Diazapyrenium-containing catenanes and rotaxanes

New Journal of Chemistry

Volumn 23, Issue 6, 1999, Pages 587-602

  Ashton, Peter R ^a   Boyd, Sue E ^a   Brindle, Alexander ^a   Langford, Steven J ^a   Menzer, Stephan ^b   Pérez Garcia, Lluisa ^a   Preece, Jon A ^a   Raymo, Françisco M ^a,c   Spencer, Neil ^a   Stoddart, J Fraser ^a,c   White, Andrew J P ^b   Williams, David J ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM   (United Kingdom)

^b IMPERIAL COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CATENANE; PYRENE DERIVATIVE; ROTAXANE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ARTICLE; CHEMICAL REACTION; CHEMICAL STRUCTURE; CYCLIZATION; HYDROGEN BOND; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; STRUCTURE ANALYSIS; SYNTHESIS; X RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHY;

EID: 0032813637     PISSN: 11440546     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1039/a809433k     Document Type: Article

References (45)

1. 1 For accounts, books and reviews on mechanically interlocked molecules and supermolecules, see: G. Schill, Catenanes, Rotaxanes and Knots, Academic Press, New York, 1971; D. M. Walba, Tetrahedron, 1985, 41, 3161; C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker and J.-P. Sauvage, Chem. Rev., 1987, 87, 795; Y. S. Lipatov, T. E. Lipatova and L. F. Kosyanchuk, Adv. Polym. Sci., 1989, 88, 49; J.-P. Sauvage, Acc. Chem. Res., 1990, 23, 319; C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker and J.-P. Sauvage, Bioorg. Chem. Front., 1991, 2, 195; H. W. Gibson and H. Marand, Adv. Mater., 1993, 5, 11; J.-C. Chambron, C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker and J.-P. Sauvage, Top. Curr. Chem., 1993, 165, 131; F. Bickelhaupt, J. Organomet. Chem., 1994, 475-1; H. W. Gibson, M. C. Bheda and P. T. Engen., Prog. Polym. Sci., 1994, 19, 843; D. B. Amabilino, I. W. Parsons and J. F. Stoddart, Trends Polym. Sci., 1994, 2, 146; D.B. Amabilino and J. F. Stoddart, Chem. Rev., 1995, 95, 2725; Vögtle, T. Dünnwald and T. Schmidt, Acc. Chem. Res., 1996, 29, 451; A. C. Benniston, Chem. Soc. Rev., 1996, 25, 427; M. Fujita and K. Ogura, Coord. Chem. Rev., 1996, 148, 249; M. Belohradsky, F. M. Raymo and J. F. Stoddart, Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun., 1996, 61, 1; F. M. Raymo and J. F. Stoddart, Trends Polym. Sci., 1996, 4, 208; R. Jäger and F. Vögtle, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1997, 36, 930; M. Belohradsky, F. M. Raymo and J. F. Stoddart, Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun., 1997, 62, 527; S. A. Nepogodiev and J. F. Stoddart, Chem. Rev., 1998, 98, 1959; J.-C. Chambron and J.-P. Sauvage, Chem. Eur. J., 1998, 4, 1362.
2. 1 For accounts, books and reviews on mechanically interlocked molecules and supermolecules, see: G. Schill, Catenanes, Rotaxanes and Knots, Academic Press, New York, 1971; D. M. Walba, Tetrahedron, 1985, 41, 3161; C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker and J.-P. Sauvage, Chem. Rev., 1987, 87, 795; Y. S. Lipatov, T. E. Lipatova and L. F. Kosyanchuk, Adv. Polym. Sci., 1989, 88, 49; J.-P. Sauvage, Acc. Chem. Res., 1990, 23, 319; C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker and J.-P. Sauvage, Bioorg. Chem. Front., 1991, 2, 195; H. W. Gibson and H. Marand, Adv. Mater., 1993, 5, 11; J.-C. Chambron, C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker and J.-P. Sauvage, Top. Curr. Chem., 1993, 165, 131; F. Bickelhaupt, J. Organomet. Chem., 1994, 475-1; H. W. Gibson, M. C. Bheda and P. T. Engen., Prog. Polym. Sci., 1994, 19, 843; D. B. Amabilino, I. W. Parsons and J. F. Stoddart, Trends Polym. Sci., 1994, 2, 146; D.B. Amabilino and J. F. Stoddart, Chem. Rev., 1995, 95, 2725; Vögtle, T. Dünnwald and T. Schmidt, Acc. Chem. Res., 1996, 29, 451; A. C. Benniston, Chem. Soc. Rev., 1996, 25, 427; M. Fujita and K. Ogura, Coord. Chem. Rev., 1996, 148, 249; M. Belohradsky, F. M. Raymo and J. F. Stoddart, Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun., 1996, 61, 1; F. M. Raymo and J. F. Stoddart, Trends Polym. Sci., 1996, 4, 208; R. Jäger and F. Vögtle, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1997, 36, 930; M. Belohradsky, F. M. Raymo and J. F. Stoddart, Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun., 1997, 62, 527; S. A. Nepogodiev and J. F. Stoddart, Chem. Rev., 1998, 98, 1959; J.-C. Chambron and J.-P. Sauvage, Chem. Eur. J., 1998, 4, 1362.
3. 1 For accounts, books and reviews on mechanically interlocked molecules and supermolecules, see: G. Schill, Catenanes, Rotaxanes and Knots, Academic Press, New York, 1971; D. M. Walba, Tetrahedron, 1985, 41, 3161; C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker and J.-P. Sauvage, Chem. Rev., 1987, 87, 795; Y. S. Lipatov, T. E. Lipatova and L. F. Kosyanchuk, Adv. Polym. Sci., 1989, 88, 49; J.-P. Sauvage, Acc. Chem. Res., 1990, 23, 319; C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker and J.-P. Sauvage, Bioorg. Chem. Front., 1991, 2, 195; H. W. Gibson and H. Marand, Adv. Mater., 1993, 5, 11; J.-C. Chambron, C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker and J.-P. Sauvage, Top. Curr. Chem., 1993, 165, 131; F. Bickelhaupt, J. Organomet. Chem., 1994, 475-1; H. W. Gibson, M. C. Bheda and P. T. Engen., Prog. Polym. Sci., 1994, 19, 843; D. B. Amabilino, I. W. Parsons and J. F. Stoddart, Trends Polym. Sci., 1994, 2, 146; D.B. Amabilino and J. F. Stoddart, Chem. Rev., 1995, 95, 2725; Vögtle, T. Dünnwald and T. Schmidt, Acc. Chem. Res., 1996, 29, 451; A. C. Benniston, Chem. Soc. Rev., 1996, 25, 427; M. Fujita and K. Ogura, Coord. Chem. Rev., 1996, 148, 249; M. Belohradsky, F. M. Raymo and J. F. Stoddart, Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun., 1996, 61, 1; F. M. Raymo and J. F. Stoddart, Trends Polym. Sci., 1996, 4, 208; R. Jäger and F. Vögtle, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1997, 36, 930; M. Belohradsky, F. M. Raymo and J. F. Stoddart, Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun., 1997, 62, 527; S. A. Nepogodiev and J. F. Stoddart, Chem. Rev., 1998, 98, 1959; J.-C. Chambron and J.-P. Sauvage, Chem. Eur. J., 1998, 4, 1362.
