메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 20, Issue 4, 1999, Pages 205-225

The effect of human activity on radiative forcing of climate change: A review of recent developments

Author keywords

Aerosols; Climate forcing; Greenhouse gases

Indexed keywords

ANTHROPOGENIC EFFECT; CLIMATE CHANGE; HUMAN ACTIVITY; RADIATIVE FORCING;

EID: 0344655621     PISSN: 09218181     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0921-8181(99)00017-X     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (147)

References (128)
  • 1
    • 0026475823 scopus 로고
    • Radiative effects of airborne dust on regional energy budgets at the top of the atmosphere
    • Ackerman S.A., Chung H. Radiative effects of airborne dust on regional energy budgets at the top of the atmosphere. J. Appl. Meteorol. 31:1992;223-233.
    • (1992) J. Appl. Meteorol. , vol.31 , pp. 223-233
    • Ackerman, S.A.1    Chung, H.2
  • 2
    • 77957021876 scopus 로고
    • Climatic effects of changing atmospheric aerosol levels
    • A. Henderson-Sellers. Amsterdam: Elsevier
    • Andreae M.O. Climatic effects of changing atmospheric aerosol levels. Henderson-Sellers A. Future Climates of the World: A Modelling Perspective. 1995;347-398 Elsevier, Amsterdam.
    • (1995) Future Climates of the World: A Modelling Perspective , pp. 347-398
    • Andreae, M.O.1
  • 3
    • 1542573411 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • International Global Atmospheric Chemistry (IGAC) project's first aerosol characterisation experiment (ACE 1): Overview
    • Bates T.S., Huebert B.J., Gras J.L., Griffiths F.B., Durkee P.A. International Global Atmospheric Chemistry (IGAC) project's first aerosol characterisation experiment (ACE 1): overview. J. Geophys. Res. 103:1998;16297-16318.
    • (1998) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.103 , pp. 16297-16318
    • Bates, T.S.1    Huebert, B.J.2    Gras, J.L.3    Griffiths, F.B.4    Durkee, P.A.5
  • 5
    • 0030616780 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A numerical simulation of anthropogenic climate change
    • Bengtsson L. A numerical simulation of anthropogenic climate change. Ambio. 26:1997;58-65.
    • (1997) Ambio. , vol.26 , pp. 58-65
    • Bengtsson, L.1
  • 7
    • 0031597129 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantifying the emission of light-absorbing particles: Measurements tailored to climate studies
    • Bond T.C., Charlson R.J., Heintzenberg J. Quantifying the emission of light-absorbing particles: measurements tailored to climate studies. Geophys. Res. Lett. 25:1998;337-340.
    • (1998) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.25 , pp. 337-340
    • Bond, T.C.1    Charlson, R.J.2    Heintzenberg, J.3
  • 8
    • 0029507078 scopus 로고
    • GCM estimate of the indirect aerosol forcing using satellite-retrieved cloud droplet effective radii
    • Boucher O. GCM estimate of the indirect aerosol forcing using satellite-retrieved cloud droplet effective radii. J. Climate. 8:1995;1403-1409.
    • (1995) J. Climate , vol.8 , pp. 1403-1409
    • Boucher, O.1
  • 9
    • 0029502291 scopus 로고
    • General circulation model assessment of the sensitivity of direct climate forcing by anthropogenic sulfate aerosols to aerosol size and chemistry
    • Boucher O., Anderson T.L. General circulation model assessment of the sensitivity of direct climate forcing by anthropogenic sulfate aerosols to aerosol size and chemistry. J. Geophys. Res. 100:1995;26117-26134.
    • (1995) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.100 , pp. 26117-26134
    • Boucher, O.1    Anderson, T.L.2
  • 10
    • 0029529135 scopus 로고
    • Precipitation and radiation modeling in a general circulation model: Introduction of cloud microphysical processes
    • Boucher O., Le Treut H., Baker M.B. Precipitation and radiation modeling in a general circulation model: introduction of cloud microphysical processes. J. Geophys. Res. 100:1995;16395-16414.
    • (1995) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.100 , pp. 16395-16414
    • Boucher, O.1    Le Treut, H.2    Baker, M.B.3
  • 14
  • 18
    • 0030390231 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • First estimates of the radiative forcing of aerosols generated from biomass burning using satellite data
    • Christopher S.A., Kliche D.V., Chou J., Welch R.M. First estimates of the radiative forcing of aerosols generated from biomass burning using satellite data. J. Geophys. Res. 101:1996;21265-21273.
    • (1996) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.101 , pp. 21265-21273
    • Christopher, S.A.1    Kliche, D.V.2    Chou, J.3    Welch, R.M.4
  • 19
    • 0032436234 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The 1985 biomass burning season in South America: Satellite remote sensing of fires, smoke, and regional radiative energy budgets
    • Christopher S.A., Wang M., Berendes T.A., Welch R.M., Yang S.K. The 1985 biomass burning season in South America: satellite remote sensing of fires, smoke, and regional radiative energy budgets. J. Appl. Meteorol. 37:1998;661-678.
