Dynamic Chirality: Keen selection in the face of stereochemical diversity in mechanically bonded compounds

Chemistry - A European Journal

Volumn 9, Issue 2, 2003, Pages 543-556

  Tseng, Hsian Rong ^a   Vignon, Scott A ^a   Celestre, Paul C ^a   Stoddart, J Fraser ^a   White, Andrew J P ^a   Williams, David J ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b IMPERIAL COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Chirality; NMR spectroscopy; Stereochemistry; Structure elucidation; Supramolecular chemistry

Indexed keywords

AROMATIC COMPOUNDS; CHEMICAL BONDS; DIMERS; ISOMERS; MIXTURES; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY; SYNTHESIS (CHEMICAL); X RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHY;

ROCKING PROCESSES;

STEREOCHEMISTRY;

CATENANE; CROWN ETHER DERIVATIVE; CYCLOPHANE DERIVATIVE; PARAQUAT; PICOLINE DERIVATIVE;

ARTICLE; CHEMICAL BOND; CHIRALITY; CONFORMATIONAL TRANSITION; CRYSTALLIZATION; DIASTEREOISOMER; ENANTIOMER; ENERGY; MOLECULAR DYNAMICS; PROTON NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE; STEREOCHEMISTRY; SYNTHESIS; X RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHY;

EID: 0037455369     PISSN: 09476539     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/chem.200390057     Document Type: Article

References (105)

1. J. F. Stoddart, H.-R. Tseng, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2002, 99,4797-4800.
2. For books and monographs on the template-directed syntheses of catenanes and rotaxanes, see: a) Temptated Organic Synthesis (Eds.: F. Diederich, P. J. Stang), Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 1999; b) Molecular Catenanes, Rotaxanes and Knots (Eds.: J.-P. Sauvage, C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker), Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 1999; c) "Self- Assembly in Supramolecular Systems": L. F. Lindoy, I. M. Atkinson. in Monographs in Supramolecular Chemistry (Ed.: J.F. Stoddart), Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge. 2000: for reviews on the template-directed syntheses of catenanes, see: d) D. Philp, J. F. Stoddart, Synlett 1991, 445-458; e) J.-C. Chambron, C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker, J.-P. Sauvage, Top. Curr. Chem. 1993, 165, 131-162; f) H. W. Gibson, H. Maraud, Adv. Mater. 1993, 5, 11-21; g) D. B. Amabilino, J. F. Stoddart, Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 2725-2828; h) D. Philp, J. F. Stoddart, Angew. Chem. 1996, 108, 1242-1286; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1996, 35, 1154-1196; i) M. Fujita, K. Ogura, Coord. Chem. Rev. 1996, 148, 249-264; j) R. Jäger, F Vögtle, Angew. Chem. 1997, 109, 966-980; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 930-944; k) G. A. Breault, C. A. Hunter, P. C. Mayers, Tetrahedron 1999, 55, 5265-5293; l) T. J. Hubin, D. H. Busch, Coord. Chem. Rev. 2000, 200-202, 5-52; m) L. Raehm, D. G. Hamilton, J. K. M. Sanders, Synlett 2002, 1743-1761.
3. For books and monographs on the template-directed syntheses of catenanes and rotaxanes, see: a) Temptated Organic Synthesis (Eds.: F. Diederich, P. J. Stang), Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 1999; b) Molecular Catenanes, Rotaxanes and Knots (Eds.: J.-P. Sauvage, C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker), Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 1999; c) "Self- Assembly in Supramolecular Systems": L. F. Lindoy, I. M. Atkinson. in Monographs in Supramolecular Chemistry (Ed.: J.F. Stoddart), Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge. 2000: for reviews on the template-directed syntheses of catenanes, see: d) D. Philp, J. F. Stoddart, Synlett 1991, 445-458; e) J.-C. Chambron, C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker, J.-P. Sauvage, Top. Curr. Chem. 1993, 165, 131-162; f) H. W. Gibson, H. Maraud, Adv. Mater. 1993, 5, 11-21; g) D. B. Amabilino, J. F. Stoddart, Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 2725-2828; h) D. Philp, J. F. Stoddart, Angew. Chem. 1996, 108, 1242-1286; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1996, 35, 1154-1196; i) M. Fujita, K. Ogura, Coord. Chem. Rev. 1996, 148, 249-264; j) R. Jäger, F Vögtle, Angew. Chem. 1997, 109, 966-980; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 930-944; k) G. A. Breault, C. A. Hunter, P. C. Mayers, Tetrahedron 1999, 55, 5265-5293; l) T. J. Hubin, D. H. Busch, Coord. Chem. Rev. 2000, 200-202, 5-52; m) L. Raehm, D. G. Hamilton, J. K. M. Sanders, Synlett 2002, 1743-1761.
4. For books and monographs on the template-directed syntheses of catenanes and rotaxanes, see: a) Temptated Organic Synthesis (Eds.: F. Diederich, P. J. Stang), Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 1999; b) Molecular Catenanes, Rotaxanes and Knots (Eds.: J.-P. Sauvage, C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker), Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 1999; c) "Self- Assembly in Supramolecular Systems": L. F. Lindoy, I. M. Atkinson. in Monographs in Supramolecular Chemistry (Ed.: J.F. Stoddart), Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge. 2000: for reviews on the template-directed syntheses of catenanes, see: d) D. Philp, J. F. Stoddart, Synlett 1991, 445-458; e) J.-C. Chambron, C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker, J.-P. Sauvage, Top. Curr. Chem. 1993, 165, 131-162; f) H. W. Gibson, H. Maraud, Adv. Mater. 1993, 5, 11-21; g) D. B. Amabilino, J. F. Stoddart, Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 2725-2828; h) D. Philp, J. F. Stoddart, Angew. Chem. 1996, 108, 1242-1286; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1996, 35, 1154-1196; i) M. Fujita, K. Ogura, Coord. Chem. Rev. 1996, 148, 249-264; j) R. Jäger, F Vögtle, Angew. Chem. 1997, 109, 966-980; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 930-944; k) G. A. Breault, C. A. Hunter, P. C. Mayers, Tetrahedron 1999, 55, 5265-5293; l) T. J. Hubin, D. H. Busch, Coord. Chem. Rev. 2000, 200-202, 5-52; m) L. Raehm, D. G. Hamilton, J. K. M. Sanders, Synlett 2002, 1743-1761.
