Primary cell wall metabolism: Tracking the careers of wall polymers in living plant cells

New Phytologist

Volumn 161, Issue 3, 2004, Pages 641-675

  Fry, Stephen C ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Cell wall; Enzyme action and activity; Glycanases; Golgi system; Hemicelluloses; Pectins; Polysaccharides; Wall assembly; Wall loosening and tightening; Xyloglucan

Indexed keywords

BOTANY; CYTOLOGY; METABOLISM; POLYSACCHARIDE;

EMBRYOPHYTA;

EID: 1042278607     PISSN: 0028646X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.00980.x     Document Type: Review

References (338)

1. Akamatsu T, Hanzawa Y, Ohtake Y, Takahashi T, Nishitani K, Komeda Y. 1999. Expression of endoxyloglucan transferase genes in acaulis mutants of Arabidopsis. Plant Physiology 121: 715-721.
2. Akiyama T, Kaku H, Shibuya N. 1998. A cell wall-bound β-glucosidase from germinated rice: purification and properties. Phytochemistry 48: 49-54.
3. Alba CM, de Forchetti SM, Tigier HA. 2000. Phenoloxidase of peach (Prunus persica) endocarp: its relationship with peroxidases and lignification. Physiologia Plantarum 109: 382-387.
4. Aldington S, Fry SC. 1993. Oligosaccharins. Advances in Botanical Research 19: 1-101.
5. Almeida DPF, Huber DJ. 1999. Apoplastic pH and inorganic ion levels in tomato fruit: a potential means for regulation of cell wall metabolism during ripening. Physiologia Plantarum 105: 506-512.
6. Anhalt S, Weissenböck G. 1992. Subcellular localization of luteolin glucuronides and related enzymes in rye mesophyll. Planta 187: 83-88.
7. Antosiewicz DM, Purugganan MM, Polisensky DH, Braam J. 1997. Cellular localization of Arabidopsis xyloglucan endotransglycosylase-related proteins during development and after wind stimulation. Plant Physiology 115: 1319-1328.
8. Aspinall GO, Molloy JA, Craig JWT. 1969. Extracellular polysaccharides from suspension-cultured sycamore cells. Canadian Journal of Biochemistry 47: 1063-1070.
9. Atkinson RG, Schroder R, Hallett IC, Cohen D, MacRae EA. 2002. Overexpression of polygalacturonase in transgenic apple trees leads to a range of novel phenotypes involving changes in cell adhesion. Plant Physiology 129: 122-133.
10. Aubert D, Herzog M. 1996. A new cDNA encoding a xyloglucan endotransglycosylase-related polypeptide (AtXTR8) preferentially expressed in seedling, root and stem of Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Science 121: 20.
11. Augur C, Benhamou N, Darvill A, Albersheim P. 1993. Purification, characterization, and cell wall localization of an α-fucosidase that inactivates a xyloglucan oligosaccharin. Plant Journal 3: 415-426.
12. Augur C, Stiefel V, Darvill A, Albersheim P, Puigdomènech P. 1995. Molecular cloning and pattern of expression of an α-L-fucosidase gene from pea seedlings. Journal of Biological Chemistry 270: 20.
13. Bacon MA, Thompson DS, Davies WJ. 1997. Can cell wall peroxidase activity explain the leaf growth response of Lolium temulentum L. during drought? Journal of Experimental Botany 48: 2075-2085.
14. Bar Nun N, Mor A, Mayer AM. 1999. A cofactor requirement for polygalacturonase from Cuscuta campestris. Phytochemistry 52: 1217-1221.
15. Barnavon L, Doco T, Terrier N, Ageorges A, Romieu C, Pellerin P. 2000. Analysis of cell wall neutral sugar composition, β-galactosidase activity and a related cDNA clone throughout the development of Vitis vinifera grape berries. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 38: 289-300.
16. Barnavon L, Doco T, Terrier N, Ageorges A, Romieu C, Pellerin P. 2001. Involvement of pectin methyl-esterase during the ripening of grape berries: partial cDNA isolation, transcript expression and changes in the degree of methyl-esterification of cell wall pectins. Photochemistry 58: 693-701.
17. Barrachina C, Lorences EP. 1998. Xyloglucan endotransglycosylase activity in pine hypocotyls: intracellular localization and relationship with endogenous growth. Physiologia Plantarum 102: 55-60.
18. Baydoun EA-H, Abdel-Massih RM, Dani D, Rizk SE, Brett CT. 2001. Galactosyl-and fucosyltransferases in etiolated pea epicotyls: product identification and sub-cellular localisation. Journal of Plant Physiology 158: 145-150.
19. Baydoun EA-H, Brett CT. 1997. Distribution of xylosyltransferases and glucuronyltransferase within the Golgi apparatus in etiolated pea (Pisum sativum L.) epicotyls. Journal of Experimental Botany 48: 1997.
20. Baydoun EA-H, Fry SC. 1989. In vivo degradation and extracellular polymer-binding of xyloglucan nonasaccharide, a natural anti-auxin. Journal of Plant Physiology 134: 453-459.
21. Becker GE, Hui PA, Albersheim P. 1964. Synthesis of an extracellular polysaccharide by suspension cultures of Acer pseudoplatanus cells. Plant Physiology 39: 1964.
22. Benitez-Burraco A, Blanco-Portales R, Redondo-Nevado J, Bellido ML, Moyano E, Caballero JL, Munoz-Blanco J. 2003. Cloning and characterization of two ripening-related strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa cv. Chandler) pectate lyase genes. Journal of Experimental Botany 54: 633-645.
23. Bih FY, Wu SSH, Ratnayake C, Walling LL, Nothnagel EA, Huang AHC. 1999. The predominant protein on the surface of maize pollen is an endoxylanase synthesized by a tapetum mRNA with a long 5′ leader. Journal of Biological Chemistry 274: 6.
24. Biswas S, Kayastha AM, Seckler R. 2003. Purification and characterization ofa thermostable β-galactosidase from kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cv. Pdr14. Journal of Plant Physiology 160: 327-337.
25. Bolwell GP, Northcote DH. 1981. Control of hemicellulose and pectin synthesis during differentiation of vascular tissue in bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) callus and in bean hypocotyl. Planta 152: 225-233.
26. Bordenave M, Goldberg R, Huet JC, Pernollet JC. 1995. A novel protein from mung bean hypocotyl cell walls with acetyl esterase activity. Phytochemistry 38: 315-319.
27. Bouranis DL, Niavis CA. 1992. Cell wall metabolism in growing and ripening stone fruits. Plant and Cell Physiology 33: 999-1008.
28. Bourquin V, Nishikubo N, Abe H, Brumer H, Denman S, Eklund M, Christiernin M, Teeri TT, Sundberg B, Mellerowicz EJ. 2002. Xyloglucan endotransglycosylases have a function during the formation of secondary cell walls of vascular tissues. Plant Cell 14: 3073-3088.
29. Brady CJ. 1987. Fruit ripening. Annual Review of Plant Physiology 38: 155-178.
30. Brady JD, Sadler IH, Fry SC. 1996. Di-isodityrosine, a novel tetrameric derivative of tyrosine in plant cell wall proteins: a new potential cross-link. Biochemical Journal 315: 323-327.
31. Bragina TV, Martinovich LI, Rodionova NA, Bezborodov AM, Grineva GM. 1999. Effects of stress induced by total submergence on cellulase and xylanase activities in adventitious roots of maize. Applied Biochemistry and Microbiology 35: 407-410.
32. Bret-Harte MS, Talbott LD. 1993. Changes in composition of the outer epidermal-cell wall of pea stems during auxin-induced growth. Planta 190: 369-378.
33. Breton C, Bordenave M, Richard L, Pernollet JC, Huet JC, Perez S, Goldberg R. 1996. PCR cloning and expression analysis of a cDNA encoding a pectinacetylesterase from Vigna radiata L. FEBS Letters 388: 139-142.
34. Brett CT, Waldron KW. 1996. Biochemistry and physiology of plant cell walls. London, UK: Chapman & Hall.
35. Brummell DA, Camirand A, Maclachlan GA. 1990. Differential distribution of xyloglucan glycosyl transferases in pea Golgi dictyosomes and secretory vesicles. Journal of Cell Science 96: 705-710.
36. Brummell DA, Labavitch JM. 1997. Effect of antisense suppression of endopolygalacturonase activity on polyuronide molecular weight in ripening tomato fruit and in fruit homogenates. Plant Physiology 115: 717-725.
37. Burstin J. 2000. Differential expression of two barley XET-related genes during coleoptile growth. Journal of Experimental Botany 51: 847-852.
38. Campbell P, Braam J. 1998. Co-and/or post-translational modifications are critical for TCH4 XET activity. Plant Journal 15: 553-561.
39. Campbell P, Braam J. 1999. In vitro activities of four xyloglucan endotransglycosylases from Arabidopsis. Plant Journal 18: 371-382.
40. Carpita NC, Delmer DP. 1981. Concentration and metabolic turnover of UDP-glucose in developing cotton fibers. Journal of Biological Chemistry 256: 308-315.
