Synthesis of Rotaxanes by Brief Melting of Wheel and Axle Components

Angewandte Chemie (International Edition in English)

Volumn 36, Issue 11, 1997, Pages 1199-1201

  Händel, Mirko ^a   Plevoets, Marcus ^a   Gestermann, Sven ^a   Vögtle, Fritz ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BONN   (Germany)

Author keywords

Macrocycles; Mechanical binding; Rotaxanes; Supramolecular chemistry; Synthetic methods

Indexed keywords

EID: 0030796997     PISSN: 05700833     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/anie.199711991     Document Type: Article

References (54)

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7. F. Vögtle, M. Händel, S. Meier, S. Ottens-Hildebrandt, F. Ott, T. Schmidt, Liebigs Ann. 1995, 739; L. F. Lindoy, Nature 1995, 376, 293; A. G. Johnston, D. A. Leigh, A. Murphy, J. P. Smart, M. D. Deegan, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 10 662; F. Vögtle, R. Jäger, M. Händel, S. Ottens-Hildebrandt, W. Schmidt, Synthesis 1996, 353; F. Vögtle, T. Dünnwald, M. Händel, R. Jäger, S. Meier, G. Harder, Chem. Eur. J. 1996, 2, 640; F. Vögtle, F. Ahuis, S. Baumann, J. L. Sessler, Liebigs Ann. 1996, 921; R. Jäger, M. Händel, J. Harren, K. Rissanen, F. Vögtle, ibid. 1996, 1201; review on the synthesis of molecules with mechanical bonds: R. Jäger, F. Vögtle, Angew. Chem. 1997, 109, 967; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1997, 36, 930.
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19. We thank Dipl.-Chem. R. Jäger for providing substances and for fruitful discussions.
20. We know from experience that Stuart/Briegleb models of large molecules are often too flexible, whereas CPK models are usually too rigid.
21. It is conceivable that at high temperatures the rotaxane construction takes place by a bond cleavage (e.g. CO-NH) and subsequent threading and recombination. The fact that we could not find any catenanes refutes a mechanism of bond cleavages in the wheel, particularly since the number of the amide bonds (although sterically more hindered) is twice the number of those in the axle. Furthermore we could not lind any thermal/pyrolytic cleavage/recombination of amide bonds in the literature apart from transamidations, which proceed by addition and elimination at 200°C: H. R. Kricheldorf, E. Leppert, G. Schilling, Makromol. Chem. 1975, 176, 1629.
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24. G. Schill, H. Zollenkopf, Nachr. Chem. Tech. 1967, 15, 149; I. T. Harrison, S. Harrison, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1967, 89, 5723; C. Wu, P. R. Lecavalier, Y. X. Shen, H. W. Gibson, Chem. Mater. 1991, 3, 569; J.-C. Chambron, V. Heitz, J.-P. Sauvage, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1992, 1131; D. J. Cardenas, P. Gavina, J.-P. Sauvage, Chem. Commun. 1996, 1915; H. Sleiman, P. Baxter, J.-M. Lehn, K. Rissanen, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1995, 715; B. L. Allwood, N. Spencer, H. Shahriari-Zavareh, J. F. Stoddart, D. J. Williams, ibid. 1987, 1064; P. R. Ashton, P. T. Glink, J. F. Stoddart, P. A. Tasker, A. J. P. White, D. J. Williams, Chem. Eur. J. 1996, 2, 729; A. C. Benniston, A. Harriman, V. Lynch, Tetrahedron Lett. 1994, 35, 1473; H. Ogino, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1981, 103, 1303; T. V. S. Rao, D. D. Lawrence, ibid. 1990, 112, 3614; R. Isnin, A. E. Kaifer, ibid. 1991, 113, 8188; G. Wenz, E. van der Bey, L. Schmidt, Angew. Chem. 1992, 104, 758; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1992, 31, 783; S. Anderson, H. L. Anderson, ibid. 1996, 108, 2075 bzw. 1996, 35, 1956; A. Harada, J. Li, M. Kamachi, Nature 1993, 364, 516; G. Wenz, B. Keller, GIT Fachz. Lab. 1994, 608; M. Born, H. Ritter, Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 342; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 309; H. W. Gibson, S. Liu, P. Lecavalier, C. Wu, Y. X. Shen, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 852; P. E. Mason, I. W. Parsons, M. S. Tolley; Angew. Chem. 1996, 108, 2405; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1996, 35, 2238; Y.-M. Jeon, D. Whang, J. Kim, K. Kim, Chem. Lett. 1996, 503; Z.-T. Li, P. C. Stein, J. Becher, D. Jensen, P. Moerk, N. Svenstrup, Chem. Eur. J. 1996, 2, 624; recent reviews: H. W. Gibson, M. C. Bheda, P. T. Engen, Prog. Polym. Sci. 1994, 19, 843; D. B. Amabilino, J. F. Stoddart, Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 2725.