5. For books and monographs on the template-directed syntheses of catenanes and rotaxanes, see: a) Temptated Organic Synthesis (Eds.: F. Diederich, P. J. Stang), Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 1999; b) Molecular Catenanes, Rotaxanes and Knots (Eds.: J.-P. Sauvage, C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker), Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 1999; c) "Self- Assembly in Supramolecular Systems": L. F. Lindoy, I. M. Atkinson. in Monographs in Supramolecular Chemistry (Ed.: J.F. Stoddart), Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge. 2000: for reviews on the template-directed syntheses of catenanes, see: d) D. Philp, J. F. Stoddart, Synlett 1991, 445-458; e) J.-C. Chambron, C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker, J.-P. Sauvage, Top. Curr. Chem. 1993, 165, 131-162; f) H. W. Gibson, H. Maraud, Adv. Mater. 1993, 5, 11-21; g) D. B. Amabilino, J. F. Stoddart, Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 2725-2828; h) D. Philp, J. F. Stoddart, Angew. Chem. 1996, 108, 1242-1286; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1996, 35, 1154-1196; i) M. Fujita, K. Ogura, Coord. Chem. Rev. 1996, 148, 249-264; j) R. Jäger, F Vögtle, Angew. Chem. 1997, 109, 966-980; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 930-944; k) G. A. Breault, C. A. Hunter, P. C. Mayers, Tetrahedron 1999, 55, 5265-5293; l) T. J. Hubin, D. H. Busch, Coord. Chem. Rev. 2000, 200-202, 5-52; m) L. Raehm, D. G. Hamilton, J. K. M. Sanders, Synlett 2002, 1743-1761.
6. For books and monographs on the template-directed syntheses of catenanes and rotaxanes, see: a) Temptated Organic Synthesis (Eds.: F. Diederich, P. J. Stang), Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 1999; b) Molecular Catenanes, Rotaxanes and Knots (Eds.: J.-P. Sauvage, C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker), Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 1999; c) "Self- Assembly in Supramolecular Systems": L. F. Lindoy, I. M. Atkinson. in Monographs in Supramolecular Chemistry (Ed.: J.F. Stoddart), Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge. 2000: for reviews on the template-directed syntheses of catenanes, see: d) D. Philp, J. F. Stoddart, Synlett 1991, 445-458; e) J.-C. Chambron, C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker, J.-P. Sauvage, Top. Curr. Chem. 1993, 165, 131-162; f) H. W. Gibson, H. Maraud, Adv. Mater. 1993, 5, 11-21; g) D. B. Amabilino, J. F. Stoddart, Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 2725-2828; h) D. Philp, J. F. Stoddart, Angew. Chem. 1996, 108, 1242-1286; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1996, 35, 1154-1196; i) M. Fujita, K. Ogura, Coord. Chem. Rev. 1996, 148, 249-264; j) R. Jäger, F Vögtle, Angew. Chem. 1997, 109, 966-980; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 930-944; k) G. A. Breault, C. A. Hunter, P. C. Mayers, Tetrahedron 1999, 55, 5265-5293; l) T. J. Hubin, D. H. Busch, Coord. Chem. Rev. 2000, 200-202, 5-52; m) L. Raehm, D. G. Hamilton, J. K. M. Sanders, Synlett 2002, 1743-1761.
7. For books and monographs on the template-directed syntheses of catenanes and rotaxanes, see: a) Temptated Organic Synthesis (Eds.: F. Diederich, P. J. Stang), Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 1999; b) Molecular Catenanes, Rotaxanes and Knots (Eds.: J.-P. Sauvage, C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker), Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 1999; c) "Self- Assembly in Supramolecular Systems": L. F. Lindoy, I. M. Atkinson. in Monographs in Supramolecular Chemistry (Ed.: J.F. Stoddart), Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge. 2000: for reviews on the template-directed syntheses of catenanes, see: d) D. Philp, J. F. Stoddart, Synlett 1991, 445-458; e) J.-C. Chambron, C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker, J.-P. Sauvage, Top. Curr. Chem. 1993, 165, 131-162; f) H. W. Gibson, H. Maraud, Adv. Mater. 1993, 5, 11-21; g) D. B. Amabilino, J. F. Stoddart, Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 2725-2828; h) D. Philp, J. F. Stoddart, Angew. Chem. 1996, 108, 1242-1286; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1996, 35, 1154-1196; i) M. Fujita, K. Ogura, Coord. Chem. Rev. 1996, 148, 249-264; j) R. Jäger, F Vögtle, Angew. Chem. 1997, 109, 966-980; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 930-944; k) G. A. Breault, C. A. Hunter, P. C. Mayers, Tetrahedron 1999, 55, 5265-5293; l) T. J. Hubin, D. H. Busch, Coord. Chem. Rev. 2000, 200-202, 5-52; m) L. Raehm, D. G. Hamilton, J. K. M. Sanders, Synlett 2002, 1743-1761.
8. For books and monographs on the template-directed syntheses of catenanes and rotaxanes, see: a) Temptated Organic Synthesis (Eds.: F. Diederich, P. J. Stang), Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 1999; b) Molecular Catenanes, Rotaxanes and Knots (Eds.: J.-P. Sauvage, C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker), Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 1999; c) "Self- Assembly in Supramolecular Systems": L. F. Lindoy, I. M. Atkinson. in Monographs in Supramolecular Chemistry (Ed.: J.F. Stoddart), Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge. 2000: for reviews on the template-directed syntheses of catenanes, see: d) D. Philp, J. F. Stoddart, Synlett 1991, 445-458; e) J.-C. Chambron, C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker, J.-P. Sauvage, Top. Curr. Chem. 1993, 165, 131-162; f) H. W. Gibson, H. Maraud, Adv. Mater. 1993, 5, 11-21; g) D. B. Amabilino, J. F. Stoddart, Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 2725-2828; h) D. Philp, J. F. Stoddart, Angew. Chem. 1996, 108, 1242-1286; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1996, 35, 1154-1196; i) M. Fujita, K. Ogura, Coord. Chem. Rev. 1996, 148, 249-264; j) R. Jäger, F Vögtle, Angew. Chem. 1997, 109, 966-980; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 930-944; k) G. A. Breault, C. A. Hunter, P. C. Mayers, Tetrahedron 1999, 55, 5265-5293; l) T. J. Hubin, D. H. Busch, Coord. Chem. Rev. 2000, 200-202, 5-52; m) L. Raehm, D. G. Hamilton, J. K. M. Sanders, Synlett 2002, 1743-1761.