41. Carpita NC, McCann M. 2000. The cell wall. In: Buchanan BB, Gruissem W, Jones RL, eds. Biochemistry and molecular biology of plants. Rockville, M.D., USA: American Society of Plant Physiologists, 52-108.
42. Carrillo-Lopez A, Cruz-Hernandez A, Carabez-Trejo A, Guevara-Lara F, Paredes-Lopez O. 2002. Hydrolytic activity and ultrastructural changes in fruit skins from two prickly pear (Opuntia sp.) varieties during storage. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 50: 13.
43. Carrington CMS, Greve LC, Labavitch JM. 1993. Cell wall metabolism in ripening fruit. 6. Effect of the antisense polygalacturonase gene on cell wall changes accompanying ripening in transgenic tomatoes. Plant Physiology 103: 429-434.
44. Carrington CMS, Vendrell M, Dominguez-Puigjaner E. 2002. Characterisation of an endo-(1,4)-β-mannanase (LeMAN4) expressed in ripening tomato fruit. Plant Science 163: 599-606.
45. Caspers MPM, Lok F, Sinjorgo KMC, van Zeijl MJ, Nielsen KA, Cameron-Mills V. 2001. Synthesis, processing and export of cytoplasmic endo-β-1,4-xylanase from barley aleurone during germination. Plant Journal 26: 191-204.
46. Catalá C, Rose JKC, Bennett AB. 1997. Auxin regulation and spatial localization of an endo-1,4-β-D-glucanase and a xyloglucan endotransglycosylase in expanding tomato hypocotyls. Plant Journal 12: 417-426.
47. Catalá C, Rose JKC, York WS, Albersheim P, Darvill AG, Bennett AB. 2001. Characterization of a tomato xyloglucan endotransglycosylase gene that is down-regulated by auxin in etiolated hypocotyls. Plant Physiology 127: 1180-1192.
48. Chabanet A, Catesson AM, Goldberg R. 1993. Peroxidase and phenoloxidase activities in mung bean hypocotyl cell walls. Phytochemistry 33: 759-763.
49. Chabanet A, Goldberg R, Catesson AM, Quinetszely M, Delaunay AM, FAYEL. 1994. Characterization and localization of a phenoloxidase in mung bean hypocotyl cell walls. Plant Physiology 106: 1095-1102.
50. Chatterjee U, Sanwal GG. 1999. Purification and properties of a protein from Lantana camara activating Cuscuta reflexa cellulase. Phytochemistry 52: 361-366.
51. Chen F, Nonogaki H, Bradford KJ. 2002. A gibberellin-regulated xyloglucan endotransglycosylase gene is expressed in the endosperm cap during tomato seed germination. Journal of Experimental Botany 53: 215-223.
52. Chen NJ, Paull RE. 2003. Endoxylanase expressed during papaya fruit ripening: purification, cloning and characterization. Functional Plant Biology 30: 433-441.
53. Christensen TMIE, Nielsen JE, Kreiberg JD, Rasmussen P, Mikkelsen JD. 1998. Pectin methyl esterase from orange fruit: characterization and localization by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. Planta 206: 493-503.
54. Christiansen LC, Dal Degan F, Ulvskov P, Borkhardt B. 2002. Examination of the dehiscence zone in soybean pods and isolation of a dehiscence-related endopolygalacturonase gene. Plant, Cell & Environment 25: 479-490.
55. Chun JP, Huber DJ. 1998. Polygalacturonase-mediated solubilization and depolymerization of pectic polymers in tomato fruit cell walls - regulation by pH and ionic conditions. Plant Physiology 117: 1293-1299.
56. Cordoba-Pedregosa MD, Gonzalez-Reyes JA, Canadillas MD, Navas P, Cordoba F. 1996. Role of apoplastic and cell wall peroxidases on the stimulation of root elongation by ascorbate. Plant Physiology 112: 1119-1125.
57. Cosgrove DJ, Bedinger P, Durachko DM. 1997. Group I allergens of grass pollens as cell wall-loosening agents. Proceeding of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 94: 6559-6564.
58. Crombie HJ, Chengappa S, Hellyer A, Reid JSG. 1998. A xyloglucan oligosaccharide-active, transglycosylating β-D-glucosidase from the cotyledons of nasturtium (Tropaeolum majus L.) seedlings - purification, properties and characterization of a cDNA clone. Plant Journal 15: 27-38.
59. Crombie HJ, Chengappa S, Jarman C, Sidebottom C, Reid JSG. 2002. Molecular characterisation of a xyloglucan oligosaccharide-acting α-D-xylosidase from nasturtium (Tropaeolum majus L.) cotyledons that resembles plant apoplastic α-D-glucosidases. Planta 214: 406-413.
60. Crossthwaite SK, MacDonald FM, Baydoun EA-H, Brett CT. 1994. Properties of a protein-linked glucuronoxylan formed in the plant Golgi apparatus. Journal of Experimental Botany 45: 471-475.
61. Cutillas-Iturralde A, Zarra I, Fry SC, Lorences EP. 1994. Implication of persimmon fruit hemicellulose metabolism in the softening process -importance of xyloglucan endotransglycosylase. Physiologia Plantarum 91: 169-176.
62. Cutillas-Iturralde A, Zarra I, Lorences EP. 1993. Metabolism of cell-wall polysaccharides from persimmon fruit - pectin solubilization during fruit ripening occurs in apparent absence of polygalacturonase activity. Physiologia Plantarum 89: 369-375.
63. Dalal KB, Salunkhe DK, Olson LE. 1966. Certain physiological and biochemical changes in greenhouse grown tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). Journal of Food Science 31: 461-469.
64. Darvill AG, Augur C, Bergmann C, Carlson RW, Cheong J-J, Eberhard S, Hahn MG, Ló V-M, Marfà V, Meyer B, Mohnen D, O'Neill MA, Spiro MD, van Halbeek H, York WS, Albersheim P. 1992. Oligosaccharins - oligosaccharides that regulate growth, development and defence responses in plants. Glycobiology 2: 181-198.
65. de la Torre F, Sampedro J, Zarra I, Revilla G. 2002. AtFXGI, an Arabidopsis gene encoding α-L-fucosidase active against fucosylated xyloglucan oligosaccharides. Plant Physiology 128: 247-255.
66. Deighton N, McDougall GJ. 1998. Coniferyl alcohol oxidase operates through a bound free-radical intermediate. Photochemistry 48: 601-606.
67. Delcampillo E, Lewis LN. 1992. Occurrence of 9.5 cellulase and other hydrolases in flower reproductive organs undergoing major cell wall disruption. Plant Physiology 99: 1015-1020.
68. Dirk LMA, van der Krol AR, Vreugdenhil D, Hilhorst HWM, Bewley JD. 1999. Galactomannan, soluble sugar and starch mobilization following germination of Trigonella foenum-graecum seeds. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 37: 41-50.
69. Doblin MS, Kurek I, Jacob-Wilk D, Delmer DP. 2002. Cellulose biosynthesis in plants: from genes to rosettes. Plant and Cell Physiology 43: 1407-1420.
70. Domingo C, Roberts K, Stacey NJ, Connerton I, Ruiz-Teran F, McCann MC. 1998. A pectate lyase from Zinnia elegans is auxin-inducible. Plant Journal 13: 17-28.
71. Dopico B, Nicolas G, Labrador E. 1989. Partial purification of cell wall α-galactosidases and α-arabinosidases from Cicer arietinum epicotyls -relationship with cell wall autolytic processes. Physiologia Plantarum 75: 465-468.
72. Dopico B, Nicolas G, Labrador E. 1991. Characterization, hydrolytic activity and variations throughout growth of a cell wall β-glucosidase and α-galactosidase from Cicer arietinum epicotyls. Journal of Plant Physiology 137: 477-482.
73. Downs CG, Brady CJ. 1990. Two forms ofexopolygalacturonase increase as peach fruits ripen. Plant, Cell & Environment 13: 523-530.
74. Drew JE, Gatehouse JA. 1994. Isolation and characterization of a pea pod cDNA encoding a putative blue copper protein correlated with lignin deposition. Journal of Experimental Botany 45: 1873-1884.
75. Driouich A, Zhang GF, Staehelin LA. 1993. Effect of Brefeldin A on the structure of the Golgi apparatus and on the synthesis and secretion of proteins and polysaccharides in sycamore maple (Acer pseudoplatanus) suspension-cultured cells. Plant Physiology 101: 1363-1373.
76. Dubald M, Barakate A, Mandaron P, Mache R. 1993. The ubiquitous presence ofexopolygalacturonase in maize suggests a fundamental cellular function for this enzyme. Plant Journal 4: 781-791.
77. Dumville JC, Fry SC. 2000. Uronic acid-containing oligosaccharins: their biosynthesis, degradation and signalling roles in non-diseased plant tissues. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 38: 125-140.
78. Dumville JC, Fry SC. 2003. Solubilisation of tomato fruit pectins by ascorbate: a possible non-enzymic mechanism of fruit softening. Planta 217: 951-961.
79. Edelmann HG, Fry SC. 1992a. Factors that affect the extraction of xyloglucan from the primary cell walls of suspension-cultured rose cells. Carbohydrate Research 228: 423-431.
80. Edelmann HG, Fry SC. 1992b. Kinetics of integration of xyloglucan into the walls of suspension-cultured rose cells. Journal of Experimental Botany 43: 463-470.
