Intercomparison of models representing direct shortwave radiative forcing by sulfate aerosols

Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres

Volumn 103, Issue D14, 1998, Pages 16979-16998

  Boucher, O ^a,b   Schwartz, S E ^c   Ackerman, T P ^d   Anderson, T L ^e   Bergstrom, B ^f   Bonnel, B ^a   Chylek P ^g   Dahlback, A ^h,i   Fouquart, Y ^a   Fu, Q ^g   Halthore, R N ^c   Haywood, J M ^j,k,l   Iversen, T ⁱ   Kato, S ^d,m   Kinne, S ^f,n   Kirkevag A ⁱ   Knapp, K R ^o   Lacis, A ^p   Laszlo, I ^q   Mishchenko, M I ^p   Nemesure, S ^c   Ramaswamy, V ^k   Roberts, D L ^j   Russell, P ^f   Schlesinger, M E ^r   Stephens, G L ^o   Wagener, R ^c   Wang, M ^g   Wong, J ^g   Yang, F ^r   more..

^a Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille   (France)

^b ECOLE NORMALE SUPÉRIEURE   (France)

^c BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY   (United States)

^d PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^e UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

^f NASA AMES RESEARCH CENTER   (United States)

^g DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^h NORWEGIAN INSTITUTE FOR AIR RESEARCH   (Norway)

ⁱ UNIVERSITY OF OSLO   (Norway)

^j MET OFFICE   (United Kingdom)

^k PRINCETON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^l DEFENCE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY   (United Kingdom)

^m NASA LANGLEY RESEARCH CENTER   (United States)

ⁿ NASA GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CENTER   (United States)

^o Engineering Research Center and Hydraulics Laboratory   (United States)

^p NASA GODDARD INSTITUTE FOR SPACE STUDIES   (United States)

^q UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND   (United States)

^r UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA CHAMPAIGN   (United States)

more..

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AEROSOL; RADIATIVE FORCING; SULFATE;

EID: 0032572631     PISSN: 01480227     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/98JD00997     Document Type: Review

References (66)

