Cytokine- and chemokine-based gene therapy for cancer

Current Opinion in Molecular Therapeutics

Volumn 5, Issue 5, 2003, Pages 463-474

  Chada, Sunil ^a   Ramesh, Rajagopal ^b   Mhashilkar, Abner M ^a  

^a Introgen Therapeutics Inc   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS   (United States)

Author keywords

Antigen; Cancer; Chemokine; Cytokine; Gene therapy; Immunomodulation; Vaccine

Indexed keywords

ALPHA CHEMOKINE; ALPHA INTERFERON; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; BETA CHEMOKINE; BETA INTERFERON; BETA1A INTERFERON; CANCER VACCINE; CHEMOKINE; CYTOKINE; GAMMA INTERFERON; GAMMA INTERFERON INDUCIBLE PROTEIN 10; GRANULOCYTE MACROPHAGE COLONY STIMULATING FACTOR; GRANULOCYTE MACROPHAGE COLONY STIMULATING FACTOR VACCINE; INGN 241; INTERLEUKIN 1; INTERLEUKIN 12; INTERLEUKIN 2; INTERLEUKIN 24; INTERLEUKIN 4; MONOCYTE CHEMOTACTIC PROTEIN 2; MONOCYTE CHEMOTACTIC PROTEIN 3; RECOMBINANT CYTOKINE; RECOMBINANT ERYTHROPOIETIN; RECOMBINANT GAMMA INTERFERON; RECOMBINANT INTERLEUKIN 12; RECOMBINANT INTERLEUKIN 2; RECOMBINANT INTERLEUKIN 4; STROMAL CELL DERIVED FACTOR 1; STROMAL CELL DERIVED FACTOR 1ALPHA; TETRACYCLINE; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG;

ANGIOGENESIS; AUTOCRINE EFFECT; AUTOIMMUNITY; BLOOD CLOTTING DISORDER; BREAST CANCER; CANCER THERAPY; CAPILLARY LEAK SYNDROME; CARCINOGENESIS; CELL PROLIFERATION; CHILL; CLINICAL TRIAL; CYTOPENIA; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM; DRUG HALF LIFE; DYSPNEA; FEVER; FLU LIKE SYNDROME; GASTROINTESTINAL HEMORRHAGE; GENE THERAPY; HUMAN; IMMUNE RESPONSE; INFLAMMATION; KIDNEY CANCER; KIDNEY FAILURE; LETHARGY; LEUKOCYTE MIGRATION; MELANOMA; METABOLIC ACIDOSIS; MOOD DISORDER; MOUTH LESION; MULTIPLE ORGAN FAILURE; MYALGIA; NONHUMAN; PARACRINE SIGNALING; PROSTATE CANCER; REVIEW; SHOCK; TUMOR CELL; TUMOR GROWTH;

ANIMALS; CHEMOKINES; CLINICAL TRIALS; CYTOKINES; GENE THERAPY; HUMANS; NEOPLASMS;

EID: 0142154219     PISSN: 14648431     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (121)

1. Schellekens H: Immunogenicity of therapeutic proteins: Clinical implications and future prospects. Clin Ther (2002) 24(11):1720-1740.
2. Paul S, Calmels B, Acres RB: Improvement of adoptive cellular immunotherapy of human cancer using ex-vivo gene transfer. Curr Gene Ther (2002) 2(1):91-100.
3. Chada S, Mhashilkar A, Roth JA, Gabrilovich D: Development of vaccines against self-antigens: The p53 paradigm. Curr Opin Drug Discovery Dev (2003) 6(2):169-173.
4. Berger TG, Schultz ES: Dendritic cell-based immunotherapy. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol (2003) 276:163-197.
5. Mackensen A, Lindemann A, Mertelsmann R: Immunostimulatory cytokines in somatic cells and gene therapy of cancer. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev (1997) 8(2):119-128.
6. Porgador A, Bannerji R, Watanabe Y, Feldman M, Gilboa E, Eisenbach L: Antimetastatic vaccination of tumor-bearing mice with two types of IFN-γ gene-inserted tumor cells. J Immunol (1993) 150(4):1458-1470.
7. Porgador A, Gansbacher B, Bannerji R, Tzehoval E, Gilboa E, Feldman M, Eisenbach L: Anti-metastatic vaccination of tumor-bearing mice with IL-2-gene-inserted tumor cells. Int J Cancer (1993) 53(3):471-477.
8. Fearon ER, Pardoll DM, Itaya T, Golumbek P, Levitsky HI, Simons JW, Karasuyama H, Vogelstein B, Frost P: Interleukin-2 production by tumor cells bypasses T helper function in the generation of an antitumor response. Cell (1990) 60(3):397-403.