81. Edelmann HG, Fry SC. 1992c. Effect of cellulose synthesis inhibition on growth and the integration of xyloglucan into pea internode cell walls. Plant Physiology 100: 993-997.
82. Edwards M, Dea ICM, Bulpin PV, Reid JSG. 1985. Xyloglucan (amyloid) mobilisation in the cotyledons of Tropaeolum majus L. seeds following germination. Planta 163: 133-140.
83. Edwards ME, Dickson CA, Chengappa S, Sidebottom C, Gidley MJ, Reid JSG. 1999. Molecular characterisation of a membrane-bound galactosyltransferase of plant cell wall matrix polysaccharide biosynthesis. Plant Journal 19: 691-697.
84. Esteban R, Dopico B, Munoz FJ, Romo S, Martin I, Labrador E. 2003. Cloning of a Cicer arietinum β-galactosidase with pectin-degrading function. Plant and Cell Physiology 44: 718-725.
85. Fanutti C, Gidley MJ, Reid JSG. 1991. A xyloglucan-oligosaccharide- specific α-D-xylosidase or exo-oligoxyloglucan-α-xylohydrolase from germinated nasturtium (Tropaeolum majus L.) seeds - purification, properties and its interaction with a xyloglucan-specific endo-(1→4)-β-D- glucanase and other hydrolases during storage-xyloglucan mobilization. Planta 184: 137-147.
86. Fanutti C, Gidley MJ, Reid JSG. 1993. Action of a pure xyloglucan endotransglycosylase (formerly called xyloglucan-specific endo-(1→4)- β-D-glucanase) from the cotyledons of germinated nasturtium seeds. Plant Journal 3: 691-700.
87. Fanutti C, Gidley MJ, Reid JSG. 1996. Substrate subsite recognition of the xyloglucan endo-transglycosylase or xyloglucan-specific endo-(1→4)- β-D-glucanase from the cotyledons of germinated nasturtium (Tropaeolum majus L.) seeds. Planta 200: 221-228.
88. Fenwick KM, Jarvis MC, Apperley DC, Seymour GB, Bird CR. 1996. Polymer mobility in cell walls of transgenic tomatoes with reduced polygalacturonase activity. Phytochemistry 42: 301-307.
89. Frahry G, Schopfer P. 1998. Hydrogen peroxide production by roots and its stimulation by exogenous NADH. Physiologia Plantarum 103: 395-404.
90. Franz G. 1972. Polysaccharidmetabolismus in den Zellwänden wachsender Keimlinge von Phaseolus aureus. Planta 102: 334-347.
91. Fry SC. 1979. Phenolic components of the primary cell wall and their possible rôle in the hormonal regulation of growth. Planta 146: 343-351.
92. Fry SC. 1980. Gibberellin-controlled pectinic acid and protein secretion in growing cells. Phytochemistry 19: 735-740.
93. Fry SC. 1982. Isodityrosine, a new cross-linking amino acid from plant cell wall glycoprotein. Biochemical Journal 204: 449-455.
94. Fry SC. 1986. Cross-linking of matrix polymers in the growing cell walls of angiosperms. Annual Review of Plant Physiology 37: 1986.
95. Fry SC. 1987. Intracellular feruloylation of pectic polysaccharides. Planta 171: 205-211.
96. Fry SC. 1989. Cellulases, hemicelluloses and auxin-stimulated growth: a possible relationship. Physiologia Plantarum 75: 532-536.
97. Fry SC. 1995. Polysaccharide-modifying enzymes in the plant cell wall. Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology 46: 497-520.
98. Fry SC. 1997. Novel 'dot-blot' assays for glycosyltransferases and glycosylhydrolases: optimization for xyloglucan endotransglycosylase (XET) activity. Plant Journal 11: 1141-1150.
99. Fry SC. 1998. Oxidative scission of plant cell wall polysaccharides by ascorbate-induced hydroxyl radicals. Biochemical Journal 332: 507-515.
100. Fry SC. 2000. The growing plant cell wall: chemical and metabolic analysis, 2nd Impression. Caldwell, NJ, USA: Blackburn Press.
101. 2-dependent cross-linking of feruloyl-pectins in vivo. Food Hydrocolloids 1: 395-397.
102. Fry SC, Northcote DH. 1983. Sugar-nucleotide precursors of the arabinofuranosyl, arabinopyranosyl and xylopyranosyl residues of spinach polysaccharides. Plant Physiology 73: 1055-1061.
103. Fry SC, Smith RC, Renwick KF, Martin DJ, Hodge SK, Matthews KJ. 1992. Xyloglucan endotransglycosylase, a new wall-loosening enzyme activity from plants. Biochemical Journal 282: 821-828.
104. Fry SC, Dumville JC, Miller JG. 2001. Fingerprinting of polysaccharides attacked by hydroxyl radicals in vitro and in the cell walls of ripening pear fruit. Biochemical Journal 357: 729-735.
105. Fry SC, Miller JG, Dumville JC. 2002. A proposed role for copper ions in cell wall loosening. Plant and Soil 247: 57-67.
106. Fry SC, Willis SC, Paterson AEJ. 2000. Intraprotoplasmic and wall-localised formation of arabinoxylan-bound diferulates and larger ferulate coupling-products in maize cell-suspension cultures. Planta 211: 679-692.
107. Futamura N, Kouchi H, Shinohara K. 2002. A gene for pectate lyase expressed in elongating and differentiating tissues of a Japanese willow (Salix gilgiana). Journal of Plant Physiology 159: 1123-1130.
108. Gaffe J, Tiznado ME, Handa AK. 1997. Characterization and functional expression of a ubiquitously expressed tomato pectin methylesterase. Plant Physiology 114: 1547-1556.
109. García-Romera I, Fry SC. 1994. Absence of transglycosylation of oligogalacturonides in plant apoplasts. Phytochemistry 35: 67-72.
110. García-Romera I, Fry SC. 1997. Upper limits for endogenous oligogalacturonides and free galacturonic acid in rose cell-suspension cultures: implications for the action of exo-and endo-polygalacturonases in vivo. Journal of Plant Physiology 150: 241-246.
111. Gelineo-Albersheim P, Darvill A, Albersheim P. 2001. Structural studies of pectin (Abstract). Cell Walls '01: 9th International Cell Wall Meeting, Toulouse (Abstracts). Auzeville, France: Université Paul Sabatier, 183.
112. Giovannoni JJ, DellaPenna D, Bennett AB, Fischer RL. 1989. Expression of a chimeric polygalacturonase gene in transgenic rin (ripening inhibitor) tomato fruit results in polyuronide degradation but not fruit softening. Plant Cell 1: 53-63.
113. Goldberg R, Pierron M, Durand L, Mutaftschiev S. 1992a. In-vitro and in-situ properties of cell-wall pectinmethylesterases from mung bean hypocotyls. Journal of Experimental Botany 43: 41-46.
114. Goldberg R, Guillou L, Prat R, Dubacq JP, Roland JC. 1992b. Structure and biochemistry of endosperm breakdown in Asparagus officinalis seedlings. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 30: 477-485.
115. Gomez LD, Casano LM, Trippi VS. 1995. Effect of hydrogen peroxide on degradation of cell wall associated proteins in growing bean hypocotyls. Plant and Cell Physiology 36: 1259-1264.
116. Gonzalez-Carranza ZH, Whitelaw CA, Swarup R, Roberts JA. 2002. Temporal and spatial expression of a polygalacturonase during leaf and flower abscission in oilseed rape and Arabidopsis. Plant Physiology 128: 534-543.
117. Goujon T, Minic Z, El Amrani A, Lerouxel O, Aletti E, Lapierre C, Joseleau JP, Jouanin L. 2003. AtBXL1, a novel higher plant (Arabidopsis thaliana) putative β-xylosidase gene, is involved in secondary cell wall metabolism and plant development. Plant Journal 33: 677-690.
118. Grabber JH, Hatfield RD, Ralph J, Zon J, Amrhein N. 1995. Ferulate cross-linking in cell walls isolated from maize cell suspensions. Phytochemistry 40: 1077-1082.
119. Guglielmino N, Liberman M, Catesson AM, Mareck A, Prat R, Mutaftschiev S, Goldberg R. 1997. Pectin methylesterases from poplar cambium and inner bark: localization, properties and seasonal changes. Planta 202: 70-75.
120. Guillen R, York WS, Pauly M, An JH, Impallomeni G, Albersheim P, Darvill AG. 1995. Metabolism of xyloglucan generates xylose-deficient oligosaccharide subunits of this polysaccharide in etiolated peas. Carbohydrate Research 277: 22.
121. Harpster MH, Brummell DA, Dunsmuir P. 2002a. Suppression of a ripening-related endo-1,4-β-glucanase in transgenic pepper fruit does not prevent depolymerization of cell wall polysaccharides during ripening. Plant Molecular Biology 50: 345-355.
122. Harpster MH, Dawson DM, Nevins DJ, Dunsmuir P, Brummell DA. 2002b. Constitutive overexpression of a ripening-related pepper endo-1,4-β- glucanase in transgenic tomato fruit does not increase xyloglucan depolymerization or fruit softening. Plant Molecular Biology 50: 357-369.