9. For books and monographs on the template-directed syntheses of catenanes and rotaxanes, see: a) Temptated Organic Synthesis (Eds.: F. Diederich, P. J. Stang), Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 1999; b) Molecular Catenanes, Rotaxanes and Knots (Eds.: J.-P. Sauvage, C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker), Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 1999; c) "Self- Assembly in Supramolecular Systems": L. F. Lindoy, I. M. Atkinson. in Monographs in Supramolecular Chemistry (Ed.: J.F. Stoddart), Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge. 2000: for reviews on the template-directed syntheses of catenanes, see: d) D. Philp, J. F. Stoddart, Synlett 1991, 445-458; e) J.-C. Chambron, C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker, J.-P. Sauvage, Top. Curr. Chem. 1993, 165, 131-162; f) H. W. Gibson, H. Maraud, Adv. Mater. 1993, 5, 11-21; g) D. B. Amabilino, J. F. Stoddart, Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 2725-2828; h) D. Philp, J. F. Stoddart, Angew. Chem. 1996, 108, 1242-1286; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1996, 35, 1154-1196; i) M. Fujita, K. Ogura, Coord. Chem. Rev. 1996, 148, 249-264; j) R. Jäger, F Vögtle, Angew. Chem. 1997, 109, 966-980; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 930-944; k) G. A. Breault, C. A. Hunter, P. C. Mayers, Tetrahedron 1999, 55, 5265-5293; l) T. J. Hubin, D. H. Busch, Coord. Chem. Rev. 2000, 200-202, 5-52; m) L. Raehm, D. G. Hamilton, J. K. M. Sanders, Synlett 2002, 1743-1761.
10. For books and monographs on the template-directed syntheses of catenanes and rotaxanes, see: a) Temptated Organic Synthesis (Eds.: F. Diederich, P. J. Stang), Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 1999; b) Molecular Catenanes, Rotaxanes and Knots (Eds.: J.-P. Sauvage, C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker), Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 1999; c) "Self- Assembly in Supramolecular Systems": L. F. Lindoy, I. M. Atkinson. in Monographs in Supramolecular Chemistry (Ed.: J.F. Stoddart), Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge. 2000: for reviews on the template-directed syntheses of catenanes, see: d) D. Philp, J. F. Stoddart, Synlett 1991, 445-458; e) J.-C. Chambron, C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker, J.-P. Sauvage, Top. Curr. Chem. 1993, 165, 131-162; f) H. W. Gibson, H. Maraud, Adv. Mater. 1993, 5, 11-21; g) D. B. Amabilino, J. F. Stoddart, Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 2725-2828; h) D. Philp, J. F. Stoddart, Angew. Chem. 1996, 108, 1242-1286; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1996, 35, 1154-1196; i) M. Fujita, K. Ogura, Coord. Chem. Rev. 1996, 148, 249-264; j) R. Jäger, F Vögtle, Angew. Chem. 1997, 109, 966-980; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 930-944; k) G. A. Breault, C. A. Hunter, P. C. Mayers, Tetrahedron 1999, 55, 5265-5293; l) T. J. Hubin, D. H. Busch, Coord. Chem. Rev. 2000, 200-202, 5-52; m) L. Raehm, D. G. Hamilton, J. K. M. Sanders, Synlett 2002, 1743-1761.
11. For books and monographs on the template-directed syntheses of catenanes and rotaxanes, see: a) Temptated Organic Synthesis (Eds.: F. Diederich, P. J. Stang), Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 1999; b) Molecular Catenanes, Rotaxanes and Knots (Eds.: J.-P. Sauvage, C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker), Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 1999; c) "Self- Assembly in Supramolecular Systems": L. F. Lindoy, I. M. Atkinson. in Monographs in Supramolecular Chemistry (Ed.: J.F. Stoddart), Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge. 2000: for reviews on the template-directed syntheses of catenanes, see: d) D. Philp, J. F. Stoddart, Synlett 1991, 445-458; e) J.-C. Chambron, C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker, J.-P. Sauvage, Top. Curr. Chem. 1993, 165, 131-162; f) H. W. Gibson, H. Maraud, Adv. Mater. 1993, 5, 11-21; g) D. B. Amabilino, J. F. Stoddart, Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 2725-2828; h) D. Philp, J. F. Stoddart, Angew. Chem. 1996, 108, 1242-1286; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1996, 35, 1154-1196; i) M. Fujita, K. Ogura, Coord. Chem. Rev. 1996, 148, 249-264; j) R. Jäger, F Vögtle, Angew. Chem. 1997, 109, 966-980; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 930-944; k) G. A. Breault, C. A. Hunter, P. C. Mayers, Tetrahedron 1999, 55, 5265-5293; l) T. J. Hubin, D. H. Busch, Coord. Chem. Rev. 2000, 200-202, 5-52; m) L. Raehm, D. G. Hamilton, J. K. M. Sanders, Synlett 2002, 1743-1761.
12. For books and monographs on the template-directed syntheses of catenanes and rotaxanes, see: a) Temptated Organic Synthesis (Eds.: F. Diederich, P. J. Stang), Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 1999; b) Molecular Catenanes, Rotaxanes and Knots (Eds.: J.-P. Sauvage, C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker), Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 1999; c) "Self- Assembly in Supramolecular Systems": L. F. Lindoy, I. M. Atkinson. in Monographs in Supramolecular Chemistry (Ed.: J.F. Stoddart), Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge. 2000: for reviews on the template-directed syntheses of catenanes, see: d) D. Philp, J. F. Stoddart, Synlett 1991, 445-458; e) J.-C. Chambron, C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker, J.-P. Sauvage, Top. Curr. Chem. 1993, 165, 131-162; f) H. W. Gibson, H. Maraud, Adv. Mater. 1993, 5, 11-21; g) D. B. Amabilino, J. F. Stoddart, Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 2725-2828; h) D. Philp, J. F. Stoddart, Angew. Chem. 1996, 108, 1242-1286; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1996, 35, 1154-1196; i) M. Fujita, K. Ogura, Coord. Chem. Rev. 1996, 148, 249-264; j) R. Jäger, F Vögtle, Angew. Chem. 1997, 109, 966-980; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 930-944; k) G. A. Breault, C. A. Hunter, P. C. Mayers, Tetrahedron 1999, 55, 5265-5293; l) T. J. Hubin, D. H. Busch, Coord. Chem. Rev. 2000, 200-202, 5-52; m) L. Raehm, D. G. Hamilton, J. K. M. Sanders, Synlett 2002, 1743-1761.
