Design of safe and biologically contained transgenic plants: Tools and technologies for controlled transgene flow and expression

Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Reviews

Volumn 21, Issue 1, 2004, Pages 325-368

  Gleba, Yuri ^a   Marillonnet, Sylvestre ^a   Klimyuk, Victor ^a  

^a Biozentrum Halle   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

PLANTS (BOTANY);

TOOLS AND TECHNOLOGIES; TRANSGENE; TRANSGENEIC PLANTS;

GENETIC ENGINEERING;

INTEIN; PROTEIN; RECOMBINASE; RIBOZYME;

AMPLICON; APOMIXIS; ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION; BIOSAFETY; BIOTECHNOLOGY; COMMERCIAL PHENOMENA; EXTRACHROMOSOMAL INHERITANCE; FOOD SAFETY; GENE FLOW; GENE SWITCHING; GENETICALLY MODIFIED CROP; GOVERNMENT; HYBRIDIZATION; LAW; MAIZE; NONHUMAN; PROMOTER REGION; RAPESEED; REVIEW; TOBACCO; TRANS SPLICING; TRANSGENIC PLANT; UNITED STATES; VIRUS RECOMBINATION;

NICOTIANA TABACUM; SINAPIS ARVENSIS; ZEA MAYS;

EID: 10644266809     PISSN: 02648725     EISSN: 20465556     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2004.10648061     Document Type: Article

References (169)

1. An, Y.Q., McDowell, J.M., Huang, S., McKinney, E.C., Chambuss, S. and Meagher, R.B. (1996). Strong constitutive expression of Arabidopsis AcT2/ACT8 actin subclass in vegetative tissues. Plant Journal10,107–121
2. Aoyama, T. and Chua, N.H. (1997). A glucocortieoid-mediated transcriptional induction system in transgenic plants. Plant Journal11, 605–612
3. Ayre, B.G., Koehler, U., Goodman, H.M. and Haseloff, J. (1999). Design of highly specific cytoloxins by using trans-splicing ribozymes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America96, 3507–3512
4. Ayre, B.G., Koehler, U., Turgeon, R. and Haseloff, J. (2002). Optimization of trans-splicing ribozyme efficiency and specificity by in vivo genetic selection. Nucleic Acids Research30, E141
5. Banroques, J., Delahodde, A. and Jacq, C. (1986). A mitochondrial RNA maturase gene transferred to the yeast nucleus can control mitochondrial mRNA splicing. Cell46, 837–844
6. Banroques, J., Perea, J. and Jacq, C. (1987). Efficient splicing of two yeast mitochondrial introns controlled by a nuclear-encoded maturase. EMBO Journal6, 1085–1091
7. Baulcombe, D.C. (1999). Fast forward genetics based on virus-induced gene silencing Current Opinion in Plant Biology2,109–113
8. Betzner, A.S., Oakes, M.P. and Huttner, E. (1997). Transfer RNA-mediated suppression of amber stop codons in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Journal11, 587–595
9. Bohner, S., Lenk, I.I., Rieping, M., Herold, M. and Gatz, C. (1999). Technical advance:transcriptional activatorTGVmediates dexamethasone-indcible and tetracycline-inactivatable gene expression. Plant Journal19, 87–95
10. Botterman, J., Michiels, F. and Cornelissen, M. (1996). Method to obtain male-sterile plants. PCT Patent WO9626283
11. Bourdon, V., Harvey, A. and Lonsdale, D.M. (2001). Introns and their positions affect the translational activity of mRNA in plant cells. EMBO Reports2, 394–398
12. Bright, S.W.J., Greenland, A.J., Jepson. I. and Paine, J.A.M. (1994). improved plant germplasm. PCT Patent WO9403619
13. Buckland, A.G. and Wilton, D.C. (2000).Anionic phospholipids, interfacial binding and the regulation of cell functions. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1483, 199–216
14. Burgess, D.G., Ralston, E.J., Hanson, W.G. et al. (2002). A novel, two-component system for cell lethality and its use in engineering nuclear male sterility in plants. Plant Journal31, 113–122
15. Caddick, M.X., Greenland, A.J., Jepson, L et al (1997). An ethanol inducible gene switch tor plants used to manipulate carbon metabolism. Nature Biotechnology 16, 177–180
16. Carneiro, V.T., Pelletier, G. and Small, I. (1993). Transfer RNA-mediated suppression of ctop codons m protoplasts and transgenic plants. Plant Molecular Biology22, 681–690
17. Casper-Lindley, C., Dahlbeck, D., Clark, E.T. and Staskawitcz, B.J. (2002). Direct biochemical evidence for type III secretion-dependent translocation of the AvrBs2 effector protein into plant cells. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America99, 8336–8341