4. 1 For accounts, books and reviews on mechanically interlocked molecules and supermolecules, see: G. Schill, Catenanes, Rotaxanes and Knots, Academic Press, New York, 1971; D. M. Walba, Tetrahedron, 1985, 41, 3161; C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker and J.-P. Sauvage, Chem. Rev., 1987, 87, 795; Y. S. Lipatov, T. E. Lipatova and L. F. Kosyanchuk, Adv. Polym. Sci., 1989, 88, 49; J.-P. Sauvage, Acc. Chem. Res., 1990, 23, 319; C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker and J.-P. Sauvage, Bioorg. Chem. Front., 1991, 2, 195; H. W. Gibson and H. Marand, Adv. Mater., 1993, 5, 11; J.-C. Chambron, C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker and J.-P. Sauvage, Top. Curr. Chem., 1993, 165, 131; F. Bickelhaupt, J. Organomet. Chem., 1994, 475-1; H. W. Gibson, M. C. Bheda and P. T. Engen., Prog. Polym. Sci., 1994, 19, 843; D. B. Amabilino, I. W. Parsons and J. F. Stoddart, Trends Polym. Sci., 1994, 2, 146; D.B. Amabilino and J. F. Stoddart, Chem. Rev., 1995, 95, 2725; Vögtle, T. Dünnwald and T. Schmidt, Acc. Chem. Res., 1996, 29, 451; A. C. Benniston, Chem. Soc. Rev., 1996, 25, 427; M. Fujita and K. Ogura, Coord. Chem. Rev., 1996, 148, 249; M. Belohradsky, F. M. Raymo and J. F. Stoddart, Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun., 1996, 61, 1; F. M. Raymo and J. F. Stoddart, Trends Polym. Sci., 1996, 4, 208; R. Jäger and F. Vögtle, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1997, 36, 930; M. Belohradsky, F. M. Raymo and J. F. Stoddart, Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun., 1997, 62, 527; S. A. Nepogodiev and J. F. Stoddart, Chem. Rev., 1998, 98, 1959; J.-C. Chambron and J.-P. Sauvage, Chem. Eur. J., 1998, 4, 1362.
5. 1 For accounts, books and reviews on mechanically interlocked molecules and supermolecules, see: G. Schill, Catenanes, Rotaxanes and Knots, Academic Press, New York, 1971; D. M. Walba, Tetrahedron, 1985, 41, 3161; C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker and J.-P. Sauvage, Chem. Rev., 1987, 87, 795; Y. S. Lipatov, T. E. Lipatova and L. F. Kosyanchuk, Adv. Polym. Sci., 1989, 88, 49; J.-P. Sauvage, Acc. Chem. Res., 1990, 23, 319; C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker and J.-P. Sauvage, Bioorg. Chem. Front., 1991, 2, 195; H. W. Gibson and H. Marand, Adv. Mater., 1993, 5, 11; J.-C. Chambron, C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker and J.-P. Sauvage, Top. Curr. Chem., 1993, 165, 131; F. Bickelhaupt, J. Organomet. Chem., 1994, 475-1; H. W. Gibson, M. C. Bheda and P. T. Engen., Prog. Polym. Sci., 1994, 19, 843; D. B. Amabilino, I. W. Parsons and J. F. Stoddart, Trends Polym. Sci., 1994, 2, 146; D.B. Amabilino and J. F. Stoddart, Chem. Rev., 1995, 95, 2725; Vögtle, T. Dünnwald and T. Schmidt, Acc. Chem. Res., 1996, 29, 451; A. C. Benniston, Chem. Soc. Rev., 1996, 25, 427; M. Fujita and K. Ogura, Coord. Chem. Rev., 1996, 148, 249; M. Belohradsky, F. M. Raymo and J. F. Stoddart, Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun., 1996, 61, 1; F. M. Raymo and J. F. Stoddart, Trends Polym. Sci., 1996, 4, 208; R. Jäger and F. Vögtle, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1997, 36, 930; M. Belohradsky, F. M. Raymo and J. F. Stoddart, Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun., 1997, 62, 527; S. A. Nepogodiev and J. F. Stoddart, Chem. Rev., 1998, 98, 1959; J.-C. Chambron and J.-P. Sauvage, Chem. Eur. J., 1998, 4, 1362.
6. 1 For accounts, books and reviews on mechanically interlocked molecules and supermolecules, see: G. Schill, Catenanes, Rotaxanes and Knots, Academic Press, New York, 1971; D. M. Walba, Tetrahedron, 1985, 41, 3161; C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker and J.-P. Sauvage, Chem. Rev., 1987, 87, 795; Y. S. Lipatov, T. E. Lipatova and L. F. Kosyanchuk, Adv. Polym. Sci., 1989, 88, 49; J.-P. Sauvage, Acc. Chem. Res., 1990, 23, 319; C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker and J.-P. Sauvage, Bioorg. Chem. Front., 1991, 2, 195; H. W. Gibson and H. Marand, Adv. Mater., 1993, 5, 11; J.-C. Chambron, C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker and J.-P. Sauvage, Top. Curr. Chem., 1993, 165, 131; F. Bickelhaupt, J. Organomet. Chem., 1994, 475-1; H. W. Gibson, M. C. Bheda and P. T. Engen., Prog. Polym. Sci., 1994, 19, 843; D. B. Amabilino, I. W. Parsons and J. F. Stoddart, Trends Polym. Sci., 1994, 2, 146; D.B. Amabilino and J. F. Stoddart, Chem. Rev., 1995, 95, 2725; Vögtle, T. Dünnwald and T. Schmidt, Acc. Chem. Res., 1996, 29, 451; A. C. Benniston, Chem. Soc. Rev., 1996, 25, 427; M. Fujita and K. Ogura, Coord. Chem. Rev., 1996, 148, 249; M. Belohradsky, F. M. Raymo and J. F. Stoddart, Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun., 1996, 61, 1; F. M. Raymo and J. F. Stoddart, Trends Polym. Sci., 1996, 4, 208; R. Jäger and F. Vögtle, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1997, 36, 930; M. Belohradsky, F. M. Raymo and J. F. Stoddart, Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun., 1997, 62, 527; S. A. Nepogodiev and J. F. Stoddart, Chem. Rev., 1998, 98, 1959; J.-C. Chambron and J.-P. Sauvage, Chem. Eur. J., 1998, 4, 1362.