123. Hay A, Watson L, Zhang C, McManus M. 1998. Identification of cell wall proteins in roots of phosphate-deprived white clover plants. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 36: 305-311.
124. Hayashi T. 1989. Xyloglucans in the primary cell wall. Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology 40: 139-168.
125. Henderson J, Lyne L, Osborne DJ. 2001. Failed expression of an endo-β-1,4-glucanhydrolase (cellulase) in a non-abscinding mutant of Lupinus angustifolius cv. Danja. Phytochemistry 58: 1025-1034.
126. Henrissat B, Coutinho PM, Davies GJ. 2001. A census of carbohydrate-active enzymes in the genome of Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Molecular Biology 47: 55-72.
127. Herbers K, Lorences EP, Barrachina C, Sonnewald U. 2001. Functional characterisation of Nicotiana tabacum xyloglucan endotransglycosylase (NtXET-1): generation of transgenic tobacco plants and changes in cell wall xyloglucan. Planta 212: 279-287.
128. Hetherington PR, Fry SC. 1993. Xyloglucan endotransglycosylase activity in carrot cell suspensions during cell elongation and somatic embryogenesis. Plant Physiology 103: 987-992.
129. Hoson T, Masuda Y. 1991. Inhibition of auxin-induced elongation and xyloglucan breakdown in azuki bean epicotyl segments by fucose-binding lectins. Physiologia Plantarum 82: 41-47.
130. Hoson T, Masuda Y, Sone Y, Misaki A. 1991. Xyloglucan antibodies inhibit auxin-induced elongation and cell wall loosening of azuki bean epicotyls but not of oat coleoptiles. Plant Physiology 96: 551-557.
131. Huangpu J, Graham JS. 1995. Purification and developmental analysis of an extracellular proteinase from young leaves of soybean. Plant Physiology 108: 969-974.
132. Huber DJ, Nevins DJ. 1982. Exoglucanases from Zea mays L. seedlings -their role in β-D-glucan hydrolysis and their potential role in extension growth. Planta 155: 467-472.
133. Hyodo H, Yamakawa S, Takeda Y, Tsuduki M, Yokota A, Nishitani K, Kohchi T. 2003. Active gene expression of a xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase gene, XTH9, in inflorescence apices is related to cell elongation in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Molecular Biology 52: 473-482.
134. Iannetta PPM, Fry SC. 1999. Visualization of the activity of xyloglucan endotransglycosylase (XET) isoenzymes after gel electrophoresis. Phytochemical Analysis 10: 238-240.
135. Iannetta PPM, Wyman M, Neelam A, Jones C, Taylor MA, Davies HV, Sexton R. 2000. A causal role for ethylene and endo-β-1,4-glucanase in the abscission of red raspberry (Rubus idaeus) drupelets. Physiologia Plantarum 110: 535-543.
136. Iiyama K, Lam TBT, Stone BA. 1994. Covalent cross-links in the cell wall. Plant Physiology 104: 315-320.
137. Inouhe M, Nevins DJ. 1991. Inhibition of auxin-induced cell elongation of maize coleoptiles by antibodies specific for cell wall glucanases. Plant Physiology 96: 426-431.
138. Inouhe M, Nevins DJ. 1998. Changes in the activities and polypeptide levels of exo-and endoglucanases in cell walls during developmental growth of Zea mays coleoptiles. Plant and Cell Physiology 39: 762-768.
139. Ishii T. 1991. Isolation and characterization of a diferuloyl arabinoxylan hexasaccharide from bamboo shoot cell walls. Carbohydrate Research 219: 15-22.
140. Ishimaru M, Kobayashi S. 2002. Expression of a xyloglucan endotransglycosylase gene is closely related to grape berry softening. Plant Science 162: 621-628.
141. Islam MS, Matsui T, Yoshida Y. 1996. Effect of carbon dioxide enrichment on physico-chemical and enzymatic changes in tomato fruits at various stages of maturity. Scientia Horticulturae 65: 137-149.
142. Ito H, Nishitani K. 1999. Visualization of EXGT-mediated molecular grafting activity by means of a fluorescent-labeled xyloglucan oligomer. Plant and Cell Physiology 40: 1172-1176.
143. Iwata T, Indrarti L, Azuma JI. 1998. Affinity of hemicellulose for cellulose produced by Acetobacter xylinum. Cellulose 5: 215-228.
144. Jarvis MC. 1982. The proportion of calcium-bound pectin in plant cell walls. Planta 154: 344-346.
145. Jeffree CE, Dale JE, Fry SC. 1986. The genesis of intercellular spaces in developing leaves of Phaseolus vulgaris L. Protoplasma 132: 90-98.
146. Jimenez-Bermudez S, Redondo-Nevado J, Muñoz-Blanco J, Caballero JL, Lopez-Aranda JM, Valpuesta V, Pliego-Alfaro F, Quesada MA, Mercado JA. 2002. Manipulation of strawberry fruit softening by antisense expression of a pectate lyase gene. Plant Physiology 128: 751-759.
147. Jones JT, Mullet JE. 1995. A salt-inducible and dehydration-inducible pea gene, cyp15a, encodes a cell wall protein with sequence similarity to cysteine proteases. Plant Molecular Biology 28: 1055-1065.
148. Josè M, Puigdomènech P. 1993. Structure and expression of genes coding for structural proteins of the plant cell wall. New Phytologist 125: 1993.
149. Kakes P. 1985. Linamarase and other beta-glucosidases are present in the cell walls of Trifolium repens L. leaves. Planta 166: 156-160.
150. Kalaitzis P, Hong SB, Solomos T, Tucker ML. 1999. Molecular characterization of a tomato endo-β-1,4-glucanase gene expressed in mature pistils, abscission zones and fruit. Plant and Cell Physiology 40: 905-908.
151. Karakurt Y, Huber DJ. 2002. Cell wall-degrading enzymes and pectin solubility and depolymerization in immature and ripe watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) fruit in response to exogenous ethylene. Physiologia Plantarum 116: 398-405.
152. Kärkönen A, Koutaniemi S, Mustonen M, Syrjanen K, Brunow G, Kilpelainen I, Teeri TH, Simola LK. 2002. Lignification related enzymes in Picea abies suspension cultures. Physiologia Plantarum 114: 343-353.
153. Kauss H, Swanson AL, Hassid WZ. 1967. Biosynthesis of the methyl ester groups of pectin by transmethylation from S-adenosyl-L-methionine. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 26: 1967.
154. Kerr EM, Fry SC. 2003. Pre-formed xyloglucans and xylans increase in molecular weight in three distinct compartments of a maize cell-suspension culture. Planta 217: 327-339.
155. Kim JB, Carpita NC. 1992. Changes in esterification of the uronic acid groups of cell wall polysaccharides during elongation of maize coleoptiles. Plant Physiology 98: 646-653.
156. Kim JB, Olek AT, Carpita NC. 2000. Cell wall and membrane-associated exo-β-D-glucanases from developing maize seedlings. Plant Physiology 123: 471-485.
157. Koch JL, Nevins DJ. 1989. Tomato fruit cell wall I. Use of a purified tomato polygalacturonase and pectinmethylesterase to identify developmental changes in pectins. Plant Physiology 91: 816-822.
158. 2+- dependent process. Plant Physiology 77: 544-551.
159. Konno H, Tsumuki H. 1991. An exo-polygalacturonase from rice shoots. Phytochemistry 30: 2115-2118.
160. Konno H, Tanaka R, Katoh K. 1994. An extracellular α-L- arabinofuranosidase secreted from cell suspension cultures of carrot. Physiologia Plantarum 91: 454-460.
161. Konno H, Yamasaki Y, Katoh K. 1996. A β-glucosidase associated with cell walls from cell suspension cultures of carrot. Phytochemistry 43: 1157-1161.
162. Konno H, Nakato T, Katoh K. 2002. Characteristics, hydrolysis of cell wall polymers, and response to calcium deficiency of a cell wall-associated β-galactosidase from carrot cells. Journal of Plant Physiology 159: 1-8.
163. Koyama T, Hayashi T, Kato Y, Matsuda K. 1983. Degradation of xyloglucan by wall-bound enzymes from soybean tissue. II. Degradation of the fragment heptasaccharide from xyloglucan and the characteristic action pattern of the α-D-xylosidase in the enzyme system. Plant and Cell Physiology 24: 155-162.
164. Labavitch JM, Greve LC. 1983. Cell wall metabolism in ripening fruit. 3. Purification of an endo-β-1,4-xylanase that degrades a structural polysaccharide of pear fruit cell walls. Plant Physiology 72: 668-673.
165. Labavitch JM, Ray PM. 1974. Turnover of cell wall polysaccharides in elongating pea stem segments. Plant Physiology 53: 669-673.
166. Lee RC, Burton RA, Hrmova M, Fincher GB. 2001. Barley arabinoxylan
167. Li SC, Han JW, Chen KC, Chen CS. 2001. Purification and characterization of isoforms of β-galactosidases in mung bean seedlings. Phytochemistry 57: 349-359.
168. Li YQ, Mareck A, Faleri C, Moscatelli A, Liu Q, Cresti M. 2002. Detection and localization of pectin methylesterase isoforms in pollen tubes of Nicotiana tabacum L. Planta 214: 734-740.