1. Bohren, C. F., and D. R. Huffman, Absorption and Scattering of Light by Small Particles, John Wiley, New York, 1983.
2. Boucher, O., On Aerosol direct radiative forcing and the Henyey-Greenstein phase function, J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 128-134, 1998.
3. Boucher, O., and T. L. Anderson, GCM assessment of the sensitivity of direct climate forcing by anthropogenic sulfate aerosols to aerosol size and chemistry, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 26,117-26,134, 1995.
4. Charlson, R. J., J. Langner, H. Rodhe, C. B. Leovy, and S. G. Warren, Perturbation of the northern hemisphere radiative balance by backscattering from anthropogenic sulfate aerosols, Tellus, Ser. AB, 43, 152-163, 1991.
5. Charlson, R. J., S. E. Schwartz, J. M. Hales, R. D. Cess, J. A. Coakley, J. E. Hansen, and D. J. Hofmann, Climate forcing by anthropogenic aerosols, Science, 255, 423-430, 1992.
6. Chou, M. D., Atmospheric solar heating rate in the water vapor bands, J. Clim. Appl. Meteorol., 25, 1532-1542, 1986.
7. Clough, S. A., and M. J. Iacono, Line-by-line calculation of atmospheric fluxes and cooling rates, 2, Application to carbon dioxide, ozone, methane, nitrous oxide and the halocarbons, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 16,519-16,535, 1995.
8. Coakley, J. A., R. D. Cess, and F. B. Yurevich, The effects of tropospheric aerosols on the Earth's radiation budget: A parameterization for climate models, J. Atmos. Sci., 40, 116-138, 1983.
9. Dave, J. V., Scattering of visible light by large water spheres, Appl. Opt., 8, 155-164, 1969.
10. Edwards, J. M., and A. Slingo, Studies with a flexible new radiation code, I, Choosing a configuration for a large-scale model, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 122, 689-719, 1996.
11. Ellingson, R. G., and Y. Fouquart, The intercomparison of radiative codes in climate models: An overview, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 8925-8927, 1991.
12. Fouquart, Y., and B. Bonnel, Computations of solar heating of the Earth's atmosphere: A new parameterization, Contrib. Atmos. Phys., 53, 35-62, 1980.
13. Fouquart, Y., B. Bonnel, and V. Ramaswamy, Intercomparing shortwave radiation codes for climate studies, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 8955-8968, 1991.
14. Fu, Q., and K. N. Liou, On the correlated k-distribution method for radiative transfer in nonhomogeneous atmospheres, J. Atmos. Sci., 49, 2139-2156, 1992.
15. Fu, Q., and K. N. Liou, Parameterization of the radiative properties of cirrus clouds, J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 2008-2025, 1993.
16. Hansen, J. E., and L. D. Travis, Light scattering in planetary atmospheres, Space Sci. Rev., 16, 527-610, 1974.
17. Haywood, J. M., and K. P. Shine, Multi-spectral calculations of the direct forcing of tropospheric sulphate and soot aerosols using a column model, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 123, 1907-1930, 1997.
18. Haywood, J. M., V. Ramaswamy, and L. J. Donner, A limited-area-model case study of the effects of subgrid scale variations in relative humidity and cloud upon the direct radiative forcing of sulfate aerosol, Geophys. Res. Lett., 24, 143-146, 1997a.
19. Haywood, J. M., D. L. Roberts, A. Slingo, J. M. Edwards, and K. P. Shine, General circulation model calculations of the direct radiative forcing by anthropogenic sulphate and fossil-fuel soot aerosol, J. Clim., 10, 1562-1577, 1997b.
20. Herman, B. M., and S. R. Browning, The effect of aerosols on the Earth-atmosphere albedo, J. Atmos. Sci., 32, 1430-1445, 1975.
21. Howard, J. N., J. I. F. King, and P. R. Gast, Thermal radiation, in Handbook of Geophysics, chap. 16, 16:1-16:32, Macmillan, Indianapolis, Indiana, 1961.
22. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Climate Change 1995: The Science of Climate Change, Contribution of Working Group I to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by J. T. Houghton et al., Cambridge Univ. Press, New York, 1996.