18. Cech, T. (1995). Group I introns:new molecular mechanisms for mRNA repair. Biotechnology13, 323–326
19. Chaudhury, A.M., Luo, M., Miller, C., Craig, S., Dennis, E.S. and Peacock, W.J. (1997) Fertilisation-independent seed development in Arabidopsis thaliana. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America94,4223–4228
20. Chin, H.G., Kim, G.-D., Marin, I. et al. (2003). Protein trans-splicing in transgenic plant chloroplast:reconstitution of herbicide resistance from split genes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 100, 4510–4515
21. Choi, I.R., Stenger, D.C, Morris, T.J. and French, R. (2000). A plant virus vector for systemic expression of foreign genes in cereals. Plant Journal23, 547–555
22. Choisne, N., Martin-Candell, A. and Small, I. (1997). Transactivation of a target gene using a suppressor tRNA in transgenic tobacco plants. Plant Journal11, 597–604
23. Christensen, A.H, and Quail, P.H. (1996). Ubiquitin promoter-based vectors for high-level expression of selectable and/or screenable marker genes in monocotyledonous plants. Transgenic Research5, 213–218
24. Collmer, A., Badel, J.L., Charkowski, A.O. et al. (2000). Pseudomonas syringae Hrp type III secretion system and effector proteins. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America97, 8770–8777
25. Conner, A.M. and Jacobs, J.M. (1999). Genetic engineering of crops as a potential source of genetic hazard in the human diet. Mutation Research443, 223–234
26. Corneille, S., Lira, K., Svab, Z. and Maliga, P. (2001). Efficient elimination of selectable marker genes from the plastid genome by the CRE-lox site-specific recombination system. Plant Journal27, 171–178
27. Dale, P.J., Clarke, B. and Fontes, E.M.G. (2002). Potential for the environmental impact of transgenic crops. Nature Biotechnology20, 567–574
28. Damm, B., Schmidt, R. and Willmitzer, L. (1989). Efficient transformation of Arabidopsis thaliana using direct gene transfer to protoplasts. Molecular and General Genetics217, 6–12
29. Daniell, H. (2002). Molecular strategies for gene containment in transgenic crops. Nature Biotechnology20, 581–586
30. Daniell, H. and Parkinson, C.L. (2003). Jumping genes and containment. Nature Biotechnology21, 374–375
31. Day, C.D., Galgoci, B.F. and Irish, V.F. (1995). Genetic ablation of petal and stamen primordial to elucidate cell interactions during floral development Development121, 2887–2895
32. Denis, M., Delourme, R., Gourett, J.P., Mariank C. and Renard, M. (1993). Expression of engineered nuclear male sterility in Brassicanapus (genetics, morphology, cytology, and sensitivity to temperature). Plant Physiology101, 1295–1304
33. de Vries, J., Heine, M., Harms, K. and Wackernagel, W. (2003). Spread of recombinant DNA by roots and pollen of transgenic potato plants, identified by highly specific biomonitoring using natural transformation of an Acinetobacter sp. Applied and Environmental Microbiology69, 4455–4462
34. Donson, J., Kearney, C.M., Hilf, M.E. and Dawson, W.O. (1991). Systemic expression of a bacterial gene by atobacco mosaic vims-based vector. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America88, 7204–7208
35. du Jardih, P., Portetelle, D., Harvengt, L., Dumont, M. and Wathelet, B. (1994). Expression of intron-encoded maturase-like polypeptides in potato chloroplasts. Current Genetics25, 158–163
36. Ebinuma, H., Sugita, K., Matsunaga, E. and Yamakado, M. (1997). Selection of marker-free transgenic plants using the isopentenyl transferase gene. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America94, 2117–2121
37. Ellstrand, N.C. (2003). Going to ‘great lengths’ to prevent the escape of genes that produce specialty chemicals. Plant Physiology132, 1770–1774
38. Endo, S., Sugita, K., Sakai, k, Tanaka, H. and Ebinuma, H. (2002). Single-step transformation for generating marker-free transgenic rice using the ipt-type MAT vector system. Plant Journal30, 115–122
39. Fabijanski, S.F., Arnison, P.G., Robert, L.S. and Schernthaner, J.P. (1999). PCT Patent WO 00/37660
