski, S.1    Kostic, V.2    Jackson-Lewis, V.3
  • 105
    • 0028899401 scopus 로고
    • Overexpressing Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase enhances survival of transplanted neurons in a rat model of Parkinson's disease
    • Nakao N, Frodl EM, Widner H, et al. Overexpressing Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase enhances survival of transplanted neurons in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. Nature Med 1995;1:226-231.
    • (1995) Nature Med , vol.1 , pp. 226-231
    • Nakao, N.1    Frodl, E.M.2    Widner, H.3
  • 106
    • 0029151734 scopus 로고
    • Superoxide-dependent depletion of reduced glutathione by L-dopa and dopamine: Relevance to Parkinson's disease
    • Spencer JPE, Jenner P, Halliwell B. Superoxide-dependent depletion of reduced glutathione by L-dopa and dopamine: relevance to Parkinson's disease. Neuroreport 1995;6:1480-1484.
    • (1995) Neuroreport , vol.6 , pp. 1480-1484
    • Spencer, J.P.E.1    Jenner, P.2    Halliwell, B.3
  • 108
    • 0019447228 scopus 로고
    • Long-term administration of levodopa does not damage dopaminergic neurons in the mouse
    • Hefti F, Melamed E, Bhawan J, Wurtman RJ. Long-term administration of levodopa does not damage dopaminergic neurons in the mouse. Neurology 1981;31:1194-1195.
    • (1981) Neurology , vol.31 , pp. 1194-1195
    • Hefti, F.1    Melamed, E.2    Bhawan, J.3    Wurtman, R.J.4
  • 109
    • 0020146055 scopus 로고
    • Chronic dopa feeding of mice
    • Reches A, Fahn S. Chronic dopa feeding of mice. Neurology 1982;32:684-685.
    • (1982) Neurology , vol.32 , pp. 684-685
    • Reches, A.1    Fahn, S.2
  • 110
    • 0021129038 scopus 로고
    • Nigrostriatal dopamine neurons remain undamaged in rats given high doses of L-dopa and carbidopa chronically
    • Perry TL, Yong VW, Ito M, et al. Nigrostriatal dopamine neurons remain undamaged in rats given high doses of L-dopa and carbidopa chronically. J Neurochem 1984;43: 990-993.
    • (1984) J Neurochem , vol.43 , pp. 990-993
    • Perry, T.L.1    Yong, V.W.2    Ito, M.3
  • 111
    • 0022946382 scopus 로고
    • Preservation of the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus in a patient receiving levodopa (2 kg) plus decarboxylase inhibitor over a four-year period
    • Quinn N, Parkes D, Janota I, Marsden CD. Preservation of the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus in a patient receiving levodopa (2 kg) plus decarboxylase inhibitor over a four-year period. Mov Disord 1986;1:65-68.
    • (1986) Mov Disord , vol.1 , pp. 65-68
    • Quinn, N.1    Parkes, D.2    Janota, I.3    Marsden, C.D.4
  • 112
    • 0029009569 scopus 로고
    • Lipid peroxidation in brain: Interactions of L-dopa/dopamine with ascorbate and iron
    • Li CL, Werner P, Cohen G. Lipid peroxidation in brain: interactions of L-dopa/dopamine with ascorbate and iron. Neurodegeneration 1995;4:147-153.
    • (1995) Neurodegeneration , vol.4 , pp. 147-153
    • Li, C.L.1    Werner, P.2    Cohen, G.3
  • 113
    • 0030028316 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of the pro-oxidant and antioxidant actions of L-dopa and dopamine in vitro: Implications for Parkinson's disease
    • Spencer JPE, Jenner A, Butler J, et al. Evaluation of the pro-oxidant and antioxidant actions of L-dopa and dopamine in vitro: implications for Parkinson's disease. Free Radical Res 1996;24:95-105.
    • (1996) Free Radical Res , vol.24 , pp. 95-105
    • Spencer, J.P.E.1    Jenner, A.2    Butler, J.3
  • 114
    • 0009603382 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is levodopa toxic to nondegenerating substantia nigra cells? Clinical evidence
    • Rajput AH, Fenton ME, Dhand A. Is levodopa toxic to nondegenerating substantia nigra cells? Clinical evidence [abstract]. Neurology 1996;46:A371.