9. Gansbacher B: Cytokine gene therapy. Mt Sinai J Med (1994) 61(4):301-309.
10. Hall SJ, Chen SH, Woo SL: The promise and reality of cancer gene therapy. Am J Hum Genet (1997) 61(4):785-789.
11. Dranoff G: GM-CSF-based cancer vaccines. Immunol Rev (2002) 188(1):147-154.
12. Dranoff G: GM-CSF-secreting melanoma vaccines. Oncogene (2003) 22(20):3188-3192.
13. Gilboa E, Lyerly HK, Vieweg J, Saito S: Immunotherapy of cancer using cytokine gene-modified tumor vaccines. Semin Cancer Biol (1994) 5(6):409-417.
14. Baigent G: Recombinant interleukin-2 (rIL-2), aldesleukin. J Biotechnol (2002) 95(3):277-280.
15. Schwartz RN, Stover L, Dutcher J: Managing toxicities of high-dose interleukin-2. Oncology (2002) 16(11 Suppl 13):11-20,
16. Lissoni P, Barni S, Tancini G, Cazzaniga M, Frigerio F, Chilelli M, Scardino E, Andres M, Favini P, Meroni T, Verwei F et al: Clinical response and survival in metastatic renal carcinoma during subcutaneous administration of interleukin-2 alone. Subcutaneous II-2 in renal carcinoma. Arch Ital Urol Androl (1997) 69(1):41-47.
17. Tourani JM, Lucas V, Mayeur D, Dufour B, DiPalma M, Boaziz C, Grise P, Varette C, Pavlovitch JM, Pujade-Lauraine E, Larregain D et al: Subcutaneous recombinant interleukin-2 (rIL-2) in out-patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Results of a multicenter SCAPP1 trial. Ann Oncol (1996) 7(5):525-528.
18. Bubenik J, Voitenok NN, Kieler J, Prassolov VS, Chumakov PM, Bubenikova D, Simova J, Jandlova T: Local administration of cells containing an inserted IL-2 gene and producing IL-2 inhibits growth of human tumours in nu/nu mice. Immunol Lett (1988) 19(4):279-282.
19. Rosenberg SA, Anderson WF, Blaese M, Hwu P, Yannelli JR, Yang JC, Topalian SL, Schwartzentruber DJ, Weber JS, Ettinghausen SE, Parkinson DN et al: The development of gene therapy for the treatment of cancer. Ann Surg (1993) 218(4):455-463.
20. Rochlitz CF, Jantscheff P, Bongartz G, Dietrich PY, Quiquerez AL, Schatz C, Mehtali M, Courtney M, Tartour E, Dorval T, Fridman WH et al: Gene therapy with cytokine-transfected xenogeneic cells in metastatic tumors. Adv Exp Med Biol (1998) 451:531-537.
21. Schmidt-Wolf IG, Finke S, Trojaneck B, Denkena A, Lefterova P, Schwella N, Heuft HG, Prange G, Korte M, Takeya M, Dorbic T et al: Phase I clinical study applying autologous immunological effector cells transfectad with the Interleukin-2 gene in patients with metastatic renal cancer, colorectal cancer and lymphoma. Br J Cancer (1999) 81(6):1009-1016.
22. Stewart AK, Lassam NJ, Quirt IC, Bailey DJ, Rotstein LE, Krajden M, Dessureault S, Gallinger S, Cappe D, Wan Y, Addison CL et al: Adenovector-mediated gene delivery of interleukin-2 in metastatic breast cancer and melanoma: Results of a phase I clinical trial. Gene Ther (1999) 6(3):350-363.
23. Whitehead RP, Unger JM, Goodwin JW, Walker MJ, Thompson JA, Flaherty LE, Sondak VK: Phase II trial of recombinant human interleukin-4 in patients with disseminated malignant melanoma: A Southwest Oncology Group study. J Immunother (1998) 21(6):440-446.
24. Tepper RI, Pattengale PK, Leder P: Murine interleukin-4 displays potent anti-tumor activity in vivo. Cell (1989) 57(3):503-512.
25. Lotze MT, Rubin JT, Carty S, Edington H, Ferson P, Landreneau R, Pippin B, Posner M, Rosenfelder D, Watson C et al: Gene therapy of cancer: A pilot study of IL-4-gene-modified fibroblasts admixed with autologous tumor to elicit an immune response. Hum Gene Ther (1994) 5(1):41-55.