23. Karl, T. R., P. D. Jones, R. W. Knight, G. Kukla, N. Plummer, V. Razuvayev, K. P. Gallo, J. Lindseay, R. J. Charlson, and T. C. Peterson, A new perspective on recent global warming: Asymmetry trends in daily maximum and minimum temperature, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 74, 1007-1023, 1993.
24. Kasibhatla, P., W. L. Chameides, and J. St. John, A three-dimensional global model investigation of the seasonal variation in the atmospheric burden of anthropogenic sulfate aerosols, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 3737-3759, 1997.
25. Kato, S., T. P. Ackerman, E. E. Clothiaux, and J. H. Mather, Optimum correlated-k- distributions for a short-wave radiative transfer model, in Current Problems in Atmospheric Radiation: Proceedings of the International Radiation Symposium, pp. 301-304, A. Deepak, Hampton, Va., 1997.
26. Kattawar, G. W., and G. N. Plass, Electromagnetic scattering from absorbing spheres, Appl. Opt., 6, 1377-1382, 1967.
27. Key, J., Streamer user's guide, 71 pp., Coop. Inst. for Res. in Environ. Sci., Univ. of Colo., Boulder, 1994.
28. Kiehl, J. T., and B. P. Briegleb, The relative roles of sulfate aerosols and greenhouse gases in climate forcing, Science, 260, 311-314, 1993.
29. Kneizys, F. X., E. P. Shettle, W.O. Gallery, J. H. Chetwynd Jr, L. W. Abren, J. E. A. Selby, R. W. Fenn, and R. A. McClatchey, Atmospheric transmittance/radiance: Computer code LOWTRAN 5, Rep. AFGL-TR80-0067, 233 pp., Air Force Geophys. Lab., Bedford, Mass., 1980.
30. Kneizys, F. X., E. P. Shettle, L. W. Abreu, J. H. Chetwynd, G. P. Anderson, W. O. Gallery, J. E. A. Selby, and S. A. Clough, User's guide to LOWTRAN 7, Rep. AFGL-TR88-0177, Air Force Geophys. Lab., Bedford, Mass., 1988.
31. Lacis, D., and J. E. Hansen, A parameterization for the absorption of solar radiation in the Earth's atmosphere, J. Atmos. Sci., 31, 118-133, 1974.
32. Lacis, A. A., and M. I. Mishchenko, Climate forcing, climate sensitivity, and climate response: A radiative modeling perspective on atmospheric aerosols, in Aerosol Forcing of Climate, edited by R. J. Charlson and J. Heintzenberg, pp. 11-42, John Wiley, New York, 1995.
33. Langner, J., and H. Rodhe, A global three-dimensional model of the tropospheric sulfur cycle, J. Atmos. Chem., 13, 225-263, 1991.
34. Laszlo, I., Calculation of longwave radiance spectra at a high resolution: Clear-sky results, in Passive Infrared Remote Sensing of Clouds and the Atmosphere II, edited by D. K. Lynch, Proc. SPIE Int. Soc. Opt. Eng. 2309, 197-204, 1994.
35. Lion, K. N., An Introduction to Atmospheric Radiation, 392 pp., Academic, San Diego, Calif., 1989.
36. McClatchey, R. A., R. W. Fenn, J. E. A. Selby, F. E. Volz, and J. S. Garing, Optical properties of the atmosphere, 3rd ed., Environ. Res. Pap. 411, Air Force Cambridge Res. Lab., Hanscom Air Force Base, Mass., 1972.
37. Neckel, H., and D. Labs, The solar radiation between 3300 and 12500 Å, Solar Phys., 90, 205-258, 1984.
38. Nemesure, S., R. Wagener, and S. E. Schwartz, Direct short-wave forcing of climate by anthropogenic sulfate aerosol: Sensitivity to particle size, composition, and relative humidity, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 26,105-26,116, 1995.
39. Oh, J. H., Physically-based general circulation model parameterization of clouds and their radiative interaction, Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 315 pp., 1989.
40. Ouimette, J. R., and R. C. Flagan, The extinction coefficient of multicomponent aerosols, Atmos. Environ., 16, 2405-2419, 1982.
41. Penner, J. E., R. J. Charlson, J. M. Hales, N. S. Laulainen, R. Leifer, T. Novakov, J. Ogren, L. F. Radke, S. E. Schwartz, and L. Travis, Quantifying and minimizing uncertainty of climate forcing by anthropogenic aerosols, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 75, 375-400, 1994.
42. Pham, M., J.-F. Müller, G. Brasseur, C. Granier, and G. Mégie, A three-dimensional study of the tropospheric sulfur cycle, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 26,061-26,092, 1995.
43. Pilinis, C., S. N. Pandis, and J. H. Seinfeld, Sensitivity of direct climate forcing by atmospheric aerosols to aerosol size and composition, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 18,739-18,754, 1995.