    • (1998) J. Appl. Meteorol. , vol.37 , pp. 661-678
    • Christopher, S.A.1    Wang, M.2    Berendes, T.A.3    Welch, R.M.4    Yang, S.K.5
  • 21
    • 0029527630 scopus 로고
    • Effect of absorbing aerosols on global radiation budget
    • Chylek P., Wong J. Effect of absorbing aerosols on global radiation budget. Geophys. Res. Lett. 22:1995;929-931.
    • (1995) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.22 , pp. 929-931
    • Chylek, P.1    Wong, J.2
  • 22
    • 0029526620 scopus 로고
    • Effect of black carbon on the optical properties and climate forcing of sulfate aerosols
    • Chylek P., Videen G., Ngo D., Pinnick R.G., Klett J.D. Effect of black carbon on the optical properties and climate forcing of sulfate aerosols. J. Geophys. Res. 100:1995;16325-16332.
    • (1995) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.100 , pp. 16325-16332
    • Chylek, P.1    Videen, G.2    Ngo, D.3    Pinnick, R.G.4    Klett, J.D.5
  • 24
    • 85040380537 scopus 로고
    • W.C. Clark. Oxford: Clarendon Press
    • Clark W.C. Carbon Dioxide Review: 1982. 1982;Clarendon Press, Oxford.
    • (1982) Carbon Dioxide Review: 1982
  • 25
    • 0007655615 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A global black carbon model
    • Cooke W.F., Wilson J.J.N. A global black carbon model. J. Geophys. Res. 101:1996;19395-19409.
    • (1996) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.101 , pp. 19395-19409
    • Cooke, W.F.1    Wilson, J.J.N.2
  • 26
    • 0029536092 scopus 로고
    • Climate response to radiative forcings by sulfate aerosols and greenhouse gases
    • Cox S.J., Wang W.-C., Schwartz S.E. Climate response to radiative forcings by sulfate aerosols and greenhouse gases. Geophys. Res. Lett. 22:1995;2509-2512.
    • (1995) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.22 , pp. 2509-2512
    • Cox, S.J.1    Wang, W.-C.2    Schwartz, S.E.3
  • 27
    • 2142658669 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of mineral aerosol as a reactive surface in the global troposphere
    • Dentener F.J., Carmichael G.R., Lelieveld J., Crutzen P.J. Role of mineral aerosol as a reactive surface in the global troposphere. J. Geophys. Res. 101:1996;22869-22889.
    • (1996) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.101 , pp. 22869-22889
    • Dentener, F.J.1    Carmichael, G.R.2    Lelieveld, J.3    Crutzen, P.J.4
  • 28
    • 0022901147 scopus 로고
    • Future global warming from atmospheric trace gases
    • Dickinson R.E., Cicerone R.J. Future global warming from atmospheric trace gases. Nature. 319:1986;109-115.
    • (1986) Nature , vol.319 , pp. 109-115
    • Dickinson, R.E.1    Cicerone, R.J.2
  • 29
    • 0027528149 scopus 로고
    • A comparison between patterns of temperature trends and sulfate aerosol pollution
    • Engardt M., Rodhe H. A comparison between patterns of temperature trends and sulfate aerosol pollution. Geophys. Res. Lett. 20:1993;117-120.
    • (1993) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.20 , pp. 117-120
    • Engardt, M.1    Rodhe, H.2
  • 30
    • 0029500764 scopus 로고
    • Climate response to indirect anthropogenic sulfate forcing
    • Erickson D.J. III, Oglesby R.J., Marshall S. Climate response to indirect anthropogenic sulfate forcing. Geophys. Res. Lett. 22:1995;2017-2020.
    • (1995) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.22 , pp. 2017-2020
    • Erickson D.J. III1    Oglesby, R.J.2    Marshall, S.3
  • 32
    • 0031415951 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The atmospheric sulfur cycle in ECHAM-4 and its impact on the shortwave radiation
    • Feichter J., Lohmann U., Schult I. The atmospheric sulfur cycle in ECHAM-4 and its impact on the shortwave radiation. Climate Dynamics. 13:1997;235-246.
    • (1997) Climate Dynamics , vol.13 , pp. 235-246
    • Feichter, J.1    Lohmann, U.2    Schult, I.3
  • 33
    • 0037666602 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Radiative forcing and temperature trends from stratospheric ozone changes
    • Forster P.M. de F., Shine K.P. Radiative forcing and temperature trends from stratospheric ozone changes. J. Geophys. Res. 102:1997;10841-10855.
    • (1997) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.102 , pp. 10841-10855
    • Forster, P.M.D.F.1    Shine, K.P.2
  • 37
    • 0029526506 scopus 로고
    • Long-range transport of continental aerosols over the Atlantic Ocean and their effects on cloud structures
    • Garrett T.J., Hobbs P.V. Long-range transport of continental aerosols over the Atlantic Ocean and their effects on cloud structures. J. Atmos. Sci. 52:1995;2977-2984.
    • (1995) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.52 , pp. 2977-2984
    • Garrett, T.J.1    Hobbs, P.V.2
  • 38
    • 0027836209 scopus 로고
    • Pinatubo eruption winter climate effects: Model versus observations
    • Graf H.-F., Kirchner I., Robock A., Schult I. Pinatubo eruption winter climate effects: model versus observations. Climate Dynamics. 9:1993;81-93.