13. For books and monographs on the template-directed syntheses of catenanes and rotaxanes, see: a) Temptated Organic Synthesis (Eds.: F. Diederich, P. J. Stang), Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 1999; b) Molecular Catenanes, Rotaxanes and Knots (Eds.: J.-P. Sauvage, C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker), Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 1999; c) "Self- Assembly in Supramolecular Systems": L. F. Lindoy, I. M. Atkinson. in Monographs in Supramolecular Chemistry (Ed.: J.F. Stoddart), Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge. 2000: for reviews on the template-directed syntheses of catenanes, see: d) D. Philp, J. F. Stoddart, Synlett 1991, 445-458; e) J.-C. Chambron, C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker, J.-P. Sauvage, Top. Curr. Chem. 1993, 165, 131-162; f) H. W. Gibson, H. Maraud, Adv. Mater. 1993, 5, 11-21; g) D. B. Amabilino, J. F. Stoddart, Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 2725-2828; h) D. Philp, J. F. Stoddart, Angew. Chem. 1996, 108, 1242-1286; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1996, 35, 1154-1196; i) M. Fujita, K. Ogura, Coord. Chem. Rev. 1996, 148, 249-264; j) R. Jäger, F Vögtle, Angew. Chem. 1997, 109, 966-980; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 930-944; k) G. A. Breault, C. A. Hunter, P. C. Mayers, Tetrahedron 1999, 55, 5265-5293; l) T. J. Hubin, D. H. Busch, Coord. Chem. Rev. 2000, 200-202, 5-52; m) L. Raehm, D. G. Hamilton, J. K. M. Sanders, Synlett 2002, 1743-1761.
14. For books and monographs on the template-directed syntheses of catenanes and rotaxanes, see: a) Temptated Organic Synthesis (Eds.: F. Diederich, P. J. Stang), Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 1999; b) Molecular Catenanes, Rotaxanes and Knots (Eds.: J.-P. Sauvage, C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker), Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 1999; c) "Self- Assembly in Supramolecular Systems": L. F. Lindoy, I. M. Atkinson. in Monographs in Supramolecular Chemistry (Ed.: J.F. Stoddart), Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge. 2000: for reviews on the template-directed syntheses of catenanes, see: d) D. Philp, J. F. Stoddart, Synlett 1991, 445-458; e) J.-C. Chambron, C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker, J.-P. Sauvage, Top. Curr. Chem. 1993, 165, 131-162; f) H. W. Gibson, H. Maraud, Adv. Mater. 1993, 5, 11-21; g) D. B. Amabilino, J. F. Stoddart, Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 2725-2828; h) D. Philp, J. F. Stoddart, Angew. Chem. 1996, 108, 1242-1286; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1996, 35, 1154-1196; i) M. Fujita, K. Ogura, Coord. Chem. Rev. 1996, 148, 249-264; j) R. Jäger, F Vögtle, Angew. Chem. 1997, 109, 966-980; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 930-944; k) G. A. Breault, C. A. Hunter, P. C. Mayers, Tetrahedron 1999, 55, 5265-5293; l) T. J. Hubin, D. H. Busch, Coord. Chem. Rev. 2000, 200-202, 5-52; m) L. Raehm, D. G. Hamilton, J. K. M. Sanders, Synlett 2002, 1743-1761.
15. For books and monographs on the template-directed syntheses of catenanes and rotaxanes, see: a) Temptated Organic Synthesis (Eds.: F. Diederich, P. J. Stang), Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 1999; b) Molecular Catenanes, Rotaxanes and Knots (Eds.: J.-P. Sauvage, C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker), Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 1999; c) "Self- Assembly in Supramolecular Systems": L. F. Lindoy, I. M. Atkinson. in Monographs in Supramolecular Chemistry (Ed.: J.F. Stoddart), Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge. 2000: for reviews on the template-directed syntheses of catenanes, see: d) D. Philp, J. F. Stoddart, Synlett 1991, 445-458; e) J.-C. Chambron, C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker, J.-P. Sauvage, Top. Curr. Chem. 1993, 165, 131-162; f) H. W. Gibson, H. Maraud, Adv. Mater. 1993, 5, 11-21; g) D. B. Amabilino, J. F. Stoddart, Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 2725-2828; h) D. Philp, J. F. Stoddart, Angew. Chem. 1996, 108, 1242-1286; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1996, 35, 1154-1196; i) M. Fujita, K. Ogura, Coord. Chem. Rev. 1996, 148, 249-264; j) R. Jäger, F Vögtle, Angew. Chem. 1997, 109, 966-980; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 930-944; k) G. A. Breault, C. A. Hunter, P. C. Mayers, Tetrahedron 1999, 55, 5265-5293; l) T. J. Hubin, D. H. Busch, Coord. Chem. Rev. 2000, 200-202, 5-52; m) L. Raehm, D. G. Hamilton, J. K. M. Sanders, Synlett 2002, 1743-1761.
16. For books and monographs on the template-directed syntheses of catenanes and rotaxanes, see: a) Temptated Organic Synthesis (Eds.: F. Diederich, P. J. Stang), Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 1999; b) Molecular Catenanes, Rotaxanes and Knots (Eds.: J.-P. Sauvage, C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker), Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 1999; c) "Self- Assembly in Supramolecular Systems": L. F. Lindoy, I. M. Atkinson. in Monographs in Supramolecular Chemistry (Ed.: J.F. Stoddart), Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge. 2000: for reviews on the template-directed syntheses of catenanes, see: d) D. Philp, J. F. Stoddart, Synlett 1991, 445-458; e) J.-C. Chambron, C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker, J.-P. Sauvage, Top. Curr. Chem. 1993, 165, 131-162; f) H. W. Gibson, H. Maraud, Adv. Mater. 1993, 5, 11-21; g) D. B. Amabilino, J. F. Stoddart, Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 2725-2828; h) D. Philp, J. F. Stoddart, Angew. Chem. 1996, 108, 1242-1286; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1996, 35, 1154-1196; i) M. Fujita, K. Ogura, Coord. Chem. Rev. 1996, 148, 249-264; j) R. Jäger, F Vögtle, Angew. Chem. 1997, 109, 966-980; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 930-944; k) G. A. Breault, C. A. Hunter, P. C. Mayers, Tetrahedron 1999, 55, 5265-5293; l) T. J. Hubin, D. H. Busch, Coord. Chem. Rev. 2000, 200-202, 5-52; m) L. Raehm, D. G. Hamilton, J. K. M. Sanders, Synlett 2002, 1743-1761.