25. G. Schill, H. Zollenkopf, Nachr. Chem. Tech. 1967, 15, 149; I. T. Harrison, S. Harrison, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1967, 89, 5723; C. Wu, P. R. Lecavalier, Y. X. Shen, H. W. Gibson, Chem. Mater. 1991, 3, 569; J.-C. Chambron, V. Heitz, J.-P. Sauvage, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1992, 1131; D. J. Cardenas, P. Gavina, J.-P. Sauvage, Chem. Commun. 1996, 1915; H. Sleiman, P. Baxter, J.-M. Lehn, K. Rissanen, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1995, 715; B. L. Allwood, N. Spencer, H. Shahriari-Zavareh, J. F. Stoddart, D. J. Williams, ibid. 1987, 1064; P. R. Ashton, P. T. Glink, J. F. Stoddart, P. A. Tasker, A. J. P. White, D. J. Williams, Chem. Eur. J. 1996, 2, 729; A. C. Benniston, A. Harriman, V. Lynch, Tetrahedron Lett. 1994, 35, 1473; H. Ogino, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1981, 103, 1303; T. V. S. Rao, D. D. Lawrence, ibid. 1990, 112, 3614; R. Isnin, A. E. Kaifer, ibid. 1991, 113, 8188; G. Wenz, E. van der Bey, L. Schmidt, Angew. Chem. 1992, 104, 758; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1992, 31, 783; S. Anderson, H. L. Anderson, ibid. 1996, 108, 2075 bzw. 1996, 35, 1956; A. Harada, J. Li, M. Kamachi, Nature 1993, 364, 516; G. Wenz, B. Keller, GIT Fachz. Lab. 1994, 608; M. Born, H. Ritter, Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 342; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 309; H. W. Gibson, S. Liu, P. Lecavalier, C. Wu, Y. X. Shen, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 852; P. E. Mason, I. W. Parsons, M. S. Tolley; Angew. Chem. 1996, 108, 2405; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1996, 35, 2238; Y.-M. Jeon, D. Whang, J. Kim, K. Kim, Chem. Lett. 1996, 503; Z.-T. Li, P. C. Stein, J. Becher, D. Jensen, P. Moerk, N. Svenstrup, Chem. Eur. J. 1996, 2, 624; recent reviews: H. W. Gibson, M. C. Bheda, P. T. Engen, Prog. Polym. Sci. 1994, 19, 843; D. B. Amabilino, J. F. Stoddart, Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 2725.
26. G. Schill, H. Zollenkopf, Nachr. Chem. Tech. 1967, 15, 149; I. T. Harrison, S. Harrison, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1967, 89, 5723; C. Wu, P. R. Lecavalier, Y. X. Shen, H. W. Gibson, Chem. Mater. 1991, 3, 569; J.-C. Chambron, V. Heitz, J.-P. Sauvage, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1992, 1131; D. J. Cardenas, P. Gavina, J.-P. Sauvage, Chem. Commun. 1996, 1915; H. Sleiman, P. Baxter, J.-M. Lehn, K. Rissanen, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1995, 715; B. L. Allwood, N. Spencer, H. Shahriari-Zavareh, J. F. Stoddart, D. J. Williams, ibid. 1987, 1064; P. R. Ashton, P. T. Glink, J. F. Stoddart, P. A. Tasker, A. J. P. White, D. J. Williams, Chem. Eur. J. 1996, 2, 729; A. C. Benniston, A. Harriman, V. Lynch, Tetrahedron Lett. 1994, 35, 1473; H. Ogino, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1981, 103, 1303; T. V. S. Rao, D. D. Lawrence, ibid. 1990, 112, 3614; R. Isnin, A. E. Kaifer, ibid. 1991, 113, 8188; G. Wenz, E. van der Bey, L. Schmidt, Angew. Chem. 1992, 104, 758; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1992, 31, 783; S. Anderson, H. L. Anderson, ibid. 1996, 108, 2075 bzw. 1996, 35, 1956; A. Harada, J. Li, M. Kamachi, Nature 1993, 364, 516; G. Wenz, B. Keller, GIT Fachz. Lab. 1994, 608; M. Born, H. Ritter, Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 342; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 309; H. W. Gibson, S. Liu, P. Lecavalier, C. Wu, Y. X. Shen, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 852; P. E. Mason, I. W. Parsons, M. S. Tolley; Angew. Chem. 1996, 108, 2405; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1996, 35, 2238; Y.-M. Jeon, D. Whang, J. Kim, K. Kim, Chem. Lett. 1996, 503; Z.-T. Li, P. C. Stein, J. Becher, D. Jensen, P. Moerk, N. Svenstrup, Chem. Eur. J. 1996, 2, 624; recent reviews: H. W. Gibson, M. C. Bheda, P. T. Engen, Prog. Polym. Sci. 1994, 19, 843; D. B. Amabilino, J. F. Stoddart, Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 2725.