40. Falk, M.C, Chassy, B.M., Harlander, S.K., Hoban, T.J., McGloughlin, M.N. and Akhlaghi, A.R. (2002). Food biotechnology:benefits and concerns. Journal of Nutrition132, 1384–1390
41. Fitzmaurice, W.P., Holzberg, S., Lindbo, J.A. et al. (2002). Epigenetic modification of plants with systemic RNA viruses. OMICS A Journal of Integrative Biology6, 137–151
42. Franck, A., Guilley, H., Jonard, G., Richards, K. and Hirth, L. (1980). Nucleotide sequence of cauliflower mosaic virus DNA. Cell21, 285–294
43. Futaki, S., Suzuki, T., Ohashi, W. et al, (2001). Arginine-rich peptides. Journal of Biological Chemistry276, 5836–5840
44. Garcia-Blanco, M.A. (2003). Messenger RNA reprogramming by spliceosome-mediated RNA trans-splicing. Journal of Clinical Investigation112, 474–480
45. Gatz, C. (1997). Chemical control of gene expression. Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Molecular Biology48, 89–108
46. Gatz, C. and Quail, P.H. (1988). Tn 10-encoded Tet repressor can regulate an operator-containing plant promoter. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America85, 1394–1397
47. Gatz, C., Frohberg, C. and Wendenburg, R. (1992). Stringent repression and homogeneous de-repression by tetracycline of a modified CaMV 35S promoter in intact transgenic tobacco plants. Plant Journal2, 397–404
48. Gogarten, J.P., Senejani, A.G., Zhaxybayeva, O., Olendzenski, L. and Hilario, E. (2002). Inteins:structure, function and evolution. Annual Review of Microbiology56, 263–287
49. Goldman, M.H., Goldberg, R.B. and Mariani, C. (1994). Female-sterile tobacco plants are produced by stigma-specific cell ablation. EMBO Journal13, 2976–2984
50. Gratton, J.P., Yu, J., Griffith, J.W. et al. (2003). Cell-permeable peptides improve cellular uptake and therapeutic gene delivery of replication-deficient viruses in cells and in vivo. Nature Medicine9, 357–362
51. Gray, J., Picton, S., Shabbeer, J., Schuch, W. and Grierson, D. (1992). Molecular biology of fruitripening and its manipulation with antisense genes. Plant Molecular Biology19, 69–87
52. Gressel. J. and Ehrlich, G. (2002). Universal inheritable barcodes for identifying organisms. Trends in Plant Science7, 542–544
53. Gritz, L., and Davies, J. (1983). Plasmid-encoded hygromycin B resistance:the sequence of hygromycin B phosphotransferase gene and its expression in Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Gene25, 179–188
54. Ham J.H., Bauer, D.W., Fouts, D.E. and Collmer, A. (1998). A cloned Erwinia chrysanthemi Hrp (type III protein secretion) system functions in Escherichia coli to deliver Pseudomonas syringae Avr signals to plant cells and to secrete Avr proteins in culture Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America95, 10206–10211
55. Han, K., Jeon, M.J., Kim, K.A., Park, J. and Choi, S.Y. (2000). Efficient intracellular delivery of GFP by homeodomains of Drosophila Fushitarazu and Engrailed proteins. Molecules and Cells10, 728–732
56. Hanson, B., Engler, D., Moy, Y., Newman, B., Ralston, E. and Gutterson, N. (1999). A simple method to enrich an Agrobacterium-transformed population for plants containing only T-DNA sequences. Plant Journal19, 727–734
57. Ha yes, R. J., Coutts, R.H. and Buck, K.W. (1989). Stability and expression of bacterial genes in replicating geminivirus vectors in plants. Nucleic Acids Research17, 2391–2403
58. Hoa, T.T., Bong, B.B., Huq, E. and Hodges, T.K. (2002). Cre/lox site-specific recombinadon controls the excision of a transgene from the rice genome. Theoretical and Applied Genetics104, 518–525
59. Huang, C.Y., Ayliffe, M. A. and Timmis, J.N. (2003). Direct measurement of the transfer rate of chloroplast DNA into the nucleus. Nature422, 72–76
60. Jaeger, G.D., Scheffer, S., Jacobs, A. et al. (2002). Boosting heterologous protein production in transgenic dicotyledonous seeds using Phaseolus vulgaris regulatory sequences Nature Biotechnology 20, 1265–1268
61. Johansen, I.E. (1996). Intron insertion facilitates amplification of cloned virus cDNA in Escherichia coli while biological activity is re-established after transcription in vivo.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America93, 12400–12405