26. Arienti F, Belli F, Napolitano F, Sule-Suso J, Mazzoochi A, Gallino GF, Cattelan A, Santantonio C, Rivoltini L, Melani C, Colombo MP et al: Vaccination of melanoma patients with interleukin 4 gene-transduced allogeneic melanoma cells. Hum Gene Ther (2000) 11(6):981.
27. Brunda MJ, Luistro L, Warrier RR, Wright RB, Hubbard BR, Murphy M, Wolf SF, Gately MK: Antitumor and antimetastatic activity of interleukin 12 against murine tumors. J Exp Med (1993) 178(4):1223-1230.
28. Leonard JP, Sherman ML, Fisher GL, Buchanan LJ, Larsen G, Atkins MB, Sosman JA, Dutcher JP, Vogelzang NJ, Ryan JL: Effects of single-dose interleukin-12 on interleukin-12-associated toxicity and interferon-γ production. Blood (1997) 90(7):2541-2548.
29. Lee P, Wang F, Kuniyoshi J, Rubio V, Stuges T, Groshen S, Gee C, Lau R, Jeffery G, Margolin K, Marty V et al: Effects of interleukin-12 on the immune response to a multipeptide vaccine for resected metastatic melanoma. J Clin Oncol (2001) 19(18):3836-3847.
30. Lucas ML, Heller L, Coppola D, Heller R: IL-12 plasmid delivery by in vivo electroporation for the successful treatment of established subcutaneous B16.F10 melanoma. Mol Ther (2002) 5(6):668-675.
31. Sun Y, Jurgovsky K, Moller P, Alijagic S, Dorbic T, Georgieva J, Wittig B, Schadendorf D: Vaccination with IL-12 gene-modified autologous melanoma cells: Preclinical results and a first clinical phase I study. Gene Ther (1998) 5(4):481-490.
32. Kang WK, Park C, Yoon HL, Kim WS, Yoon SS, Lee MH, Park K, Kim K, Jeong HS, Kim JA, Nam SJ et al: Interleukin 12 gene therapy of cancer by peritumoral injection of transduced autologous fibroblasts: Outcome of a phase I study. Hum Gene Ther (2001) 12(6):671-684.
33. Dorval T, Palangie T, Jouve M, Garcia-Giralt E, Falcoff E, Schwab D, Lerminier M, Pouillart P: Treatment of metastatic malignant melanoma with recombinant interferon α-2b. Invest New Drugs (1987) 5(Suppl):S61-S63.
34. Sertoli MR, Bernengo MG, Ardizzoni A, Brunetti I, Falcone A, Vidili MG, Cusimano MP, Appino A, Doveil G, Fortini C et al: Phase II trial of recombinant α-2b interferon in the treatment of metastatic skin melanoma. Oncology (1989) 46(2):96-98.
35. Kirkwood JM, Ibrahim JG, Sondak VK, Richards J, Flaherty LE, Ernstoff MS, Smith TJ, Rao U, Steele M, Blum RH: High- and low-dose interferon α-2b in high-risk melanoma: First analysis of intergroup trial E1690/S9111/C9190. J Clin Oncol (2000) 18(12):2444-2458.
36. Kirkwood JM, Ibrahim JG, Sosman JA, Sondak VK, Agarwala SS, Ernstoff MS, Rao U: High-dose interferon α-2b significantly prolongs relapse-free and overall survival compared with the GM2-KLH/QS-21 vaccine in patients with resected stage IIB-III melanoma: Results of intergroup trial E1694/S9512/C509801. J Clin Oncol (2001) 19(9):2370-2380.
37. Quesada JR, Hersh EM, Manning J, Reuben J, Keating M, Schnipper E, Itri L, Gutterman JU: Treatment of hairy cell leukemia with recombinant α-interferon. Blood (1986) 68(2):493-497.
38. Foon KA, Maluish AE, Abrams PG, Wrightington S, Stevenson HC, Alarif A, Fer MF, Overton WR, Poole M, Schnipper EF et al: Recombinant leukocyte A interferon therapy for advanced hairy cell leukemia. Therapeutic and immunologic results. Am J Med (1986) 80(3):351-356.
39. Allan NC, Richards SM, Shepherd PC: UK Medical Research Council randomised, multicentre trial of interferon-α n1 for chronic myeloid leukaemia: Improved survival irrespective of cytogenetic response. The UK Medical Research Council's Working Parties for Therapeutic Trials in Adult Leukaemia. Lancet (1995) 345(8962):1392-1397.
40. Heller LC, Ingram SF, Lucas ML, Gilbert RA, Heller R: Effect of electrically mediated intratumor and intramuscular delivery of a plasmid encoding IFNα on visible B16 mouse melanomas. Technol Cancer Res Treat (2002) 1(3):205-209.
