메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 2, Issue 1, 2001, Pages 1-36

Device physics of organic light-emitting diodes based on molecular materials

Author keywords

Charge carrier mobility; Charge carrier transport; Organic light emitting diodes; Space charge limited conduction; Traps

Indexed keywords


EID: 0042176724     PISSN: 15661199     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S1566-1199(01)00009-X     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (563)

References (126)
  • 1
  • 2
    • 27144437222 scopus 로고
    • Electroluminescence in organic crystals
    • M. Pope, H. Kallmann, P. Magnante, Electroluminescence in organic crystals, J. Chem. Phys. 38 (1963) 2042.
    • (1963) J. Chem. Phys. , vol.38 , pp. 2042
    • Pope, M.1    Kallmann, H.2    Magnante, P.3
  • 3
    • 0000019039 scopus 로고
    • Recombination radiation in anthracene crystals
    • W. Helfrich, W.G. Schneider, Recombination radiation in anthracene crystals, Phys. Rev. Lett. 140 (1965) 229.
    • (1965) Phys. Rev. Lett. , vol.140 , pp. 229
    • Helfrich, W.1    Schneider, W.G.2
  • 4
    • 0005206764 scopus 로고
    • A simple organic electroluminescent diode
    • D.F. Williams, M. Schadt, A simple organic electroluminescent diode, Proc. IEEE Lett. 58 (1970) 476.
    • (1970) Proc. IEEE Lett. , vol.58 , pp. 476
    • Williams, D.F.1    Schadt, M.2
  • 8
    • 0020165976 scopus 로고
    • Electrical conduction and low voltage blue electroluminescence in vacuum-deposited organic films
    • P.S. Vincent, W.A. Barlow, R.A. Hann, G.G. Roberts, Electrical conduction and low voltage blue electroluminescence in vacuum-deposited organic films, Thin Solid Films 94 (1982) 476.
    • (1982) Thin Solid Films , vol.94 , pp. 476
    • Vincent, P.S.1    Barlow, W.A.2    Hann, R.A.3    Roberts, G.G.4
  • 9
    • 0018545095 scopus 로고
    • Electroluminescence photoluminescence and electroabsorption of a lightly substituted anthracene langumuir film
    • G.G. Roberts, M. McGinnity, P.S. Vincett, W.A. Barlow, Electroluminescence photoluminescence and electroabsorption of a lightly substituted anthracene langumuir film, Solid State Commun. 32 (1979) 683.
    • (1979) Solid State Commun. , vol.32 , pp. 683
    • Roberts, G.G.1    McGinnity, M.2    Vincett, P.S.3    Barlow, W.A.4
  • 10
    • 0020764384 scopus 로고
    • Electroluminescence from polyvinylcarbazole films:3 Electroluminescent devices
    • P.H. Partridge, Electroluminescence from polyvinylcarbazole films:3 Electroluminescent devices, Polymer 24 (1983) 748.
    • (1983) Polymer , vol.24 , pp. 748
    • Partridge, P.H.1
  • 12
    • 3543099288 scopus 로고
    • Electroluminescence of doped organic thin films
    • C.W. Tang, S.A. VanSlyke, Electroluminescence of doped organic thin films, J. Appl. Phys. 65 (1989) 3610.
    • (1989) J. Appl. Phys. , vol.65 , pp. 3610
    • Tang, C.W.1    Vanslyke, S.A.2
  • 13
    • 0023962291 scopus 로고
    • Electroluminescence in organic films with three-layer structure
    • C. Adachi, S. Tokito, T. Tsutsui, S. Saito, Electroluminescence in organic films with three-layer structure, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 27 (1988) L269.
    • (1988) Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. , vol.27
    • Adachi, C.1    Tokito, S.2    Tsutsui, T.3    Saito, S.4
  • 14
  • 15
    • 0025673480 scopus 로고
    • Electroluminescence mechanism of organic thin film devices
    • C. Adachi, T. Tsutsui, S. Saito, Electroluminescence mechanism of organic thin film devices, Acta Polymerica 170 (1990) 215.
    • (1990) Acta Polymerica , vol.170 , pp. 215
    • Adachi, C.1    Tsutsui, T.2    Saito, S.3
  • 16
    • 0346145555 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pioneer Co. Japan, In November 1997 Pioneer Co. in Japan commercialized a monochrome 256 × 64 dot matrix OLED display for automotive applications
    • Pioneer Co. Japan, In November 1997 Pioneer Co. in Japan commercialized a monochrome 256 × 64 dot matrix OLED display for automotive applications.
  • 18
    • 0002169995 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Organic displays
    • J. Kido, Organic displays, Phys. World 12 (3) (1999) 27.
    • (1999) Phys. World , vol.12 , Issue.3 , pp. 27
    • Kido, J.1
  • 20
    • 0032304352 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Application of polymer light-emitting materials in light-emitting diodes, backlights and displays
    • J.R. Visser, Application of polymer light-emitting materials in light-emitting diodes, backlights and displays, Philips J. Res. 51 (1998) 467.