    • (1996) Neurology , vol.46
    • Rajput, A.H.1    Fenton, M.E.2    Dhand, A.3
  • 115
    • 0028274216 scopus 로고
    • Evidence for mitochondrial dysfunction in Parkinson's disease: A critical appraisal
    • Schapira AHV. Evidence for mitochondrial dysfunction in Parkinson's disease: a critical appraisal. Mov Disord 1994;9: 125-138.
    • (1994) Mov Disord , vol.9 , pp. 125-138
    • Schapira, A.H.V.1
  • 116
    • 0018148688 scopus 로고
    • Autooxidation versus covalent binding of quinone as the mechanism of toxicity of dopamine, 6-hydroxydopamine and related compounds toward C1300 neuroblastoma cells in vitro
    • Graham DG, Tiffamy SM, Bell WR, Gutknecht WF. Autooxidation versus covalent binding of quinone as the mechanism of toxicity of dopamine, 6-hydroxydopamine and related compounds toward C1300 neuroblastoma cells in vitro. Mol Pharmacol 1978;14:644-653.
    • (1978) Mol Pharmacol , vol.14 , pp. 644-653
    • Graham, D.G.1    Tiffamy, S.M.2    Bell, W.R.3    Gutknecht, W.F.4
  • 117
    • 0026635461 scopus 로고
    • Oxidative stress as a cause of nigral cell death in parkinson's disease and incidental Lewy body disease
    • Jenner P, Dexter DT, Sian J, Schapira AHV, Marsden CD. Oxidative stress as a cause of nigral cell death in parkinson's disease and incidental Lewy body disease. Ann Neurol 1992; 32:S82-S87.
    • (1992) Ann Neurol , vol.32
    • Jenner, P.1    Dexter, D.T.2    Sian, J.3    Schapira, A.H.V.4    Marsden, C.D.5
  • 118
    • 0027185713 scopus 로고
    • Altered mitochondrial function, iron metabolism and glutathione levels in Parkinson's disease
    • Jenner P. Altered mitochondrial function, iron metabolism and glutathione levels in Parkinson's disease. Acta Neurol Scand 1993;87:6-13.
    • (1993) Acta Neurol Scand , vol.87 , pp. 6-13
    • Jenner, P.1
  • 119
    • 0002753689 scopus 로고
    • Metabolism of brain dopamine in human parkinsonism: Neurochemical and clinical aspects
    • Costa E, Côté LJ, Yahr MD, eds. Hewlett, NY: Raven
    • Hornykiewicz O. Metabolism of brain dopamine in human parkinsonism: neurochemical and clinical aspects. In: Costa E, Côté LJ, Yahr MD, eds. Biochemistry and pharmacology of the basal ganglia. Hewlett, NY: Raven, 1966:171-185.
    • (1966) Biochemistry and Pharmacology of the Basal Ganglia , pp. 171-185
    • Hornykiewicz, O.1
  • 121
    • 0014937960 scopus 로고
    • Side-effects of L-dopa in postencephalitic parkinsonism
    • Sacks OW, Kohl M, Schwartz W, Messeloff C. Side-effects of L-dopa in postencephalitic parkinsonism. Lancet 1970;1: 1006.
    • (1970) Lancet , vol.1 , pp. 1006
    • Sacks, O.W.1    Kohl, M.2    Schwartz, W.3    Messeloff, C.4
  • 123
    • 0006280860 scopus 로고
    • Garden City, NY: Doubleday
    • Sacks OW. Awakenings. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1974.
    • (1974) Awakenings
    • Sacks, O.W.1
  • 124
    • 0020680904 scopus 로고
    • Chronic parkinsonism in humans due to a product of meperidine-analog synthesis
    • Langston JW, Ballard P, Tetrud JW, Irwin I. Chronic parkinsonism in humans due to a product of meperidine-analog synthesis. Science 1983;219:979-980.