7. 1 For accounts, books and reviews on mechanically interlocked molecules and supermolecules, see: G. Schill, Catenanes, Rotaxanes and Knots, Academic Press, New York, 1971; D. M. Walba, Tetrahedron, 1985, 41, 3161; C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker and J.-P. Sauvage, Chem. Rev., 1987, 87, 795; Y. S. Lipatov, T. E. Lipatova and L. F. Kosyanchuk, Adv. Polym. Sci., 1989, 88, 49; J.-P. Sauvage, Acc. Chem. Res., 1990, 23, 319; C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker and J.-P. Sauvage, Bioorg. Chem. Front., 1991, 2, 195; H. W. Gibson and H. Marand, Adv. Mater., 1993, 5, 11; J.-C. Chambron, C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker and J.-P. Sauvage, Top. Curr. Chem., 1993, 165, 131; F. Bickelhaupt, J. Organomet. Chem., 1994, 475-1; H. W. Gibson, M. C. Bheda and P. T. Engen., Prog. Polym. Sci., 1994, 19, 843; D. B. Amabilino, I. W. Parsons and J. F. Stoddart, Trends Polym. Sci., 1994, 2, 146; D.B. Amabilino and J. F. Stoddart, Chem. Rev., 1995, 95, 2725; Vögtle, T. Dünnwald and T. Schmidt, Acc. Chem. Res., 1996, 29, 451; A. C. Benniston, Chem. Soc. Rev., 1996, 25, 427; M. Fujita and K. Ogura, Coord. Chem. Rev., 1996, 148, 249; M. Belohradsky, F. M. Raymo and J. F. Stoddart, Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun., 1996, 61, 1; F. M. Raymo and J. F. Stoddart, Trends Polym. Sci., 1996, 4, 208; R. Jäger and F. Vögtle, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1997, 36, 930; M. Belohradsky, F. M. Raymo and J. F. Stoddart, Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun., 1997, 62, 527; S. A. Nepogodiev and J. F. Stoddart, Chem. Rev., 1998, 98, 1959; J.-C. Chambron and J.-P. Sauvage, Chem. Eur. J., 1998, 4, 1362.
8. 1 For accounts, books and reviews on mechanically interlocked molecules and supermolecules, see: G. Schill, Catenanes, Rotaxanes and Knots, Academic Press, New York, 1971; D. M. Walba, Tetrahedron, 1985, 41, 3161; C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker and J.-P. Sauvage, Chem. Rev., 1987, 87, 795; Y. S. Lipatov, T. E. Lipatova and L. F. Kosyanchuk, Adv. Polym. Sci., 1989, 88, 49; J.-P. Sauvage, Acc. Chem. Res., 1990, 23, 319; C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker and J.-P. Sauvage, Bioorg. Chem. Front., 1991, 2, 195; H. W. Gibson and H. Marand, Adv. Mater., 1993, 5, 11; J.-C. Chambron, C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker and J.-P. Sauvage, Top. Curr. Chem., 1993, 165, 131; F. Bickelhaupt, J. Organomet. Chem., 1994, 475-1; H. W. Gibson, M. C. Bheda and P. T. Engen., Prog. Polym. Sci., 1994, 19, 843; D. B. Amabilino, I. W. Parsons and J. F. Stoddart, Trends Polym. Sci., 1994, 2, 146; D.B. Amabilino and J. F. Stoddart, Chem. Rev., 1995, 95, 2725; Vögtle, T. Dünnwald and T. Schmidt, Acc. Chem. Res., 1996, 29, 451; A. C. Benniston, Chem. Soc. Rev., 1996, 25, 427; M. Fujita and K. Ogura, Coord. Chem. Rev., 1996, 148, 249; M. Belohradsky, F. M. Raymo and J. F. Stoddart, Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun., 1996, 61, 1; F. M. Raymo and J. F. Stoddart, Trends Polym. Sci., 1996, 4, 208; R. Jäger and F. Vögtle, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1997, 36, 930; M. Belohradsky, F. M. Raymo and J. F. Stoddart, Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun., 1997, 62, 527; S. A. Nepogodiev and J. F. Stoddart, Chem. Rev., 1998, 98, 1959; J.-C. Chambron and J.-P. Sauvage, Chem. Eur. J., 1998, 4, 1362.
9. 1 For accounts, books and reviews on mechanically interlocked molecules and supermolecules, see: G. Schill, Catenanes, Rotaxanes and Knots, Academic Press, New York, 1971; D. M. Walba, Tetrahedron, 1985, 41, 3161; C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker and J.-P. Sauvage, Chem. Rev., 1987, 87, 795; Y. S. Lipatov, T. E. Lipatova and L. F. Kosyanchuk, Adv. Polym. Sci., 1989, 88, 49; J.-P. Sauvage, Acc. Chem. Res., 1990, 23, 319; C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker and J.-P. Sauvage, Bioorg. Chem. Front., 1991, 2, 195; H. W. Gibson and H. Marand, Adv. Mater., 1993, 5, 11; J.-C. Chambron, C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker and J.-P. Sauvage, Top. Curr. Chem., 1993, 165, 131; F. Bickelhaupt, J. Organomet. Chem., 1994, 475-1; H. W. Gibson, M. C. Bheda and P. T. Engen., Prog. Polym. Sci., 1994, 19, 843; D. B. Amabilino, I. W. Parsons and J. F. Stoddart, Trends Polym. Sci., 1994, 2, 146; D.B. Amabilino and J. F. Stoddart, Chem. Rev., 1995, 95, 2725; Vögtle, T. Dünnwald and T. Schmidt, Acc. Chem. Res., 1996, 29, 451; A. C. Benniston, Chem. Soc. Rev., 1996, 25, 427; M. Fujita and K. Ogura, Coord. Chem. Rev., 1996, 148, 249; M. Belohradsky, F. M. Raymo and J. F. Stoddart, Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun., 1996, 61, 1; F. M. Raymo and J. F. Stoddart, Trends Polym. Sci., 1996, 4, 208; R. Jäger and F. Vögtle, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1997, 36, 930; M. Belohradsky, F. M. Raymo and J. F. Stoddart, Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun., 1997, 62, 527; S. A. Nepogodiev and J. F. Stoddart, Chem. Rev., 1998, 98, 1959; J.-C. Chambron and J.-P. Sauvage, Chem. Eur. J., 1998, 4, 1362.