17. D. B. Amabilino, P. R. Ashton, A. S. Reder, N. Spencer, J. F. Stoddart, Angew. Chem. 1994, 106, 1316-1320; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1994, 33, 1286- 1290.
18. D. B. Amabilino, P. R. Ashton, A. S. Reder, N. Spencer, J. F. Stoddart, Angew. Chem. 1994, 106, 1316-1320; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1994, 33, 1286- 1290.4
19. a) D. B. Amabilino, P. R. Ashton, S. E. Boyd, J. Y. Lee, S. Menzer, J. F. Stoddart and D. J. Williams, Angew. Chem. 1997, 109, 2160-2162; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 2070-2072.
20. a) D. B. Amabilino, P. R. Ashton, S. E. Boyd, J. Y. Lee, S. Menzer, J. F. Stoddart and D. J. Williams, Angew. Chem. 1997, 109, 2160-2162; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 2070-2072.
21. b) D. B. Amabilino, P. R. Ashton. V. Balzani. S. E. Boyd, A. Credi, J. Y. Lee, S. Menzer, J. F. Stoddart, M. Venturi. D. J. Williams, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 4295-4307.
22. M. Asakawa, P. R. Ashton, S. Menzer, E M. Raymo, J. F. Stoddart, A. J. P. White, and D. J. Williams, Chem. Eur. J. 1996, 2, 877-893.
23. a) B. Odell, M. V. Reddington, A. M. Z. Slawin, N. Spencer, J. F. Stoddart, D. J. Williams, Angew. Chem. 1988, 100, 1605-1608; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1988, 27, 1547-1550;
24. a) B. Odell, M. V. Reddington, A. M. Z. Slawin, N. Spencer, J. F. Stoddart, D. J. Williams, Angew. Chem. 1988, 100, 1605-1608; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1988, 27, 1547-1550;
25. b) M. Asakawa, W. Dehaen, G. L'abbé, S. Menzer, J. Nouwen. F. M. Raymo, J. F. Stoddart, D. J. Williams, J. Org. Chem. 1996, 61, 9591-9595.
26. For papers and reviews on C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, see: a) G. R. Desiraju, Acc. Chem. Res. 1991, 24, 290-296; b) G. R. Desiraju, Acc. Chem. Res. 1996. 29, 441-449; c) T. Steiner, Chem. Commun. 1996, 727 - 734; d) I. Berger, M. Egli, Chem. Eur. J. 1997, 3, 1400-1404; e) K. N. Houk, S. Menzer, S. P. Newton, F. M. Raymo, J. F. Stoddart, and D. J. Williams, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 721, 1479-1487; f) F. M. Raymo, M. D. Bartberger, K. N. Houk, J. E Stoddart, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2001, 123, 9264-9267; g) T. Steiner, Angew. Chem. 2002, 114, 50-80; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2002, 41, 48-76; h) G. R. Desiraju, Acc. Chem. Res. 2002, 35, 565-573.
27. For papers and reviews on C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, see: a) G. R. Desiraju, Acc. Chem. Res. 1991, 24, 290-296; b) G. R. Desiraju, Acc. Chem. Res. 1996. 29, 441-449; c) T. Steiner, Chem. Commun. 1996, 727 - 734; d) I. Berger, M. Egli, Chem. Eur. J. 1997, 3, 1400-1404; e) K. N. Houk, S. Menzer, S. P. Newton, F. M. Raymo, J. F. Stoddart, and D. J. Williams, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 721, 1479-1487; f) F. M. Raymo, M. D. Bartberger, K. N. Houk, J. E Stoddart, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2001, 123, 9264-9267; g) T. Steiner, Angew. Chem. 2002, 114, 50-80; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2002, 41, 48-76; h) G. R. Desiraju, Acc. Chem. Res. 2002, 35, 565-573.
28. For papers and reviews on C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, see: a) G. R. Desiraju, Acc. Chem. Res. 1991, 24, 290-296; b) G. R. Desiraju, Acc. Chem. Res. 1996. 29, 441-449; c) T. Steiner, Chem. Commun. 1996, 727 - 734; d) I. Berger, M. Egli, Chem. Eur. J. 1997, 3, 1400-1404; e) K. N. Houk, S. Menzer, S. P. Newton, F. M. Raymo, J. F. Stoddart, and D. J. Williams, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 721, 1479-1487; f) F. M. Raymo, M. D. Bartberger, K. N. Houk, J. E Stoddart, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2001, 123, 9264-9267; g) T. Steiner, Angew. Chem. 2002, 114, 50-80; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2002, 41, 48-76; h) G. R. Desiraju, Acc. Chem. Res. 2002, 35, 565-573.
29. For papers and reviews on C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, see: a) G. R. Desiraju, Acc. Chem. Res. 1991, 24, 290-296; b) G. R. Desiraju, Acc. Chem. Res. 1996. 29, 441-449; c) T. Steiner, Chem. Commun. 1996, 727 - 734; d) I. Berger, M. Egli, Chem. Eur. J. 1997, 3, 1400-1404; e) K. N. Houk, S. Menzer, S. P. Newton, F. M. Raymo, J. F. Stoddart, and D. J. Williams, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 721, 1479-1487; f) F. M. Raymo, M. D. Bartberger, K. N. Houk, J. E Stoddart, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2001, 123, 9264-9267; g) T. Steiner, Angew. Chem. 2002, 114, 50-80; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2002, 41, 48-76; h) G. R. Desiraju, Acc. Chem. Res. 2002, 35, 565-573.