    • (1983) Science , vol.219 , pp. 979-980
    • Langston, J.W.1    Ballard, P.2    Tetrud, J.W.3    Irwin, I.4
  • 125
    • 0021239393 scopus 로고
    • Parkinsonism induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine: Implications for treatment and the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease
    • Langston JW, Ballard PA. Parkinsonism induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine: implications for treatment and the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease. Can J Neurosci 1984;11:160-165.
    • (1984) Can J Neurosci , vol.11 , pp. 160-165
    • Langston, J.W.1    Ballard, P.A.2
  • 126
    • 0021829406 scopus 로고
    • Permanent human parkinsonism due to 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP): Seven cases
    • Ballard PA, Tetrud JW, Langston JW. Permanent human parkinsonism due to 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP): seven cases. Neurology 1985;35:949-956.
    • (1985) Neurology , vol.35 , pp. 949-956
    • Ballard, P.A.1    Tetrud, J.W.2    Langston, J.W.3
  • 128
    • 0018608356 scopus 로고
    • Chronic parkinsonism secondary to intravenous injection of meperidine analogues
    • Davis GC, Williams AC, Markey SP, et al. Chronic parkinsonism secondary to intravenous injection of meperidine analogues. Psychiatry Res 1979;1:249-254.
    • (1979) Psychiatry Res , vol.1 , pp. 249-254
    • Davis, G.C.1    Williams, A.C.2    Markey, S.P.3
  • 129
    • 0001496694 scopus 로고
    • A primate model of parkinsonism: Selective destruction of dopaminergic neurons in the pars compacta of the substantia nigra by N-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine
    • Burns RS, Chiueh CC, Markey SP, Ebert MH, Jacobowitz DM, Kopin IJ. A primate model of parkinsonism: selective destruction of dopaminergic neurons in the pars compacta of the substantia nigra by N-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1983;80:4546-4550.
    • (1983) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.80 , pp. 4546-4550
    • Burns, R.S.1    Chiueh, C.C.2    Markey, S.P.3    Ebert, M.H.4    Jacobowitz, D.M.5    Kopin, I.J.6
  • 130
    • 0021337873 scopus 로고
    • 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine causes selective damage to the zona compacta of the substantia nigra in the squirrel monkey
    • Langston JW, Forno LS, Rebert CS, Irwin I. 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine causes selective damage to the zona compacta of the substantia nigra in the squirrel monkey. Brain Res 1984;292:390-394.
    • (1984) Brain Res , vol.292 , pp. 390-394
    • Langston, J.W.1    Forno, L.S.2    Rebert, C.S.3    Irwin, I.4
  • 131
    • 0026751822 scopus 로고
    • A population-based investigation of Parkinson's disease with and without dementia: Relationship to age and gender
    • Mayeux R, Denaro J, Hemenegildo N, et al. A population-based investigation of Parkinson's disease with and without dementia: relationship to age and gender. Arch Neurol 1992; 49:492-497.
    • (1992) Arch Neurol , vol.49 , pp. 492-497
    • Mayeux, R.1    Denaro, J.2    Hemenegildo, N.3
  • 132
    • 0023845384 scopus 로고
    • The effect of age of disease onset on neuropsychological performance in Parkinson's disease
    • Hietanen M, Teravainen H. The effect of age of disease onset on neuropsychological performance in Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1988;51:244-249.
    • (1988) J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry , vol.51 , pp. 244-249
    • Hietanen, M.1    Teravainen, H.2
  • 133
    • 0027453466 scopus 로고
    • Antecedent clinical features associated with dementia in Parkinson's disease
    • Stern Y, Marder K, Tang MX, Mayeux R. Antecedent clinical features associated with dementia in Parkinson's disease. Neurology 1993;43:1690-1692.
    • (1993) Neurology , vol.43 , pp. 1690-1692
    • Stern, Y.1    Marder, K.2    Tang, M.X.3    Mayeux, R.4
  • 134
    • 0027437983 scopus 로고
    • Risk factors for nursing home placement in advanced Parkinson's disease
    • Goetz CG, Stebbins GT. Risk factors for nursing home placement in advanced Parkinson's disease. Neurology 1993;43: 2227-2229.