10. 1 For accounts, books and reviews on mechanically interlocked molecules and supermolecules, see: G. Schill, Catenanes, Rotaxanes and Knots, Academic Press, New York, 1971; D. M. Walba, Tetrahedron, 1985, 41, 3161; C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker and J.-P. Sauvage, Chem. Rev., 1987, 87, 795; Y. S. Lipatov, T. E. Lipatova and L. F. Kosyanchuk, Adv. Polym. Sci., 1989, 88, 49; J.-P. Sauvage, Acc. Chem. Res., 1990, 23, 319; C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker and J.-P. Sauvage, Bioorg. Chem. Front., 1991, 2, 195; H. W. Gibson and H. Marand, Adv. Mater., 1993, 5, 11; J.-C. Chambron, C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker and J.-P. Sauvage, Top. Curr. Chem., 1993, 165, 131; F. Bickelhaupt, J. Organomet. Chem., 1994, 475-1; H. W. Gibson, M. C. Bheda and P. T. Engen., Prog. Polym. Sci., 1994, 19, 843; D. B. Amabilino, I. W. Parsons and J. F. Stoddart, Trends Polym. Sci., 1994, 2, 146; D.B. Amabilino and J. F. Stoddart, Chem. Rev., 1995, 95, 2725; Vögtle, T. Dünnwald and T. Schmidt, Acc. Chem. Res., 1996, 29, 451; A. C. Benniston, Chem. Soc. Rev., 1996, 25, 427; M. Fujita and K. Ogura, Coord. Chem. Rev., 1996, 148, 249; M. Belohradsky, F. M. Raymo and J. F. Stoddart, Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun., 1996, 61, 1; F. M. Raymo and J. F. Stoddart, Trends Polym. Sci., 1996, 4, 208; R. Jäger and F. Vögtle, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1997, 36, 930; M. Belohradsky, F. M. Raymo and J. F. Stoddart, Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun., 1997, 62, 527; S. A. Nepogodiev and J. F. Stoddart, Chem. Rev., 1998, 98, 1959; J.-C. Chambron and J.-P. Sauvage, Chem. Eur. J., 1998, 4, 1362.
11. 1 For accounts, books and reviews on mechanically interlocked molecules and supermolecules, see: G. Schill, Catenanes, Rotaxanes and Knots, Academic Press, New York, 1971; D. M. Walba, Tetrahedron, 1985, 41, 3161; C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker and J.-P. Sauvage, Chem. Rev., 1987, 87, 795; Y. S. Lipatov, T. E. Lipatova and L. F. Kosyanchuk, Adv. Polym. Sci., 1989, 88, 49; J.-P. Sauvage, Acc. Chem. Res., 1990, 23, 319; C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker and J.-P. Sauvage, Bioorg. Chem. Front., 1991, 2, 195; H. W. Gibson and H. Marand, Adv. Mater., 1993, 5, 11; J.-C. Chambron, C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker and J.-P. Sauvage, Top. Curr. Chem., 1993, 165, 131; F. Bickelhaupt, J. Organomet. Chem., 1994, 475-1; H. W. Gibson, M. C. Bheda and P. T. Engen., Prog. Polym. Sci., 1994, 19, 843; D. B. Amabilino, I. W. Parsons and J. F. Stoddart, Trends Polym. Sci., 1994, 2, 146; D.B. Amabilino and J. F. Stoddart, Chem. Rev., 1995, 95, 2725; Vögtle, T. Dünnwald and T. Schmidt, Acc. Chem. Res., 1996, 29, 451; A. C. Benniston, Chem. Soc. Rev., 1996, 25, 427; M. Fujita and K. Ogura, Coord. Chem. Rev., 1996, 148, 249; M. Belohradsky, F. M. Raymo and J. F. Stoddart, Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun., 1996, 61, 1; F. M. Raymo and J. F. Stoddart, Trends Polym. Sci., 1996, 4, 208; R. Jäger and F. Vögtle, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1997, 36, 930; M. Belohradsky, F. M. Raymo and J. F. Stoddart, Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun., 1997, 62, 527; S. A. Nepogodiev and J. F. Stoddart, Chem. Rev., 1998, 98, 1959; J.-C. Chambron and J.-P. Sauvage, Chem. Eur. J., 1998, 4, 1362.
12. 1 For accounts, books and reviews on mechanically interlocked molecules and supermolecules, see: G. Schill, Catenanes, Rotaxanes and Knots, Academic Press, New York, 1971; D. M. Walba, Tetrahedron, 1985, 41, 3161; C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker and J.-P. Sauvage, Chem. Rev., 1987, 87, 795; Y. S. Lipatov, T. E. Lipatova and L. F. Kosyanchuk, Adv. Polym. Sci., 1989, 88, 49; J.-P. Sauvage, Acc. Chem. Res., 1990, 23, 319; C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker and J.-P. Sauvage, Bioorg. Chem. Front., 1991, 2, 195; H. W. Gibson and H. Marand, Adv. Mater., 1993, 5, 11; J.-C. Chambron, C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker and J.-P. Sauvage, Top. Curr. Chem., 1993, 165, 131; F. Bickelhaupt, J. Organomet. Chem., 1994, 475-1; H. W. Gibson, M. C. Bheda and P. T. Engen., Prog. Polym. Sci., 1994, 19, 843; D. B. Amabilino, I. W. Parsons and J. F. Stoddart, Trends Polym. Sci., 1994, 2, 146; D.B. Amabilino and J. F. Stoddart, Chem. Rev., 1995, 95, 2725; Vögtle, T. Dünnwald and T. Schmidt, Acc. Chem. Res., 1996, 29, 451; A. C. Benniston, Chem. Soc. Rev., 1996, 25, 427; M. Fujita and K. Ogura, Coord. Chem. Rev., 1996, 148, 249; M. Belohradsky, F. M. Raymo and J. F. Stoddart, Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun., 1996, 61, 1; F. M. Raymo and J. F. Stoddart, Trends Polym. Sci., 1996, 4, 208; R. Jäger and F. Vögtle, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1997, 36, 930; M. Belohradsky, F. M. Raymo and J. F. Stoddart, Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun., 1997, 62, 527; S. A. Nepogodiev and J. F. Stoddart, Chem. Rev., 1998, 98, 1959; J.-C. Chambron and J.-P. Sauvage, Chem. Eur. J., 1998, 4, 1362.
