Multi-spectral calculations of the direct radiative forcing of tropospheric sulphate and soot aerosols using a column model

Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society

Volumn 123, Issue 543, 1997, Pages 1907-1930

  Haywood, J M ^a,b   Shine, K P ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF READING   (United Kingdom)

^b PRINCETON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Climate models; Pollutants; Radiative transfer code; Subgrid scale variability

Indexed keywords

RADIATIVE FORCING; SOOT AEROSOLS;

EID: 0031402566     PISSN: 00359009     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1256/smsqj.54306     Document Type: Article

References (46)

1. Ackerman, S. and Baker, M. 1977 Short-wave radiative effects of unactivated aerosol particles in clouds. J. Appl. Meteorol., 16, 63-68
2. d'Almeida, G. A., Koepke, P. and Shettle, E. P. 1991 Atmospheric aerosols. Global climatology and radiation characteristics. A. Deepak Publishing, Hampton, USA
3. Blake, D. F. and Kato, K. 1995 Latitudinal distribution of black carbon soot in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. J. Geophys. Res., 100, D4, 7195-7202
4. Blanchet, J. P. 1982 Application of the Chandrasekhar mean to aerosol optical parameters. Atmos.-Ocean, 20, 189-206
5. Bohren, C. F. and Huffman, D. R. 1983 Absorption and scattering of light by small particles. Wiley, New York
6. Boucher, O. and Anderson, T. L. 1995 General circulation model assessment of the sensitivity of direct climate forcing by anthropogenic sulfate aerosols to aerosol size and chemistry. J. Geophys. Res., 100, 26117-26134
7. Boucher, O. and Lohmann, U. 1995 The sulfate-CCN-cloud albedo effect. A sensitivity study with two general circulation models. Tellus, 47B, 281-300
8. Charlson, R. J., Langner, J., Rodhe, H., Leovy, C. B. and Warren, S. G. 1991 Perturbation of the northern hemisphere radiative balance by backscattering from anthropogenic sulfate aerosols. Tellus, 43AB, 152-163
9. Charlson, R. J., Schwartz, S. E., Hales, J. M., Cess, R. D., Coakley, J. A., Hansen, J. E. and Hofmann, D. J. 1992 Climate forcing by anthropogenic aerosols. Science, 255, 423-430
10. Chylek, P. and Wong, J. 1995 Effect of absorbing aerosols on global radiation budget Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 929-931
11. Chylek, P., Ramaswamy, V. and Cheng, R. J. 1984 Effect of graphitic carbon on the albedo of clouds. J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 3076-3084
12. Chylek, P., Videen, G., Ngo, D., Pinnick, R. G. and Klett, J. D. 1995 Effect of black carbon on the optical properties and climate forcing of sulfate aerosols. J. Geophys. Res., 100, 16325-16332
13. Coakley, J. A., Cess, R. D. and Yurevich, F. B. 1983 The effect of tropospheric aerosols on the Earth's radiation budget: A parametrisation for climate models. J. Atmos. Sci., 40, 116-137
14. Cooke, W. F. and Wilson, J. J. N. 1996 A global black carbon model. J. Geophys. Res., 101, 19395-19409
15. Covert, D. S. and Heintzenberg, J. 1993 Size distributions and chemical properties of aerosol at Ny Alesund, Svalbard. Atmos. Environ., 27A, 2989-2993
16. Danielson, R. E., Moore, D. R. and Van de Hulst, H. C. 1969 The transfer of visible radiation through clouds. J. Atmos. Sci., 26, 1078-1087
17. Dobbins, R. A., Mulholland, G. W. and Bryner, N. P. 1994 Comparison of a fractal smoke optics model with light extinction measurements. Atmos. Environ., 28, 889-897
18. Edwards, J. M. and Slingo, A. 1996 Studies with a flexible new radiation code. I: Choosing a configuration for a large-scale model. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 122, 689-719
19. Fitzgerald, J. W. 1975 Approximation formulas for the equilibrium size of an aerosol particle as a function of its dry size and composition and the ambient relative humidity. J. Appl. Meteorol., 14, 1044-1049
20. Haywood, J. M. and Shine, K. P. 1995 The effect of anthropogenic sulfate and soot aerosol on the clear sky planetary radiation budget. Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 5, 603-606
21. Haywood, J. M., Roberts, D. L., Slingo, A., Edwards, J. M. and Shine, K. P. 1997 General circulation model calculations of the direct radiative forcing by anthropogenic sulphate and fossil-fuel soot aerosol. J. Climate, 10, 1562-1577