    • (1998) Philips J. Res. , vol.51 , pp. 467
    • Visser, J.R.1
  • 22
    • 1542620414 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Light emitting diodes based on poly-p-phenylene-vinylene: I Charge-carrier injection and transport
    • S. Karg, M. Meier, W. Rieß, Light emitting diodes based on poly-p-phenylene-vinylene: I Charge-carrier injection and transport, J. Appl. Phys. 82 (1997) 1951.
    • (1997) J. Appl. Phys. , vol.82 , pp. 1951
    • Karg, S.1    Meier, M.2    Rieß, W.3
  • 23
    • 0031212864 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Light emitting diodes based on poly-p-phenylene-vinylene: II Impedance spectroscopy
    • M. Meier, S. Karg, W. Rieß, Light emitting diodes based on poly-p-phenylene-vinylene: II Impedance spectroscopy, J. Appl. Phys. 82 (1997) 1961.
    • (1997) J. Appl. Phys. , vol.82 , pp. 1961
    • Meier, M.1    Karg, S.2    Rieß, W.3
  • 24
    • 0040675111 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Doping in PPV light-emitting devices fabricated on different substrates
    • W. Brütting, M. Meier, M. Herold, S. Karg, M. Schwoerer, Doping in PPV light-emitting devices fabricated on different substrates, Chem. Phys. 227 (1998) 243.
    • (1998) Chem. Phys. , vol.227 , pp. 243
    • Brütting, W.1    Meier, M.2    Herold, M.3    Karg, S.4    Schwoerer, M.5
  • 25
    • 0032073755 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Temperature dependent broadband dielectric spectroscopy on poly(p-phenylenevinylene) light-emitting diodes
    • J. Scherbel, P.H. Nguyen, G. Paasch, W. Brütting, M. Schwoerer, Temperature dependent broadband dielectric spectroscopy on poly(p-phenylenevinylene) light-emitting diodes, J. Appl. Phys. 83 (1998) 5045.
    • (1998) J. Appl. Phys. , vol.83 , pp. 5045
    • Scherbel, J.1    Nguyen, P.H.2    Paasch, G.3    Brütting, W.4    Schwoerer, M.5
  • 27
    • 0141596652 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Low voltage organic light emitting diodes featuring doped phthalocyanine as hole transport material
    • J. Blochwitz, M. Pfeiffer, T. Fritz, K. Leo, Low voltage organic light emitting diodes featuring doped phthalocyanine as hole transport material, Appl. Phys. Lett. 73 (1998) 729.
    • (1998) Appl. Phys. Lett. , vol.73 , pp. 729
    • Blochwitz, J.1    Pfeiffer, M.2    Fritz, T.3    Leo, K.4
  • 28
    • 0000522486 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Controlled n-type doping of a molecular organic semiconductor: Naphthalenetetracarboxylic dianhydride (NTCDA) doped with bis(ethylenedithio)-tetrathiafulvalene (BEDT-TTF)
    • A. Nollau, M. Pfeiffer, T. Fritz, K. Leo, Controlled n-type doping of a molecular organic semiconductor: naphthalenetetracarboxylic dianhydride (NTCDA) doped with bis(ethylenedithio)-tetrathiafulvalene (BEDT-TTF), J. Appl. Phys. 87 (2000) 4340.
    • (2000) J. Appl. Phys. , vol.87 , pp. 4340
    • Nollau, A.1    Pfeiffer, M.2    Fritz, T.3    Leo, K.4
  • 29
    • 0000756709 scopus 로고
    • Getting beyond impurity-limited transport in organic photoconductors
    • K. Sumino (Ed.) Elsevier, Amsterdam
    • N. Karl, Getting beyond impurity-limited transport in organic photoconductors, in: K. Sumino (Ed.), Defect Control in Semiconductors, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1990, p. 1725.
    • (1990) Defect Control in Semiconductors , pp. 1725
    • Karl, N.1
  • 30
    • 0011336568 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Energy level alignment and interfacial electronic structures at organic/ metal and organic/organic interfaces
    • H. Ishii, K. Sugiyama, E. Ito, K. Seki, Energy level alignment and interfacial electronic structures at organic/ metal and organic/organic interfaces, Adv. Mater. 11 (1999) 605.
    • (1999) Adv. Mater. , vol.11 , pp. 605
    • Ishii, H.1    Sugiyama, K.2    Ito, E.3    Seki, K.4
  • 31
    • 0032023220 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Energy level offset at organic semiconductor heterojunctions
    • A. Rajagopal, C.I. Wu, A. Kahn, Energy level offset at organic semiconductor heterojunctions, J. Appl. Phys. 83 (1998) 2649.
    • (1998) J. Appl. Phys. , vol.83 , pp. 2649
    • Rajagopal, A.1    Wu, C.I.2    Kahn, A.3
  • 32
    • 0030573452 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Field-dependent thermal injection into a disordered molecular insulator
    • Y.N. Gartstein, E.M. Conwell, Field-dependent thermal injection into a disordered molecular insulator, Chem. Phys. Lett. 255 (1996) 93.
    • (1996) Chem. Phys. Lett. , vol.255 , pp. 93
    • Gartstein, Y.N.1    Conwell, E.M.2
  • 33
    • 0346018589 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Current injection from a metal to a disordered hopping system. I MonteCarlo simulation
    • U. Wolf, V.I. Arkhipov, H. Bässler, Current injection from a metal to a disordered hopping system. I MonteCarlo simulation, Phys. Rev. B 59 (1999) 7507.