62. Junker, B.H., Chu, C., Sonnewald, U., Willmitzer, L. and Fernie, A.R. (2003). In plants the ale gene expression system responds more rapidly following induction with acetaldehyde than with ethanol. FEBS Utters535,136–140
63. Kapila, J., de Rycke, R., van Montagu, M. and Angenon, G. (1997). An Agrobacterium-mediated gene expression system for intact leaves. Nucleic Acids Research31, 826–832
64. a reality for biotechnology products. Nature Biotechnology21, 599–601
65. Karlmova, G., Pidoux, J., Ullmannn, A. and Ladant, D. (1998). A bacterial two-hybrid system based on a reconstituted signal transduction pathway. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America95, 5752–5756
66. Kay, E., Vogel, T.M., Bertolla, F., Nalin, R. and Simonet, P. (2002), In situ transfer of antibiotic resistance genes from transgenic (transplastomic) tobacco plants to bacteria Applied and Environmental Microbiology68, 3345–3351
67. Klimyuk, V.I., Ivanov, P., Marillonnet, S., Zenk, M. and Gleb a, Y. (2002). Amplification vectors based on trans-splicing. PCT Patent WO 02097080
68. Koltunow, A.M. (1993). Apomixis:embryo sacs and embryos formed without meiosis or fertilization in ovules. Plant Cell5, 1425–1437
69. Koltunow, A.M., Bicknell, R.A. and Chaudhury, A.M. (1995). Molecular strategies for the generation of genetically identical seeds without fertilization. Plant Physiology108, 1345–1352
70. Kondo, K., Yamamoto, M., Itahashi, R. et al. (2002). Insight into the evolution of self-compatibility in Lycopersicon from a study of stylar factors. The Plant Journal, 30, 143–153
71. Koprek, T., McElroy, D., Louwerse, J., Williams-Carrier. R. and Lemaux, P.G. (1999). Negative selection system for transgenic barley (Hordeum vulgare L.):comparison of bacterial coda- and cytochrome P450 gene-mediated selection. Plant Journal19, 719–726
72. Kumagai, M.H., Turpen, T.H., Weinzettl, N. et al. (1993). Rapid, high-level expression of biologically active alpha-trichosanthin in transfected plants by an RNA viral vector. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America90, 427–430
73. Kumagai, M.H., Donson, J., Della-Cioppa, G., Harvey, D., Hanley, K. and Grill, L.K. (1995). Cytoplasmic inhibition of carotenoid biosynthesis with virus-derived RNA. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America92, 1679–1683
74. Kumagai, M.H., Donson, J., Della-Cioppa, G. and Grill, L. (2000). Rapid, high-level expression of glycosylated rice alpha-amylase in transfected plants by an RNA viral vector. Gene245, 169–174
75. Kunkel, T., Niu, Q.W., Chan, Y.S. and Chua, N.H. (1999). Inducible isopentenyl transferase as a high-efficiency marker for plant transformation. Nature Biotechnology17, 916–919
76. Kuvshinov, V.V., Koivu, K., Kanerva, A. and Pehu, E. (2001). Molecular control of transgene escape from genetically modified plants. Plant Science160, 517–522
77. Kwon, D., Chalmers, R.M. and Klecker, N. (1995). Structural domains of IS10 transposase and reconstitution of transposition activity from proteolytic fragments lacking an interdomain linker. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America92, 8234–8238
78. Lack. G. (2002). Clinical risk assessment of GM foods. Toxicology Letters127, 337–340
79. Lan, N., Howrey, R.P., Lee, S.W., Smith, C.A. and Sullenger, B.A. (1998). Ribozyme-mediated repair of sickle beta-globin mRNAs in erythrocyte precursors. Science280, 1593–1596
80. Liu, X.Q. and Yang, J. (2003). Split dnaE genes encoding multiple novel inteins in Trichodesmium erythraeum. Journal of Biological Chemistry278, 26315–26318
81. Lopez-Moya, J.J. and Garcia, J. A. (2000). Construction of stable and highly invectious intron-containing cDNA clone of plum pox potyvirus and its use to infect plants by particle bombardment. Virus Research68, 99–107
82. Luo, H. and Kausch, A.P. (2002). Application of FLP/FRT site-specific DNA recombination system in plants. Genetic Engineering (N.Y.)24, 1–16