    • (1993) Climate Dynamics , vol.9 , pp. 81-93
    • Graf, H.-F.1    Kirchner, I.2    Robock, A.3    Schult, I.4
  • 39
    • 0031443306 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Volcanic sulfur emissions: Estimates of source strength and its contribution to the global sulfate distribution
    • Graf H.-F., Feichter J., Langmann B. Volcanic sulfur emissions: estimates of source strength and its contribution to the global sulfate distribution. J. Geophys. Res. 102:1997;10727-10738.
    • (1997) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.102 , pp. 10727-10738
    • Graf, H.-F.1    Feichter, J.2    Langmann, B.3
  • 40
    • 0025196714 scopus 로고
    • Sun and dust versus greenhouse gases: An assessment of their relative roles in global climate change
    • Hansen J.E., Lacis A.A. Sun and dust versus greenhouse gases: an assessment of their relative roles in global climate change. Nature. 346:1990;713-719.
    • (1990) Nature , vol.346 , pp. 713-719
    • Hansen, J.E.1    Lacis, A.A.2
  • 41
    • 0026447242 scopus 로고
    • Potential climate impact of Mount Pinatubo eruption
    • Hansen J., Lacis A., Ruedy R., Sato M. Potential climate impact of Mount Pinatubo eruption. Geophys. Res. Lett. 19:1992;215-218.
    • (1992) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.19 , pp. 215-218
    • Hansen, J.1    Lacis, A.2    Ruedy, R.3    Sato, M.4
  • 43
    • 0031411233 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Radiative forcing and climate response
    • Hansen J., Sato M., Ruedy R. Radiative forcing and climate response. J. Geophys. Res. 102:1997;6831-6864.
    • (1997) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.102 , pp. 6831-6864
    • Hansen, J.1    Sato, M.2    Ruedy, R.3
  • 46
    • 0030901847 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Are we seeing global warming?
    • Hasselmann K. Are we seeing global warming? Science. 276:1997;914-915.
    • (1997) Science , vol.276 , pp. 914-915
    • Hasselmann, K.1
  • 47
    • 0028192919 scopus 로고
    • The importance of atmospheric chemistry in the calculation of radiative forcing on the climate system
    • Hauglustaine D., Granier C., Brasseur G.P., Megie G. The importance of atmospheric chemistry in the calculation of radiative forcing on the climate system. J. Geophys. Res. 99:1994;1173-1186.
    • (1994) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.99 , pp. 1173-1186
    • Hauglustaine, D.1    Granier, C.2    Brasseur, G.P.3    Megie, G.4
  • 48
    • 0031402566 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multi-spectral calculations of the direct radiative forcing of tropospheric sulphate and soot aerosols using a column model
    • Haywood J.M., Shine K.P. Multi-spectral calculations of the direct radiative forcing of tropospheric sulphate and soot aerosols using a column model. Quart. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 123:1997;1907-1930.
    • (1997) Quart. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. , vol.123 , pp. 1907-1930
    • Haywood, J.M.1    Shine, K.P.2
  • 49
    • 0032571194 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global sensitivity studies of the direct radiative forcing due to anthropogenic sulfate and black carbon aerosols
    • Haywood J.M., Ramaswamy V. Global sensitivity studies of the direct radiative forcing due to anthropogenic sulfate and black carbon aerosols. J. Geophys. Res. 103:1998;6043-6058.
    • (1998) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.103 , pp. 6043-6058
    • Haywood, J.M.1    Ramaswamy, V.2
  • 50
    • 0030670759 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A limited-area-model case study of the effects of sub-grid scale variations in relative humidity and cloud upon the direct radiative forcing of sulfate aerosol
    • Haywood J.M., Ramaswamy V., Donner L.J. A limited-area-model case study of the effects of sub-grid scale variations in relative humidity and cloud upon the direct radiative forcing of sulfate aerosol. Geophys. Res. Lett. 24:1997;143-146.
    • (1997) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.24 , pp. 143-146
    • Haywood, J.M.1    Ramaswamy, V.2    Donner, L.J.3
  • 51
    • 0031176574 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • General circulation model calculations of the direct radiative forcing by anthropogenic sulfate and fossil-fuel soot aerosol
    • Haywood J.M., Roberts D.L., Slingo A., Edwards J.M., Shine K.P. General circulation model calculations of the direct radiative forcing by anthropogenic sulfate and fossil-fuel soot aerosol. J. Climate. 10:1997;1562-1577.
    • (1997) J. Climate , vol.10 , pp. 1562-1577
    • Haywood, J.M.1    Roberts, D.L.2    Slingo, A.3    Edwards, J.M.4    Shine, K.P.5
  • 52
    • 0031170961 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transient response of a coupled model to estimated changes in greenhouse gas and sulfate concentrations
    • Haywood J.M., Stouffer R.J., Wetherald R.T., Manabe S., Ramaswamy V. Transient response of a coupled model to estimated changes in greenhouse gas and sulfate concentrations. Geophys. Res. Lett. 24:1997;1335-1338.