    • (1999) Phys. Rev. B , vol.59 , pp. 7507
    • Wolf, U.1    Arkhipov, V.I.2    Bässler, H.3
  • 37
    • 21844489649 scopus 로고
    • Efficiency of charge recombination in organic light emitting diodes
    • U. Albrecht, H. Bässler, Efficiency of charge recombination in organic light emitting diodes, Chem. Phys. 199 (1995) 207.
    • (1995) Chem. Phys. , vol.199 , pp. 207
    • Albrecht, U.1    Bässler, H.2
  • 38
    • 84987157080 scopus 로고
    • Langevin-type charge carrier recombination in a disordered hopping system
    • U. Albrecht, H. Bässler, Langevin-type charge carrier recombination in a disordered hopping system, Phys. Stat. Sol. (b) 191 (1995) 455.
    • (1995) Phys. Stat. Sol. (B) , vol.191 , pp. 455
    • Albrecht, U.1    Bässler, H.2
  • 39
  • 42
  • 45
    • 0347406407 scopus 로고
    • Trap-free space-charge limited current: Analytical solution for an arbitrary mobility law
    • R.H. Young, Trap-free space-charge limited current: Analytical solution for an arbitrary mobility law, Phil. Mag. Lett. 70 (1994) 331.
    • (1994) Phil. Mag. Lett. , vol.70 , pp. 331
    • Young, R.H.1
  • 46
    • 36149055370 scopus 로고
    • Theory of space-charge limited current enhanced by frenkel effect
    • P.N. Murgatroyd, Theory of space-charge limited current enhanced by frenkel effect, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 3 (1970) 151.
    • (1970) J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. , vol.3 , pp. 151
    • Murgatroyd, P.N.1
  • 47
    • 0000938820 scopus 로고
    • Time-resolved space-charge limited injection in a trap-free glassy polymer
    • M. Abkowitz, J.S. Facci, M. Stolka, Time-resolved space-charge limited injection in a trap-free glassy polymer, Chem. Phys. 177 (1993) 783.
    • (1993) Chem. Phys. , vol.177 , pp. 783
    • Abkowitz, M.1    Facci, J.S.2    Stolka, M.3
  • 49
    • 0032119145 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Injection, transport and recombination of charge carriers in organic light-emitting diodes
    • H. Bässler, Injection, transport and recombination of charge carriers in organic light-emitting diodes, Polym. Adv. Technol. 9 (1998) 402.
    • (1998) Polym. Adv. Technol. , vol.9 , pp. 402
    • Bässler, H.1
  • 50
    • 0031213147 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bipolar charge and current distributions in organic light-emitting diodes
    • J.C. Scott, S. Karg, S.A. Carter, Bipolar charge and current distributions in organic light-emitting diodes, J. Appl. Phys. 82 (1997) 1454.
    • (1997) J. Appl. Phys. , vol.82 , pp. 1454
    • Scott, J.C.1    Karg, S.2    Carter, S.A.3
  • 51
    • 0032527241 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Device model investigation of single layer organic light emitting diodes
    • B.K. Crone, P.S. Davids, I.H. Campbell, D.L. Smith, Device model investigation of single layer organic light emitting diodes, J. Appl. Phys. 84 (1998) 833.
    • (1998) J. Appl. Phys. , vol.84 , pp. 833
    • Crone, B.K.1    Davids, P.S.2    Campbell, I.H.3    Smith, D.L.4
  • 52
    • 0001303788 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Physical mechanisms in double-carrier trap-charge limited transport processes in organic electroluminescent devices: A numerical study
    • J. Shen, J. Yang, Physical mechanisms in double-carrier trap-charge limited transport processes in organic electroluminescent devices: a numerical study, J. Appl. Phys. 83 (1998) 7706.
    • (1998) J. Appl. Phys. , vol.83 , pp. 7706
    • Shen, J.1    Yang, J.2
  • 53
    • 0032606214 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A quantitative numerical model of multilayer vapor-deposited organic light-emitting diodes
    • J. Staudigel, M. Stößel, F. Steuber, J. Simmerer, A quantitative numerical model of multilayer vapor-deposited organic light-emitting diodes, J. Appl. Phys. 86 (1999) 3895.
    • (1999) J. Appl. Phys. , vol.86 , pp. 3895
    • Staudigel, J.1    Stößel, M.2    Steuber, F.3    Simmerer, J.4
  • 55
    • 0032225743 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Charge carrier mobilities in molecular materials for electroluminescent diodes
    • T. Tsutsui, H. Tokuhisa, M. Era, Charge carrier mobilities in molecular materials for electroluminescent diodes, Proc. SPIE 3281 (1998) 230.
    • (1998) Proc. SPIE , vol.3281 , pp. 230
    • Tsutsui, T.1    Tokuhisa, H.2    Era, M.3
  • 56
    • 0033137888 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anomalous current-voltage characteristics in organic light-emitting devices
    • S. Berleb, W. Brütting, M. Schwoerer, Anomalous current-voltage characteristics in organic light-emitting devices, Synth. Met. 102 (1999) 1034.