169. Lin CC, Kao CH. 2001. Abscisic acid induced changes in cell wall peroxidase activity and hydrogen peroxide level in roots of rice seedlings. Plant Science 160: 323-329.
170. Lin CC, Kao CH. 2002. Osmotic stress-induced changes in cell wall peroxidase activity and hydrogen peroxide level in roots of rice seedlings. Plant Growth Regulation 37: 177-183.
171. Linnestad C, Doan DNP, Brown RC, Lemmon BE, Meyer DJ, Jung R, Olsen OA. 1998. Nucellain, a barley homolog of the dicot vacuolar-processing protease, is localized in nucellar cell walls. Plant Physiology 118: 1169-1180.
172. Liu L, Dean JFD, Friedman WE, Eriksson KEL. 1994. A laccase-like phenoloxidase is correlated with lignin biosynthesis in Zinnia elegans stem tissues. Plant Journal 6: 213-224.
173. Loopstra CA, Mouradov A, Vivian-Smith A, Glassick TV, Gale BV, Southerton SG, Marshall H, Teasdale RD. 1998. Two pine endo-β-1,4- glucanases are associated with rapidly growing reproductive structures. Plant Physiology 116: 959-967.
174. Lorences EP, Fry SC. 1993. Xyloglucan oligosaccharides with at least two α-D-xylose residues act as acceptor substrates for xyloglucan endotransglycosylase and promote the depolymerization of xyloglucan. Physiologia Plantarum 88: 105-112.
175. Lynch MA, Staehelin LA. 1995. Immunocytochemical localization of cell-wall polysaccharides in the root-tip of Avena sativa. Protoplasma 188: 115-127.
176. MacAdam JW, Grabber JH. 2002. Relationship of growth cessation with the formation of diferulate cross-links and p-coumaroylated lignins in tall fescue leaf blades. Planta 215: 785-793.
177. MacDougall AJ, Parker R, Selvendran RR. 1995. Nonaqueous fractionation to assess the ionic composition of the apoplast during fruit ripening. Plant Physiology 108: 1679-1689.
178. MacDougall AJ, Needs PW, Rigby NM, Ring SG. 1996. Calcium gelation of pectic polysaccharides isolated from unripe tomato fruit. Carbohydrate Research 923: 235-249.
179. Maclachlan G, Brady C. 1994. Endo-1,4-β-glucanase, xyloglucanase, and xyloglucan endo-transglycosylase activities versus potential substrates in ripening tomatoes. Plant Physiology 105: 965-974.
180. de Marco A, Roubelakis-Angelakis KA. 1997. Laccase activity could contribute to cell wall reconstitution in regenerating protoplasts. Phytochemistry 16: 421-425.
181. Marin-Rodriguez MC, Orchard J, Seymour GB. 2002. Pectate lyases, cell wall degradation and fruit softening. Journal of Experimental Botany 53: 2115-2119.
182. Marin-Rodriguez MC, Smith DL, Manning K, Orchard J, Seymour GB. 2003. Pectate lyase gene expression and enzyme activity in ripening banana fruit. Plant Molecular Biology 51: 851-857.
183. Markwalder H-U, Neukom H. 1976. Diferulic acid as a possible crosslink in hemicelluloses from wheat germ. Phytochemistry 15: 836-837.
184. Matsumoto T, Sakai F, Hayashi T. 1997. A xyloglucan-specific endo-1,4-β-glucanase isolated from auxin-treated pea stems. Plant Physiology 114: 661-667.
185. McDougall GJ. 1992. Changes in cell wall-associated peroxidases during the lignification of flax fibres. Phytochemistry 31: 3385-3389.
186. McDougall GJ. 2001. Cell wall proteins from Sitka spruce xylem are selectively insolubilised during formation of dehydrogenation polymers of coniferyl alcohol. Phytochemistry 57: 157-163.
187. McDougall GJ, Fry SC. 1990. Xyloglucan oligosaccharides promote growth and activate cellulase: evidence for a role of cellulase in cell expansion. Plant Physiology 93: 1042-1048.
188. McDougall GJ, Morrison IM. 1995. Partial purification of peroxidase isozymes with altered substrate-specificity from flax stem cell walls. Journal of Plant Physiology 146: 393-397.
189. McDougall GJ, Stewart D, Morrison IM. 1994. Oxidation of coniferyl alcohol to lignin-like products by tobacco xylem cell walls. Phytochemistry 37: 683-688.
190. McNeil M, Darvill AG, Fry SC, Albersheim P. 1984. Structure and function of the primary cell walls of plants. Annual Review of Biochemistry 53: 625-663.
191. McQueen-Mason SJ, Cosgrove DJ. 1994. Disruption of hydrogen bonding between wall polymers by proteins that induce plant wall extension. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 91: 6574-6578.
192. Meselson M, Stahl FW. 1958. The replication of DNA in E. coli. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 44: 671-677.
193. Meyer K, Köhler A, Kauss H. 1991. Biosynthesis of ferulic acid esters of plant cell wall polysaccharides in endomembranes from parsley cells. FEBS Letters 290: 209-212.
194. Micheli F, Sundberg B, Goldberg R, Richard L. 2000. Radial distribution pattern of pectin methylesterases across the cambial region of hybrid aspen at activity and dormancy. Plant Physiology 124: 191-199.
195. Miller JG, Fry SC. 2001. Characteristics of xyloglucan after attack by hydroxyl radicals. Carbohydrate Research 332: 389-403.
196. 3 and divalent-cations on aspects of pectin metabolism and tissue softening in ripening tomato pericarp. Physiologia Plantarum 93: 108-115.
197. Miyamoto K, Schopfer P. 1997. Sugar release from maize coleoptiles during auxin-, fusicoccin-and acid-mediated elongation growth. Journal of Plant Physiology 150: 309-316.
198. Mo BX, Bewley JD. 2002. β-Mannosidase (EC 3.2.1.25) activity during and following germination of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) seeds. Purification, cloning and characterization. Planta 215: 141-152.
199. Moore JP, Swords KMM, Lynch MA, Staehelin LA. 1991. Spatial organization of the assembly pathways and complex polysaccharides in the Golgi apparatus of plants. Journal of Cell Biology 112: 589-602.
200. Mort AJ. 2002. Interactions between pectins and other polymers. In: Pectins and their manipulation. Seymour GB, Knox JP, eds. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing, 30-51
201. Mujer CV, Miller AR. 1991. Purification and properties of β-xylosidase isozymes from cucumber seeds. Physiologia Plantarum 82: 367-376.
202. Myton KE, Fry SC. 1994. Intraprotoplasmic feruloylation of arabinoxylans in Festuca arundinacea cell cultures. Planta 193: 326-330.
203. Nematollah WP, Roux SJ. 1999. A novel β-glucosidase from the cell wall of maize (Zea mays L.): rapid purification and partial characterization. Journal of Plant Physiology 155: 462-469.
204. Nevins DJ. 1975. The effect of nojirimycin on plant growth and its implications concerning a role for exo-β-glucanases in auxin-induced cell expansion. Plant and Cell Physiology 16: 347-356.
205. Nielsen JE, Christensen TMIE. 2002. Distribution of pectin methyl esterase and acetylesterase in the genus Citrus visualized by tissue prints and chromatography. Plant Science 162: 799-807.
206. Nishitani K. 1997. The role of endoxyloglucan transferase in the organization of plant cell walls. International Review of Cytology 173: 157-206.
207. Nishitani K, Masuda Y. 1982. Acid pH-induced structural changes in cell wall xyloglucans in Vigna angularis epicotyl segments. Plant Science Letters 28: 87-94.
208. Nishitani K, Nevins DJ. 1990. Enzymic analysis of feruloylated arabinoxylans (feraxan) derived from Zea mays cell walls. III. Structural changes in the feraxan during coleoptile elongation. Plant Physiology 93: 396-402.
209. Nishitani K, Tominaga R. 1992. Endoxyloglucan transferase, a novel class of glycosyltransferase that catalyzes transfer of a segment of xyloglucan molecule to another xyloglucan molecule. Journal of Biological Chemistry 267: 21058-21064.
210. Northcote DH, Pickett-Heaps JD. 1966. A function of the Golgi apparatus in polysaccharide synthesis and transport in the root-cap cells of wheat. Biochemical Journal 98: 1966.
211. Nunan KJ, Davies C, Robinson SP, Fincher GB. 2001. Expression patterns of cell wall-modifying enzymes during grape berry development. Planta 214: 257-264.
212. O'Donoghue EM, Somerfield SD, Heyes JA. 2002. Vase solutions containing sucrose result in changes to cell walls of sandersonia (Sandersonia aurantiaca) flowers. Postharvest Biology and Technology 26: 285-294.
213. O'Neill MA, Warrenfeltz D, Kates K, Pellerin P, Doco T, Darvill AG, Albersheim P. 1996. Rhamnogalacturonan-II, a pectic polysaccharide in the walls of growing plant cell, forms a dimer that is covalently cross-linked by a borate ester - in-vitro conditions for the formation and hydrolysis of the dimer. Journal of Biological Chemistry 271: 22923-22930.