13. 1 For accounts, books and reviews on mechanically interlocked molecules and supermolecules, see: G. Schill, Catenanes, Rotaxanes and Knots, Academic Press, New York, 1971; D. M. Walba, Tetrahedron, 1985, 41, 3161; C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker and J.-P. Sauvage, Chem. Rev., 1987, 87, 795; Y. S. Lipatov, T. E. Lipatova and L. F. Kosyanchuk, Adv. Polym. Sci., 1989, 88, 49; J.-P. Sauvage, Acc. Chem. Res., 1990, 23, 319; C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker and J.-P. Sauvage, Bioorg. Chem. Front., 1991, 2, 195; H. W. Gibson and H. Marand, Adv. Mater., 1993, 5, 11; J.-C. Chambron, C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker and J.-P. Sauvage, Top. Curr. Chem., 1993, 165, 131; F. Bickelhaupt, J. Organomet. Chem., 1994, 475-1; H. W. Gibson, M. C. Bheda and P. T. Engen., Prog. Polym. Sci., 1994, 19, 843; D. B. Amabilino, I. W. Parsons and J. F. Stoddart, Trends Polym. Sci., 1994, 2, 146; D.B. Amabilino and J. F. Stoddart, Chem. Rev., 1995, 95, 2725; Vögtle, T. Dünnwald and T. Schmidt, Acc. Chem. Res., 1996, 29, 451; A. C. Benniston, Chem. Soc. Rev., 1996, 25, 427; M. Fujita and K. Ogura, Coord. Chem. Rev., 1996, 148, 249; M. Belohradsky, F. M. Raymo and J. F. Stoddart, Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun., 1996, 61, 1; F. M. Raymo and J. F. Stoddart, Trends Polym. Sci., 1996, 4, 208; R. Jäger and F. Vögtle, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1997, 36, 930; M. Belohradsky, F. M. Raymo and J. F. Stoddart, Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun., 1997, 62, 527; S. A. Nepogodiev and J. F. Stoddart, Chem. Rev., 1998, 98, 1959; J.-C. Chambron and J.-P. Sauvage, Chem. Eur. J., 1998, 4, 1362.
14. 1 For accounts, books and reviews on mechanically interlocked molecules and supermolecules, see: G. Schill, Catenanes, Rotaxanes and Knots, Academic Press, New York, 1971; D. M. Walba, Tetrahedron, 1985, 41, 3161; C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker and J.-P. Sauvage, Chem. Rev., 1987, 87, 795; Y. S. Lipatov, T. E. Lipatova and L. F. Kosyanchuk, Adv. Polym. Sci., 1989, 88, 49; J.-P. Sauvage, Acc. Chem. Res., 1990, 23, 319; C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker and J.-P. Sauvage, Bioorg. Chem. Front., 1991, 2, 195; H. W. Gibson and H. Marand, Adv. Mater., 1993, 5, 11; J.-C. Chambron, C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker and J.-P. Sauvage, Top. Curr. Chem., 1993, 165, 131; F. Bickelhaupt, J. Organomet. Chem., 1994, 475-1; H. W. Gibson, M. C. Bheda and P. T. Engen., Prog. Polym. Sci., 1994, 19, 843; D. B. Amabilino, I. W. Parsons and J. F. Stoddart, Trends Polym. Sci., 1994, 2, 146; D.B. Amabilino and J. F. Stoddart, Chem. Rev., 1995, 95, 2725; Vögtle, T. Dünnwald and T. Schmidt, Acc. Chem. Res., 1996, 29, 451; A. C. Benniston, Chem. Soc. Rev., 1996, 25, 427; M. Fujita and K. Ogura, Coord. Chem. Rev., 1996, 148, 249; M. Belohradsky, F. M. Raymo and J. F. Stoddart, Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun., 1996, 61, 1; F. M. Raymo and J. F. Stoddart, Trends Polym. Sci., 1996, 4, 208; R. Jäger and F. Vögtle, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1997, 36, 930; M. Belohradsky, F. M. Raymo and J. F. Stoddart, Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun., 1997, 62, 527; S. A. Nepogodiev and J. F. Stoddart, Chem. Rev., 1998, 98, 1959; J.-C. Chambron and J.-P. Sauvage, Chem. Eur. J., 1998, 4, 1362.
15. 1 For accounts, books and reviews on mechanically interlocked molecules and supermolecules, see: G. Schill, Catenanes, Rotaxanes and Knots, Academic Press, New York, 1971; D. M. Walba, Tetrahedron, 1985, 41, 3161; C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker and J.-P. Sauvage, Chem. Rev., 1987, 87, 795; Y. S. Lipatov, T. E. Lipatova and L. F. Kosyanchuk, Adv. Polym. Sci., 1989, 88, 49; J.-P. Sauvage, Acc. Chem. Res., 1990, 23, 319; C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker and J.-P. Sauvage, Bioorg. Chem. Front., 1991, 2, 195; H. W. Gibson and H. Marand, Adv. Mater., 1993, 5, 11; J.-C. Chambron, C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker and J.-P. Sauvage, Top. Curr. Chem., 1993, 165, 131; F. Bickelhaupt, J. Organomet. Chem., 1994, 475-1; H. W. Gibson, M. C. Bheda and P. T. Engen., Prog. Polym. Sci., 1994, 19, 843; D. B. Amabilino, I. W. Parsons and J. F. Stoddart, Trends Polym. Sci., 1994, 2, 146; D.B. Amabilino and J. F. Stoddart, Chem. Rev., 1995, 95, 2725; Vögtle, T. Dünnwald and T. Schmidt, Acc. Chem. Res., 1996, 29, 451; A. C. Benniston, Chem. Soc. Rev., 1996, 25, 427; M. Fujita and K. Ogura, Coord. Chem. Rev., 1996, 148, 249; M. Belohradsky, F. M. Raymo and J. F. Stoddart, Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun., 1996, 61, 1; F. M. Raymo and J. F. Stoddart, Trends Polym. Sci., 1996, 4, 208; R. Jäger and F. Vögtle, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1997, 36, 930; M. Belohradsky, F. M. Raymo and J. F. Stoddart, Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun., 1997, 62, 527; S. A. Nepogodiev and J. F. Stoddart, Chem. Rev., 1998, 98, 1959; J.-C. Chambron and J.-P. Sauvage, Chem. Eur. J., 1998, 4, 1362.