27. G. Schill, H. Zollenkopf, Nachr. Chem. Tech. 1967, 15, 149; I. T. Harrison, S. Harrison, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1967, 89, 5723; C. Wu, P. R. Lecavalier, Y. X. Shen, H. W. Gibson, Chem. Mater. 1991, 3, 569; J.-C. Chambron, V. Heitz, J.-P. Sauvage, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1992, 1131; D. J. Cardenas, P. Gavina, J.-P. Sauvage, Chem. Commun. 1996, 1915; H. Sleiman, P. Baxter, J.-M. Lehn, K. Rissanen, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1995, 715; B. L. Allwood, N. Spencer, H. Shahriari-Zavareh, J. F. Stoddart, D. J. Williams, ibid. 1987, 1064; P. R. Ashton, P. T. Glink, J. F. Stoddart, P. A. Tasker, A. J. P. White, D. J. Williams, Chem. Eur. J. 1996, 2, 729; A. C. Benniston, A. Harriman, V. Lynch, Tetrahedron Lett. 1994, 35, 1473; H. Ogino, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1981, 103, 1303; T. V. S. Rao, D. D. Lawrence, ibid. 1990, 112, 3614; R. Isnin, A. E. Kaifer, ibid. 1991, 113, 8188; G. Wenz, E. van der Bey, L. Schmidt, Angew. Chem. 1992, 104, 758; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1992, 31, 783; S. Anderson, H. L. Anderson, ibid. 1996, 108, 2075 bzw. 1996, 35, 1956; A. Harada, J. Li, M. Kamachi, Nature 1993, 364, 516; G. Wenz, B. Keller, GIT Fachz. Lab. 1994, 608; M. Born, H. Ritter, Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 342; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 309; H. W. Gibson, S. Liu, P. Lecavalier, C. Wu, Y. X. Shen, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 852; P. E. Mason, I. W. Parsons, M. S. Tolley; Angew. Chem. 1996, 108, 2405; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1996, 35, 2238; Y.-M. Jeon, D. Whang, J. Kim, K. Kim, Chem. Lett. 1996, 503; Z.-T. Li, P. C. Stein, J. Becher, D. Jensen, P. Moerk, N. Svenstrup, Chem. Eur. J. 1996, 2, 624; recent reviews: H. W. Gibson, M. C. Bheda, P. T. Engen, Prog. Polym. Sci. 1994, 19, 843; D. B. Amabilino, J. F. Stoddart, Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 2725.
28. G. Schill, H. Zollenkopf, Nachr. Chem. Tech. 1967, 15, 149; I. T. Harrison, S. Harrison, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1967, 89, 5723; C. Wu, P. R. Lecavalier, Y. X. Shen, H. W. Gibson, Chem. Mater. 1991, 3, 569; J.-C. Chambron, V. Heitz, J.-P. Sauvage, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1992, 1131; D. J. Cardenas, P. Gavina, J.-P. Sauvage, Chem. Commun. 1996, 1915; H. Sleiman, P. Baxter, J.-M. Lehn, K. Rissanen, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1995, 715; B. L. Allwood, N. Spencer, H. Shahriari-Zavareh, J. F. Stoddart, D. J. Williams, ibid. 1987, 1064; P. R. Ashton, P. T. Glink, J. F. Stoddart, P. A. Tasker, A. J. P. White, D. J. Williams, Chem. Eur. J. 1996, 2, 729; A. C. Benniston, A. Harriman, V. Lynch, Tetrahedron Lett. 1994, 35, 1473; H. Ogino, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1981, 103, 1303; T. V. S. Rao, D. D. Lawrence, ibid. 1990, 112, 3614; R. Isnin, A. E. Kaifer, ibid. 1991, 113, 8188; G. Wenz, E. van der Bey, L. Schmidt, Angew. Chem. 1992, 104, 758; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1992, 31, 783; S. Anderson, H. L. Anderson, ibid. 1996, 108, 2075 bzw. 1996, 35, 1956; A. Harada, J. Li, M. Kamachi, Nature 1993, 364, 516; G. Wenz, B. Keller, GIT Fachz. Lab. 1994, 608; M. Born, H. Ritter, Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 342; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 309; H. W. Gibson, S. Liu, P. Lecavalier, C. Wu, Y. X. Shen, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 852; P. E. Mason, I. W. Parsons, M. S. Tolley; Angew. Chem. 1996, 108, 2405; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1996, 35, 2238; Y.-M. Jeon, D. Whang, J. Kim, K. Kim, Chem. Lett. 1996, 503; Z.-T. Li, P. C. Stein, J. Becher, D. Jensen, P. Moerk, N. Svenstrup, Chem. Eur. J. 1996, 2, 624; recent reviews: H. W. Gibson, M. C. Bheda, P. T. Engen, Prog. Polym. Sci. 1994, 19, 843; D. B. Amabilino, J. F. Stoddart, Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 2725.
29. G. Schill, H. Zollenkopf, Nachr. Chem. Tech. 1967, 15, 149; I. T. Harrison, S. Harrison, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1967, 89, 5723; C. Wu, P. R. Lecavalier, Y. X. Shen, H. W. Gibson, Chem. Mater. 1991, 3, 569; J.-C. Chambron, V. Heitz, J.-P. Sauvage, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1992, 1131; D. J. Cardenas, P. Gavina, J.-P. Sauvage, Chem. Commun. 1996, 1915; H. Sleiman, P. Baxter, J.-M. Lehn, K. Rissanen, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1995, 715; B. L. Allwood, N. Spencer, H. Shahriari-Zavareh, J. F. Stoddart, D. J. Williams, ibid. 1987, 1064; P. R. Ashton, P. T. Glink, J. F. Stoddart, P. A. Tasker, A. J. P. White, D. J. Williams, Chem. Eur. J. 1996, 2, 729; A. C. Benniston, A. Harriman, V. Lynch, Tetrahedron Lett. 1994, 35, 1473; H. Ogino, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1981, 103, 1303; T. V. S. Rao, D. D. Lawrence, ibid. 1990, 112, 3614; R. Isnin, A. E. Kaifer, ibid. 1991, 113, 8188; G. Wenz, E. van der Bey, L. Schmidt, Angew. Chem. 1992, 104, 758; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1992, 31, 783; S. Anderson, H. L. Anderson, ibid. 1996, 108, 2075 bzw. 1996, 35, 1956; A. Harada, J. Li, M. Kamachi, Nature 1993, 364, 516; G. Wenz, B. Keller, GIT Fachz. Lab. 1994, 608; M. Born, H. Ritter, Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 342; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 309; H. W. Gibson, S. Liu, P. Lecavalier, C. Wu, Y. X. Shen, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 852; P. E. Mason, I. W. Parsons, M. S. Tolley; Angew. Chem. 1996, 108, 2405; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1996, 35, 2238; Y.-M. Jeon, D. Whang, J. Kim, K. Kim, Chem. Lett. 1996, 503; Z.-T. Li, P. C. Stein, J. Becher, D. Jensen, P. Moerk, N. Svenstrup, Chem. Eur. J. 1996, 2, 624; recent reviews: H. W. Gibson, M. C. Bheda, P. T. Engen, Prog. Polym. Sci. 1994, 19, 843; D. B. Amabilino, J. F. Stoddart, Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 2725.