83. Luo, M., Bilodeau, P., Koltunow, A., Dennis, E., Peacock, W.J, and Chaudhury, A.M. (1999). Genes controlling fertilization-independent seed development in Arabidopsis thaliana. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 96, 296–301
84. Lyznjk, L. A., Rao, K. V. and Hodges, T.K. (1996). FLP-mediated recombination of FRT sites in the maize genome. Nucleic Acids Research24, 3784–3789
85. Maliga, P. (2003a). Progress towards commercialization of plastid transformation technology. Trends in Biotechnology21, 20–28
86. Maliga, P. (2003b). Plant biology:mobile plastid genes. Nature422, 31–32
87. Mallory, A.C., Parks, G., Endres, M.W. et al. (2002). The amplicon-plus system for high-level expression in transgenic plants. Nature Biotechnology20, 622–625
88. Marillonnet, S., Klimyuk, V. and Gleba, Y. (2003). Encoding technical information in GM organisms. Nature Biotechnology21, 224–226
89. Marillonnet, S., Giritch, A., Gils, M., Kandzia, R., Klimyuk, V. and Gleba, Y. (2004). In planta engineering of viral RNA replicons:efficient assembly by recombination of DNA modules delivered by Agrobacterium. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America101, 6852–6857
90. Mascarenhas, D., Mettler, I.J., Pierce, D.A. and Lowe, H.W. (1990), Intron-mediated enhancement of heterologous gene expression in maize. Plant Molecular Biology15, 913–920
91. Matsushita, M., Tomizava, K., Moriwaki, A., Li, S.T., Terada, H. and Matsui, H. (2001). A high-efficiency protein transduction system demonstrating the role of PKA in long-lasting long-term potentiation. Journal of Neuroscience21, 6000–6007
92. Mazodier, P., Cossart, P., Giraud, E. and Gasser, F. (1985). Completion of the nucleotide sequence of the central region of Tn5 confirms the presence of three resistance genes. Nucleic Acids Research13, 195–205
93. McElroy, D., Zhang, W., Cao, J. and Wu, R. (1990). Isolation of an efficient actin promoter for use in rice transformation. Plant Cell2, 163–171
94. McNellis, T.W., Mudgett, M.B., Li, K. et al. (1998). Glucocorticoid-inducible expression of a bacterial avirulence gene in transgenic Arabidopsis induces hypersensitive cell death. Plant Journal14, 247–257
95. Meijer, E.G., Schilperoort, R.A., Rueb, S., van Os-Ruygrok, P.E. and Hensgens, L.A. (1991). Transgenic rice cell lines and plants:expression of transferred chimeric genes Plant Molecular Biology16, 807–820
96. Merkle, S.A and Dean, J.F. (2000). Forest tree biotechnology. Current Opinion in Biotechnology11, 298–302
97. Mett, V.L., Lochhead, L.P. and Reynolds, P.H. (1993). Copper-controllable gene expression system for whole plants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America90, 4567–4571
98. Mi, I., Mai, J., Lu, X. and Robbins, P.D. (2000). Characterization of a class of cationic peptides able to facilitate efficient protein transduction in vitro and in vivo. Molecular Therapy2, 339–347
99. Mikheeva, S. and Jarrell, KA. (1996). Use of engineered ribozymes to catalyse chimeric gene assembly. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America93, 7486–7490
100. Mlynarova, L. and Nap, J.P. (2003). A self-excising Cre recombinase allows efficient recombination of multiple ectopic heterospecific lox sites in transgenic tobacco. Transgenic Research12, 45–57
101. Mohr, G. and Lambowitz, A.M. (2003). Putative proteins related to group II intron reverse transcriptase/maturases are encoded by nuclear genes in higher plants. Nucleic Acids research31, 647–652
102. Mor T.S., Moon, Y.S., Palmer, K.E. and Mason, RS. (2003). Geminivirus vectors for high-level expression of foreign proteins in plant cells. Biotechnology and Bioengineering81, 430–437
103. Murgola, E.J. (1985). tRNA, suppression and the code. Annual Review of Genetics19, 57–80
104. Nap, J.-P., Metz, P.L., Escaler, M. and Conner, A.J, (2003). The release of genetically modified crops into the environment. Part I. Overview of current status and regulations Plant Journal33, 1–18
105. O’Keefe, D.P., Tepperman, J.M., Dean, C., Leto, K.J., Erbes, D.L. and Odell, J.T (1994) Piant expression of abacterial cytochrome P450 that catalyses activation of sulfonylurea pro-herbicide. Plant Physiology105, 473–482