214. O'Neill MA, Eberhard S, Albersheim P, Darvill AG. 2001. Requirement of borate cross-linking of cell wall rhamnogalacturonan-II for Arabidopsis growth. Science 294: 846-849.
215. Ohmiya Y, Nakai T, Park YW, Aoyama T, Oka A, Sakai F, Hayashi T. 2003. The role of PopCel1 and PopCel2 in poplar leaf growth and cellulose biosynthesis. Plant Journal 33: 1087-1097.
216. Okazawa K, Sato Y, Nakagawa T, Asada K, Kato I, Tomita E, Nishitani K. 1993. Molecular cloning and cDNA sequencing of endoxyloglucan transferase, a novel class of glycosyltransferase that mediates molecular grafting between matrix polysaccharides in plant cell walls. Journal of Biological Chemistry 268: 25364-25368.
217. Otter T, Polle A. 1994. The influence of apoplastic ascorbate on the activities of cell wall-associated peroxidase and nadh oxidase in needles of Norway spruce (Picea abies L.). Plant and Cell Physiology 35: 1231-1238.
218. Palmer SJ, Davies WJ. 1996. An analysis of relative elemental growth rate, epidermal cell size and xyloglucan endotransglycosylase activity through the growing zone of ageing maize leaves. Journal of Experimental Botany 47: 339-347.
219. Park YW, Tominaga R, Sugiyama J, Furuta Y, Tanimoto E, Samejima M, Sakai F, Hayashi T. 2003. Enhancement of growth by expression of poplar cellulase in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Journal 33: 1099-1106.
220. Pathak N, Mishra S, Sanwal GG. 2000. Purification and characterization of polygalacturonase from banana fruit. Phytochemistry 54: 147-152.
221. Pauly M, Scheller HV. 2000. O-Acetylation of plant cell wall polysaccharides: identification and partial characterization of a rhamnogalacturonan O-acetyl-transferase from potato suspension-cultured cells. Planta 210: 659-667.
222. Pauly M, Qin Q, Greene H, Albersheim P, Darvill A, York WS. 2001. Changes in the structure ofxyloglucan during cell elongation. Planta 212: 842-850.
223. Payasi A, Sanwal GG. 2003. Pectate lyase activity during ripening of banana fruit. Phytochemistry 63: 243-248.
224. Peretto R, Favaron F, Bettini V, Delorenzo G, Marini S, Alghisi P, Cervone F, Bonfante P. 1992. Expression and localization of polygalacturonase during the outgrowth of lateral roots in Allium porrum L. Planta 188: 164-172.
225. Perrone P, Hewage CM, Thomson AR, Bailey K, Sadler IH, Fry SC. 2002. Patterns of methyl and O-acetyl esterification in spinach pectins: new complexity. Phytochemistry 60: 67-77.
226. Pilatzke-Wunderlich I, Nessler CL. 2001. Expression and activity of cell wall-degrading enzymes in the latex of opium poppy, Papaver somniferum L. Plant Molecular Biology 45: 567-576.
227. Pilling J, Willmitzer L, Fisahn J. 2000. Expression of a Petunia inflata pectin methyl esterase in Solanum tuberosum L. enhances stem elongation and modifies cation distribution. Planta 210: 391-399.
228. Popper ZA, Fry SC. 2003. Primary cell wall composition of bryophytes and charophytes. Annals of Botany 91: 1-12.
229. Potter I, Fry SC. 1993. Xyloglucan endotransglycosylase activity in pea internodes - effects of applied gibberellic acid. Plant Physiology 103: 235-241.
230. Potter I, Fry SC. 1994. Changes in xyloglucan endotransglycosylase (XET) activity during hormone-induced growth in lettuce and cucumber hypocotyls and spinach cell-suspension cultures. Journal of Experimental Botany 45: 1703-1710.
231. Prabha TN, Bhagyalakshmi M. 1998. Carbohydrate metabolism in ripening banana fruit. Phytochemistry 48: 915-919.
232. Pritchard J, Hetherington PR, Fry SC, Tomos AD. 1993. Xyloglucan endotransglycosylase activity, microfibril orientation and the profiles of cell wall properties along growing regions of maize roots. Journal of Experimental Botany 44: 1281-1289.
233. Pua EC, Ong CK, Liu P, Liu JZ. 2001. Isolation and expression of two pectate lyase genes during fruit ripening of banana (Musa acuminata) Physiologia Plantarum 113: 92-99.
234. Purugganan MM, Braam J, Fry SC. 1997. The Arabidopsis TCH4 xyloglucan endotransglycosylase - substrate specificity, pH optimum, and cold tolerance. Plant Physiology 115: 181-190.
235. Quentin M, Jauneau A, Morvan O, Mareck A, Gaffe J, Morvan C. 1997. Immunolocalization of pectin methylesterases in the hypocotyl tissues of flax. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 35: 475-482.
236. Ralph J, Quideau S, Grabber JH, Hatfield RD. 1994. Identification and synthesis of new ferulic acid dehydrodimers present in grass cell walls. Journal of the Chemical Society Perkin Transactions I: 3485-3498.
237. Ranocha P, Chabannes M, Chamayou S, Danoun S, Jauneau A, Boudet AM, Goffner D. 2002. Laccase down-regulation causes alterations in phenolic metabolism and cell wall structure in poplar. Plant Physiology 129: 145-155.
238. Ray PM. 1967. Radioautographic study of cell wall deposition in growing plant cells. Journal of Cell Biology 35: 1967.
239. Redgwell RJ, Fischer M. 2002. Fruit texture: cell wall metabolism and consumer perceptions. In: Knee M, ed. Fruit quality and its biological basis. Sheffield, UK: Sheffield Academic Press, 46-87.
240. Redgwell RJ, Fry SC. 1993. Xyloglucan endotransglycosylase activity increases during kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) ripening. Plant Physiology 103: 1399-1406.
241. Redgwell R, Harker R. 1995. Softening of kiwifruit discs: effect of inhibition of galactose loss from cell walls. Phytochemistry 39: 1319-1323.
242. Redondo-Nevado J, Moyano E, Medina-Escobar N, Caballero JL, Muñoz-Blanco J. 2001. A fruit-specific and developmentally regulated endopolygalacturonase gene from strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa cv. Chandler). Journal of Experimental Botany 52: 1941-1945.
243. Reidy B, Nosberger J, Fleming A. 2001. Differential expression of XET-related genes in the leaf elongation zone of Festuca pratensis. Journal of Experimental Botany 52: 1847-1856.
244. Richardson A, McDougall GJ. 1997. A laccase-type polyphenol oxidase from lignifying xylem of tobacco. Phytochemistry 44: 229-235.
245. Robinson DG. 1981. The assembly of polysaccharide fibrils. In: Tanner W, Loewus FA, eds. Plant carbohydrates II. Encyclopedia of plant physiology NS, Vol. 13B. Berlin, Germany: Springer Verlag, 25-28.
246. Rogers HJ, Harvey A, Lonsdale DM. 1992. Isolation and characterization of a tobacco gene with homology to pectate lyase which is specifically expressed during microsporogenesis. Plant Molecular Biology 20: 493-502.
247. Ros Barceló A. 2000. Coniferyl alcohol oxidase activity in the cell wall of Callisthephus sinensis. Journal of Plant Physiology 156: 454-457.
248. Ros Barceló A, Aznar-Asensio GJ. 2002. Basic peroxidases in cell walls of plants belonging to the Asteraceae family. Journal of Plant Physiology 159: 339-345.
249. Rose JKC, Brummell DA, Bennett AB. 1996. Two divergent xyloglucan endotransglycosylases exhibit mutually exclusive patterns of expression in nasturtium. Plant Physiology 110: 493-499.
250. Rose JKC, Braam J, Fry SC, Nishitani K. 2002. The XTH family of enzymes involved in xyloglucan endotransglucosylation and endohydrolysis: current perspectives and a new unifying nomenclature. Plant and Cell Physiology 43: 1421-1435.
251. Rouau X, Cheynier V, Surget A, Gloux D, Barron C, Meudec E, Louis-Montero J, Criton M. 2003. A dehydrotrimer of ferulic acid from maize bran. Phytochemistry 63: 899-903.
252. Ruan Y-L, Patrick JW, Brady C. 1996. The composition of apoplastic fluid recovered from intact developing tomato fruit. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology 23: 9-13.
253. Saab IN, Sachs MM. 1996. A flooding-induced xyloglucan endotransglycosylase homolog in maize is responsive to ethylene and associated with aerenchyma. Plant Physiology 112: 385-391.
254. Sampedro J, Sieiro C, Revilla G, Gonzalez-Villa T, Zarra I. 2001. Cloning and expression pattern of a gene encoding an α-xylosidase active against xyloglucan oligosaccharides from Arabidopsis. Plant Physiology 126: 910-920.
255. Sanchez RA, de Miguel L. 1997. Phytochrome promotion of mannan-degrading enzyme activities in the micropylar endosperm of Datura ferox seeds requires the presence of the embryo and gibberellin synthesis. Seed Science Research 7: 27-33.
256. Sanchez M, Pena MJ, Revilla G, Zarra I. 1996. Changes in dehydrodiferulic acids and peroxidase activity against ferulic acid associated with cell walls during growth of Pinus pinaster hypocotyl. Plant Physiology 111: 941-946.