    • (1993) Neurology , vol.43 , pp. 2227-2229
    • Goetz, C.G.1    Stebbins, G.T.2
  • 135
    • 0021009820 scopus 로고
    • The pathobiology of Parkinson's disease: Biochemical aspects of dopamine neuron senescence
    • Cohen G. The pathobiology of Parkinson's disease: biochemical aspects of dopamine neuron senescence. J Neural Transm 1983;(suppl 19):89-103.
    • (1983) J Neural Transm , Issue.19 SUPPL. , pp. 89-103
    • Cohen, G.1
  • 136
    • 0023188570 scopus 로고
    • Monoamine oxidase, hydrogen peroxide, and Parkinson's disease
    • Cohen G. Monoamine oxidase, hydrogen peroxide, and Parkinson's disease. Adv Neurol 1986;45:119-125.
    • (1986) Adv Neurol , vol.45 , pp. 119-125
    • Cohen, G.1
  • 137
    • 0024948366 scopus 로고
    • The endogenous toxin hypothesis of the etiology of Parkinson's disease and a pilot trial of high dosage antioxidants in an attempt to slow the progression of the illness
    • Fahn S. The endogenous toxin hypothesis of the etiology of Parkinson's disease and a pilot trial of high dosage antioxidants in an attempt to slow the progression of the illness. Ann NY Acad Sci 1989;570:186-196.
    • (1989) Ann NY Acad Sci , vol.570 , pp. 186-196
    • Fahn, S.1
  • 138
    • 0025472463 scopus 로고
    • In vivo autoxidation of dopamine in guinea pig striatum increases with age
    • Fornstedt B, Pileblad E, Carlsson A. In vivo autoxidation of dopamine in guinea pig striatum increases with age. J Neurochem 1990;55:655-659.
    • (1990) J Neurochem , vol.55 , pp. 655-659
    • Fornstedt, B.1    Pileblad, E.2    Carlsson, A.3
  • 139
    • 0025242960 scopus 로고
    • Oxidation reactions in Parkinson's disease
    • Olanow CW. Oxidation reactions in Parkinson's disease. Neurology 1990;40(suppl 3):32-37.
    • (1990) Neurology , vol.40 , Issue.3 SUPPL. , pp. 32-37
    • Olanow, C.W.1
  • 140
    • 0026704066 scopus 로고
    • An introduction to the free radical hypothesis in Parkinson's disease
    • Olanow CW. An introduction to the free radical hypothesis in Parkinson's disease. Ann Neurol 1992;32:S2-S9.
    • (1992) Ann Neurol , vol.32
    • Olanow, C.W.1
  • 141
    • 0026337175 scopus 로고
    • Oxidative stress as a cause of Parkinson's disease
    • Jenner P. Oxidative stress as a cause of Parkinson's disease. Acta Neurol Scand 1991;84:6-15.
    • (1991) Acta Neurol Scand , vol.84 , pp. 6-15
    • Jenner, P.1
  • 142
    • 0026740057 scopus 로고
    • New insights into the cause of Parkinson's disease
    • Jenner P, Schapira AHV, Marsden CD. New insights into the cause of Parkinson's disease. Neurology 1992;42:2241-2250.
    • (1992) Neurology , vol.42 , pp. 2241-2250
    • Jenner, P.1    Schapira, A.H.V.2    Marsden, C.D.3
  • 143
    • 0026484388 scopus 로고
    • The oxidant stress hypothesis in Parkinson's disease: Evidence supporting it
    • Fahn S, Cohen G. The oxidant stress hypothesis in Parkinson's disease: evidence supporting it. Ann Neurol 1992;32: 804-812.
    • (1992) Ann Neurol , vol.32 , pp. 804-812
    • Fahn, S.1    Cohen, G.2
  • 144
    • 0028584148 scopus 로고
    • Reactions of nitric oxide, superoxide and peroxynitrite with superoxide dismutase in neurodegeneration
    • Beckman JS, Chen J, Crow JP, Ye YZ. Reactions of nitric oxide, superoxide and peroxynitrite with superoxide dismutase in neurodegeneration. Prog Brain Res 1994;103:371-380.