16. 1 For accounts, books and reviews on mechanically interlocked molecules and supermolecules, see: G. Schill, Catenanes, Rotaxanes and Knots, Academic Press, New York, 1971; D. M. Walba, Tetrahedron, 1985, 41, 3161; C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker and J.-P. Sauvage, Chem. Rev., 1987, 87, 795; Y. S. Lipatov, T. E. Lipatova and L. F. Kosyanchuk, Adv. Polym. Sci., 1989, 88, 49; J.-P. Sauvage, Acc. Chem. Res., 1990, 23, 319; C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker and J.-P. Sauvage, Bioorg. Chem. Front., 1991, 2, 195; H. W. Gibson and H. Marand, Adv. Mater., 1993, 5, 11; J.-C. Chambron, C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker and J.-P. Sauvage, Top. Curr. Chem., 1993, 165, 131; F. Bickelhaupt, J. Organomet. Chem., 1994, 475-1; H. W. Gibson, M. C. Bheda and P. T. Engen., Prog. Polym. Sci., 1994, 19, 843; D. B. Amabilino, I. W. Parsons and J. F. Stoddart, Trends Polym. Sci., 1994, 2, 146; D.B. Amabilino and J. F. Stoddart, Chem. Rev., 1995, 95, 2725; Vögtle, T. Dünnwald and T. Schmidt, Acc. Chem. Res., 1996, 29, 451; A. C. Benniston, Chem. Soc. Rev., 1996, 25, 427; M. Fujita and K. Ogura, Coord. Chem. Rev., 1996, 148, 249; M. Belohradsky, F. M. Raymo and J. F. Stoddart, Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun., 1996, 61, 1; F. M. Raymo and J. F. Stoddart, Trends Polym. Sci., 1996, 4, 208; R. Jäger and F. Vögtle, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1997, 36, 930; M. Belohradsky, F. M. Raymo and J. F. Stoddart, Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun., 1997, 62, 527; S. A. Nepogodiev and J. F. Stoddart, Chem. Rev., 1998, 98, 1959; J.-C. Chambron and J.-P. Sauvage, Chem. Eur. J., 1998, 4, 1362.
17. 1 For accounts, books and reviews on mechanically interlocked molecules and supermolecules, see: G. Schill, Catenanes, Rotaxanes and Knots, Academic Press, New York, 1971; D. M. Walba, Tetrahedron, 1985, 41, 3161; C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker and J.-P. Sauvage, Chem. Rev., 1987, 87, 795; Y. S. Lipatov, T. E. Lipatova and L. F. Kosyanchuk, Adv. Polym. Sci., 1989, 88, 49; J.-P. Sauvage, Acc. Chem. Res., 1990, 23, 319; C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker and J.-P. Sauvage, Bioorg. Chem. Front., 1991, 2, 195; H. W. Gibson and H. Marand, Adv. Mater., 1993, 5, 11; J.-C. Chambron, C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker and J.-P. Sauvage, Top. Curr. Chem., 1993, 165, 131; F. Bickelhaupt, J. Organomet. Chem., 1994, 475-1; H. W. Gibson, M. C. Bheda and P. T. Engen., Prog. Polym. Sci., 1994, 19, 843; D. B. Amabilino, I. W. Parsons and J. F. Stoddart, Trends Polym. Sci., 1994, 2, 146; D.B. Amabilino and J. F. Stoddart, Chem. Rev., 1995, 95, 2725; Vögtle, T. Dünnwald and T. Schmidt, Acc. Chem. Res., 1996, 29, 451; A. C. Benniston, Chem. Soc. Rev., 1996, 25, 427; M. Fujita and K. Ogura, Coord. Chem. Rev., 1996, 148, 249; M. Belohradsky, F. M. Raymo and J. F. Stoddart, Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun., 1996, 61, 1; F. M. Raymo and J. F. Stoddart, Trends Polym. Sci., 1996, 4, 208; R. Jäger and F. Vögtle, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1997, 36, 930; M. Belohradsky, F. M. Raymo and J. F. Stoddart, Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun., 1997, 62, 527; S. A. Nepogodiev and J. F. Stoddart, Chem. Rev., 1998, 98, 1959; J.-C. Chambron and J.-P. Sauvage, Chem. Eur. J., 1998, 4, 1362.
18. 1 For accounts, books and reviews on mechanically interlocked molecules and supermolecules, see: G. Schill, Catenanes, Rotaxanes and Knots, Academic Press, New York, 1971; D. M. Walba, Tetrahedron, 1985, 41, 3161; C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker and J.-P. Sauvage, Chem. Rev., 1987, 87, 795; Y. S. Lipatov, T. E. Lipatova and L. F. Kosyanchuk, Adv. Polym. Sci., 1989, 88, 49; J.-P. Sauvage, Acc. Chem. Res., 1990, 23, 319; C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker and J.-P. Sauvage, Bioorg. Chem. Front., 1991, 2, 195; H. W. Gibson and H. Marand, Adv. Mater., 1993, 5, 11; J.-C. Chambron, C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker and J.-P. Sauvage, Top. Curr. Chem., 1993, 165, 131; F. Bickelhaupt, J. Organomet. Chem., 1994, 475-1; H. W. Gibson, M. C. Bheda and P. T. Engen., Prog. Polym. Sci., 1994, 19, 843; D. B. Amabilino, I. W. Parsons and J. F. Stoddart, Trends Polym. Sci., 1994, 2, 146; D.B. Amabilino and J. F. Stoddart, Chem. Rev., 1995, 95, 2725; Vögtle, T. Dünnwald and T. Schmidt, Acc. Chem. Res., 1996, 29, 451; A. C. Benniston, Chem. Soc. Rev., 1996, 25, 427; M. Fujita and K. Ogura, Coord. Chem. Rev., 1996, 148, 249; M. Belohradsky, F. M. Raymo and J. F. Stoddart, Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun., 1996, 61, 1; F. M. Raymo and J. F. Stoddart, Trends Polym. Sci., 1996, 4, 208; R. Jäger and F. Vögtle, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1997, 36, 930; M. Belohradsky, F. M. Raymo and J. F. Stoddart, Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun., 1997, 62, 527; S. A. Nepogodiev and J. F. Stoddart, Chem. Rev., 1998, 98, 1959; J.-C. Chambron and J.-P. Sauvage, Chem. Eur. J., 1998, 4, 1362.
19. 1 For accounts, books and reviews on mechanically interlocked molecules and supermolecules, see: G. Schill, Catenanes, Rotaxanes and Knots, Academic Press, New York, 1971; D. M. Walba, Tetrahedron, 1985, 41, 3161; C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker and J.-P. Sauvage, Chem. Rev., 1987, 87, 795; Y. S. Lipatov, T. E. Lipatova and L. F. Kosyanchuk, Adv. Polym. Sci., 1989, 88, 49; J.-P. Sauvage, Acc. Chem. Res., 1990, 23, 319; C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker and J.-P. Sauvage, Bioorg. Chem. Front., 1991, 2, 195; H. W. Gibson and H. Marand, Adv. Mater., 1993, 5, 11; J.-C. Chambron, C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker and J.-P. Sauvage, Top. Curr. Chem., 1993, 165, 131; F. Bickelhaupt, J. Organomet. Chem., 1994, 475-1; H. W. Gibson, M. C. Bheda and P. T. Engen., Prog. Polym. Sci., 1994, 19, 843; D. B. Amabilino, I. W. Parsons and J. F. Stoddart, Trends Polym. Sci., 1994, 2, 146; D.B. Amabilino and J. F. Stoddart, Chem. Rev., 1995, 95, 2725; Vögtle, T. Dünnwald and T. Schmidt, Acc. Chem. Res., 1996, 29, 451; A. C. Benniston, Chem. Soc. Rev., 1996, 25, 427; M. Fujita and K. Ogura, Coord. Chem. Rev., 1996, 148, 249; M. Belohradsky, F. M. Raymo and J. F. Stoddart, Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun., 1996, 61, 1; F. M. Raymo and J. F. Stoddart, Trends Polym. Sci., 1996, 4, 208; R. Jäger and F. Vögtle, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1997, 36, 930; M. Belohradsky, F. M. Raymo and J. F. Stoddart, Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun., 1997, 62, 527; S. A. Nepogodiev and J. F. Stoddart, Chem. Rev., 1998, 98, 1959; J.-C. Chambron and J.-P. Sauvage, Chem. Eur. J., 1998, 4, 1362.