41. Hiroishi K, Tuting T, Tahara H, Lotze MT: Interferon-α gene therapy in combination with CD80 transduction reduces tumorigenicity and growth of established tumor in poorly immunogenic tumor models. Gene Ther (1999) 6(12):1988-1994.
42. Demers GW, Johnson DE, Machemer T, Looper LD, Batinica A, Beltran JC, Sugarman BJ, Howe JA: Tumor growth inhibition by interferon-α using PEGylated protein or adenovirus gene transfer with constitutive or regulated expression. Mol Ther (2002) 6(1):50-56.
43. Pestka S, Langer JA, Zoon KC, Samuel CE: Interferon and their actions. Annu Rev Biochem (1987) 56:727-777.
44. Farrar MA, Schreiber RD: The molecular cell biology of interferon-γ and its receptor. Annu Rev Immunol (1993) 11:571-611.
45. Qin XQ, Tao N, Dergay A, Moy P, Fawell S, Davis A, Wilson JM, Barsoum J: Interferon-β gene therapy inhibits tumor formation and causes regression of established tumors in immune-deficient mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA (1998) 95(24):14411-14416.
46. Xu L, Xie K, Fidler IJ: Therapy of human ovarian cancer by transfection with the murine interferon β gene: Role of macrophage-inducible nitric oxide synthase. Hum Gene Ther (1998) 9(18):2699-2708.
47. Dong Z, Greene G, Pettaway C, Dinney CP, Eue I, Lu W, Bucana CD, Balbay MD, Bielenberg D, Fidler IJ: Suppression of angiogenesis, tumorigenicity, and metastasis by human prostate cancer cells engineered to produce interferon-β. Cancer Res (1999) 59(4):872-879.
48. Zhang F, Lu W, Dong Z: Tumor-infiltrating macrophages are involved in suppressing growth and metastasis of human prostate cancer cells by IFN-β gene therapy in nude mice. Clin Cancer Res (2002) 8(9):2942-2951.
49. Nakanishi H, Mizutani Y, Kawauchi A, Ukimura O, Shiraishi T, Hatano M, Mizuno M, Yoshida J, Miki T: Significant antitumoral activity of cationic multilamellar liposomes containing human IFN-β gene against human renal cell carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res (2003) 9(3 ):1129-1135.
50. Natsume A, Tsujimura K, Mizuno M, Takahashi T, Yoshida J: IFN-β gene therapy induces systemic antitumor immunity against malignant glioma. J Neurooncol (2000) 47(2):117-124.
51. Makar TK, Wilt S, Dong Z, Fishman P, Mouradian MM, Dhib-Jalbut S: IFN-β gene transfer into the central nervous system using bone marrow cells as a delivery system. J Interferon Cytokine Res (2002) 22(7):783-791.
52. Odaka M, Wiewrodt R, DeLong P, Tanaka T, Zhang Y, Kaiser L, Albelda S: Analysis of the immunologic response generated by Ad.IFN-β during successful intraperitoneal tumor gene therapy. Mol Ther (2002) 6(2):210-218.
53. Kobayashi N, Kuramoto T, Chen S, Watanabe Y, Takakura Y: Therapeutic effect of intravenous interferon gene delivery with naked plasmid DNA in murine metastasis models. Mol Ther (2002) 6(6):737-744.
54. Izawa JI, Sweeney P, Perrotte P, Kedar D, Dong Z, Slaton JW, Karashima T, Inoue K, Benedict WF, Dinney CP: Inhibition of tumorigenicity and metastasis of human bladder cancer growing in athymic mice by interferon-β gene therapy results partially from various antiangiogenic effects including endothelial cell apoptosis. Clin Cancer Res (2002) 8(4):1258-1270.
55. Odaka M, Sterman DH, Wiewrodt R, Zhang Y, Kiefer M, Amin KM, Gao GP, Wilson JM, Barsoum J, Kaiser LR, Albelda SM: Eradication of intraperitoneal and distant tumor by adenovirus-mediated interferon-β gene therapy is attributable to induction of systemic immunity. Cancer Res (2001) 61(16):6201-6212.
56. Lu W, Fidler IJ, Dong Z: Eradication of primary murine fibrosarcomas and induction of systemic immunity by adenovirus-mediated interferon β gene therapy. Cancer Res (1999) 59(20):5202-5208.
57. Brickelmaier M, Carmillo A, Goelz S, Barsoum J, Qin XQ: Cytotoxicity of combination of IFN-β and chemotherapeutic drugs. J Interferon Cytokine Res (2002) 22(8):873-880.