    • (1999) Synth. Met. , vol.102 , pp. 1034
    • Berleb, S.1    Brütting, W.2    Schwoerer, M.3
  • 57
    • 0032615340 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characterization of treated indium-tin-oxide surfaces used in electroluminescent devices
    • M.G. Mason, L.S. Hung, C.W. Tang, S.T. Lee, K.W. Wong, M. Wang, Characterization of treated indium-tin-oxide surfaces used in electroluminescent devices, J. Appl. Phys. 86 (1999) 1688.
    • (1999) J. Appl. Phys. , vol.86 , pp. 1688
    • Mason, M.G.1    Hung, L.S.2    Tang, C.W.3    Lee, S.T.4    Wong, K.W.5    Wang, M.6
  • 58
    • 0001247220 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dependence of indium-tin-oxide work function on surface cleaning method as studied by ultraviolet and X-ray photoemission spectroscopies
    • K. Sugiyama, H. Ishii, Y. Ouchi, K. Seki, Dependence of indium-tin-oxide work function on surface cleaning method as studied by ultraviolet and X-ray photoemission spectroscopies, J. Appl. Phys. 87 (2000) 295.
    • (2000) J. Appl. Phys. , vol.87 , pp. 295
    • Sugiyama, K.1    Ishii, H.2    Ouchi, Y.3    Seki, K.4
  • 59
    • 0000401787 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Importance of indium-tin-oxide surface acido-basicity for charge injection into organic materials based light emitting diodes
    • F. Nüesch, E.W. Forsythe, Q.T. Le, Y. Gao, L.J. Rothberg, Importance of indium-tin-oxide surface acido-basicity for charge injection into organic materials based light emitting diodes, J. Appl. Phys. 87 (2000) 7973.
    • (2000) J. Appl. Phys. , vol.87 , pp. 7973
    • Nüesch, F.1    Forsythe, E.W.2    Le, Q.T.3    Gao, Y.4    Rothberg, L.J.5
  • 60
    • 2542510338 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kelvin probe investigations of metal work functions and correlation to device performance of organic light-emitting device
    • T. Beierlein, W. Brütting, H. Riel, E.I. Haskal, P. Müller, W. Rieß, Kelvin probe investigations of metal work functions and correlation to device performance of organic light-emitting device, Synth. Metals 111, 112 (2000) 295.
    • (2000) Synth. Metals , vol.111-112 , pp. 295
    • Beierlein, T.1    Brütting, W.2    Riel, H.3    Haskal, E.I.4    Müller, P.5    Rieß, W.6
  • 61
    • 0033897655 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficient energy transfer from blue to red in tetraphenylporphyrin poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene) light-emitting diodes
    • T. Virgili, D.G. Lidzey, D.D.C. Bradley, Efficient energy transfer from blue to red in tetraphenylporphyrin poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene) light-emitting diodes, Adv. Mater. 12 (2000) 58.
    • (2000) Adv. Mater. , vol.12 , pp. 58
    • Virgili, T.1    Lidzey, D.G.2    Bradley, D.D.C.3
  • 62
    • 0031069035 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An improved experimental determination of external photoluminescence quantum efficiency
    • J. de Mello, F. Wittmann, R.H. Friend, An improved experimental determination of external photoluminescence quantum efficiency, Adv. Mater. 9 (1997) 230.
    • (1997) Adv. Mater. , vol.9 , pp. 230
    • De Mello, J.1    Wittmann, F.2    Friend, R.H.3
  • 63
    • 0001218871 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Device degradation of polymer light emitting diodes studied by electroabsorption measurements
    • C. Giebeler, S.A. Whitelegg, D.G. Lidzey, P.A. Lane, D.D.C. Bradley, Device degradation of polymer light emitting diodes studied by electroabsorption measurements, Appl. Phys. Lett. 75 (1999) 2144.
    • (1999) Appl. Phys. Lett. , vol.75 , pp. 2144
    • Giebeler, C.1    Whitelegg, S.A.2    Lidzey, D.G.3    Lane, P.A.4    Bradley, D.D.C.5
  • 64
    • 0001082423 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thermally activated injection limited conduction in single layer N,N′-diphenyl-N,N′-bis (3-methylphenyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4,4′-diamine light emitting diodes
    • A.J. Campbell, D.D.C. Bradley, J. Laubender, M. Sokolowski, Thermally activated injection limited conduction in single layer N,N′-diphenyl-N,N′-bis (3-methylphenyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4,4′-diamine light emitting diodes, J. Appl. Phys. 86 (1999) 5004.
    • (1999) J. Appl. Phys. , vol.86 , pp. 5004
    • Campbell, A.J.1    Bradley, D.D.C.2    Laubender, J.3    Sokolowski, M.4
  • 65
    • 0347406408 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The influence of deep traps on transient current-voltage characteristics of organic light-emitting diodes
    • submitted
    • P.H. Nguyen, S. Scheinert, S. Berleb, W. Brütting, G. Paasch, The influence of deep traps on transient current-voltage characteristics of organic light-emitting diodes, Org. Electron., submitted.
    • Org. Electron.