    • (1997) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.24 , pp. 1335-1338
    • Haywood, J.M.1    Stouffer, R.J.2    Wetherald, R.T.3    Manabe, S.4    Ramaswamy, V.5
  • 53
    • 0032572637 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estimates of radiative forcing due to modeled increases in tropospheric ozone
    • Haywood J.M., Schwarzkopf M.D., Ramaswamy V. Estimates of radiative forcing due to modeled increases in tropospheric ozone. J. Geophys. Res. 103:1998;16999-17007.
    • (1998) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.103 , pp. 16999-17007
    • Haywood, J.M.1    Schwarzkopf, M.D.2    Ramaswamy, V.3
  • 54
    • 17544395360 scopus 로고
    • Cloud condensation nucleus-sulfate mass relationship and cloud albedo
    • Hegg D.A. Cloud condensation nucleus-sulfate mass relationship and cloud albedo. J. Geophys. Res. 99:1994;25903-25907.
    • (1994) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.99 , pp. 25903-25907
    • Hegg, D.A.1
  • 55
    • 0031430408 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chemical apportionment of aerosol column optical depth off the mid-Atlantic coast of the United States
    • Hegg D.A., Livingston J., Hobbs P.V., Novakov T., Russell P. Chemical apportionment of aerosol column optical depth off the mid-Atlantic coast of the United States. J. Geophys. Res. 102:1997;25293-25303.
    • (1997) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.102 , pp. 25293-25303
    • Hegg, D.A.1    Livingston, J.2    Hobbs, P.V.3    Novakov, T.4    Russell, P.5
  • 56
    • 0030406360 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the sensitivity of cloud albedo to the partitioning of particulate absorbers in cloudy air
    • Heintzenberg J., Wendisch M. On the sensitivity of cloud albedo to the partitioning of particulate absorbers in cloudy air. Contrib. Atmos. Phys. 69:1996;491-499.
    • (1996) Contrib. Atmos. Phys. , vol.69 , pp. 491-499
    • Heintzenberg, J.1    Wendisch, M.2
  • 58
    • 0038240393 scopus 로고
    • Human effects on climate through the large-scale impacts of land use change
    • A. Henderson-Sellers. Future Climates of the World: A Modelling Perspective. Amsterdam: Elsevier
    • Henderson-Sellers A. Human effects on climate through the large-scale impacts of land use change. Henderson-Sellers A. Future Climates of the World: A Modelling Perspective. World Survey of Climatology. 16:1995;433-475 Elsevier, Amsterdam.
    • (1995) World Survey of Climatology , vol.16 , pp. 433-475
    • Henderson-Sellers, A.1
  • 61
    • 0000180038 scopus 로고
    • Microphysical contrasts in Atlantic stratus
    • Hudson J.G., Li H. Microphysical contrasts in Atlantic stratus. J. Atmos. Sci. 52:1995;3031-3040.
    • (1995) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.52 , pp. 3031-3040
    • Hudson, J.G.1    Li, H.2
  • 62
    • 0027872526 scopus 로고
    • Seasonal, latitudinal and secular variations in temperature trend: Evidence for influence of anthropogenic sulfate
    • Hunter D.E., Schwartz S.E., Waggoner R., Benkovitz C.M. Seasonal, latitudinal and secular variations in temperature trend: evidence for influence of anthropogenic sulfate. Geophys. Res. Lett. 20:1993;2455-2458.
    • (1993) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.20 , pp. 2455-2458
    • Hunter, D.E.1    Schwartz, S.E.2    Waggoner, R.3    Benkovitz, C.M.4
  • 67
    • 0030830856 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Climate model studies of sulphate aerosols and clouds
    • Jones A., Slingo A. Climate model studies of sulphate aerosols and clouds. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. London B. 352:1997;221-229.
    • (1997) Phil. Trans. R. Soc. London B , vol.352 , pp. 221-229
    • Jones, A.1    Slingo, A.2
  • 69
    • 0003156935 scopus 로고
    • Evidence for radiative effects of anthropogenic aerosols in the observed climate record
    • R.J. Charlson, & J. Heintzenberg. Chichester: Wiley
    • Karl T.R., Knight R.W., Kukla G.W., Gavin J. Evidence for radiative effects of anthropogenic aerosols in the observed climate record. Charlson R.J., Heintzenberg J. Aerosol Forcing of Climate. 1995;363-382 Wiley, Chichester.
    • (1995) Aerosol Forcing of Climate , pp. 363-382
    • Karl, T.R.1    Knight, R.W.2    Kukla, G.W.3    Gavin, J.4
  • 70
    • 0002663896 scopus 로고
    • Modeling geographical and seasonal forcing due to aerosols
    • R.J. Charlson, & J. Heintzenberg. Chichester: Wiley
    • Kiehl J.T., Rodhe H. Modeling geographical and seasonal forcing due to aerosols. Charlson R.J., Heintzenberg J. Aerosol Forcing of Climate. 1995;281-296 Wiley, Chichester.