58. Eck SL, Alavi JB, Judy K, Phillips P, Alavi A, Hackney D, Cross P, Hughes J, Gao G, Wilson JM, Propert K: Treatment of recurrent or progressive malignant glioma with a recombinant adenovirus expressing human interferon-β (H5.010CMVhIFN-β): A phase I trial. Hum Gene Ther (2001) 12(1):97-113.
59. Jett JR, Maksymiuk AW, Su JQ, Mailliard JA, Krook JE, Tschetter LK, Kardinal CG, Twito DI, Levitt R, Gerstner JB: Phase III trial of recombinant interferon γ in complete responders with small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol (1994) 12(11):2321-2326.
60. Cornetta K, Berebitsky D, Behnia M, Traycoff C, Srour EF, Sledge GW: A retroviral vector expressing human interferon γ upregulates MHC antigen expression in human breast cancer and leukemia cell lines. Cancer Gene Ther (1994) 1(2):91-98.
61. Hashimura T, Ueda T, Hiura M, Yoshida O, Kawabata K, Watanabe Y, Takami M: Gene therapy by in vivo interferon-γ gene transfer to murine bladder tumor. Hinyokika Kiyo (1997) 43(11):809-813.
62. Abdel-Wahab Z, Weltz C, Hester D, Pickett N, Vervaert C, Barber JR, Jolly D, Seigler HF: A phase I clinical trial of immunotherapy with interferon-γ gene-modified autologous melanoma cells: Monitoring the humoral immune response. Cancer (1997) 80(3):401-412.
63. Asher A, Mule JJ, Reichert CM, Shiloni E, Rosenberg SA: Studies on the anti-tumor efficacy of systemically administered recombinant tumor necrosis factor against several murine tumors in vivo. J Immunol (1987) 138(3):963-974.
64. Asher AL, Mule JJ, Kasid A, Restifo NP, Salo JC, Reichert CM, Jaffe G, Fendly B, Kriegler M, Rosenberg SA: Murine tumor cells transduced with the gene for tumor necrosis factor-α. Evidence for paracrine immune effects of tumor necrosis factor against tumors. J Immunol (1991) 146(9):3227-3234.
65. Tracey KJ, Beutler B, Lowry SF, Merryweather J, Wolpe S, Milsark IW, Hariri RJ, Fahey TJ 3rd, Zentella A, Albert JD et al: Shock and tissue injury induced by recombinant human cachectin. Science (1986) 234(4775):470-474.
66. Sidhu RS, Bollon AP: Tumor necrosis factor activities and cancer therapy - a perspective. Pharmacol Ther (1993) 57(1):79-128.
67. Lejeune F, Lienard D, Eggermont A, Schraffordt Koops H, Rosenkaimer F, Gerain J, Klaase J, Kroon B, Vanderveken J, Schmitz P: Administration of high-dose tumor necrosis factor α by isolation perfusion of the limbs. Rationale and results. J Infus Chemother (1995) 5(2):73-81.
68. Hu SX, Ji W, Zhou Y, Logothetis C, Xu HJ: Development of an adenovirus vector with tetracycline-regulatable human tumor necrosis factor α gene expression. Cancer Res (1997) 57(16):3339-3343.
69. Kircheis R, Ostermann E, Wolschek MF, Lichtenberger C, Magin-Lachmann C, Wightman L, Kursa M, Wagner E: Tumor-targeted gene delivery of tumor necrosis factor-α induces tumor necrosis and tumor regression without systemic toxicity. Cancer Gene Ther (2002) 9(8):673-680.
70. Rasmussen H, Rasmussen C, Lempicki M, Durham R, Brough D, King CR, Weichselbaum R: TNFerade Biologic: Preclinical toxicology of a novel adenovector with a radiation-inducible promoter, carrying the human tumor necrosis factor α gene. Cancer Gene Ther (2002) 9(11 ):951-957.
71. Dranoff G, Jaffee E, Lazenby A, Golumbek P, Levitsky H, Brose K, Jackson V, Hamada H, Pardoll D, Mulligan RC: Vaccination with irradiated tumor cells engineered to secrete murine granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor stimulates potent, specific, and long lasting anti-tumor immunity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA (1993) 90(8):3539-3543.
72. Mach N, Gillesen S, Wilson SB, Sheehan C, Mihm M, Dranoff G: Differences in dendritic cells stimulated in vivo by tumors engineered to secrete granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor or Flt3-ligand. Cancer Res (2000) 60(12):3239-3246.
73. Bausero M, Panoskaltsis-Mortari A, Zu Z, Blazar B, Kastnanis E: Effective immunization against murine neuroblastoma using transduced tumor cells secreting GM-CSF and interferon-γ. Cancer Gene Ther (1995) 2:309.