    • Nguyen, P.H.1    Scheinert, S.2    Berleb, S.3    Brütting, W.4    Paasch, G.5
  • 66
    • 0033322993 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transient studies of deep traps in electroluminescent polymers
    • A.J. Campbell, D.D.C. Bradley, Transient studies of deep traps in electroluminescent polymers, Proc. SPIE 3797 (1999) 326.
    • (1999) Proc. SPIE , vol.3797 , pp. 326
    • Campbell, A.J.1    Bradley, D.D.C.2
  • 68
    • 0031381803 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Electronic and chemical structure of conjugated polymer surfaces and interfaces: Applications in polymer-based light-emitting devices
    • T. Kugler, A. Johansson, I. Dalsegg, U. Gelius, W.R. Salaneck, Electronic and chemical structure of conjugated polymer surfaces and interfaces: applications in polymer-based light-emitting devices, Synth. Met. 91 (1997) 143.
    • (1997) Synth. Met. , vol.91 , pp. 143
    • Kugler, T.1    Johansson, A.2    Dalsegg, I.3    Gelius, U.4    Salaneck, W.R.5
  • 69
    • 0000552120 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Work function of ITO transparent conductor measured by photoelectron spectroscopy
    • Y. Park, V. Choong, Y. Gao, B.R. Hsieh, C.W. Tang, Work function of ITO transparent conductor measured by photoelectron spectroscopy, Appl. Phys. Lett. 68 (1996) 2699.
    • (1996) Appl. Phys. Lett. , vol.68 , pp. 2699
    • Park, Y.1    Choong, V.2    Gao, Y.3    Hsieh, B.R.4    Tang, C.W.5
  • 70
    • 0032108726 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Polymer-based light-emitting devices: Investigations on the role of the indium-tin oxide (ITO) electrode
    • T. Osada, T. Kugler, P. Bröms, W.R. Salaneck, Polymer-based light-emitting devices: investigations on the role of the indium-tin oxide (ITO) electrode, Synth. Met. 96 (1998) 77.
    • (1998) Synth. Met. , vol.96 , pp. 77
    • Osada, T.1    Kugler, T.2    Bröms, P.3    Salaneck, W.R.4
  • 71
    • 0032134617 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Photovoltaic measurement of the built-in potential in organic light emitting diodes and photodiodes
    • G.G. Malliaras, J.R. Salem, P.J. Brock, J.C. Scott, Photovoltaic measurement of the built-in potential in organic light emitting diodes and photodiodes, J. Appl. Phys. 84 (1998) 1583.
    • (1998) J. Appl. Phys. , vol.84 , pp. 1583
    • Malliaras, G.G.1    Salem, J.R.2    Brock, P.J.3    Scott, J.C.4
  • 73
    • 0347406409 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular design for organic light emitting diodes, Speaker's notes
    • unpublished
    • T. Tsutsui, Molecular design for organic light emitting diodes, Speaker's notes, Proc. ICEL-2 Sheffield, 1999 unpublished.
    • (1999) Proc. ICEL-2 Sheffield
    • Tsutsui, T.1
  • 74
    • 0000266435 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Electron drift mobility and electroluminescencet efficiency of tris(8-hydroxyquinolinolato) aluminium
    • B.J. Chen, W.Y. Lai, Z.Q. Gao, C.S. Lee, S.T. Lee, W.A. Gambling, Electron drift mobility and electroluminescencet efficiency of tris(8-hydroxyquinolinolato) aluminium, Appl. Phys. Lett. 75 (1999) 4010.
    • (1999) Appl. Phys. Lett. , vol.75 , pp. 4010
    • Chen, B.J.1    Lai, W.Y.2    Gao, Z.Q.3    Lee, C.S.4    Lee, S.T.5    Gambling, W.A.6
  • 75
    • 0000433484 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of mobility and hole current activation energy in the space charge trap-limited regime in a starburst amine
    • J. Staudigel, M. Stössel, F. Steuber, J. Simmerer, Comparison of mobility and hole current activation energy in the space charge trap-limited regime in a starburst amine, Appl. Phys. Lett. 75 (1999) 217.
    • (1999) Appl. Phys. Lett. , vol.75 , pp. 217
    • Staudigel, J.1    Stössel, M.2    Steuber, F.3    Simmerer, J.4
  • 76
    • 0000974018 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Electrode versus space-charge-limited conduction in organic light-emitting diodes
    • U. Wolf, S. Barth, H. Bässler, Electrode versus space-charge-limited conduction in organic light-emitting diodes, Appl. Phys. Lett. 75 (1999) 2035.
    • (1999) Appl. Phys. Lett. , vol.75 , pp. 2035
    • Wolf, U.1    Barth, S.2    Bässler, H.3
  • 78
    • 0000091844 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 3: Ab initio calculations of its structural and electronic properties in neutral and charged states
    • 3: Ab initio calculations of its structural and electronic properties in neutral and charged states, Chem. Phys. Lett. 294 (1998) 263.
    • (1998) Chem. Phys. Lett. , vol.294 , pp. 263
    • Curioni, A.1    Boero, M.2    Andreoni, W.3
  • 79
    • 0034738049 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Correlation between molecular packing and optical properties in different crystalline polymorphs and amorphous thin films of mer-tris(8-hydroxyquinoline)aluminium(III)
    • M. Brinkmann, G. Gadret, M. Muccini, C. Taliani, N. Masciocchi, A. Sironi, Correlation between molecular packing and optical properties in different crystalline polymorphs and amorphous thin films of mer-tris(8-hydroxyquinoline)aluminium(III), J. Am. Chem. Soc. 122 (2000) 5147.