30. For papers and reviews on C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, see: a) G. R. Desiraju, Acc. Chem. Res. 1991, 24, 290-296; b) G. R. Desiraju, Acc. Chem. Res. 1996. 29, 441-449; c) T. Steiner, Chem. Commun. 1996, 727 - 734; d) I. Berger, M. Egli, Chem. Eur. J. 1997, 3, 1400-1404; e) K. N. Houk, S. Menzer, S. P. Newton, F. M. Raymo, J. F. Stoddart, and D. J. Williams, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 721, 1479-1487; f) F. M. Raymo, M. D. Bartberger, K. N. Houk, J. E Stoddart, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2001, 123, 9264-9267; g) T. Steiner, Angew. Chem. 2002, 114, 50-80; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2002, 41, 48-76; h) G. R. Desiraju, Acc. Chem. Res. 2002, 35, 565-573.
31. For papers and reviews on C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, see: a) G. R. Desiraju, Acc. Chem. Res. 1991, 24, 290-296; b) G. R. Desiraju, Acc. Chem. Res. 1996. 29, 441-449; c) T. Steiner, Chem. Commun. 1996, 727 - 734; d) I. Berger, M. Egli, Chem. Eur. J. 1997, 3, 1400-1404; e) K. N. Houk, S. Menzer, S. P. Newton, F. M. Raymo, J. F. Stoddart, and D. J. Williams, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 721, 1479-1487; f) F. M. Raymo, M. D. Bartberger, K. N. Houk, J. E Stoddart, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2001, 123, 9264-9267; g) T. Steiner, Angew. Chem. 2002, 114, 50-80; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2002, 41, 48-76; h) G. R. Desiraju, Acc. Chem. Res. 2002, 35, 565-573.
32. For papers and reviews on C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, see: a) G. R. Desiraju, Acc. Chem. Res. 1991, 24, 290-296; b) G. R. Desiraju, Acc. Chem. Res. 1996. 29, 441-449; c) T. Steiner, Chem. Commun. 1996, 727 - 734; d) I. Berger, M. Egli, Chem. Eur. J. 1997, 3, 1400-1404; e) K. N. Houk, S. Menzer, S. P. Newton, F. M. Raymo, J. F. Stoddart, and D. J. Williams, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 721, 1479-1487; f) F. M. Raymo, M. D. Bartberger, K. N. Houk, J. E Stoddart, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2001, 123, 9264-9267; g) T. Steiner, Angew. Chem. 2002, 114, 50-80; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2002, 41, 48-76; h) G. R. Desiraju, Acc. Chem. Res. 2002, 35, 565-573.
33. For papers and reviews on C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, see: a) G. R. Desiraju, Acc. Chem. Res. 1991, 24, 290-296; b) G. R. Desiraju, Acc. Chem. Res. 1996. 29, 441-449; c) T. Steiner, Chem. Commun. 1996, 727 - 734; d) I. Berger, M. Egli, Chem. Eur. J. 1997, 3, 1400-1404; e) K. N. Houk, S. Menzer, S. P. Newton, F. M. Raymo, J. F. Stoddart, and D. J. Williams, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 721, 1479-1487; f) F. M. Raymo, M. D. Bartberger, K. N. Houk, J. E Stoddart, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2001, 123, 9264-9267; g) T. Steiner, Angew. Chem. 2002, 114, 50-80; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2002, 41, 48-76; h) G. R. Desiraju, Acc. Chem. Res. 2002, 35, 565-573.
34. For papers and reviews on C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, see: a) G. R. Desiraju, Acc. Chem. Res. 1991, 24, 290-296; b) G. R. Desiraju, Acc. Chem. Res. 1996. 29, 441-449; c) T. Steiner, Chem. Commun. 1996, 727 - 734; d) I. Berger, M. Egli, Chem. Eur. J. 1997, 3, 1400-1404; e) K. N. Houk, S. Menzer, S. P. Newton, F. M. Raymo, J. F. Stoddart, and D. J. Williams, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 721, 1479-1487; f) F. M. Raymo, M. D. Bartberger, K. N. Houk, J. E Stoddart, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2001, 123, 9264-9267; g) T. Steiner, Angew. Chem. 2002, 114, 50-80; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2002, 41, 48-76; h) G. R. Desiraju, Acc. Chem. Res. 2002, 35, 565-573.
35. For papers and reviews on π⋯π stacking interactions, see: a) C. A. Hunter, J. K. M. Sanders, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 5525-5534; b) M. H. Schwartz, J. Inclusion Phenom. 1990, 9, 1-35; c) J. H. Williams, Acc. Chem. Res. 1993, 26, 539-598; d) C. A. Hunter, Angew. Chem. 1993, 105, 1653-1655; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1993, 32, 1584-1586; e) C. A. Hunter, J. Mol. Biol. 1993, 230, 1025-1054; f) T. Dahl, Acta. Chem. Scand. 1994, 48, 95-116; g) F. Cozzi, J. S. Siegel, Pure Appl. Chem. 1995, 67, 683-689; h) C. G. Claessens, J. F. Stoddart, J. Phys. Org. Chem. 1997, 10, 254-272.
36. For papers and reviews on π⋯π stacking interactions, see: a) C. A. Hunter, J. K. M. Sanders, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 5525-5534; b) M. H. Schwartz, J. Inclusion Phenom. 1990, 9, 1-35; c) J. H. Williams, Acc. Chem. Res. 1993, 26, 539-598; d) C. A. Hunter, Angew. Chem. 1993, 105, 1653-1655; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1993, 32, 1584-1586; e) C. A. Hunter, J. Mol. Biol. 1993, 230, 1025-1054; f) T. Dahl, Acta. Chem. Scand. 1994, 48, 95-116; g) F. Cozzi, J. S. Siegel, Pure Appl. Chem. 1995, 67, 683-689; h) C. G. Claessens, J. F. Stoddart, J. Phys. Org. Chem. 1997, 10, 254-272.
37. For papers and reviews on π⋯π stacking interactions, see: a) C. A. Hunter, J. K. M. Sanders, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 5525-5534; b) M. H. Schwartz, J. Inclusion Phenom. 1990, 9, 1-35; c) J. H. Williams, Acc. Chem. Res. 1993, 26, 539-598; d) C. A. Hunter, Angew. Chem. 1993, 105, 1653-1655; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1993, 32, 1584-1586; e) C. A. Hunter, J. Mol. Biol. 1993, 230, 1025-1054; f) T. Dahl, Acta. Chem. Scand. 1994, 48, 95-116; g) F. Cozzi, J. S. Siegel, Pure Appl. Chem. 1995, 67, 683-689; h) C. G. Claessens, J. F. Stoddart, J. Phys. Org. Chem. 1997, 10, 254-272.
