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v by hydrogen to Nb(0) or Ta(0) metal particles is thermodynamically not possible under the reaction conditions; and (ii) the observed selectivity of the catalyst for the intramolecular hydrogenation of the aryloxide ligands is consistent with and strongly supportive of a homogeneous mononuclear catalyst, but difficult to explain if the true catalyst is heterogeneous (ortho-phenyl substituents on the aryloxide ligand are hydrogenated, while hydrogenation of phenyl rings meta or para to the aryloxide oxygen is not observed nor is hydrogenation of the phenoxide itself ever observed).
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Unlike the literature, we formulate 1 as the anhydrous complex. The justification for this is that 1 is synthesized and stored in a drybox and because we have no evidence for waters of hydration. Further comments are provided in the Materials section.
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note
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1 as we have seen.
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3 variability is the same as the reliability of current nucleation theory, Oxtoby having noted "Nucleation theory is one of the few areas of science where agreement between predicted and measured rates to within several orders of magnitude is considered a major success": Oxtoby, D. W. Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 91.
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2-derived system.
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The Hg(0)-poisoning experiment is occasionally performed improperly and with a lack of understanding of what this experiment is designed to test. In one literature example, a solution of precatalyst was stirred with Hg(0) for 1 h, the solution was filtered removing the Hg(0), and a catalytic hydrogenation reaction was then started. The hydrogenation proceeded with the same catalytic activity as an experiment in which Hg(0) was never present. This was then used - erroneously! - to rule out the presence of a nanocluster catalyst. The obvious problem with this experiment is that the Hg(0) was removed by filtration before the catalytic reaction was allowed to start, that is, before any metal-particle heterogeneous catalyst was allowed to be formed. As performed, this experiment shows only that the precatalyst does not react with Hg(0). One needs to add Hg(0) to a solution that already has been shown to be active. In the above example, the Hg(0) should have remained in the reaction solution for the duration of the catalytic reaction or have been added after the catalytic reaction had already begun, as done elsewhere.
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2, and then check for catalytic activity.
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Hg(0) is probably most effective in poisoning metals that form an amalgam, such as Pt, Pd, and Ni; metals that do not form amalgams with Hg(0), such as Ir, Rh, and Ru, may be more difficult to poison with Hg(0). Hence, if the addition of Hg(0) to the reaction solution suppresses the catalytic activity, one should perform a control experiment showing that the precatalyst complex does not react with Hg(0); if Hg(0) does react with the precatalyst, then this test becomes ambiguous. Similarly, if the addition of Hg(0) to the reaction solution has little effect on the catalytic activity, one should perform a control experiment showing that an authentic heterogeneous catalyst of the same metal is poisoned under the identical conditions.
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Lead papers citing autocatalysis in metal film growth: (a) Lee, T. R.; Whitesides, G. M. Acc. Chem. Res. 1992, 25, 266. (b) Lee, T. R.; Laibinis, P. E.; Folkers, J. P.; Whitesides, G. M. Pure Appl. Chem. 1991, 63, 821. (c) Chae, Y. K.; Komiyama, H. J. Appl. Phys. 2001, 90, 3610. (d) Kellerman, B. K.; Chason, E.; Adams, D. P.; Mayer, T. M.; White, J. M. Surf. Sci. 1997, 375, 331. (e) Adams, D. P.; Mayer, T. M.; Chason, E.; Kellerman, B. K.; Swartzentruber, B. S. Surf. Sci. 1997, 371, 445. (f) Crane, E. L.; You, Y.; Nuzzo, R. G.; Girolami, G. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 3422.
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Kinetic studies of autocatalytic metal film growth: (a) Xue, Z.; Thridandam, H.; Kaesz, H. D.; Hicks, R. F. Chem. Mater. 1992, 4, 162. (b) See also their short review: Zinn, A.; Niemer, B.; Kaesz, H. D. Adv. Mater. 1992, 4, 375.
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Kinetics of the related topic of autocatalytic electrochemical metal film growth: (a) Lyamina, L. I.; Tarasova, N. I.; Gorbunova, K. M. Elektrokhimiya 1979, 15, 1615. (b) Schrebler, R.; Basaez, L.; Gardiazabal, I.; Gomez, H.; Cordova, R.; Quierolo, F. Boletin de la Sociedad Chilena de Quimico 1991, 36, 65.
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Kinetics of the related topic of autocatalytic electrochemical metal film growth: (a) Lyamina, L. I.; Tarasova, N. I.; Gorbunova, K. M. Elektrokhimiya 1979, 15, 1615. (b) Schrebler, R.; Basaez, L.; Gardiazabal, I.; Gomez, H.; Cordova, R.; Quierolo, F. Boletin de la Sociedad Chilena de Quimico 1991, 36, 65.
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n on Au(111) deposited from Mo(CO)6 has been monitored at selected times by STM: Song, Z.; Cai, T.; Rodriguez, J. A.; Hrbek, J.; Chan, A. S. Y.; Friend, C. M. J. Phys. Chem. B 2003, 107, 1036.
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note
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3COOH + acetone. We thank a referee for pointing out this possibility.
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96
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Consistent with this argument, the simple addition of a noncoordinating base such as Proton Sponge produces a much better nanocluster stabilizer: Özkar, S.; Finke, R. G. Langmuir 2002, 18, 7653.
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0042408274
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note
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The curve-fit is easily within experimental error of the data for at least the first half of the benzene hydrogenation reaction. However, at longer times the hydrogenation is slower than predicted by the curve-fit. Deviations between the curve-fit and the data near the end of the reaction can occur for a variety of understood reasons. For example, the pseudoelementary step method used herein assumes that the catalytic reaction is zero order in substrate. Obviously, at some point later in the reaction, when the substrate concentration approaches zero, this assumption is no longer true. Also, any deactivation process that occurs to a significant extent on the time scale of the experiment will cause deviations such as those seen in Figure 2. For example, a loss of catalyst surface area due to (observed) bulk metal formation will cause the reaction to be slower than predicted. For these reasons, only the first half of the data in Figure 2 was used to generate the curve-fit, a precaution we typically employ.
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0041907068
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note
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6)], a catalyst previously believed to be homogeneous. The bottom line here is that these criteria are not reliable indicators of whether the catalyst is homogeneous or heterogeneous and, hence, are not recommended, especially now that the now proven methodology in Figure 1 is available. Note also that it is unlikely that further studies of these criteria will ever make them easy to use or reliable (i.e., in comparison to the methods in Figure 1). This follows since one would need, for each system at hand, to have authentic homogeneous and heterogeneous (i.e., both nanocluster and bulk metal) catalysts of the same metal, ligands, and nanocluster stabilizers available for the needed control studies; that is, one would have to have presolved the "is it homogeneous or heterogeneous catalysis?" question before such criteria could be reliably used! The conceptual significance of, and the "Catch 22" situation present by, such up-front control experiments with authentic catalysts is presented and discussed as the topmost part of Figure 5 elsewhere.
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106
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0042909153
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note
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formation bulk metal (low activity to inactive).
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0042408270
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note
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-1.
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116
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0042909152
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note
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2 pressure uptake curve shown in Figure 3.
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