20. 1 For accounts, books and reviews on mechanically interlocked molecules and supermolecules, see: G. Schill, Catenanes, Rotaxanes and Knots, Academic Press, New York, 1971; D. M. Walba, Tetrahedron, 1985, 41, 3161; C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker and J.-P. Sauvage, Chem. Rev., 1987, 87, 795; Y. S. Lipatov, T. E. Lipatova and L. F. Kosyanchuk, Adv. Polym. Sci., 1989, 88, 49; J.-P. Sauvage, Acc. Chem. Res., 1990, 23, 319; C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker and J.-P. Sauvage, Bioorg. Chem. Front., 1991, 2, 195; H. W. Gibson and H. Marand, Adv. Mater., 1993, 5, 11; J.-C. Chambron, C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker and J.-P. Sauvage, Top. Curr. Chem., 1993, 165, 131; F. Bickelhaupt, J. Organomet. Chem., 1994, 475-1; H. W. Gibson, M. C. Bheda and P. T. Engen., Prog. Polym. Sci., 1994, 19, 843; D. B. Amabilino, I. W. Parsons and J. F. Stoddart, Trends Polym. Sci., 1994, 2, 146; D.B. Amabilino and J. F. Stoddart, Chem. Rev., 1995, 95, 2725; Vögtle, T. Dünnwald and T. Schmidt, Acc. Chem. Res., 1996, 29, 451; A. C. Benniston, Chem. Soc. Rev., 1996, 25, 427; M. Fujita and K. Ogura, Coord. Chem. Rev., 1996, 148, 249; M. Belohradsky, F. M. Raymo and J. F. Stoddart, Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun., 1996, 61, 1; F. M. Raymo and J. F. Stoddart, Trends Polym. Sci., 1996, 4, 208; R. Jäger and F. Vögtle, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1997, 36, 930; M. Belohradsky, F. M. Raymo and J. F. Stoddart, Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun., 1997, 62, 527; S. A. Nepogodiev and J. F. Stoddart, Chem. Rev., 1998, 98, 1959; J.-C. Chambron and J.-P. Sauvage, Chem. Eur. J., 1998, 4, 1362.
21. 1 For accounts, books and reviews on mechanically interlocked molecules and supermolecules, see: G. Schill, Catenanes, Rotaxanes and Knots, Academic Press, New York, 1971; D. M. Walba, Tetrahedron, 1985, 41, 3161; C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker and J.-P. Sauvage, Chem. Rev., 1987, 87, 795; Y. S. Lipatov, T. E. Lipatova and L. F. Kosyanchuk, Adv. Polym. Sci., 1989, 88, 49; J.-P. Sauvage, Acc. Chem. Res., 1990, 23, 319; C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker and J.-P. Sauvage, Bioorg. Chem. Front., 1991, 2, 195; H. W. Gibson and H. Marand, Adv. Mater., 1993, 5, 11; J.-C. Chambron, C. O. Dietrich-Buchecker and J.-P. Sauvage, Top. Curr. Chem., 1993, 165, 131; F. Bickelhaupt, J. Organomet. Chem., 1994, 475-1; H. W. Gibson, M. C. Bheda and P. T. Engen., Prog. Polym. Sci., 1994, 19, 843; D. B. Amabilino, I. W. Parsons and J. F. Stoddart, Trends Polym. Sci., 1994, 2, 146; D.B. Amabilino and J. F. Stoddart, Chem. Rev., 1995, 95, 2725; Vögtle, T. Dünnwald and T. Schmidt, Acc. Chem. Res., 1996, 29, 451; A. C. Benniston, Chem. Soc. Rev., 1996, 25, 427; M. Fujita and K. Ogura, Coord. Chem. Rev., 1996, 148, 249; M. Belohradsky, F. M. Raymo and J. F. Stoddart, Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun., 1996, 61, 1; F. M. Raymo and J. F. Stoddart, Trends Polym. Sci., 1996, 4, 208; R. Jäger and F. Vögtle, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1997, 36, 930; M. Belohradsky, F. M. Raymo and J. F. Stoddart, Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun., 1997, 62, 527; S. A. Nepogodiev and J. F. Stoddart, Chem. Rev., 1998, 98, 1959; J.-C. Chambron and J.-P. Sauvage, Chem. Eur. J., 1998, 4, 1362.
22. 2 For accounts and reviews on template-directed syntheses of catenanes and rotaxanes relying on a combination of [C-H⋯O] hydrogen bonds, [π⋯π] stacking, and [C-H⋯π] interactions, see: D. Philp and J. F. Stoddart, Synlett, 1991, 445; D. Pasini, F. M. Raymo and J. F. Stoddart, Gazz. Chem. Ital., 1995, 125, 431; F. M. Raymo and J. F. Stoddart, Pure Appl. Chem., 1996, 68, 313; D. B. Amabilino, F. M. Raymo and J. F. Stoddart, Comprehensive Supramolecular Chemistry, ed. M. W. Hosseini and J.-P. Sauvage, Pergamon, Oxford, 1996, vol. 9, p. 85; R. E. Gillard, F. M. Raymo and J. F. Stoddart, Chem. Eur. J., 1997, 3, 1933; F. M. Raymo and J. F. Stoddart, Pure Appl. Chem., 1997, 69, 1987; F. M. Raymo and J. F. Stoddart, Chemtracts, 1998, 11, 491.