38. For papers and reviews on π⋯π stacking interactions, see: a) C. A. Hunter, J. K. M. Sanders, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 5525-5534; b) M. H. Schwartz, J. Inclusion Phenom. 1990, 9, 1-35; c) J. H. Williams, Acc. Chem. Res. 1993, 26, 539-598; d) C. A. Hunter, Angew. Chem. 1993, 105, 1653-1655; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1993, 32, 1584-1586; e) C. A. Hunter, J. Mol. Biol. 1993, 230, 1025-1054; f) T. Dahl, Acta. Chem. Scand. 1994, 48, 95-116; g) F. Cozzi, J. S. Siegel, Pure Appl. Chem. 1995, 67, 683-689; h) C. G. Claessens, J. F. Stoddart, J. Phys. Org. Chem. 1997, 10, 254-272.
39. For papers and reviews on π⋯π stacking interactions, see: a) C. A. Hunter, J. K. M. Sanders, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 5525-5534; b) M. H. Schwartz, J. Inclusion Phenom. 1990, 9, 1-35; c) J. H. Williams, Acc. Chem. Res. 1993, 26, 539-598; d) C. A. Hunter, Angew. Chem. 1993, 105, 1653-1655; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1993, 32, 1584-1586; e) C. A. Hunter, J. Mol. Biol. 1993, 230, 1025-1054; f) T. Dahl, Acta. Chem. Scand. 1994, 48, 95-116; g) F. Cozzi, J. S. Siegel, Pure Appl. Chem. 1995, 67, 683-689; h) C. G. Claessens, J. F. Stoddart, J. Phys. Org. Chem. 1997, 10, 254-272.
40. For papers and reviews on π⋯π stacking interactions, see: a) C. A. Hunter, J. K. M. Sanders, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 5525-5534; b) M. H. Schwartz, J. Inclusion Phenom. 1990, 9, 1-35; c) J. H. Williams, Acc. Chem. Res. 1993, 26, 539-598; d) C. A. Hunter, Angew. Chem. 1993, 105, 1653-1655; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1993, 32, 1584-1586; e) C. A. Hunter, J. Mol. Biol. 1993, 230, 1025-1054; f) T. Dahl, Acta. Chem. Scand. 1994, 48, 95-116; g) F. Cozzi, J. S. Siegel, Pure Appl. Chem. 1995, 67, 683-689; h) C. G. Claessens, J. F. Stoddart, J. Phys. Org. Chem. 1997, 10, 254-272.
41. For papers and reviews on π⋯π stacking interactions, see: a) C. A. Hunter, J. K. M. Sanders, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 5525-5534; b) M. H. Schwartz, J. Inclusion Phenom. 1990, 9, 1-35; c) J. H. Williams, Acc. Chem. Res. 1993, 26, 539-598; d) C. A. Hunter, Angew. Chem. 1993, 105, 1653-1655; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1993, 32, 1584-1586; e) C. A. Hunter, J. Mol. Biol. 1993, 230, 1025-1054; f) T. Dahl, Acta. Chem. Scand. 1994, 48, 95-116; g) F. Cozzi, J. S. Siegel, Pure Appl. Chem. 1995, 67, 683-689; h) C. G. Claessens, J. F. Stoddart, J. Phys. Org. Chem. 1997, 10, 254-272.
42. For papers and reviews on π⋯π stacking interactions, see: a) C. A. Hunter, J. K. M. Sanders, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 5525-5534; b) M. H. Schwartz, J. Inclusion Phenom. 1990, 9, 1-35; c) J. H. Williams, Acc. Chem. Res. 1993, 26, 539-598; d) C. A. Hunter, Angew. Chem. 1993, 105, 1653-1655; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1993, 32, 1584-1586; e) C. A. Hunter, J. Mol. Biol. 1993, 230, 1025-1054; f) T. Dahl, Acta. Chem. Scand. 1994, 48, 95-116; g) F. Cozzi, J. S. Siegel, Pure Appl. Chem. 1995, 67, 683-689; h) C. G. Claessens, J. F. Stoddart, J. Phys. Org. Chem. 1997, 10, 254-272.
43. For papers and reviews on π⋯π stacking interactions, see: a) C. A. Hunter, J. K. M. Sanders, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 5525-5534; b) M. H. Schwartz, J. Inclusion Phenom. 1990, 9, 1-35; c) J. H. Williams, Acc. Chem. Res. 1993, 26, 539-598; d) C. A. Hunter, Angew. Chem. 1993, 105, 1653-1655; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1993, 32, 1584-1586; e) C. A. Hunter, J. Mol. Biol. 1993, 230, 1025-1054; f) T. Dahl, Acta. Chem. Scand. 1994, 48, 95-116; g) F. Cozzi, J. S. Siegel, Pure Appl. Chem. 1995, 67, 683-689; h) C. G. Claessens, J. F. Stoddart, J. Phys. Org. Chem. 1997, 10, 254-272.
44. For papers and reviews on C-H ⋯π stacking interactions, see: a) M. Oki, Acc. Chem. Res. 1990, 23, 351-356; b) M. C. Etter, J. Phys. Chem. 1991, 95, 4601-4610; c) M. J. Zaworotko, Chem. Soc. Rev. 1994, 23. 282-288; d) M. Nishio, Y. Umezawa, M. Hirota, Y. Takeuchi, Tetrahedron 1995, 51, 8665-8701; e) M. Nishio, Y. Umezawa, M. Hirota, Y. Takeuchi, The C-H⋯π Interaction, Wiley-VCH, New York, 1998; f) K. Kim, S. Paliwal, C. S. Wilcox, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 11192-11193; g) H. Suezawa, T. Yoshida, M. Hirota, H. Takahashi, Y. Umezawa, K. Honda, S. Tsuboyama, M. Nishio, J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 2 2001, 2053-2058; h) F. J. Carver, C. A. Hunter, D. J. Livingstone, J. F. McCabe, E. M. Seeward, Chem. Eur. J. 2002, 8, 2847-2859; i) G. Chessari, C. A. Hunter, C. M, R. Low, M. J. Packer, J. G. Vinter, C. Zonta, Chem. Eur J. 2002, 8, 2860-2867.