257. Sanchez M, Queijeiro E, Revilla G, Zarra I. 1997. Changes in ascorbic acid levels in apoplastic fluid during growth of pine hypocotyls. Effect on peroxidase activities associated with cell walls. Physiologia Plantarum 101: 815-820.
258. Sanchez M, Gianzo C, Sampedro J, Revilla G, Zarra I. 2003. Changes in α-xylosidase during intact and auxin-induced growth of pine hypocotyls. Plant and Cell Physiology 44: 132-138.
259. Sander L, Child R, Ulvskov P, Albrechtsen M, Borkhardt B. 2001. Analysis of a dehiscence zone endo-polygalacturonase in oilseed rape (Brassica napus) and Arabidopsis thaliana. Evidence for roles in cell separation in dehiscence and abscission zones, and in stylar tissues during pollen tube growth. Plant Molecular Biology 46: 469-479.
260. Schopfer P. 2001. Hydroxyl radical-induced cell-wall loosening in vitro and in vivo: implications for the control of elongation growth. Plant Journal 28: 679-688.
261. Schopfer P, Plachy C. 1985. Control of seed germination by abscisic acid. III. Effect of embryo growth potential (minimum turgor pressure) and growth coefficient (cell wall extensibility) in Brassica napus L. Plant Physiology 77: 676-686.
262. Schroder R, Atkinson RG, Langenkamper G, Redgwell RJ. 1998. Biochemical and molecular characterisation of xyloglucan endotransglycosylase from ripe kiwifruit. Planta 204: 242-251.
263. Schweikert C, Liszkay A, Schopfer P. 2002. Polysaccharide degradation by Fenton reaction-or peroxidase-generated hydroxyl radicals in isolated plant cell walls. Phytochemistry 61: 31-35.
264. Selvendran RR, O'Neill MA. 1987. Isolation and analysis of cell walls from plant material. In: Glick D, ed. Methods of biochemical analysis, Vol. 32. Chichester, UK: Wiley, 25-153.
265. Seymour GB, Colquhoun IJ, Dupont MS, Parsley KP, Selvendran RR. 1990. Composition and structural features of cell wall polysaccharides from tomato fruits. Phytochemistry 29: 725-731.
266. Shedletzky E, Shmuel M, Delmer DP, Lamport DTA. 1990. Adaptation and growth of tomato cells on the herbicide 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile leads to production of unique cell walls virtually lacking a cellulose-xyloglucan network. Plant Physiology 94: 980-987.
267. Singh A, Singh M. 1993. Cell wall degrading enzymes in Orobanche aegyptiaca and its host Brassica campestris. Physiologia Plantarum 89: 177-181.
268. Sitrit Y, Hadfield KA, Bennett AB, Bradford KJ, Downie AB. 1999. Expression of a polygalacturonase associated with tomato seed germination. Plant Physiology 121: 419-428.
269. Smith DL, Abbott JA, Gross KC. 2002. Down-regulation of tomato β-galactosidase 4 results in decreased fruit softening. Plant Physiology 129: 1755-1762.
270. Smith RC, Fry SC. 1991. Endotransglycosylation of xyloglucans in plant cell-suspension cultures. Biochemical Journal 279: 529-535.
271. Smith BG, Harris PJ. 1999. The polysaccharide composition of Poales cell walls: Poaceae cell walls are not unique. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 27: 33-53.
272. Smith CJS, Watson CF, Morris PC, Bird CR, Seymour GB, Gray JE, Arnold C, Tucker GA, Schuch W, Harding S, Grierson D. 1990. Inheritance and effect on ripening of antisense polygalacturonase genes in transgenic tomatoes. Plant Molecular Biology 14: 369-379.
273. Sozzi GO, Greve LC, Prody GA, Labavitch JM. 2002. Gibberellic acid, synthetic auxins, and ethylene differentially modulate α-L- arabinofuranosidase activities in antisense 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase tomato pericarp discs. Plant Physiology 129: 1330-1340.
274. Stafstrom JP, Staehelin LA. 1988. Antibody localization of extensin in cell walls of carrot storage roots. Planta 174: 321-332.
275. Steele NM, Fry SC. 1999. Purification of xyloglucan endotransglycosylases (XETs): a generally applicable and simple method based on reversible formation of an enzyme-substrate complex. Biochemical Journal 340: 207-211.
276. Steele NM, Fry SC. 2000. Differences in catalytic properties between native isoenzymes of xyloglucan endotransglycosylase (XET). Phytochemistry 54: 667-680.
277. Steele NM, Sulová Z, Campbell P, Braam J, Farkaš V, Fry SC. 2001. Ten isoenzymes of xyloglucan endotransglycosylase from plant cell walls select and cleave the donor substrate stochastically. Biochemical Journal 355: 671-679.
278. Stevens MA, Scott KE. 1988. Analytical methods for tomato products. In: Linskens HF, Jackson JF, eds. Analysis of nonalcoholic beverages. Modern methods of plant analysis, new series, Vol. 8. Berlin, Germany, Springer-Verlag, 134-165.
279. Stolle-Smits T, Beekhuizen JG, Kok MTC, Pijnenburg M, Recourt K, Derksen J, Voragen AGJ. 1999. Changes in cell wall polysaccharides of green bean pods during development. Plant Physiology 121: 363-372.
280. Sulová Z, Farkaš V. 1999. Purification of xyloglucan endotransglycosylase based on affinity sorption of the active glycosyl-enzyme intermediate complex to cellulose. Protein Expression and Purification 16: 231-235.
281. Sulová Z, Takačová M, Steele NM, Fry SC, Farkaš V. 1998. Xyloglucan endotransglycosylase: evidence for the existence of a relatively stable glycosyl-enzyme intermediate. Biochemical Journal 330: 1475-1480.
282. Sulová Z, Baran R, Farkaš V. 2001. Release of complexed xyloglucan endotransglycosylase (XET) from plant cell walls by a transglycosylation reaction with xyloglucan-derived oligosaccharides. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 39: 927-932.
283. Suzuki M, Kato A, Nagata N, Komeda Y. 2002. A xylanase, AtXyn1, is predominantly expressed in vascular bundles, and four putative xylanase genes were identified in the Arabidopsis thaliana genome. Plant and Cell Physiology 43: 759-767.
284. Tabuchi A, Mori H, Kamisaka S, Hoson T. 2001. A new type of endoxyloglucan transferase devoted to xyloglucan hydrolysis in the cell wall of azuki bean epicotyls. Plant and Cell Physiology 42: 154-161.
285. Takahama U, Oniki T. 1994. Effects of ascorbate on the oxidation of derivatives of hydroxycinnamic acid and the mechanism of oxidation of sinapic acid by cell wall-bound peroxidases. Plant and Cell Physiology 35: 593-600.
286. Takano M, Fujii N, Higashitani A, Nishitani K, Hirasawa T, Takahashi H. 1999. Endoxyloglucan transferase cDNA isolated from pea roots and its fluctuating expression in hydrotropically responding roots. Plant and Cell Physiology 40: 135-142.
287. Tanaka R, Ikeda M, Funatsuki K, Yukioka H, Hashimoto Y, Fujimoto S, Takata M, Katoh K, Konno H. 2002. Molecular cloning and cytochemical analysis of exopolygalacturonase from carrot. Planta 215: 735-744.
288. Tarrago T, Martinez I, Torrent M, Codina A, Giralt E, Puigdomenech P, Ludevid D. 2003. The fuc1 gene product (20 kDa FUC1) of Pisum sativum has no α-L-fucosidase activity. Plant Molecular Biology 51: 877-884.
289. Tateishi A, Kanayama Y, Yamaki S. 1996. α-L-Arabinofuranosidase from cell walls of Japanese pear fruits. Phytochemistry 42: 295-299.
290. Tateishi A, Inoue H, Shiba H, Yamaki S. 2001a. Molecular cloning of β-galactosidase from Japanese pear (Pyrus pyrifolia) its gene expression with fruit ripening. Plant and Cell Physiology 42: 492-498.
291. Tateishi A, Inoue H, Yamaki S. 2001b. Fluctuations in activities of three beta-galactosidase isoforms from ripening avocado (Persea americana) fruit and their different activities against its cell wall polysaccharides as substrates. Journal of the Japanese Society for Horticultural Science 70: 586-592.
292. Tateishi A, Inoue H, Yamaki S. 2002. Cloning and expression of beta-galactosidase cDNA related to softening of avocado (Persea americana) fruit. Journal of the Japanese Society fir Horticultural Science 71: 48-55.
293. Terry ME, Jones RL, Bonner BA. 1981. Soluble cell wall polysaccharides released from pea stems by centrifugation. I. Effect of auxin. Plant Physiology 68: 531-537.
294. Thompson JE, Fry SC. 1997. Trimming and solubilization of xyloglucan after deposition in the walls of cultured rose cells. Journal of Experimental Botany 48: 297-305.
295. Thompson JE, Fry SC. 2000. Evidence for covalent linkage between xyloglucan and acidic pectins in suspension-cultured rose cells. Planta 211: 275-286.