74. Qin H, Chaterjee SK: Cancer gene therapy using tumor cells infected with recombinant vaccinia virus expressing GM-CSF. Hum Gene Ther (1996) 7(15):1853-1860.
75. Lee CT, Wu S, Ciernik IF, Chen H, Nadaf-Rahrov S, Gabrilovich D, Carbone DP: Genetic immunotherapy of established tumors with adenovirus-murine granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Hum Gene Ther (1997) 8(2):187-193.
76. Liu BL, Robinson M, Han ZQ, Branston RH, English C, Reay P, McGrath Y, Thomas SK, Thornton M, Bullock P, Love CA et al: ICP34.5 deleted herpes simplex virus with enhanced oncolytic, immune stimulating and antitumor properties. Gene Ther (2003) 10(4):230-292.
77. Soiffer R, Lynch T, Mihm M, Jung K, Rhuda C, Schmollinger JC, Hodi FS, Liebster L, Lam P, Mentzer S, Singer S et al: Vaccination with irradiated, autologous melanoma cells engineered to secrete human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor generates potent antitumor immunity in patients with metastatic melanoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA (1998) 95(22):13141-13146.
78. Salgia R, Lynch T, Skarin A, Lucca J, Lynch C, Jung K, Hodi FS, Jaklitsch M, Mentzer S, Swanson S, Lukanich J et al: Vaccination with irradiated autologous tumor cells engineered to secrete granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor augments antitumor immunity in some patients with metastatic non-small cell lung carcinoma. J Clin Oncol (2003) 21(4):624-630.
79. Chambers CA, Kuhns MS, Egen JG, Allison JP: CTLA-4-mediated inhibition in regulation of T cell responses: Mechanisms and manipulation in tumor immunotherapy. Annu Rev Immunol (2001) 19:565-594.
80. Van Elsas A, Hurwitz AA, Allison JP: Combination immunotherapy of B16 melanoma using anti-cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4(CTLA-4) and granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)-producing vaccines induces rejection of subcutaneous and metastatic tumors accompanied by autoimmune depigmentation. J Exp Med (1999) 190(3):355-366.
81. Hurwitz AA, Yu TF, Leach DR, Allison JP: CTLA-4 blockade synergizes with tumor-derived granulocyte-macrophage colony - stimulating factor for treatment of an experimental mammary carcinoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA (1998) 95(17):10067-10071.
82. Machiels JP, Reilly RT, Emens LA, Ercolini AM, Lei RY, Weintraub D, Okoye FI, Jaffee EM: Cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and paclitaxel enhance the antitumor immune response of granulocyte/macrophage-colony stimulating factor-secreting whole-cell vaccines in HER-2/neu tolerized mice. Cancer Res (2001) 61(9):3689-3697.
83. Jiang H, Su ZZ, Lin JJ, Goldstein NJ, Young CS, Fisher PB: The melanoma differentiation associated gone mda-7 suppresses cancer cell growth. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA (1996) 93(17):9160-9165.
84. Mhashilkar AM, Schrock RD, Hindi M, Liao J, Sieger K, Kourouma F, Zou-Yang XH, Onishi E, Takh O, Vedvick TS, Fanger G et al: Melanoma differentiation associated gene-7 (mda-7): A novel antitumor gene for cancer gene therapy. Mol Med (2001) 7(4):271-282.
85. Saeki T, Mhashilkar A, Swanson X, Zou-Yang XH, Sieger K, Kawabe S, Branch CD, Zumstein L, Meyn RE, Roth JA, Chada S et al: Inhibition of human lung cancer growth following adenovirus-mediated mda-7 gene expression in vivo. Oncogene (2002) 21(29):4558-4566.
86. Ramesh R, Mhashilkar A, Tanaka F, Saito Y, Branch CD, Sieger K, Mumm JB, Stewart AL, Boquio A, Dumoutier L, Grimm EA et al: Melanoma differentiation-associated gone 7/interleukin (IL)-24 is a novel ligand that regulates angiogenesis via the IL-22 receptor. Cancer Res (2003) 63(16):5105-5113.
87. Caudell EG, Mumm JB, Poindexter N, Ekmekcioglu S, Mhashilkar AM, Yang XH, Retter MW, Hill P, Chada S, Grimm EA: The protein product of the tumor suppressor gene, melanoma differentiation-associated gene 7, exhibits immunostimulatory activity and is designated IL-24. J Immunol (2002) 168(12):6041-6046.