106. Oliver, M.J., Quisenberry, J.E., Trolinder, N.L.G. and Keim, D.L. (1999).Control of plant gene expression. U.S. Patent 5,977,441
107. Onouchi, H., Nishihama, R., Kudo, M., Machida, Y. and Machida, C. (1995). Visualization of site-specific recombination catalysed by a recombinase from Zyghosaccharomyces rouxii in Arabidopsis thaliana. Molecular and General Genetics247, 653–660
108. Ow, D.W. (2002). Recombinase-directed plant transformation for the post-genomic era. Plant Molecular Biology48, 183–200
109. Padidam, M. (2003). Chemically regulated gene expression in plants. Current Opinion in Plant Biology6, 169–177
110. Padidam, M Gore, M., Lu, D.L. and Smirnova, O. (2003), Chemical-inducible, ecdysone receptor-based gene expression system for plants. Transgenic Research12, 101–109
111. Peitz, M., Pfannkuche, K., Rajewsky, K. and Edenhofer, F. (2002). Ability of the hydrophobic FGF and basic TAT peptides to promote cellular uptake of recombinant Cre recombinase:a tool for efficient genetic engineering of mammalian genomes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America99, 4489–4494
112. Pelletier, J.N., Campbell-Valois, R-X. and Michnick, S.W. (1998). Oligomerization domain-directed reassembly of active dihydrofolate reductase from rationally designed fragments. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the United Slates of America95, 12141–12146
113. Pelletier, J.N., Arndt, K.M., Plueckthun, A. and Michnick, S.W. (1999). An in vivo library-versus-library selection of optimized protein-protein interactions. Nature Biotechnology17,683–690
114. Perera, R.J. Linard, C.G. and Signer, E.R. (1993). Cytosine deaminase as a negative selective marker for Arabidopsis. Plant Molecular Biology24, 793–799
115. Perlak, F.J., Stone, T.B., Muskopf, Y.M. et al. (1993). Genetically improved potatoes:protection from damage by Colorado potato beetles. Plant Molecular Biology22, 313–321
116. Perler, F.B. (1998). Protein splicing of inteins and hedgehog autoproteolysis:structure, function, and evolution. Cell92, 1–4
117. Perler, F.B. and Adam, E. (2000). Protein splicing and its applications. Current Opinion in Biotechnology11, 377–383
118. Perriman, R., Bruening, G., Dennis, E.S. and Peacock, W.J. (1995). Effective ribozyme delivery in plant cells. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America92, 6175–6179
119. Porta, C and Lomonossoff, G. (1996). Use of viral replicons for the expression of genes in plants. Molecular Biotechnology5, 209–221
120. Puttaraju, M., Jamison, S.F., Mansfield, S.G., Garcia-Blanco, M.A. and Mitchell, L.G. (1999). Spliceosome-mediated RNA trans-splicing as a tool for gene therapy. Nature Biotechnology17, 246–252
121. Rabindran, S. and Dawson, W.O. (2001). Assessment of recombinants that arise from the use of a TMV-based transient expression vector. Virology284, 182–189
122. Ream, W. (1998). Import of Agrobacterium tumefaciens virulence proteins and transferred DNA into plant cell nuclei. Subcellular Biochemistry29, 365–384
123. Rieger, M.A., Lamond, M., Preston, C., Powles, S.B. and Roush, R.T. (2002). Pollen-mediated movement of herbicide resistance between commercial canola fields. Science296, 2386–2389
124. Rose, A.B. (2002). Requirements for an intron-mediated enhancement of gene expression in Arabidopsis. RNA8, 1444–1453
125. Roslan, H.A., Salter, M.G., Wood, CD, et al. (2001). Characterization of the ethanol-inducible ale gene-expression system in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Journal28, 225–235
126. Rothstein, S.J., Lahners, K.N., Lotstein, R J., Corozzi, N.B., Jaine, S.M. and Rice, D.A. (1987). Promoter cassettes, antibiotic-resistance genes, and vectors for plant transformation. Gene53, 153–161
127. Sa, G.M., Mi, M., He-Chun, Y. and Guo-Feng, L. (2002). Anther-specific expression of ipt gene in transgenic tobacco and its effect on plant development. Transgenic Research11, 269–278
128. Saldanha, R., Mohr, G., Belfort, M. and Lambowitz, A.M. (1993). Group I and group II introns. FASEB Journal7, 15–24
129. Salter, M.G., Paine, J.A., Riddell, K.V. et al. (1998). Characterization of the ethanol-inducible ale gene expression system for transgenic plants. Plant Journal16, 127–132