23. 2 For accounts and reviews on template-directed syntheses of catenanes and rotaxanes relying on a combination of [C-H⋯O] hydrogen bonds, [π⋯π] stacking, and [C-H⋯π] interactions, see: D. Philp and J. F. Stoddart, Synlett, 1991, 445; D. Pasini, F. M. Raymo and J. F. Stoddart, Gazz. Chem. Ital., 1995, 125, 431; F. M. Raymo and J. F. Stoddart, Pure Appl. Chem., 1996, 68, 313; D. B. Amabilino, F. M. Raymo and J. F. Stoddart, Comprehensive Supramolecular Chemistry, ed. M. W. Hosseini and J.-P. Sauvage, Pergamon, Oxford, 1996, vol. 9, p. 85; R. E. Gillard, F. M. Raymo and J. F. Stoddart, Chem. Eur. J., 1997, 3, 1933; F. M. Raymo and J. F. Stoddart, Pure Appl. Chem., 1997, 69, 1987; F. M. Raymo and J. F. Stoddart, Chemtracts, 1998, 11, 491.
24. 2 For accounts and reviews on template-directed syntheses of catenanes and rotaxanes relying on a combination of [C-H⋯O] hydrogen bonds, [π⋯π] stacking, and [C-H⋯π] interactions, see: D. Philp and J. F. Stoddart, Synlett, 1991, 445; D. Pasini, F. M. Raymo and J. F. Stoddart, Gazz. Chem. Ital., 1995, 125, 431; F. M. Raymo and J. F. Stoddart, Pure Appl. Chem., 1996, 68, 313; D. B. Amabilino, F. M. Raymo and J. F. Stoddart, Comprehensive Supramolecular Chemistry, ed. M. W. Hosseini and J.-P. Sauvage, Pergamon, Oxford, 1996, vol. 9, p. 85; R. E. Gillard, F. M. Raymo and J. F. Stoddart, Chem. Eur. J., 1997, 3, 1933; F. M. Raymo and J. F. Stoddart, Pure Appl. Chem., 1997, 69, 1987; F. M. Raymo and J. F. Stoddart, Chemtracts, 1998, 11, 491.
25. 2 For accounts and reviews on template-directed syntheses of catenanes and rotaxanes relying on a combination of [C-H⋯O] hydrogen bonds, [π⋯π] stacking, and [C-H⋯π] interactions, see: D. Philp and J. F. Stoddart, Synlett, 1991, 445; D. Pasini, F. M. Raymo and J. F. Stoddart, Gazz. Chem. Ital., 1995, 125, 431; F. M. Raymo and J. F. Stoddart, Pure Appl. Chem., 1996, 68, 313; D. B. Amabilino, F. M. Raymo and J. F. Stoddart, Comprehensive Supramolecular Chemistry, ed. M. W. Hosseini and J.-P. Sauvage, Pergamon, Oxford, 1996, vol. 9, p. 85; R. E. Gillard, F. M. Raymo and J. F. Stoddart, Chem. Eur. J., 1997, 3, 1933; F. M. Raymo and J. F. Stoddart, Pure Appl. Chem., 1997, 69, 1987; F. M. Raymo and J. F. Stoddart, Chemtracts, 1998, 11, 491.
26. 2 For accounts and reviews on template-directed syntheses of catenanes and rotaxanes relying on a combination of [C-H⋯O] hydrogen bonds, [π⋯π] stacking, and [C-H⋯π] interactions, see: D. Philp and J. F. Stoddart, Synlett, 1991, 445; D. Pasini, F. M. Raymo and J. F. Stoddart, Gazz. Chem. Ital., 1995, 125, 431; F. M. Raymo and J. F. Stoddart, Pure Appl. Chem., 1996, 68, 313; D. B. Amabilino, F. M. Raymo and J. F. Stoddart, Comprehensive Supramolecular Chemistry, ed. M. W. Hosseini and J.-P. Sauvage, Pergamon, Oxford, 1996, vol. 9, p. 85; R. E. Gillard, F. M. Raymo and J. F. Stoddart, Chem. Eur. J., 1997, 3, 1933; F. M. Raymo and J. F. Stoddart, Pure Appl. Chem., 1997, 69, 1987; F. M. Raymo and J. F. Stoddart, Chemtracts, 1998, 11, 491.
27. 2 For accounts and reviews on template-directed syntheses of catenanes and rotaxanes relying on a combination of [C-H⋯O] hydrogen bonds, [π⋯π] stacking, and [C-H⋯π] interactions, see: D. Philp and J. F. Stoddart, Synlett, 1991, 445; D. Pasini, F. M. Raymo and J. F. Stoddart, Gazz. Chem. Ital., 1995, 125, 431; F. M. Raymo and J. F. Stoddart, Pure Appl. Chem., 1996, 68, 313; D. B. Amabilino, F. M. Raymo and J. F. Stoddart, Comprehensive Supramolecular Chemistry, ed. M. W. Hosseini and J.-P. Sauvage, Pergamon, Oxford, 1996, vol. 9, p. 85; R. E. Gillard, F. M. Raymo and J. F. Stoddart, Chem. Eur. J., 1997, 3, 1933; F. M. Raymo and J. F. Stoddart, Pure Appl. Chem., 1997, 69, 1987; F. M. Raymo and J. F. Stoddart, Chemtracts, 1998, 11, 491.
28. 2 For accounts and reviews on template-directed syntheses of catenanes and rotaxanes relying on a combination of [C-H⋯O] hydrogen bonds, [π⋯π] stacking, and [C-H⋯π] interactions, see: D. Philp and J. F. Stoddart, Synlett, 1991, 445; D. Pasini, F. M. Raymo and J. F. Stoddart, Gazz. Chem. Ital., 1995, 125, 431; F. M. Raymo and J. F. Stoddart, Pure Appl. Chem., 1996, 68, 313; D. B. Amabilino, F. M. Raymo and J. F. Stoddart, Comprehensive Supramolecular Chemistry, ed. M. W. Hosseini and J.-P. Sauvage, Pergamon, Oxford, 1996, vol. 9, p. 85; R. E. Gillard, F. M. Raymo and J. F. Stoddart, Chem. Eur. J., 1997, 3, 1933; F. M. Raymo and J. F. Stoddart, Pure Appl. Chem., 1997, 69, 1987; F. M. Raymo and J. F. Stoddart, Chemtracts, 1998, 11, 491.
29. 3 R. Ballardini, V. Balzani, A. Credi, M. T. Gandolfi, S. J. Langford, S. Menzer, L. Prodi, J. F. Stoddart, M. Venturi and D. J. Williams, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1996, 35, 978; P. R. Ashton, S. J. Langford, N. Spencer, J. F. Stoddart, A. J. P. White and D. J. Williams, Chem. Commun., 1996, 1387; A. C. Benniston, A. Harriman and D. S. Yufit, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1997, 36, 2356; A. Credi, V. Balzani, S. J. Langford and J. F. Stoddart, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1997, 119, 2679; A. Credi, V. Balzani, S. J. Langford, M. Montalti, F. M. Raymo and J. F. Stoddart, New J. Chem., 1998, 1061.
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