88. Chada S, Cunningham C, Zhang Y, Su D, Mhashilkar AM, Ekmekcioglu S, Grimm E, Wilson D, Merritt J, Coffee K, Nemunaitis J et al: INGN 241 (Ad-mda7) induces widespread apoptosis and activates the immune system in patients with advanced cancer. Mol Ther (2003) 7(3):S1157.
89. Zlotnik A, Yoshie O: Chemokines: A new classification system and their role in immunity. Immunity (2000) 12(2):121-127.
90. Kunkel SL: Through the looking glass: The diverse in vivo activities of chemokines. J Clin Invest (1999) 104(10):1333-1334.
91. Mantovani A: The chemokine system: Redundancy for robust outputs. Immunol Today (1999) 20(6):254-257.
92. Koch AE, Polverini PJ, Kunkel SL, Harlow LA, DiPietro LA, Elner VM, Elner SG, Strieter RM: Interleukin-8 as a macrophage-derived mediator of angiogenesis. Science (1992) 258(5089):1798-1801.
93. Fujisawa N, Hayashi S, Kurdowska A, Carr FK, Miller EJ: Inhibition of GROα-induced human endothelial cell proliferation by the α-chemokine inhibitor antileukinate. Cytokine (1999) 11(3 ):231-238.
94. Nor JE, Christensen J, Mooney DJ, Polverini PJ: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-mediated angiogenesis is associated with enhanced endothelial cell survival and induction of Bcl-2 expression. Am J Pathol (1999) 154(2):375-384.
95. Sgadari C, Angiolillo AL, Cherney BW, Pike SE, Farber JM, Koniaris LG, Vanguri P, Burd PR, Sheikh N, Gupta G, Teruya-Feldstein J et al: Interferon-inducible protein-10 identified as a mediator of tumor necrosis in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA (1996) 93(24):13791-13796.
96. Arenberg DA, Kunkel SL, Polverini PJ, Morris SB, Burdick MD, Glass MC, Taub DT, Iannettoni MD, Whyte RI, Strieter RM: Interferon-γ-inducible protein 10 (IP-10) is an angiostatic factor that inhibits human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) tumorigenesis and spontaneous metastases. J Exp Med (1996) 184(3):981-992.
97. Opdenakker G, Fiten P, Nys G, Froyen G, Van Roy N, Speleman F, Laureya G, Van Damme J: The human MCP-3 (SCYA7): Cloning, sequence anlaysis, and assignment to the C-C chemokine gene cluster on chromosome 17q11.2-q12. Genomics (1994) 21(2):403-408.
98. Hu JY, Li GC, Wang WM, Zhu JG, Li YF, Zhou GH, Sun QB: Transfection of colorectal cancer cells with chemokine MCP-3 (monocyte chemotactic protein-3) gene retards tumor growth and inhibits tumor metastasis. World J Gastroenterol (2002) 8(6):1067-1072.
99. Fioretti F, Fradelizi D, Stoppacciaro A, Ramponi S, Ruco L, Minty A, Sozzani S, Garlanda C, Vecchi A, Mantovani A: Reduced tumorigenicity and augmented leukocyte infiltration after monocyte chemotactic protein-3 (MCP-3) gene transfer: Perivascular accumulation of dendritic cells in peritumoral tissue and neutrophils recruitment within the tumor. J Immunol (1998) 161(1):342-346.
100. Biragyn A, Tani K, Grimm MC, Weeks S, Kwak LW: Genetic fusion of chemokines to a self tumor antigen induces protective, T-cell dependent antitumor immunity. Nat Biotechnol (1999) 17(3):253-258.
101. Addison CL, Arenberg DA, Morris SB, Xue YY, Burdick MD, Mulligan MS, Iannettoni MD, Strieter RM: The CXC chemokine, monokine induced by interferon-γ, inhibits non-small cell lung carcinoma tumor growth and metastasis. Hum Gene Ther (2000) 11(2):247-261.
102. Shibuta K, Begum NA, Mori M, Shimoda K, Akiyoshi T, Barnard GF: Reduced expression of the CXC chemokine hIRH/SDF-1α mRNA in hepatoma and digestive tract cancer. Int J Cancer (1997) 73(5):656-662.
103. Begum NA, Coker A, Shibuta K, Swanson RS, Chen LB, Mori M, Barnard GF: Loss of hIRH mRNA expression from premalignant adenomas and malignant cell lines. Biochem Biophys Res Commun (1996) 229(3):864-868.
104. Nomura T, Hasegawa H, Kohno M, Sasaki M, Fujita S: Enhancement of anti-tumor immunity by tumor cells transfected with the secondary lymphoid tissue chemokine EBI-1-ligand chemokine and stromal cell-derived factor-1α chemokine genes. Int J Cancer (2001) 91(5):597-606.