    • (2000) J. Am. Chem. Soc. , vol.122 , pp. 5147
    • Brinkmann, M.1    Gadret, G.2    Muccini, M.3    Taliani, C.4    Masciocchi, N.5    Sironi, A.6
  • 80
    • 0001160721 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Current injection from a metal to a disordered hopping system. III. Comparison between experiment and Monte Carlo simulation
    • S. Barth, U. Wolf, H. Bässler, P. Müller, H. Riel, H. Vestweber, P.F. Seidler, W. Rieß, Current injection from a metal to a disordered hopping system. III. Comparison between experiment and Monte Carlo simulation, Phys. Rev. B 60 (1999) 8791.
    • (1999) Phys. Rev. B , vol.60 , pp. 8791
    • Barth, S.1    Wolf, U.2    Bässler, H.3    Müller, P.4    Riel, H.5    Vestweber, H.6    Seidler, P.F.7    Rieß, W.8
  • 83
    • 0037720477 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Temperature dependent device characteristics of organic light emitting devices
    • S. Berleb, A.G. Mückl, W. Brütting, M. Schwoerer, Temperature dependent device characteristics of organic light emitting devices, Synth. Met. 111, 112 (2000) 341.
    • (2000) Synth. Met. , vol.111-112 , pp. 341
    • Berleb, S.1    Mückl, A.G.2    Brütting, W.3    Schwoerer, M.4
  • 84
  • 86
    • 0346643992 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Current injection from a metal to a disordered hopping system. II. Comparison between analytic theory and simulation
    • V.I. Arkhipov, U. Wolf, H. Bässler, Current injection from a metal to a disordered hopping system. II. Comparison between analytic theory and simulation, Phys. Rev. B 59 (1999) 7514.
    • (1999) Phys. Rev. B , vol.59 , pp. 7514
    • Arkhipov, V.I.1    Wolf, U.2    Bässler, H.3
  • 87
    • 0001234093 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Schottky energy barriers and charge injection in metal/Alq/metal structures
    • I.H. Campbell, D.L. Smith, Schottky energy barriers and charge injection in metal/Alq/metal structures, Appl. Phys. Lett. 74 (1999) 561.
    • (1999) Appl. Phys. Lett. , vol.74 , pp. 561
    • Campbell, I.H.1    Smith, D.L.2
  • 89
    • 0015490318 scopus 로고
    • Drift mobilities in amorphous charge-transfer complexes of trinitrofluorenone and poly-n-vinylcarbazole
    • W.D. Gill, Drift mobilities in amorphous charge-transfer complexes of trinitrofluorenone and poly-n-vinylcarbazole, J. Appl. Phys. 55 (12) (1972) 5033.
    • (1972) J. Appl. Phys. , vol.55 , Issue.12 , pp. 5033
    • Gill, W.D.1
  • 91
    • 0343724589 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Space-charge limited conduction with a field and temperature dependent mobility in Alq light-emitting devices
    • W. Brütting, S. Berleb, A.G. Mückl, Space-charge limited conduction with a field and temperature dependent mobility in Alq light-emitting devices, Synth. Met. 122 (2001) 99.
    • (2001) Synth. Met. , vol.122 , pp. 99
    • Brütting, W.1    Berleb, S.2    Mückl, A.G.3
  • 93
    • 0032516991 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trap states of tris-8-(hydroxyquinoline) aluminum and naphthyl-substituted benzidine derivative using thermally stimulated luminescence
    • E.W. Forsythe, D.C. Morton, C.W. Tang, Y. Gao, Trap states of tris-8-(hydroxyquinoline) aluminum and naphthyl-substituted benzidine derivative using thermally stimulated luminescence, Appl. Phys. Lett. 73 (1998) 1457.
    • (1998) Appl. Phys. Lett. , vol.73 , pp. 1457
    • Forsythe, E.W.1    Morton, D.C.2    Tang, C.W.3    Gao, Y.4
  • 95
    • 0033561585 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficient screening of electron transport material in multi-layer organic light emitting diodes by combinatorial methods
    • C. Schmitz, P. Pösch, M. Thelakkat, H.-W. Schmidt, Efficient screening of electron transport material in multi-layer organic light emitting diodes by combinatorial methods, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 1 (1999) 1777.
    • (1999) Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. , vol.1 , pp. 1777
    • Schmitz, C.1    Pösch, P.2    Thelakkat, M.3    Schmidt, H.-W.4
  • 96
    • 0001867174 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Progress in electroluminescent devices using molecular thin films
    • T. Tsutsui, Progress in electroluminescent devices using molecular thin films, MRS Bulletin 22 (6) (1997) 39.
    • (1997) MRS Bulletin , vol.22 , Issue.6 , pp. 39
    • Tsutsui, T.1
  • 97
    • 0028446493 scopus 로고
    • Angular dependence of the emission from a conjugated LED: Implications for efficiency calculations
    • N.C. Greenham, R.H. Friend, D.D.C. Bradley, Angular dependence of the emission from a conjugated LED: implications for efficiency calculations, Adv. Mat. 6 (1994) 491.