30. G. Schill, H. Zollenkopf, Nachr. Chem. Tech. 1967, 15, 149; I. T. Harrison, S. Harrison, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1967, 89, 5723; C. Wu, P. R. Lecavalier, Y. X. Shen, H. W. Gibson, Chem. Mater. 1991, 3, 569; J.-C. Chambron, V. Heitz, J.-P. Sauvage, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1992, 1131; D. J. Cardenas, P. Gavina, J.-P. Sauvage, Chem. Commun. 1996, 1915; H. Sleiman, P. Baxter, J.-M. Lehn, K. Rissanen, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1995, 715; B. L. Allwood, N. Spencer, H. Shahriari-Zavareh, J. F. Stoddart, D. J. Williams, ibid. 1987, 1064; P. R. Ashton, P. T. Glink, J. F. Stoddart, P. A. Tasker, A. J. P. White, D. J. Williams, Chem. Eur. J. 1996, 2, 729; A. C. Benniston, A. Harriman, V. Lynch, Tetrahedron Lett. 1994, 35, 1473; H. Ogino, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1981, 103, 1303; T. V. S. Rao, D. D. Lawrence, ibid. 1990, 112, 3614; R. Isnin, A. E. Kaifer, ibid. 1991, 113, 8188; G. Wenz, E. van der Bey, L. Schmidt, Angew. Chem. 1992, 104, 758; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1992, 31, 783; S. Anderson, H. L. Anderson, ibid. 1996, 108, 2075 bzw. 1996, 35, 1956; A. Harada, J. Li, M. Kamachi, Nature 1993, 364, 516; G. Wenz, B. Keller, GIT Fachz. Lab. 1994, 608; M. Born, H. Ritter, Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 342; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 309; H. W. Gibson, S. Liu, P. Lecavalier, C. Wu, Y. X. Shen, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 852; P. E. Mason, I. W. Parsons, M. S. Tolley; Angew. Chem. 1996, 108, 2405; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1996, 35, 2238; Y.-M. Jeon, D. Whang, J. Kim, K. Kim, Chem. Lett. 1996, 503; Z.-T. Li, P. C. Stein, J. Becher, D. Jensen, P. Moerk, N. Svenstrup, Chem. Eur. J. 1996, 2, 624; recent reviews: H. W. Gibson, M. C. Bheda, P. T. Engen, Prog. Polym. Sci. 1994, 19, 843; D. B. Amabilino, J. F. Stoddart, Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 2725.
31. G. Schill, H. Zollenkopf, Nachr. Chem. Tech. 1967, 15, 149; I. T. Harrison, S. Harrison, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1967, 89, 5723; C. Wu, P. R. Lecavalier, Y. X. Shen, H. W. Gibson, Chem. Mater. 1991, 3, 569; J.-C. Chambron, V. Heitz, J.-P. Sauvage, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1992, 1131; D. J. Cardenas, P. Gavina, J.-P. Sauvage, Chem. Commun. 1996, 1915; H. Sleiman, P. Baxter, J.-M. Lehn, K. Rissanen, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1995, 715; B. L. Allwood, N. Spencer, H. Shahriari-Zavareh, J. F. Stoddart, D. J. Williams, ibid. 1987, 1064; P. R. Ashton, P. T. Glink, J. F. Stoddart, P. A. Tasker, A. J. P. White, D. J. Williams, Chem. Eur. J. 1996, 2, 729; A. C. Benniston, A. Harriman, V. Lynch, Tetrahedron Lett. 1994, 35, 1473; H. Ogino, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1981, 103, 1303; T. V. S. Rao, D. D. Lawrence, ibid. 1990, 112, 3614; R. Isnin, A. E. Kaifer, ibid. 1991, 113, 8188; G. Wenz, E. van der Bey, L. Schmidt, Angew. Chem. 1992, 104, 758; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1992, 31, 783; S. Anderson, H. L. Anderson, ibid. 1996, 108, 2075 bzw. 1996, 35, 1956; A. Harada, J. Li, M. Kamachi, Nature 1993, 364, 516; G. Wenz, B. Keller, GIT Fachz. Lab. 1994, 608; M. Born, H. Ritter, Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 342; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 309; H. W. Gibson, S. Liu, P. Lecavalier, C. Wu, Y. X. Shen, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 852; P. E. Mason, I. W. Parsons, M. S. Tolley; Angew. Chem. 1996, 108, 2405; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1996, 35, 2238; Y.-M. Jeon, D. Whang, J. Kim, K. Kim, Chem. Lett. 1996, 503; Z.-T. Li, P. C. Stein, J. Becher, D. Jensen, P. Moerk, N. Svenstrup, Chem. Eur. J. 1996, 2, 624; recent reviews: H. W. Gibson, M. C. Bheda, P. T. Engen, Prog. Polym. Sci. 1994, 19, 843; D. B. Amabilino, J. F. Stoddart, Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 2725.