    • (1995) Aerosol Forcing of Climate , pp. 281-296
    • Kiehl, J.T.1    Rodhe, H.2
  • 71
    • 0030199798 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of sulfate aerosols indirect effect in marine stratocumulus clouds using observation-derived cloud climatology
    • Kogan Z.N., Kogan Y.L., Lilly D.K. Evaluation of sulfate aerosols indirect effect in marine stratocumulus clouds using observation-derived cloud climatology. Geophys. Res. Lett. 23:1996;1937-1940.
    • (1996) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.23 , pp. 1937-1940
    • Kogan, Z.N.1    Kogan, Y.L.2    Lilly, D.K.3
  • 72
    • 0001203766 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cloud factor and seasonality of the indirect effect of anthropogenic sulfate aerosols
    • Kogan Z.N., Kogan Y.L., Lilly D.K. Cloud factor and seasonality of the indirect effect of anthropogenic sulfate aerosols. J. Geophys. Res. 102:1997;25927-25939.
    • (1997) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.102 , pp. 25927-25939
    • Kogan, Z.N.1    Kogan, Y.L.2    Lilly, D.K.3
  • 74
    • 0025919288 scopus 로고
    • A global three-dimensional model of the tropospheric sulfur cycle
    • Langner J., Rodhe H. A global three-dimensional model of the tropospheric sulfur cycle. J. Atmos. Chem. 13:1991;225-263.
    • (1991) J. Atmos. Chem. , vol.13 , pp. 225-263
    • Langner, J.1    Rodhe, H.2
  • 76
    • 0031749688 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changing concentration, lifetime, and climate forcing of atmospheric methane
    • Lelieveld J., Crutzen P.J., Dentener P.J. Changing concentration, lifetime, and climate forcing of atmospheric methane. Tellus. 50B:1998;128-150.
    • (1998) Tellus , vol.50 , pp. 128-150
    • Lelieveld, J.1    Crutzen, P.J.2    Dentener, P.J.3
  • 77
    • 3543016089 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of clouds on direct aerosol radiative forcing of climate
    • Liao H., Seinfield J.H. Effect of clouds on direct aerosol radiative forcing of climate. J. Geophys. Res. 103:1998;3781-3788.
    • (1998) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.103 , pp. 3781-3788
    • Liao, H.1    Seinfield, J.H.2
  • 79
    • 0031408833 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of sulfate aerosols on albedo and lifetime of clouds: A sensitivity study with the ECHAM4 GCM
    • Lohmann U., Feichter J. Impact of sulfate aerosols on albedo and lifetime of clouds: a sensitivity study with the ECHAM4 GCM. J. Geophys. Res. 102:1997;13685-13700.
    • (1997) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.102 , pp. 13685-13700
    • Lohmann, U.1    Feichter, J.2
  • 80
    • 0031466090 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An estimation of the climatic effects of stratospheric ozone losses during the 1980s
    • MacKay R.M., Ko M.K.W., Shia R.-L., Yang Y., Zhou S., Molnar G. An estimation of the climatic effects of stratospheric ozone losses during the 1980s. J. Climate. 10:1997;774-788.
    • (1997) J. Climate , vol.10 , pp. 774-788
    • MacKay, R.M.1    Ko, M.K.W.2    Shia, R.-L.3    Yang, Y.4    Zhou, S.5    Molnar, G.6
  • 81
    • 0028608253 scopus 로고
    • Evidence of a long-term increase in tropospheric ozone from Pic du Midi data series: Consequences: Positive radiative forcing
    • Marenco A., Gouget H., Nédélec P., Pagés J.-P., Karcher F. Evidence of a long-term increase in tropospheric ozone from Pic du Midi data series: Consequences: Positive radiative forcing. J. Geophys. Res. 99:1994;16617-16632.
    • (1994) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.99 , pp. 16617-16632
    • Marenco, A.1    Gouget, H.2    Nédélec, P.3    Pagés, J.-P.4    Karcher, F.5
  • 83
    • 0344397551 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Radiative forcing of a tropical direct circulation by mineral dust aerosols
    • to appear
    • Miller R.L., Tegen I. Radiative forcing of a tropical direct circulation by mineral dust aerosols. J. Atmos. Sci. 1998;. to appear.
    • (1998) J. Atmos. Sci.
    • Miller, R.L.1    Tegen, I.2
  • 84
    • 0027387103 scopus 로고
    • Radiative forcing by the eruption of Mt. Pinatubo deduced from NASA's Earth Radiation Budget Experiment data
    • Minnis P., Harrison E.F., Gibson G.G., Denn F.M., Doelling D.R., Smith W.L. Jr. Radiative forcing by the eruption of Mt. Pinatubo deduced from NASA's Earth Radiation Budget Experiment data. Science. 259:1993;1411-1415.
    • (1993) Science , vol.259 , pp. 1411-1415
    • Minnis, P.1    Harrison, E.F.2    Gibson, G.G.3    Denn, F.M.4    Doelling, D.R.5    Smith W.L., Jr.6
  • 85
    • 0028981332 scopus 로고
    • Climate response to increasing levels of greenhouse gases and sulphate aerosols
    • Mitchell J.F.B., Johns T.C., Gregory J.M., Tett S.F.B. Climate response to increasing levels of greenhouse gases and sulphate aerosols. Nature. 376:1995;501-504.