    • (1994) Adv. Mat. , vol.6 , pp. 491
    • Greenham, N.C.1    Friend, R.H.2    Bradley, D.D.C.3
  • 98
    • 0343650358 scopus 로고
    • Hole transport in solid solutions of a diamine in polycarbonate
    • M. Stolka, J.F. Yanus, D.M. Pai, Hole transport in solid solutions of a diamine in polycarbonate, J. Phys. Chem. 88 (1984) 4707.
    • (1984) J. Phys. Chem. , vol.88 , pp. 4707
    • Stolka, M.1    Yanus, J.F.2    Pai, D.M.3
  • 99
    • 0031332003 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Measurement of electron/hole mobility in organic/polymeric thin films using modified time-of-flight apparatus
    • B. Chen, S. Liu, Measurement of electron/hole mobility in organic/polymeric thin films using modified time-of-flight apparatus, Synth. Met. 91 (1997) 169.
    • (1997) Synth. Met. , vol.91 , pp. 169
    • Chen, B.1    Liu, S.2
  • 103
    • 0028539698 scopus 로고
    • Transient electroluminescence in poly(p-phenylenevinylene) light-emitting diodes
    • S. Karg, V. Dyakonov, M. Meier, W. Rieß, G. Paasch, Transient electroluminescence in poly(p-phenylenevinylene) light-emitting diodes, Synth. Met. 67 (1994) 165.
    • (1994) Synth. Met. , vol.67 , pp. 165
    • Karg, S.1    Dyakonov, V.2    Meier, M.3    Rieß, W.4    Paasch, G.5
  • 105
    • 0000862975 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transient electroluminescence of polymer light emitting diodes using electrical pulses
    • D.J. Pinner, R.H. Friend, N. Tessler, Transient electroluminescence of polymer light emitting diodes using electrical pulses, J. Appl. Phys. 86 (1999) 5116.
    • (1999) J. Appl. Phys. , vol.86 , pp. 5116
    • Pinner, D.J.1    Friend, R.H.2    Tessler, N.3
  • 106
    • 49349139455 scopus 로고
    • Energy transfer across an anthracene-gold interface
    • H. Kurczewska, H. Bässler, Energy transfer across an anthracene-gold interface, J. Lumin. 15 (1977) 261.
    • (1977) J. Lumin. , vol.15 , pp. 261
    • Kurczewska, H.1    Bässler, H.2
  • 107
    • 0031246826 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Direct determination of the emission zone in a polymer light-emitting diode
    • J. Grüner, M. Remmers, D. Neher, Direct determination of the emission zone in a polymer light-emitting diode, Adv. Mater. 9 (1997) 964.
    • (1997) Adv. Mater. , vol.9 , pp. 964
    • Grüner, J.1    Remmers, M.2    Neher, D.3
  • 108
    • 0000997624 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of metal films on the photoluminescence and electroluminescence of conjugated polymers
    • H. Becker, S.E. Burns, R.H. Friend, Effect of metal films on the photoluminescence and electroluminescence of conjugated polymers, Phys. Rev. B 56 (1997) 1893.
    • (1997) Phys. Rev. B , vol.56 , pp. 1893
    • Becker, H.1    Burns, S.E.2    Friend, R.H.3
  • 109
    • 0001118258 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rise time of electroluminescence from bilayer light emitting diodes
    • V.R. Nikitenko, Y.-H. Tak, H. Bässler, Rise time of electroluminescence from bilayer light emitting diodes, J. Appl. Phys. 84 (1998) 2334.
    • (1998) J. Appl. Phys. , vol.84 , pp. 2334
    • Nikitenko, V.R.1    Tak, Y.-H.2    Bässler, H.3
  • 110
    • 0000092993 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of trapped and interfacial charges in organic multi-layer light-emitting devices
    • W. Brütting, H. Riel, T. Beierlein, W. Rieß, Influence of trapped and interfacial charges in organic multi-layer light-emitting devices, J. Appl. Phys. 89 (2001) 1704.
    • (2001) J. Appl. Phys. , vol.89 , pp. 1704
    • Brütting, W.1    Riel, H.2    Beierlein, T.3    Rieß, W.4
  • 111
    • 0005404036 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transient behaviour of organic electroluminescent cells
    • R.H. Mauch, H.-E. Gumlich (Eds.) Wissenschaft, Berlin
    • H. Nakamura, C. Hosokawa, T. Kusumoto, Transient behaviour of organic electroluminescent cells, in: R.H. Mauch, H.-E. Gumlich (Eds.), Inorganic and Organic Electroluminescence, Wissenschaft, Berlin, 1996.
    • (1996) Inorganic and Organic Electroluminescence
    • Nakamura, H.1    Hosokawa, C.2    Kusumoto, T.3
  • 112
    • 84987058072 scopus 로고
    • Charge transport in disordered organic photoconductors
    • H. Bässler, Charge transport in disordered organic photoconductors, Phys. Stat. Sol. (b) 175 (1993) 15.