32. G. Schill, H. Zollenkopf, Nachr. Chem. Tech. 1967, 15, 149; I. T. Harrison, S. Harrison, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1967, 89, 5723; C. Wu, P. R. Lecavalier, Y. X. Shen, H. W. Gibson, Chem. Mater. 1991, 3, 569; J.-C. Chambron, V. Heitz, J.-P. Sauvage, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1992, 1131; D. J. Cardenas, P. Gavina, J.-P. Sauvage, Chem. Commun. 1996, 1915; H. Sleiman, P. Baxter, J.-M. Lehn, K. Rissanen, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1995, 715; B. L. Allwood, N. Spencer, H. Shahriari-Zavareh, J. F. Stoddart, D. J. Williams, ibid. 1987, 1064; P. R. Ashton, P. T. Glink, J. F. Stoddart, P. A. Tasker, A. J. P. White, D. J. Williams, Chem. Eur. J. 1996, 2, 729; A. C. Benniston, A. Harriman, V. Lynch, Tetrahedron Lett. 1994, 35, 1473; H. Ogino, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1981, 103, 1303; T. V. S. Rao, D. D. Lawrence, ibid. 1990, 112, 3614; R. Isnin, A. E. Kaifer, ibid. 1991, 113, 8188; G. Wenz, E. van der Bey, L. Schmidt, Angew. Chem. 1992, 104, 758; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1992, 31, 783; S. Anderson, H. L. Anderson, ibid. 1996, 108, 2075 bzw. 1996, 35, 1956; A. Harada, J. Li, M. Kamachi, Nature 1993, 364, 516; G. Wenz, B. Keller, GIT Fachz. Lab. 1994, 608; M. Born, H. Ritter, Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 342; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 309; H. W. Gibson, S. Liu, P. Lecavalier, C. Wu, Y. X. Shen, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 852; P. E. Mason, I. W. Parsons, M. S. Tolley; Angew. Chem. 1996, 108, 2405; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1996, 35, 2238; Y.-M. Jeon, D. Whang, J. Kim, K. Kim, Chem. Lett. 1996, 503; Z.-T. Li, P. C. Stein, J. Becher, D. Jensen, P. Moerk, N. Svenstrup, Chem. Eur. J. 1996, 2, 624; recent reviews: H. W. Gibson, M. C. Bheda, P. T. Engen, Prog. Polym. Sci. 1994, 19, 843; D. B. Amabilino, J. F. Stoddart, Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 2725.
33. G. Schill, H. Zollenkopf, Nachr. Chem. Tech. 1967, 15, 149; I. T. Harrison, S. Harrison, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1967, 89, 5723; C. Wu, P. R. Lecavalier, Y. X. Shen, H. W. Gibson, Chem. Mater. 1991, 3, 569; J.-C. Chambron, V. Heitz, J.-P. Sauvage, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1992, 1131; D. J. Cardenas, P. Gavina, J.-P. Sauvage, Chem. Commun. 1996, 1915; H. Sleiman, P. Baxter, J.-M. Lehn, K. Rissanen, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1995, 715; B. L. Allwood, N. Spencer, H. Shahriari-Zavareh, J. F. Stoddart, D. J. Williams, ibid. 1987, 1064; P. R. Ashton, P. T. Glink, J. F. Stoddart, P. A. Tasker, A. J. P. White, D. J. Williams, Chem. Eur. J. 1996, 2, 729; A. C. Benniston, A. Harriman, V. Lynch, Tetrahedron Lett. 1994, 35, 1473; H. Ogino, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1981, 103, 1303; T. V. S. Rao, D. D. Lawrence, ibid. 1990, 112, 3614; R. Isnin, A. E. Kaifer, ibid. 1991, 113, 8188; G. Wenz, E. van der Bey, L. Schmidt, Angew. Chem. 1992, 104, 758; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1992, 31, 783; S. Anderson, H. L. Anderson, ibid. 1996, 108, 2075 bzw. 1996, 35, 1956; A. Harada, J. Li, M. Kamachi, Nature 1993, 364, 516; G. Wenz, B. Keller, GIT Fachz. Lab. 1994, 608; M. Born, H. Ritter, Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 342; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 309; H. W. Gibson, S. Liu, P. Lecavalier, C. Wu, Y. X. Shen, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 852; P. E. Mason, I. W. Parsons, M. S. Tolley; Angew. Chem. 1996, 108, 2405; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1996, 35, 2238; Y.-M. Jeon, D. Whang, J. Kim, K. Kim, Chem. Lett. 1996, 503; Z.-T. Li, P. C. Stein, J. Becher, D. Jensen, P. Moerk, N. Svenstrup, Chem. Eur. J. 1996, 2, 624; recent reviews: H. W. Gibson, M. C. Bheda, P. T. Engen, Prog. Polym. Sci. 1994, 19, 843; D. B. Amabilino, J. F. Stoddart, Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 2725.
