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It is interesting to note that we have observed a systematic decrease in photovoltage by about 0.5 V in all four devices, when the silver electrode was deposited at a low rate (typically 0.1 Å/s). Similar observations with gold electrodes have already been discussed in the literature [cf. M. Abkowitz, J. S. Facci, and J. Rehm, J. Appl. Phys. 83, 2670 (1998)]. The photovoltage in this case was 0.48, 0.49, 0.38, and -0.10 V for ITO plasma, ITO acid, ITO water, and ITO base, respectively. The photovoltage differences are very similar to the previous devices using a deposition rate of 1 Å/s for the silver electrode (see Table I).
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