44. Plass, G. N., G. W. Kattawar, and F. E. Catchings, Matrix-operator-theory of radiative transfer, Appl. Opt., 12, 314-329, 1973.
45. Press, W. H., B. P. Flannery, S. A. Teukolsky, and W. T. Vetterling, Numerical Recipes, 1st ed., Cambridge Univ. Press, New York, 1988.
46. Ramaswamy, V., and S. M. Freidenreich, Solar radiative line-by-line determination of water vapour absorption and water cloud extinction in inhomogeneous atmospheres, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 9133-9157, 1991.
47. Rothman, L. S., R. R. Gamache, A. Barbe, A. Goldman, J. R. Gillis, L. R. Brown, R. A. Toth, J. M. Flaud, and C. Camy-Peyret, AFGL atmospheric line parameters compilation: 1982 edition, Appl. Opt., 22, 2247-2256, 1983.
48. Rothman, L. S., et al., The HITRAN molecular database: Editions of 1991 and 1992, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 48, 469-508, 1992.
49. Schwartz, S. E., The whitehouse effect: Shortwave radiative forcing of climate by anthropogenic aerosols, an overview, J. Aerosol Sci., 27, 359-382, 1996.
50. Schwartz, S. E., and M. O. Andreae, Uncertainty in climate change caused by anthropogenic aerosols, Science, 272, 1121-1122, 1996.
51. Stackhouse, P. W., Jr., and G. L. Stephens, A theoretical and observational study of the radiative properties of cirrus: Results from FIRE 1986, J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 2044-2059, 1991.
52. Stamnes, K., S.-C. Tsay, W. Wiscombe, and K. Jayaweera, Numerically stable algorithm for discrete-ordinate-method radiative transfer in multiple scattering and emitting layered media, Appl. Opt., 27, 2502-2509, 1988.
53. Tang, I. N., and H. R. Munkelwitz, Simultaneous determination of refractive index and density of an evaporating aqueous solution droplet, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 15, 201-207, 1991.
54. Tang, I. N., and H. R. Munkelwitz, Water activities, densities and refractive indices of aqueous sulfate and nitrate droplets of atmospheric importance, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 18,801-18,808, 1994.
55. Toon, O. B., and T. P. Ackerman, Algorithms for the calculations of scattering by stratified spheres, Appl. Opt., 20, 3657-3660, 1981.
56. Toon, O. B., C. P. Mckay, and T. P. Ackerman, Rapid calculation of radiative heating rates and photodissociation rates in inhomogeneous multiple scattering atmosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 16,287-16,301, 1989.
57. Tsay, S.-C., K. Stamnes, and K. Jayaweera, Radiative energy budget in the cloudy and hazy Arctic, J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 1002-1018, 1989.
58. Twomey, S., Atmospheric Aerosols, 302 pp., Elsevier Sci., New York, 1977.
59. Vermote, E. F., D. Tanré, J.-L. Deuzé, M. Herman, and J.-J. Morcrette, Second simulation of the satellite signal in the solar spectrum: An overview, IEEE. Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 35, 675-686, 1997.
60. Wagener, R. W., S. Nemesure, and S. Schwartz, Comparison of seasonal and zonal patterns of the direct and indirect radiative forcing of climate by aerosols, in Fourth International Aerosol Conference, Abstracts, edited by R. C. Flagan, Amer. Assoc. for Aerosol Res., pp. 556-557, 1994.
61. Wiscombe, W. J., Mie scattering calculations: Advances in technique and fast, vector-speed computer codes, Tech. Note NCAR/TN-140+STR, Natl. Cent. for Atmos. Res., Boulder, Colo., 1979.
62. Wiscombe, W., Improved Mie scattering algorithms, Appl. Opt., 10, 1505-1509, 1980.
63. Wiscombe, W. J., and G. W. Grams, The backscattered fraction in two-stream approximations, J. Atmos. Sci., 33, 2440-2451, 1976.
64. Wiscombe, W. J., R. M. Welch, and W. D. Hall, The effects of very large drops on cloud absorption, I, Parcel models, J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 1336-1355, 1984.
65. World Climate Research Programme, Report of the expert meeting on aerosols and their climatic effects, Rep. WCP 55, 107 pp., World Meteorol. Org., Geneva, Switzerland, 1983.
66. Zdunkowski, G. W., R. M. Welch, and G. Korb, An investigation of the structure of typical two-stream methods for the calculation of solar fluxes and heating rates in clouds, Contrib. Atmos. Phys., 53, 147-166, 1980.