34. G. Schill, H. Zollenkopf, Nachr. Chem. Tech. 1967, 15, 149; I. T. Harrison, S. Harrison, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1967, 89, 5723; C. Wu, P. R. Lecavalier, Y. X. Shen, H. W. Gibson, Chem. Mater. 1991, 3, 569; J.-C. Chambron, V. Heitz, J.-P. Sauvage, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1992, 1131; D. J. Cardenas, P. Gavina, J.-P. Sauvage, Chem. Commun. 1996, 1915; H. Sleiman, P. Baxter, J.-M. Lehn, K. Rissanen, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1995, 715; B. L. Allwood, N. Spencer, H. Shahriari-Zavareh, J. F. Stoddart, D. J. Williams, ibid. 1987, 1064; P. R. Ashton, P. T. Glink, J. F. Stoddart, P. A. Tasker, A. J. P. White, D. J. Williams, Chem. Eur. J. 1996, 2, 729; A. C. Benniston, A. Harriman, V. Lynch, Tetrahedron Lett. 1994, 35, 1473; H. Ogino, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1981, 103, 1303; T. V. S. Rao, D. D. Lawrence, ibid. 1990, 112, 3614; R. Isnin, A. E. Kaifer, ibid. 1991, 113, 8188; G. Wenz, E. van der Bey, L. Schmidt, Angew. Chem. 1992, 104, 758; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1992, 31, 783; S. Anderson, H. L. Anderson, ibid. 1996, 108, 2075 bzw. 1996, 35, 1956; A. Harada, J. Li, M. Kamachi, Nature 1993, 364, 516; G. Wenz, B. Keller, GIT Fachz. Lab. 1994, 608; M. Born, H. Ritter, Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 342; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 309; H. W. Gibson, S. Liu, P. Lecavalier, C. Wu, Y. X. Shen, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 852; P. E. Mason, I. W. Parsons, M. S. Tolley; Angew. Chem. 1996, 108, 2405; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1996, 35, 2238; Y.-M. Jeon, D. Whang, J. Kim, K. Kim, Chem. Lett. 1996, 503; Z.-T. Li, P. C. Stein, J. Becher, D. Jensen, P. Moerk, N. Svenstrup, Chem. Eur. J. 1996, 2, 624; recent reviews: H. W. Gibson, M. C. Bheda, P. T. Engen, Prog. Polym. Sci. 1994, 19, 843; D. B. Amabilino, J. F. Stoddart, Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 2725.
35. G. Schill, H. Zollenkopf, Nachr. Chem. Tech. 1967, 15, 149; I. T. Harrison, S. Harrison, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1967, 89, 5723; C. Wu, P. R. Lecavalier, Y. X. Shen, H. W. Gibson, Chem. Mater. 1991, 3, 569; J.-C. Chambron, V. Heitz, J.-P. Sauvage, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1992, 1131; D. J. Cardenas, P. Gavina, J.-P. Sauvage, Chem. Commun. 1996, 1915; H. Sleiman, P. Baxter, J.-M. Lehn, K. Rissanen, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1995, 715; B. L. Allwood, N. Spencer, H. Shahriari-Zavareh, J. F. Stoddart, D. J. Williams, ibid. 1987, 1064; P. R. Ashton, P. T. Glink, J. F. Stoddart, P. A. Tasker, A. J. P. White, D. J. Williams, Chem. Eur. J. 1996, 2, 729; A. C. Benniston, A. Harriman, V. Lynch, Tetrahedron Lett. 1994, 35, 1473; H. Ogino, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1981, 103, 1303; T. V. S. Rao, D. D. Lawrence, ibid. 1990, 112, 3614; R. Isnin, A. E. Kaifer, ibid. 1991, 113, 8188; G. Wenz, E. van der Bey, L. Schmidt, Angew. Chem. 1992, 104, 758; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1992, 31, 783; S. Anderson, H. L. Anderson, ibid. 1996, 108, 2075 bzw. 1996, 35, 1956; A. Harada, J. Li, M. Kamachi, Nature 1993, 364, 516; G. Wenz, B. Keller, GIT Fachz. Lab. 1994, 608; M. Born, H. Ritter, Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 342; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 309; H. W. Gibson, S. Liu, P. Lecavalier, C. Wu, Y. X. Shen, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 852; P. E. Mason, I. W. Parsons, M. S. Tolley; Angew. Chem. 1996, 108, 2405; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1996, 35, 2238; Y.-M. Jeon, D. Whang, J. Kim, K. Kim, Chem. Lett. 1996, 503; Z.-T. Li, P. C. Stein, J. Becher, D. Jensen, P. Moerk, N. Svenstrup, Chem. Eur. J. 1996, 2, 624; recent reviews: H. W. Gibson, M. C. Bheda, P. T. Engen, Prog. Polym. Sci. 1994, 19, 843; D. B. Amabilino, J. F. Stoddart, Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 2725.
36. G. Schill, H. Zollenkopf, Nachr. Chem. Tech. 1967, 15, 149; I. T. Harrison, S. Harrison, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1967, 89, 5723; C. Wu, P. R. Lecavalier, Y. X. Shen, H. W. Gibson, Chem. Mater. 1991, 3, 569; J.-C. Chambron, V. Heitz, J.-P. Sauvage, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1992, 1131; D. J. Cardenas, P. Gavina, J.-P. Sauvage, Chem. Commun. 1996, 1915; H. Sleiman, P. Baxter, J.-M. Lehn, K. Rissanen, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1995, 715; B. L. Allwood, N. Spencer, H. Shahriari-Zavareh, J. F. Stoddart, D. J. Williams, ibid. 1987, 1064; P. R. Ashton, P. T. Glink, J. F. Stoddart, P. A. Tasker, A. J. P. White, D. J. Williams, Chem. Eur. J. 1996, 2, 729; A. C. Benniston, A. Harriman, V. Lynch, Tetrahedron Lett. 1994, 35, 1473; H. Ogino, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1981, 103, 1303; T. V. S. Rao, D. D. Lawrence, ibid. 1990, 112, 3614; R. Isnin, A. E. Kaifer, ibid. 1991, 113, 8188; G. Wenz, E. van der Bey, L. Schmidt, Angew. Chem. 1992, 104, 758; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1992, 31, 783; S. Anderson, H. L. Anderson, ibid. 1996, 108, 2075 bzw. 1996, 35, 1956; A. Harada, J. Li, M. Kamachi, Nature 1993, 364, 516; G. Wenz, B. Keller, GIT Fachz. Lab. 1994, 608; M. Born, H. Ritter, Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 342; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 309; H. W. Gibson, S. Liu, P. Lecavalier, C. Wu, Y. X. Shen, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 852; P. E. Mason, I. W. Parsons, M. S. Tolley; Angew. Chem. 1996, 108, 2405; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1996, 35, 2238; Y.-M. Jeon, D. Whang, J. Kim, K. Kim, Chem. Lett. 1996, 503; Z.-T. Li, P. C. Stein, J. Becher, D. Jensen, P. Moerk, N. Svenstrup, Chem. Eur. J. 1996, 2, 624; recent reviews: H. W. Gibson, M. C. Bheda, P. T. Engen, Prog. Polym. Sci. 1994, 19, 843; D. B. Amabilino, J. F. Stoddart, Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 2725.