296. Thompson JE, Fry SC. 2001a. Re-structuring of wall-bound xyloglucan by transglycosylation in living plant cells. Plant Journal 26: 23-34.
297. 13C from exogenous glucose. Carbohydrate Research 332: 175-182.
298. 3H dual labelling and isopycnic centrifugation in caesium trifluoroacetate. Biochemical Journal 327: 699-708.
299. Tieman DM, Handa AK. 1989. Immunocytolocalization of polygalacturonase in ripening tomato fruit. Plant Physiology 90: 17-20.
300. Tieman DM, Harriman RW, Ramamohan G, Handa AK. 1992. An antisense pectin methylesterase gene alters pectin chemistry and soluble solids in tomato fruit. Plant Cell 4: 667-679.
301. Tominaga R, Samejima M, Sakai F, Hayashi T. 1999. Occurrence of cello-oligosaccharides in the apoplast of auxin-treated pea stems. Plant Physiology 119: 249-254.
302. Trainotti L, Ferrarese L, Poznanski E, Dalla Vecchia F. 1998. Endo-β-1,4-glucanase activity is involved in the abscission of pepper flowers. Journal of Plant Physiology 152: 70-77.
303. Truelsen TA, Ulvskov P. 1995. The role of cellulase in hormonal-regulation of shoot morphogenesis in tobacco callus. Planta 196: 727-731.
304. Truelsen TA, Laird J, Fry SC. 1999. Xyloglucan metabolizing enzyme activities in suspension cultured tobacco cells. Journal of Plant Physiology 154: 95-101.
305. Tucker GA, Robertson NG, Grierson D. 1980. Changes during polygalacturonase isoenzymes during the 'ripening' of normal and mutant tomato fruit. European Journal of Biochemistry 112: 119-124.
306. Tucker ML, Baird SL, Sexton R. 1991. Bean leaf abscission - tissue-specific accumulation of a cellulase messenger-RNA. Planta 186: 52-57.
307. Uozu S, Tanaka-Ueguchi M, Kitano H, Hattori K, Matsuoka M. 2000. Characterization of XET-related genes of rice. Plant Physiology 122: 853-859.
308. Vieira M, Pissarra J, Verissimo P, Castanheira P, Costa Y, Pires E, Faro C. 2001. Molecular cloning and characterization of cDNA encoding cardosin B, an aspartic proteinase accumulating extracellularly in the transmitting tissue of Cynara cardunculus L. Plant Molecular Biology 45: 529-539.
309. Vissenberg K, Martinez-Vilchez IM, Verbelen JP, Miller JG, Fry SC. 2000. In-vivo co-localization of xyloglucan endotransglycosylase activity and its donor substrate in the elongation zone of Arabidopsis roots. Plant Cell 12: 1229-1237.
310. Vissenberg K, Fry SC, Verbelen JP. 2001. Root hair initiation is coupled to a highly localized increase of xyloglucan endotransglycosylase action in Arabidopsis roots. Plant Physiology 127: 1125-1135.
311. Vissenberg K, Van Sandt V, Fry SC, Verbelen JP. 2003. Xyloglucan endotransglucosylase action is high in the root elongation zone and in the trichoblasts of all vascular plants from Selaginella to Zea mays. Journal of Experimental Botany 54: 335-344.
312. Wakabayashi K, Huber DJ. 2001. Purification and catalytic properties of polygalacturonase isoforms from ripe avocado (Persea americana) fruit mesocarp. Physiologia Plantarum 113: 210-216.
313. Wakabayashi K, Chun JP, Huber DJ. 2000. Extensive solubilization and depolymerization of cell wall polysaccharides during avocado (Persea americana) ripening involves concerted action of polygalacturonase and pectinmethylesterase. Physiologia Plantarum 108: 345-352.
314. Wakabayashi K, Hoson T, Huber DJ. 2003. Methyl de-esterification as a major factor regulating the extent of pectin depolymerization during fruit ripening: a comparison of the action of avocado (Persea americana) and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) polygalacturonases. Journal of Plant Physiology 160: 667-673.
315. Wakeley PR, Rogers HJ, Rozycka M, Greenland AJ, Hussey PJ. 1998. A maize pectin methylesterase-like gene, ZmC5, specifically expressed in pollen. Plant Molecular Biology 37: 187-192.
316. Waldron KW, Ng A, Parker ML, Parr AJ. 1997. Ferulic acid dehydrodimers in the cell walls of Beta vulgaris and their possible role in texture. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 74: 221-228.
317. Wallace G, Fry SC. 1999. Action of diverse peroxidases and laccases on six cell wall-related phenolic compounds. Phytochemistry 52: 769-773.
318. Wallace G, Russell WR, Lomax JA, Jarvis MC, Lapierre C, Chesson A. 1995. Extraction of phenolic-carbohydrate complexes from graminaceous cell walls. Carbohydrate Research 272: 41-53.
319. Wardrop AB. 1971. Lignins, occurrence and formation in plants. In: Sarkanen KV, Ludwig CH, eds. Lignins: occurrence, formation, structure and reactions. Chichester, UK: Wiley, 19-41.
320. Warneck HM, Haug T, Seitz HU. 1996. Activation of cell wall-associated peroxidase isoenzymes in pea epicotyls by a xyloglucan-derived nonasaccharide. Journal of Experimental Botany 47: 1897-1904.
321. Watanabe T, Ohnishi J, Yamazaki Y, Kaizu S, Koshijima T. 1989. Binding-site analysis of the ether linkages between lignin and hemicelluloses in lignin-carbohydrate complexes by DDQ-oxidation. Agricultural and Biological Chemistry 53: 2233-2252.
322. Watson CF, Zheng LS, Dellapenna D. 1994. Reduction of tomato polygalacturonase β-subunit expression affects pectin solubilization and degradation during fruit ripening. Plant Cell 6: 1623-1634.
323. Wen FS, Zhu YM, Hawes MC. 1999. Effect of pectin methylesterase gene expression on pea root development. Plant Cell 11: 1129-1140.
324. Wende G, Fry SC. 1996. O-Feruloylated, O-acetylated oligosaccharides as side-chains of grass xylans. Phytochemistry 44: 1011-1018.
325. Wende G, Waldron KW, Smith AC, Brett CT. 1999. Developmental changes in cell-wall ferulate and dehydrodiferulates in sugar beet. Phytochemistry 52: 819-827.
326. van der Wilden W, Segers JHL, Chrispeels MJ. 1983. Cell walls of Phaseolus vulgaris leaves contain the azocoll-digesting proteinase. Plant Physiology 73: 576-578.
327. Woolley LC, James DJ, Manning K. 2001. Purification and properties of an endo-β-1,4-glucanase from strawberry and down-regulation of the corresponding gene, cell. Planta 214: 11-21.
328. Wu HC, Poulton JE. 1991. Immunocytochemical localization of mandelonitrile lyase in mature black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.) seeds. Plant Physiology 96: 1329-1337.
329. Wu YJ, Spollen WG, Sharp RE, Hetherington PR, Fry SC. 1994. Root-growth maintenance at low water potentials - increased activity of xyloglucan endotransglycosylase and its possible regulation by abscisic acid. Plant Physiology 106: 607-615.
330. Xu W, Purugganan MM, Polisensky DH, Antosiewicz DM, Fry SC, BRAAM J. 1995. Arabidopsis tch4, regulated by hormones and the environment, encodes a xyloglucan endotransglycosylase. Plant Cell 7: 1555-1567.
331. Xu W, Campbell P, Vargheese AK, Braam J. 1996. The Arabidopsis XET-related gene family: environmental and hormonal regulation of expression. Plant Journal 9: 879-889.
332. Yakushiji H, Sakurai N, Morinaga K. 2001. Changes in cell wall polysaccharides from the mesocarp of grape berries during veraison. Physiologia Plantarum 111: 188-195.
333. Yamaoka T, Tsukada K, Takahashi H, Yamauchi N. 1983. Purification of a cell wall-bound pectin-gelatinizing factor and examination of its identity with pectin methylesterase. Botanical Magazine, Tokyo 96: 139-144.
334. Yokoyama R, Nishitani K. 2001. Endoxyloglucan transferase is localized both in the cell plate and in the secretary pathway destined for the apoplast in tobacco cells. Plant and Cell Physiology 42: 292-300.
335. Yoshida-Shimokawa T, Yoshida S, Kakegawa K, Ishii T. 2001. Enzymic feruloylation of arabinoxylan-trisaccharide by feruloyl-CoA: arabinoxylantrisaccharide O-hydroxycinnamoyltransferase from Oryza sativa. Planta 212: 470-474.
336. Yoshioka H, Kashimura Y, Kaneko K. 1995. β-D-Galactosidase and
337. Zabotin AI, Barisheva TS, Zabotina OA, Larskaya IA, Lozovaya W, Beldman G, Voragen AGJ. 1998. Alterations in cell walls of winter wheat roots during low temperature acclimation. Journal of Plant Physiology 152: 473-479.
338. Zhang GF, Staehelin LA. 1992. Functional compartmentation of the Golgi apparatus of plant cells: immunocytochemical analysis of high-pressure frozen-and freeze-substituted sycamore maple suspension culture cells. Plant Physiology 99: 1070-1083.