45. For papers and reviews on C-H ⋯π stacking interactions, see: a) M. Oki, Acc. Chem. Res. 1990, 23, 351-356; b) M. C. Etter, J. Phys. Chem. 1991, 95, 4601-4610; c) M. J. Zaworotko, Chem. Soc. Rev. 1994, 23. 282-288; d) M. Nishio, Y. Umezawa, M. Hirota, Y. Takeuchi, Tetrahedron 1995, 51, 8665-8701; e) M. Nishio, Y. Umezawa, M. Hirota, Y. Takeuchi, The C-H⋯π Interaction, Wiley-VCH, New York, 1998; f) K. Kim, S. Paliwal, C. S. Wilcox, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 11192-11193; g) H. Suezawa, T. Yoshida, M. Hirota, H. Takahashi, Y. Umezawa, K. Honda, S. Tsuboyama, M. Nishio, J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 2 2001, 2053-2058; h) F. J. Carver, C. A. Hunter, D. J. Livingstone, J. F. McCabe, E. M. Seeward, Chem. Eur. J. 2002, 8, 2847-2859; i) G. Chessari, C. A. Hunter, C. M, R. Low, M. J. Packer, J. G. Vinter, C. Zonta, Chem. Eur J. 2002, 8, 2860-2867.
46. For papers and reviews on C-H ⋯π stacking interactions, see: a) M. Oki, Acc. Chem. Res. 1990, 23, 351-356; b) M. C. Etter, J. Phys. Chem. 1991, 95, 4601-4610; c) M. J. Zaworotko, Chem. Soc. Rev. 1994, 23. 282-288; d) M. Nishio, Y. Umezawa, M. Hirota, Y. Takeuchi, Tetrahedron 1995, 51, 8665-8701; e) M. Nishio, Y. Umezawa, M. Hirota, Y. Takeuchi, The C-H⋯π Interaction, Wiley-VCH, New York, 1998; f) K. Kim, S. Paliwal, C. S. Wilcox, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 11192-11193; g) H. Suezawa, T. Yoshida, M. Hirota, H. Takahashi, Y. Umezawa, K. Honda, S. Tsuboyama, M. Nishio, J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 2 2001, 2053-2058; h) F. J. Carver, C. A. Hunter, D. J. Livingstone, J. F. McCabe, E. M. Seeward, Chem. Eur. J. 2002, 8, 2847-2859; i) G. Chessari, C. A. Hunter, C. M, R. Low, M. J. Packer, J. G. Vinter, C. Zonta, Chem. Eur J. 2002, 8, 2860-2867.
47. For papers and reviews on C-H ⋯π stacking interactions, see: a) M. Oki, Acc. Chem. Res. 1990, 23, 351-356; b) M. C. Etter, J. Phys. Chem. 1991, 95, 4601-4610; c) M. J. Zaworotko, Chem. Soc. Rev. 1994, 23. 282-288; d) M. Nishio, Y. Umezawa, M. Hirota, Y. Takeuchi, Tetrahedron 1995, 51, 8665-8701; e) M. Nishio, Y. Umezawa, M. Hirota, Y. Takeuchi, The C-H⋯π Interaction, Wiley-VCH, New York, 1998; f) K. Kim, S. Paliwal, C. S. Wilcox, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 11192-11193; g) H. Suezawa, T. Yoshida, M. Hirota, H. Takahashi, Y. Umezawa, K. Honda, S. Tsuboyama, M. Nishio, J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 2 2001, 2053-2058; h) F. J. Carver, C. A. Hunter, D. J. Livingstone, J. F. McCabe, E. M. Seeward, Chem. Eur. J. 2002, 8, 2847-2859; i) G. Chessari, C. A. Hunter, C. M, R. Low, M. J. Packer, J. G. Vinter, C. Zonta, Chem. Eur J. 2002, 8, 2860-2867.
48. For papers and reviews on C-H ⋯π stacking interactions, see: a) M. Oki, Acc. Chem. Res. 1990, 23, 351-356; b) M. C. Etter, J. Phys. Chem. 1991, 95, 4601-4610; c) M. J. Zaworotko, Chem. Soc. Rev. 1994, 23. 282-288; d) M. Nishio, Y. Umezawa, M. Hirota, Y. Takeuchi, Tetrahedron 1995, 51, 8665-8701; e) M. Nishio, Y. Umezawa, M. Hirota, Y. Takeuchi, The C-H⋯π Interaction, Wiley-VCH, New York, 1998; f) K. Kim, S. Paliwal, C. S. Wilcox, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 11192-11193; g) H. Suezawa, T. Yoshida, M. Hirota, H. Takahashi, Y. Umezawa, K. Honda, S. Tsuboyama, M. Nishio, J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 2 2001, 2053-2058; h) F. J. Carver, C. A. Hunter, D. J. Livingstone, J. F. McCabe, E. M. Seeward, Chem. Eur. J. 2002, 8, 2847-2859; i) G. Chessari, C. A. Hunter, C. M, R. Low, M. J. Packer, J. G. Vinter, C. Zonta, Chem. Eur J. 2002, 8, 2860-2867.
49. For papers and reviews on C-H ⋯π stacking interactions, see: a) M. Oki, Acc. Chem. Res. 1990, 23, 351-356; b) M. C. Etter, J. Phys. Chem. 1991, 95, 4601-4610; c) M. J. Zaworotko, Chem. Soc. Rev. 1994, 23. 282-288; d) M. Nishio, Y. Umezawa, M. Hirota, Y. Takeuchi, Tetrahedron 1995, 51, 8665-8701; e) M. Nishio, Y. Umezawa, M. Hirota, Y. Takeuchi, The C-H⋯π Interaction, Wiley-VCH, New York, 1998; f) K. Kim, S. Paliwal, C. S. Wilcox, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 11192-11193; g) H. Suezawa, T. Yoshida, M. Hirota, H. Takahashi, Y. Umezawa, K. Honda, S. Tsuboyama, M. Nishio, J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 2 2001, 2053-2058; h) F. J. Carver, C. A. Hunter, D. J. Livingstone, J. F. McCabe, E. M. Seeward, Chem. Eur. J. 2002, 8, 2847-2859; i) G. Chessari, C. A. Hunter, C. M, R. Low, M. J. Packer, J. G. Vinter, C. Zonta, Chem. Eur J. 2002, 8, 2860-2867.
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