37. G. Schill, H. Zollenkopf, Nachr. Chem. Tech. 1967, 15, 149; I. T. Harrison, S. Harrison, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1967, 89, 5723; C. Wu, P. R. Lecavalier, Y. X. Shen, H. W. Gibson, Chem. Mater. 1991, 3, 569; J.-C. Chambron, V. Heitz, J.-P. Sauvage, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1992, 1131; D. J. Cardenas, P. Gavina, J.-P. Sauvage, Chem. Commun. 1996, 1915; H. Sleiman, P. Baxter, J.-M. Lehn, K. Rissanen, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1995, 715; B. L. Allwood, N. Spencer, H. Shahriari-Zavareh, J. F. Stoddart, D. J. Williams, ibid. 1987, 1064; P. R. Ashton, P. T. Glink, J. F. Stoddart, P. A. Tasker, A. J. P. White, D. J. Williams, Chem. Eur. J. 1996, 2, 729; A. C. Benniston, A. Harriman, V. Lynch, Tetrahedron Lett. 1994, 35, 1473; H. Ogino, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1981, 103, 1303; T. V. S. Rao, D. D. Lawrence, ibid. 1990, 112, 3614; R. Isnin, A. E. Kaifer, ibid. 1991, 113, 8188; G. Wenz, E. van der Bey, L. Schmidt, Angew. Chem. 1992, 104, 758; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1992, 31, 783; S. Anderson, H. L. Anderson, ibid. 1996, 108, 2075 bzw. 1996, 35, 1956; A. Harada, J. Li, M. Kamachi, Nature 1993, 364, 516; G. Wenz, B. Keller, GIT Fachz. Lab. 1994, 608; M. Born, H. Ritter, Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 342; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 309; H. W. Gibson, S. Liu, P. Lecavalier, C. Wu, Y. X. Shen, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 852; P. E. Mason, I. W. Parsons, M. S. Tolley; Angew. Chem. 1996, 108, 2405; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1996, 35, 2238; Y.-M. Jeon, D. Whang, J. Kim, K. Kim, Chem. Lett. 1996, 503; Z.-T. Li, P. C. Stein, J. Becher, D. Jensen, P. Moerk, N. Svenstrup, Chem. Eur. J. 1996, 2, 624; recent reviews: H. W. Gibson, M. C. Bheda, P. T. Engen, Prog. Polym. Sci. 1994, 19, 843; D. B. Amabilino, J. F. Stoddart, Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 2725.
38. G. Schill, H. Zollenkopf, Nachr. Chem. Tech. 1967, 15, 149; I. T. Harrison, S. Harrison, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1967, 89, 5723; C. Wu, P. R. Lecavalier, Y. X. Shen, H. W. Gibson, Chem. Mater. 1991, 3, 569; J.-C. Chambron, V. Heitz, J.-P. Sauvage, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1992, 1131; D. J. Cardenas, P. Gavina, J.-P. Sauvage, Chem. Commun. 1996, 1915; H. Sleiman, P. Baxter, J.-M. Lehn, K. Rissanen, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1995, 715; B. L. Allwood, N. Spencer, H. Shahriari-Zavareh, J. F. Stoddart, D. J. Williams, ibid. 1987, 1064; P. R. Ashton, P. T. Glink, J. F. Stoddart, P. A. Tasker, A. J. P. White, D. J. Williams, Chem. Eur. J. 1996, 2, 729; A. C. Benniston, A. Harriman, V. Lynch, Tetrahedron Lett. 1994, 35, 1473; H. Ogino, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1981, 103, 1303; T. V. S. Rao, D. D. Lawrence, ibid. 1990, 112, 3614; R. Isnin, A. E. Kaifer, ibid. 1991, 113, 8188; G. Wenz, E. van der Bey, L. Schmidt, Angew. Chem. 1992, 104, 758; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1992, 31, 783; S. Anderson, H. L. Anderson, ibid. 1996, 108, 2075 bzw. 1996, 35, 1956; A. Harada, J. Li, M. Kamachi, Nature 1993, 364, 516; G. Wenz, B. Keller, GIT Fachz. Lab. 1994, 608; M. Born, H. Ritter, Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 342; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 309; H. W. Gibson, S. Liu, P. Lecavalier, C. Wu, Y. X. Shen, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 852; P. E. Mason, I. W. Parsons, M. S. Tolley; Angew. Chem. 1996, 108, 2405; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1996, 35, 2238; Y.-M. Jeon, D. Whang, J. Kim, K. Kim, Chem. Lett. 1996, 503; Z.-T. Li, P. C. Stein, J. Becher, D. Jensen, P. Moerk, N. Svenstrup, Chem. Eur. J. 1996, 2, 624; recent reviews: H. W. Gibson, M. C. Bheda, P. T. Engen, Prog. Polym. Sci. 1994, 19, 843; D. B. Amabilino, J. F. Stoddart, Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 2725.