22. Hoppel, W. A. and Frick, J. W. 1990 Submicron aerosol size distributions measured over the Tropical and South Pacific. Atmos. Environ., 24A, 645-659
23. Horvath, H. 1993 Atmospheric light absorption - a review. Atmos. Environ., 27A, 293-317
24. Jones, A., Roberts, D. L. and Slingo, A. 1994 A climate model study of the indirect radiative forcing by anthropogenic sulphate aerosols. Nature, 370, 450-453
25. Kiehl, J. T. and Briegleb, B. P. 1993 The relative roles of sulfate aerosols and gases in climate forcing. Science, 260, 311-314
26. Kumai, M. 1976 Identification of nuclei and concentrations of chemical species in snow crystals sampled at the South Pole. J. Atmos. Sci., 33, 833-841.
27. Langner, J. and Rodhe, H. 1991 A global three-dimensional model of the tropospheric sulfur cycle. J. Atmos. Chem., 13, 225-263
28. Liousse, C., Penner, J. E., Chuang, C., Walton, J. J. and Eddleman, H. 1996 A global three dimensional study of carbonaceous aerosols. J. Geophys. Res., 101, 19411-19432
29. Lubin, D. and Simpson, S. 1994 The longwave emission signature of urban pollution: Radiometric FTIR measurement. Geophys. Res. Lett., 21, 37-40
30. McClatchey, R. A., Fenn, R. W., Selby, J. E. A., Volz, P. E. and Garing, J. S. 1972 Optical properties of the atmosphere (3rd Edition).' Air Force Cambridge Research Papers, 411
31. Magono, C., Endoh, T., Vero, F., Kubota, S. and Itasaka, M. 1979 Direct observations of aerosols attached to falling snow crystals. Tellus, 31, 102-114
32. Mitchell, J. F. B., Davis, R. A., Ingram, W. J. and Senior, C. A. 1995 On surface temperature, greenhouse gases and aerosols: models and observations. J. Climate, 8, 2364-2386
33. Nemesure, S., Wagener, R. and Schwartz, S. E. 1995 Direct shortwave forcing of climate by anthropogenic sulfate aerosol: sensitivity to particle size, composition, and relative humidity. J. Geophys. Res., 100, 26105-26116
34. Pilinis, C., Pandis, S. N. and Seinfeld, J. H. 1995 Sensitivity of direct climate forcing by atmospheric aerosols to aerosol size and composition. J. Geophys. Res., 100, 18739-18754
35. Quinn, P. K., Marshall, S. F., Bates, T. S., Covert, D. S. and Kapustin, V. N. 1995 Comparison of measured and calculated aerosol properties relevant to the direct radiative forcing of tropospheric sulfate aerosol on climate. J. Geophys. Res., 100, 8977-8991
36. Rockel, B., Raschke, E. and Weyres, B. 1991 A parameterization of broad band radiative transfer properties of water, ice and mixed clouds. Beitrage Phys. Atmos., 64, 1-12
37. Rossow, W. B. and Schiffer, R. A. 1991 ISCCP cloud data products. Bull. Amer. Meteorol Soc., 72, 2-20
38. Slingo, A. and Schrecker, H. M. 1982 On the shortwave radiative properties of stratiform water clouds. O. J. R. Meteorol Soc., 108, 407-426
39. Tang, I. N., Wong, W. T. and Munkelwitz, H. R. 1981 The relative importance of atmospheric sulfates and nitrates in visibility reduction. Atmos. Environ., 15, 2463-2471
40. Taylor, K. and Penner, J. E. 1994 Response of the climate system to atmospheric aerosols and greenhouse gases. Nature, 369, 734-737
41. Toon, O. B., Pollack, J. B. and Khare, B. N. 1976 The optical constants of several atmospheric aerosol species: ammonium sulphate, aluminium oxide and sodium chloride. J. Geophys. Res., 81, 5733-5748
42. Waggoner, A. P., Vanderpol, A. J., Charlson, R. J., Larsen, S., Granat, L. and Tragardh, C. 1976 Sulphate-light scattering ratio as an index of the role of sulphur in tropospheric optics. Nature, 261, 120-122
43. Waggoner, A. P., Weiss, R. E., Ahlquist, N. C., Covert, D. S., Will, S. and Charlson, R. J. 1981 Optical characteristics of atmospheric aerosols. Atmos. Environ., 15, 1891-1909
44. Weast, R. C. 1987 Physical constants of inorganic compounds. Pp. B67-146 in CRC handbook of chemistry and physics: 68th edition. Ed. R. C. Weast. CRC Press, Boca Raton, USA
45. World Climate Programme 1986 'A preliminary cloudless standard atmosphere for radiation computation'. Report No. WCP-112, WMO/TD-No. 24, World Meteorological Organisation
46. Zdunkowski, W. G., Panhans, W. G., Welch, R. M. and Korb, G. J. 1982 A radiation scheme for circulation and climate models. Beitrage Phys. Atmos., 55, 215-238