    • (1995) Nature , vol.376 , pp. 501-504
    • Mitchell, J.F.B.1    Johns, T.C.2    Gregory, J.M.3    Tett, S.F.B.4
  • 87
    • 0031426697 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of spatial and temporal variations in the computation of radiative forcing and GWP
    • Myhre G., Stordal F. Role of spatial and temporal variations in the computation of radiative forcing and GWP. J. Geophys. Res. 102:1997;11181-11200.
    • (1997) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.102 , pp. 11181-11200
    • Myhre, G.1    Stordal, F.2
  • 89
    • 0032129093 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New estimates of radiative forcing due to well-mixed greenhouse gases
    • Myhre G., Highwood E.J., Shine K.P., Stordal F. New estimates of radiative forcing due to well-mixed greenhouse gases. Geophys. Res. Lett. 25:1998;2715-2718.
    • (1998) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.25 , pp. 2715-2718
    • Myhre, G.1    Highwood, E.J.2    Shine, K.P.3    Stordal, F.4
  • 90
    • 0032439081 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estimation of the direct forcing due to sulfate and soot aerosols
    • Myhre G., Stordal F., Restad K., Isaksen I.S.A. Estimation of the direct forcing due to sulfate and soot aerosols. Tellus. 50B:1998;463-477.
    • (1998) Tellus , vol.50 , pp. 463-477
    • Myhre, G.1    Stordal, F.2    Restad, K.3    Isaksen, I.S.A.4
  • 91
    • 0027790209 scopus 로고
    • Large contribution of organic aerosols to cloud-condensation-nuclei concentrations
    • Novakov T., Penner J.E. Large contribution of organic aerosols to cloud-condensation-nuclei concentrations. Nature. 365:1993;823-826.
    • (1993) Nature , vol.365 , pp. 823-826
    • Novakov, T.1    Penner, J.E.2
  • 92
    • 0028797558 scopus 로고
    • Increase in lower stratospheric water vapour at a mid-latitude northern hemisphere site from 1981 to 1994
    • Oltmans S.J., Hofmann D.J. Increase in lower stratospheric water vapour at a mid-latitude northern hemisphere site from 1981 to 1994. Nature. 374:1995;146-149.
    • (1995) Nature , vol.374 , pp. 146-149
    • Oltmans, S.J.1    Hofmann, D.J.2
  • 93
    • 84977734073 scopus 로고
    • A non-linear dynamical perspective on climate change
    • Palmer T.N. A non-linear dynamical perspective on climate change. Weather. 48:1993;314-326.
    • (1993) Weather , vol.48 , pp. 314-326
    • Palmer, T.N.1
  • 94
    • 0004658788 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Uncertainty analysis of indirect radiative forcing by anthropogenic sulfate aerosols
    • Pan W., Tatang M., McRae G.J., Prinn R.G. Uncertainty analysis of indirect radiative forcing by anthropogenic sulfate aerosols. J. Geophys. Res. 103:1998;3815-3823.
    • (1998) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.103 , pp. 3815-3823
    • Pan, W.1    Tatang, M.2    McRae, G.J.3    Prinn, R.G.4
  • 95
    • 0026613544 scopus 로고
    • Effects of aerosol from biomass burning on the global radiation budget
    • Penner J.E., Dickinson R.E., O'Neill C.A. Effects of aerosol from biomass burning on the global radiation budget. Science. 256:1992;1432-1434.
    • (1992) Science , vol.256 , pp. 1432-1434
    • Penner, J.E.1    Dickinson, R.E.2    O'Neill, C.A.3
  • 96
    • 0032446632 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Climate forcing by carbonaceous and sulfate aerosols
    • Penner J.E., Chuang C.C., Grant K.E. Climate forcing by carbonaceous and sulfate aerosols. Climate Dynamics. 14:1998;839-851.
    • (1998) Climate Dynamics , vol.14 , pp. 839-851
    • Penner, J.E.1    Chuang, C.C.2    Grant, K.E.3
  • 97
    • 0028162965 scopus 로고
    • Effect of precipitation on the albedo susceptibility of clouds in the marine boundary layer
    • Pincus R., Baker M.B. Effect of precipitation on the albedo susceptibility of clouds in the marine boundary layer. Nature. 372:1994;250-252.
    • (1994) Nature , vol.372 , pp. 250-252
    • Pincus, R.1    Baker, M.B.2
  • 98
    • 0031826578 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of changes in HITRAN and uncertainties in the spectroscopy on infrared irradiance calculations
    • Pinnock S., Shine K.P. The effects of changes in HITRAN and uncertainties in the spectroscopy on infrared irradiance calculations. J. Atmos. Sci. 55:1998;1950-1964.
    • (1998) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.55 , pp. 1950-1964
    • Pinnock, S.1    Shine, K.P.2
  • 99
    • 0000815519 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Simulating the global atmospheric response to aircraft water vapour emissions and contrails: A first approach using a GCM
    • Ponater M., Brinkop S., Sausen R., Schumann U. Simulating the global atmospheric response to aircraft water vapour emissions and contrails: a first approach using a GCM. Ann. Geophys. 14:1996;941-960.