130. Sancho, J. and Fersht, A.R. (1992). Dissection of an enzyme by protein engineering. The N-and C-terminal fragments of barnase form a native-like complex with restored enzymatic activity. Journal of Molecular Virology224, 741–747
131. Santoro, S.W. and Schultz, P.G. (2002). Directed evolution of the site-specificity of Cre recombinase. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America99, 4185–4190
132. Schernthaner, J.P., Fabijanski, S.F., Arnison, P.G., Racicot, M. and Robert, L.S. (2003). Control of seed germination in transgenic plants based on the segregation of a two-component system. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America100, 6855–6859
133. Schwartz, J.J. and Zhang, S. (2000). Peptide-mediated cellular delivery. Current Opinion in Molecular Therapeutics2, 162–167
134. Serrano, L., Day, A.G. and Fersht, A.R. (1993). Step-wise mutation of barnase to binase. A procedure for engineering increased stability of proteins and an experimental analysis of the evolution of protein stability. Journal of Molecular Evolution233, 305–312
135. Shingledecker, K., Jiang, S.Q. and Paulus, H. (1998). Molecular dissection of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis RecA intern:design of a minimal intein and of a trans-splicing system involving two intein fragments. Gene207, 187–195
136. Srivastava, V. and Ow, D. W. (2001). Single copy primary transformants of maize obtained through the co-introduction of a recombinase-expressing construct. Plant Molecular Biology46, 561–566
137. Srivastava, V., Anderson, O.D. and Ow, D.W. (1999). Single-copy transgenic wheat generated through the resolution of complex integration patterns. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America96, 11117–11121
138. Stanley, J. (1993). Geminiviruses:plant viral vectors. Current Opinion in Genetics and Development3, 91–96
139. Stegemann, S., Hartmann, S., Ruf, S. and Bock, R. (2003). High-frequency gene transfer from the chloroplast genome to the nucleus. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America100, 8612–8614
140. Sugita, K., Kasahara, T., Matsunaga, E. and Ebinuma, H. (2000). A transformation vector for the production of marker-free transgenic plants containing a single copy transgene at high frequency. Plant Journal22, 461–469
141. Sullenger, B.A. and Cech, T.R. (1993). Tethering ribozymes to a retroviral packaging signal for destruction of viral RNA. Science262, 1566–1569
142. Sullenger, B.A. and Cech, T.R. (1994). Ribozyme-mediated repair of defective mRNA by targeted trans-splicing. Nature371, 619–622
143. Szurek, B., Rossier, O., Hause, G. and Bonas, U. (2002). Type III-dependent translocation of the Xanthomonas AvrBs2 protein into the plant cell. Molecular Microbiology46, 13–23
144. Thompson, C.J. and Gray, G.S. (1983). Nucleotide sequence of a streptomycete aminoglycoside phosphotransferase gene and its relationship to phosphotransferases encoded by resistance plasmids. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America80, 5190–5194
145. Tsugeki, R. and Fedoroff, N.V. (1999). Genetic ablation of root cap cells in Arabidopsis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America96, 12941–12946
146. Vancanneyt, G., Schmidt, R., O’Connor-Sanches, a., Willmitzer, L. and Rocha-Sosa, M. (1990). Construction of an intron-contaimng marker gene:splicing of the intron in transgenic plants and its use in monitoring early events in Agrobacterium-mediated plant transformation. Molecular and General Genetics220, 245–250
147. van der Ent, F.M.L, Vos, A. and Plasterk, R.H.A. (1999). Dissecting the role of the N-terminal domain of Human Immunodeficiency Virus integrase by trans-complementation analysis. Journal of Virology73, 3176–3186
148. van dok, P.J. (2003). Ecological and evolutionary opportunities of apomixes:insights from Taraxacum and Chondrilla. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B. Biological Sciences358, 1113–1121
149. van Dijk, P. and van Damme, J. (2000). Apomixis technology and the paradox of sex. Trends in Plant Science5, 81–84