105. Laning J, Kawasaki H, Tanaka E, Luo Y, Dorf ME: Inhibition of in vivo tumor growth by the β chemokine, TCA3. J Immunol (1994) 153(10):4625-4635.
106. Giovarelli M, Cappello P, Forni G, Salcedo T, Moore PA, LeFleur DW, Nardelli B, Carlo ED, Lollini PL, Ruben S, Ullrich S et al: Tumor rejection and immune memory elicited by locally released LEC chemokine are associated with an impressive recruitment of APCs, lymphocytes, and granulocytes. J Immunol (2000) 164(6):3200-3206.
107. Braun SE, Chen K, Foster RG, Kim CH, Hromas R, Kaplan MH, Broxmeyer HE, Cornetta K: The CC chemokine CK β-11/MIP-3 β/ELC/Exodus 3 mediates tumor rejection of murine breast cancer cells through NK cells. J Immunol (2000) 164(8):4025-4031.
108. Paul S, Regulier E, Poitevin Y, Hormann H, Acres RB: The combination of a chemokine, cytokine and TCR-based T cell stimulus for effective gene therapy of cancer. Cancer Immunol Immunother (2002) 51(11-12):645-654.
109. Addison CL, Braciak T, Ralston R, Muller WJ, Gauldie J, Graham FL: Intratumoral injection of an adenovirus expressing interleukine 2 induces regression and immunity in a murine breast cancer model. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA (1995) 92(18):8522-8526.
110. Addison CL, Bramson JL, Hitt MM, Muller WJ, Gauldie J, Graham FL: Intratumoral coinjection of adenoviral vectors expressing IL-2 and IL-12 results in enhanced frequency of regression of injected and untreated distal tumors. Gene Ther(1998) 5(10):1400-1409.
111. Cordier L, Duffour MT, Sabourin JC, Lee MG, Cabannes J, Ragot T, Perricaudet M, Haddada H: Complete recovery of mice from a pre-established tumor by direct intratumoral delivery of an adenovirus vector harboring the murine IL-2 gene. Gene Ther(1995) 2(1):16-21.
112. Hendrzak A Brunda MJ: Antitumor and antimetastatic activity of interleukin-12. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol (1996) 3(3):65-83.
113. Brunda MJ, Luistro L, Rumennik L, Wright RB, Dvorozniak M, Aglione A, Wigginton JM, Wiltrout RH, Hendrzak JA, Palleroni AV: Antitumor activity of interleukin 12 in preclinical models. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol (1996) 38(Suppl):S16-S21.
114. Liu S, Yang H, Liang C: Combined IL-2 and IL-12 gone therapy for murine head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Zhonghua Zhong Liu Za Zhi (2002) 24(4):323-326.
115. Wigginton JM, Wiltrout RH: IL-12/IL-2 combination cytokine therapy for solid tumours: Translation from bench to bedside. Expert Opin Biol Ther (2002) 2(5):513-524.
116. Salvadori S, Gansbacher B, Wernick I, Tirelli S, Zier K: B7-1 amplifies the response to interleukin-2-secreting tumor vaccines in vivo, but fails to induce a response by naive cells in vitro. Hum Gene Ther (1995) 6(10):1299-1306.
117. Linsley PS, Ledbetter JA: The role of the CD28 receptor during T cell responses to antigen. Annu Rev Immunol (1993) 11:191-212.
118. Chen L, McGowan P, Ashe S, Johnston J, Li Y, Hellstrom I, Hellstrom KE: Tumor immunogenicity determines the effect of B7 costimulation on T cell-mediated tumor immunity. J Exp Med (1994) 179(2):523-532.
119. Gaken A Hollingsworth SJ, Hirst WJ, Buggins AG, Galea-Lauri J, Peakman M, Kuiper M, Patel P, Towner P, Patel PM, Collins MK et al: Irradiated NC adenocarcinoma cells transduced with both B7.1 and interleukin-2 induce CD4+-mediated rejection of established tumors. Hum Gene Ther (1997) 8(4):477-488.
120. Chen S-H, Kosai K, Xu B, Pham-Nguyen K, Contant C, Finegold W, Woo SLC: Combination suicide and cytokine gene therapy for hepatic metastases of colon carcinoma: Sustained antitumor immunity prolongs animal survival. Cancer Res (1996) 56(16):3758-3762.
121. Davis CB, Gillies SD: Immunocytokines: Amplification of anti-cancer Immunity. Cancer Immunol Immunother (2003) 52(5):297-308.