    • (1996) Ann. Geophys. , vol.14 , pp. 941-960
    • Ponater, M.1    Brinkop, S.2    Sausen, R.3    Schumann, U.4
  • 100
    • 0031465652 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Radiative forcing of the Earth-climate system due to tropical tropospheric ozone production
    • Portmann R.W., Solomon S., Fishman J., Olson J.R., Kiehl J.T., Briegleb B. Radiative forcing of the Earth-climate system due to tropical tropospheric ozone production. J. Geophys. Res. 102:1997;9409-9417.
    • (1997) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.102 , pp. 9409-9417
    • Portmann, R.W.1    Solomon, S.2    Fishman, J.3    Olson, J.R.4    Kiehl, J.T.5    Briegleb, B.6
  • 101
    • 0018654755 scopus 로고
    • The role of stratospheric ozone in the zonal and seasonal energy balance of the Earth-troposphere system
    • Ramanathan V., Dickinson R.E. The role of stratospheric ozone in the zonal and seasonal energy balance of the Earth-troposphere system. J. Atmos. Sci. 36:1979;1084-1104.
    • (1979) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.36 , pp. 1084-1104
    • Ramanathan, V.1    Dickinson, R.E.2
  • 103
    • 0031091439 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Climate forcing-response relationships for greenhouse and shortwave radiative perturbations
    • Ramaswamy V., Chen C.-T. Climate forcing-response relationships for greenhouse and shortwave radiative perturbations. Geophys. Res. Lett. 24:1997;667-670.
    • (1997) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.24 , pp. 667-670
    • Ramaswamy, V.1    Chen, C.-T.2
  • 104
    • 0030367865 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Climatic effect of water vapor release in the upper troposphere
    • Rind D., Lonergan P., Shah K.P. Climatic effect of water vapor release in the upper troposphere. J. Geophys. Res. 101:1996;29395-29405.
    • (1996) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.101 , pp. 29395-29405
    • Rind, D.1    Lonergan, P.2    Shah, K.P.3
  • 105
    • 0029526608 scopus 로고
    • The volcanic signal in surface temperature observations
    • Robock A., Mao J. The volcanic signal in surface temperature observations. J. Climate. 8:1995;1086-1103.
    • (1995) J. Climate , vol.8 , pp. 1086-1103
    • Robock, A.1    Mao, J.2
  • 106
    • 3643116725 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A three-dimensional chemistry/general circulation model simulation of anthropogenically derived ozone in the troposphere and its radiative forcing
    • Roelofs G.-J., Lelieveld J., Van Dorland R. A three-dimensional chemistry/general circulation model simulation of anthropogenically derived ozone in the troposphere and its radiative forcing. J. Geophys. Res. 102:1997;23389-23401.
    • (1997) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.102 , pp. 23389-23401
    • Roelofs, G.-J.1    Lelieveld, J.2    Van Dorland, R.3
  • 107
    • 0031818378 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global average climate forcing and temperature response since 1750
    • Rowntree P.R. Global average climate forcing and temperature response since 1750. Int. J. Climatol. 18:1998;355-377.
    • (1998) Int. J. Climatol. , vol.18 , pp. 355-377
    • Rowntree, P.R.1
  • 108
    • 0031438534 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aerosol climate effects: Local radiative forcing and column closure experiments
    • Russell P.B., Kinne S.A., Bergstrom R.W. Aerosol climate effects: local radiative forcing and column closure experiments. J. Geophys. Res. 102:1997;9397-9407.
    • (1997) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.102 , pp. 9397-9407
    • Russell, P.B.1    Kinne, S.A.2    Bergstrom, R.W.3
  • 111
    • 0031402914 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of black carbon and sulfate aerosols on the global radiation budget
    • Schult I., Feichter J., Cooke W.F. Effect of black carbon and sulfate aerosols on the global radiation budget. J. Geophys. Res. 102:1997;30107-30117.
    • (1997) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.102 , pp. 30107-30117
    • Schult, I.1    Feichter, J.2    Cooke, W.F.3
  • 112
    • 0001607452 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Enhanced shortwave cloud radiative forcing due to anthropogenic aerosols
    • P.J. Crutzen, & V. Ramanathan. Berlin: Springer
    • Schwartz S.E., Slingo A. Enhanced shortwave cloud radiative forcing due to anthropogenic aerosols. Crutzen P.J., Ramanathan V. Clouds, Chemistry and Climate. 1996;191-236 Springer, Berlin.
    • (1996) Clouds, Chemistry and Climate , pp. 191-236
    • Schwartz, S.E.1    Slingo, A.2
  • 113
    • 0344829205 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comment on "climate forcing by stratospheric ozone depletion calculated from observed temperature trends"
    • Shine K.P., Freckleton R.S., Forster P.M. de F. Comment on "Climate forcing by stratospheric ozone depletion calculated from observed temperature trends" Geophys. Res. Lett. 25:1998;663-664.