150. Vaquero, C., Sack, M., Chandler, J. et al. (1999). Transient expression of a tumour-specific single chain fragment and a chimeric antibody in tobacco leaves. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America96, 11128–11133
151. Vergunst, A.C., Schrammeijer, B., den Dulk-Ras, A., de Vlaam, C.M.T., Regensburg-Tuink, T.J.G. and Hooykaas, P.J.J. (2000). VirB/D4-dependent protein translocation from Agrobacterium into plant cell. Science290, 979–982
152. Vocel, J., Hubschmann, T., Borner, T. and Hess, W.R. (1997). Splicing and intron-internal RNA editing of trnK-matK transcripts in barley plastids:support for MatK as an essential splice factor. Journal of Molecular Biology270, 179–187
153. Voinnet, O., Rivas, S., Mestre, P. and Baulcombe, D. (2003). An enhanced transient expression system in plants based on suppression of gene silencing by the pl9 protein of tomato bushy stunt virus. Plant Journal33, 949–956
154. Vollenhofer, S., Burg, K., Schmidt, J. and Kroath, H. (2001). Genetically modified organisms in food-screening and specific detection by polymerase chain reaction. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry47, 5038–5043
155. Wahleithner, J.A., MacFarlane, J.L. and Wolstenholme, D.R. (1990). A sequence encoding a maturase-related protein in a group II intron of a plant mitochondrial nad1 gene. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America87, 548–552
156. Walters, D. A., Vetsch, C.S., Potts, D.E. and Lundquist, R.C (1992). Transformation and inheritance of hygromycin phosphotransferase gene in maize plants. Plant Molecular Biology18, 189–200
157. Weinmann, P., Gossen, M., Hillen, W., Bujard, H. and Gatz, C. (1994). A chimeric transactivator allows tetracycline-responsive gene expression in whole plants. Plant Journal5, 559–569
158. Weld, R., Heinemann, J. and Eady, C. (2001). Transient GFP expression in Nicotiana plunbaginifolia suspension cells:the role of gene silencing, cell death and T-DNA loss. Plant Molecular Biology45, 377–385
159. Wender, P.A., Mitchell, D.J., Pattabiraman, K., Pelkey, E.T., Steinman, L. and Rothbard. J.B. (2000). The design, synthesis, and evaluation of molecules that enable or enhance cellular uptake:peptoid molecular transporters. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America97, 13003–13008
160. Werner, S., Giritch, A., Eliby, S., Marillonnet, S., Klimyuk, V. and Gleba, Y. (2003). Transgenic plants with controlled distribution of a trait to progeny. PCT Patent WO03102197.
161. Wickelgren, I. (2003). Spinning junk into gold. Science300, 1646–1649
162. Williams. M and Leemans, J. (1998). Maintenance of male-sterile plants. US Patent 5,750,867
163. Wu, H., Hu, Z. and Lru, X.-Q. (1998a). Protein trans-splicing by a split intein encoded in a split DnaE gene of Synechocystis sp. PCC6803. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America95, 9226–9231
164. Wu, H., Xu, M.Q. and Liu, X.Q. (1998b). Protein trans-splicing and functional mini-inteins of a cyanobacterial dnaB intein. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta1387, 422–432
165. Yang, J., Fox, G.C. and Henry-Smith, T.V. (2003). Intein-mediated assembly of a functional-glucuronidase in transgenic plants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of Americal100, 3513–35l8
166. Yang, S.J., Revers, F., Souche, S. et al. (1998). Construction of full-length cDNA clones of lettuce mosaic virus (LMV) and the effect of intron insertion on their viability in Escherichia coli and on their infectivity to plants. Archives of Virology143, 2443–2451
167. Zhao, Y., Lou, D., Burkett, J. and Kohler, H. (2001). Chemical engineering of cell penetrating antibodies. Journal of Immunological Methods254, 137–145
168. Zubko, E., Scutt, C. and Meyer, P. (2000). Intrachromosomal recombination between attP regions as a tool to remove selectable marker genes from tobacco transgenes. Nature Biotechnology18, 442–445
169. Zuo, J., Niu, Q.W., Moller, S.G. and Chua, N.H. (2001). Chemical-regulated, site-specific DNA excision in transgenic plants. Nature Biotechnology19, 157–161