    • (1993) Phys. Stat. Sol. (B) , vol.175 , pp. 15
    • Bässler, H.1
  • 113
    • 6144252670 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Charge-dipole model for the universal field dependence of mobilities in molecularly doped polymers
    • D.H. Dunlap, P.E. Parris, V.M. Kenkre, Charge-dipole model for the universal field dependence of mobilities in molecularly doped polymers, Phys. Rev. Lett. 77 (1996) 542.
    • (1996) Phys. Rev. Lett. , vol.77 , pp. 542
    • Dunlap, D.H.1    Parris, P.E.2    Kenkre, V.M.3
  • 114
    • 0001100208 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Essential role of correlations in governing charge transport in disordered organic materials
    • S.V. Novikov, D.H. Dunlap, V.M. Kenkre, P.E. Parris, A.V. Vannikov, Essential role of correlations in governing charge transport in disordered organic materials, Phys. Rev. Lett. 81 (1998) 4472.
    • (1998) Phys. Rev. Lett. , vol.81 , pp. 4472
    • Novikov, S.V.1    Dunlap, D.H.2    Kenkre, V.M.3    Parris, P.E.4    Vannikov, A.V.5
  • 117
    • 0000408607 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Electric-field and temperature dependence of the hole mobility in poly(p-phenylene) vinylene
    • P.W.M. Blom, M.J.M. de Jong, M.G. van Munster, Electric-field and temperature dependence of the hole mobility in poly(p-phenylene) vinylene, Phys. Rev. B 55 (1997) 656.
    • (1997) Phys. Rev. B , vol.55 , pp. 656
    • Blom, P.W.M.1    De Jong, M.J.M.2    Van Munster, M.G.3
  • 118
    • 1442301246 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dispersive hole transport in poly(p-phenylene vinylene)
    • P.W.M. Blom, M.C.J.M. Vissenberg, Dispersive hole transport in poly(p-phenylene vinylene), Phys. Rev. Lett. 80 (1998) 3819.
    • (1998) Phys. Rev. Lett. , vol.80 , pp. 3819
    • Blom, P.W.M.1    Vissenberg, M.C.J.M.2
  • 119
    • 0032302038 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Charge transport in amorphous molecular materials
    • Y. Shirota, S. Nomura, H. Kageyama, Charge transport in amorphous molecular materials, Proc. SPIE 3476 (1999) 132.
    • (1999) Proc. SPIE , vol.3476 , pp. 132
    • Shirota, Y.1    Nomura, S.2    Kageyama, H.3
  • 120
    • 0000089305 scopus 로고
    • Polymer semiconductor contacts and photovoltaic applications
    • T.A. Skotheim (Ed.) Marcel Dekker, New York
    • J. Kanicki, Polymer semiconductor contacts and photovoltaic applications, in: T.A. Skotheim (Ed.), Handbook of Conducting Polymers Vol. 1, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1986.
    • (1986) Handbook of Conducting Polymers , vol.1
    • Kanicki, J.1
  • 121
    • 0029544683 scopus 로고
    • Electrical characterization of the rectifying contact between aluminium and electrode-posited poly(3-methylthiophene)
    • D.M. Taylor, H.L. Gomes, Electrical characterization of the rectifying contact between aluminium and electrode-posited poly(3-methylthiophene), J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 28 (1995) 2554.
    • (1995) J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. , vol.28 , pp. 2554
    • Taylor, D.M.1    Gomes, H.L.2
  • 122
    • 0002588084 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transient capacitance measurements of the transport and trap states distributions in a conjugated polymer
    • A.J. Campbell, D.D.C. Bradley, E. Werner, W. Brütting, Transient capacitance measurements of the transport and trap states distributions in a conjugated polymer, Org. Electron. 1 (2000) 21.
    • (2000) Org. Electron. , vol.1 , pp. 21
    • Campbell, A.J.1    Bradley, D.D.C.2    Werner, E.3    Brütting, W.4
  • 123
    • 0032621636 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Accumulation of positive charges in organic light-emitting diodes with a double-layer structure
    • M. Matsumura, A. Ito, Y. Miyamae, Accumulation of positive charges in organic light-emitting diodes with a double-layer structure, Appl. Phys. Lett. 75 (1999) 1042.
    • (1999) Appl. Phys. Lett. , vol.75 , pp. 1042
    • Matsumura, M.1    Ito, A.2    Miyamae, Y.3
  • 124
    • 0001082421 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Electroabsorption spectroscopy on tris(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum-based light emitting diodes
    • F. Rohlfing, T. Yamada, T. Tsutsui, Electroabsorption spectroscopy on tris(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum-based light emitting diodes, J. Appl. Phys. 86 (1999) 4978.
    • (1999) J. Appl. Phys. , vol.86 , pp. 4978
    • Rohlfing, F.1    Yamada, T.2    Tsutsui, T.3
  • 125
    • 4243772365 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transient electroluminescence measurements on organic heterolayer light emitting diodes
    • A.G. Mückl, S. Berleb, W. Brütting, M. Schwoerer, Transient electroluminescence measurements on organic heterolayer light emitting diodes, Synth. Met. 111-112 (2000) 91.
    • (2000) Synth. Met. , vol.111-112 , pp. 91
    • Mückl, A.G.1    Berleb, S.2    Brütting, W.3    Schwoerer, M.4


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.