    • (1998) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.25 , pp. 663-664
    • Shine, K.P.1    Freckleton, R.S.2    Forster, P.M.D.F.3
  • 115
    • 0030475915 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Direct radiative forcing by anthropogenic airborne mineral aerosols
    • Sokolik I.N., Toon O.B. Direct radiative forcing by anthropogenic airborne mineral aerosols. Nature. 381:1996;681-683.
    • (1996) Nature , vol.381 , pp. 681-683
    • Sokolik, I.N.1    Toon, O.B.2
  • 117
    • 0028561277 scopus 로고
    • Measurements of cloud susceptibility
    • Taylor J.P., McHaffie A. Measurements of cloud susceptibility. J. Atmos. Sci. 51:1994;1298-1306.
    • (1994) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.51 , pp. 1298-1306
    • Taylor, J.P.1    McHaffie, A.2
  • 118
    • 0029669159 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The influence on climate forcing of mineral aerosols from disturbed soils
    • Tegen I., Lacis A.A., Fung I. The influence on climate forcing of mineral aerosols from disturbed soils. Nature. 380:1996;419-422.
    • (1996) Nature , vol.380 , pp. 419-422
    • Tegen, I.1    Lacis, A.A.2    Fung, I.3
  • 119
    • 0007612183 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Contribution of different aerosol species to the global aerosol extinction optical thickness: Estimates from model results
    • Tegen I., Hollrig P., Chin M., Fung I., Jacob D., Penner J. Contribution of different aerosol species to the global aerosol extinction optical thickness: estimates from model results. J. Geophys. Res. 102:1997;23895-23915.
    • (1997) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.102 , pp. 23895-23915
    • Tegen, I.1    Hollrig, P.2    Chin, M.3    Fung, I.4    Jacob, D.5    Penner, J.6
  • 120
    • 0029661007 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human influence on the atmospheric vertical temperature structure: Detection and observations
    • Tett S.F.B., Mitchell J.F.B., Parker D.E., Allen M.R. Human influence on the atmospheric vertical temperature structure: detection and observations. Science. 274:1996;1170-1173.
    • (1996) Science , vol.274 , pp. 1170-1173
    • Tett, S.F.B.1    Mitchell, J.F.B.2    Parker, D.E.3    Allen, M.R.4
  • 121
    • 0028061792 scopus 로고
    • Indirect influence of ozone depletion on climate forcing by clouds
    • Toumi R., Bekki S., Law K.S. Indirect influence of ozone depletion on climate forcing by clouds. Nature. 372:1994;348-351.
    • (1994) Nature , vol.372 , pp. 348-351
    • Toumi, R.1    Bekki, S.2    Law, K.S.3
  • 122
    • 0021544245 scopus 로고
    • An assessment of the impact of pollution on global albedo
    • Twomey S., Piepgrass M., Wolfe T.J. An assessment of the impact of pollution on global albedo. Tellus. 36B:1984;356-366.
    • (1984) Tellus , vol.36 , pp. 356-366
    • Twomey, S.1    Piepgrass, M.2    Wolfe, T.J.3
  • 123
    • 0000161951 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Radiative forcing due to tropospheric ozone and sulfate aerosols
    • Van Dorland R., Dentener F.J., Lelieveld J. Radiative forcing due to tropospheric ozone and sulfate aerosols. J. Geophys. Res. 102:1997;28079-28100.
    • (1997) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.102 , pp. 28079-28100
    • Van Dorland, R.1    Dentener, F.J.2    Lelieveld, J.3
  • 124
    • 0032145659 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Marginal direct climate forcing by atmospheric aerosols
    • West J.J., Pilinis C., Nenes A., Pandis S.N. Marginal direct climate forcing by atmospheric aerosols. Atmos. Environ. 32:1998;2531-2542.
    • (1998) Atmos. Environ. , vol.32 , pp. 2531-2542
    • West, J.J.1    Pilinis, C.2    Nenes, A.3    Pandis, S.N.4
  • 125
    • 0347574593 scopus 로고
    • Scientific Assessment of Sstratospheric Ozone Depletion: 1994
    • Geneva: World Meteorological Organisation
    • Scientific Assessment of Sstratospheric Ozone Depletion: 1994. Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project Rep. No. 37. 1995;World Meteorological Organisation, Geneva.
    • (1995) Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project Rep. No. 37
  • 127
    • 0032523690 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A possible change in cloud radiative forcing due to aircraft exhaust
    • Wyser K., Ström K. A possible change in cloud radiative forcing due to aircraft exhaust. Geophys. Res. Lett. 25:1998;1673-1676.
    • (1998) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.25 , pp. 1673-1676
    • Wyser, K.1    Ström, K.2
  • 128
    • 0030282687 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Climate forcing by stratospheric ozone depletion calculated from observed temperature trends
    • Zhong W., Toumi R., Haigh J.D. Climate forcing by stratospheric ozone depletion calculated from observed temperature trends. Geophys. Res. Lett. 23:1996;3183-3186.
    • (1996) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.23 , pp. 3183-3186
    • Zhong, W.1    Toumi, R.2    Haigh, J.D.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.