    • (1994) Prog Brain Res , vol.103 , pp. 371-380
    • Beckman, J.S.1    Chen, J.2    Crow, J.P.3    Ye, Y.Z.4
  • 145
    • 0029125857 scopus 로고
    • Aging, energy, and oxidative stress in neurodegenerative diseases
    • Beal MF. Aging, energy, and oxidative stress in neurodegenerative diseases. Ann Neurol 1995;38:357-366.
    • (1995) Ann Neurol , vol.38 , pp. 357-366
    • Beal, M.F.1
  • 146
    • 0024997609 scopus 로고
    • +) induces NADH-dependent superoxide formation and enhances NADH-dependent lipid peroxidation in bovine heart submitochondrial particles
    • +) induces NADH-dependent superoxide formation and enhances NADH-dependent lipid peroxidation in bovine heart submitochondrial particles. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1990;170: 1049-1055.
    • (1990) Biochem Biophys Res Commun , vol.170 , pp. 1049-1055
    • Hasegawa, E.1    Takeshige, K.2    Oishi, T.3    Murai, Y.4    Minakami, S.5
  • 147
    • 0020308323 scopus 로고
    • Parkinson's disease: A disorder due to nigral glutathione deficiency?
    • Perry TL, Godin DV, Hansen S. Parkinson's disease: a disorder due to nigral glutathione deficiency? Neurosci Lett 1982; 33:305-310.
    • (1982) Neurosci Lett , vol.33 , pp. 305-310
    • Perry, T.L.1    Godin, D.V.2    Hansen, S.3
  • 148
    • 0022553605 scopus 로고
    • Idiopathic Parkinson's disease, progressive supranuclear palsy and glutathione metabolism in the substantia nigra of patients
    • Perry TL, Yong VW. Idiopathic Parkinson's disease, progressive supranuclear palsy and glutathione metabolism in the substantia nigra of patients. Neurosci Lett 1986;67:269-274.
    • (1986) Neurosci Lett , vol.67 , pp. 269-274
    • Perry, T.L.1    Yong, V.W.2
  • 149
    • 0024557734 scopus 로고
    • Transition metals, ferritin, glutathione and ascorbic acid in parkinsonian brains
    • Riederer P, Sofic E, Rausch WD, et al. Transition metals, ferritin, glutathione and ascorbic acid in parkinsonian brains. J Neurochem 1989;52:515-520.
    • (1989) J Neurochem , vol.52 , pp. 515-520
    • Riederer, P.1    Sofic, E.2    Rausch, W.D.3
  • 150
    • 0026468171 scopus 로고
    • The free radical hypothesis in idiopathic parkinsonism: Evidence against it
    • Calne DB. The free radical hypothesis in idiopathic parkinsonism: evidence against it. Ann Neurol 1992;32:799-803.
    • (1992) Ann Neurol , vol.32 , pp. 799-803
    • Calne, D.B.1
  • 151
    • 0014082977 scopus 로고
    • Parkinsonism: Onset, progression and mortality
    • Hoehn MM, Yahr MD. Parkinsonism: Onset, progression and mortality. Neurology 1967;17:427-442.
    • (1967) Neurology , vol.17 , pp. 427-442
    • Hoehn, M.M.1    Yahr, M.D.2
  • 153
    • 0026670641 scopus 로고
    • Bromocriptine lessens the incidence of mortality in L-dopa-treated parkinsonian patients: Prado-study discontinued
    • Przuntek H, Welzel D, Blumner E, et al. Bromocriptine lessens the incidence of mortality in L-dopa-treated parkinsonian patients: prado-study discontinued. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1992;43:357-363.
    • (1992) Eur J Clin Pharmacol , vol.43 , pp. 357-363
    • Przuntek, H.1    Welzel, D.2    Blumner, E.3
  • 154
    • 9844223316 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Age at death is significantly younger in patients with Parkinson's disease who have dementia and severe extrapyramidal signs
    • Louis ED, Marder K, Cote L, Tang M-X, Mayeux R. Age at death is significantly younger in patients with Parkinson's disease who have dementia and severe extrapyramidal signs [abstract]. Neurology 1996;46:A377.
    • (1996) Neurology , vol.46
    • Louis, E.D.1    Marder, K.2    Cote, L.3    Tang, M.-X.4    Mayeux, R.5


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.