39. G. Schill, H. Zollenkopf, Nachr. Chem. Tech. 1967, 15, 149; I. T. Harrison, S. Harrison, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1967, 89, 5723; C. Wu, P. R. Lecavalier, Y. X. Shen, H. W. Gibson, Chem. Mater. 1991, 3, 569; J.-C. Chambron, V. Heitz, J.-P. Sauvage, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1992, 1131; D. J. Cardenas, P. Gavina, J.-P. Sauvage, Chem. Commun. 1996, 1915; H. Sleiman, P. Baxter, J.-M. Lehn, K. Rissanen, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1995, 715; B. L. Allwood, N. Spencer, H. Shahriari-Zavareh, J. F. Stoddart, D. J. Williams, ibid. 1987, 1064; P. R. Ashton, P. T. Glink, J. F. Stoddart, P. A. Tasker, A. J. P. White, D. J. Williams, Chem. Eur. J. 1996, 2, 729; A. C. Benniston, A. Harriman, V. Lynch, Tetrahedron Lett. 1994, 35, 1473; H. Ogino, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1981, 103, 1303; T. V. S. Rao, D. D. Lawrence, ibid. 1990, 112, 3614; R. Isnin, A. E. Kaifer, ibid. 1991, 113, 8188; G. Wenz, E. van der Bey, L. Schmidt, Angew. Chem. 1992, 104, 758; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1992, 31, 783; S. Anderson, H. L. Anderson, ibid. 1996, 108, 2075 bzw. 1996, 35, 1956; A. Harada, J. Li, M. Kamachi, Nature 1993, 364, 516; G. Wenz, B. Keller, GIT Fachz. Lab. 1994, 608; M. Born, H. Ritter, Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 342; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 309; H. W. Gibson, S. Liu, P. Lecavalier, C. Wu, Y. X. Shen, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 852; P. E. Mason, I. W. Parsons, M. S. Tolley; Angew. Chem. 1996, 108, 2405; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1996, 35, 2238; Y.-M. Jeon, D. Whang, J. Kim, K. Kim, Chem. Lett. 1996, 503; Z.-T. Li, P. C. Stein, J. Becher, D. Jensen, P. Moerk, N. Svenstrup, Chem. Eur. J. 1996, 2, 624; recent reviews: H. W. Gibson, M. C. Bheda, P. T. Engen, Prog. Polym. Sci. 1994, 19, 843; D. B. Amabilino, J. F. Stoddart, Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 2725.
40. G. Schill, H. Zollenkopf, Nachr. Chem. Tech. 1967, 15, 149; I. T. Harrison, S. Harrison, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1967, 89, 5723; C. Wu, P. R. Lecavalier, Y. X. Shen, H. W. Gibson, Chem. Mater. 1991, 3, 569; J.-C. Chambron, V. Heitz, J.-P. Sauvage, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1992, 1131; D. J. Cardenas, P. Gavina, J.-P. Sauvage, Chem. Commun. 1996, 1915; H. Sleiman, P. Baxter, J.-M. Lehn, K. Rissanen, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1995, 715; B. L. Allwood, N. Spencer, H. Shahriari-Zavareh, J. F. Stoddart, D. J. Williams, ibid. 1987, 1064; P. R. Ashton, P. T. Glink, J. F. Stoddart, P. A. Tasker, A. J. P. White, D. J. Williams, Chem. Eur. J. 1996, 2, 729; A. C. Benniston, A. Harriman, V. Lynch, Tetrahedron Lett. 1994, 35, 1473; H. Ogino, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1981, 103, 1303; T. V. S. Rao, D. D. Lawrence, ibid. 1990, 112, 3614; R. Isnin, A. E. Kaifer, ibid. 1991, 113, 8188; G. Wenz, E. van der Bey, L. Schmidt, Angew. Chem. 1992, 104, 758; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1992, 31, 783; S. Anderson, H. L. Anderson, ibid. 1996, 108, 2075 bzw. 1996, 35, 1956; A. Harada, J. Li, M. Kamachi, Nature 1993, 364, 516; G. Wenz, B. Keller, GIT Fachz. Lab. 1994, 608; M. Born, H. Ritter, Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 342; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 309; H. W. Gibson, S. Liu, P. Lecavalier, C. Wu, Y. X. Shen, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 852; P. E. Mason, I. W. Parsons, M. S. Tolley; Angew. Chem. 1996, 108, 2405; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1996, 35, 2238; Y.-M. Jeon, D. Whang, J. Kim, K. Kim, Chem. Lett. 1996, 503; Z.-T. Li, P. C. Stein, J. Becher, D. Jensen, P. Moerk, N. Svenstrup, Chem. Eur. J. 1996, 2, 624; recent reviews: H. W. Gibson, M. C. Bheda, P. T. Engen, Prog. Polym. Sci. 1994, 19, 843; D. B. Amabilino, J. F. Stoddart, Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 2725.
41. G. Schill, H. Zollenkopf, Nachr. Chem. Tech. 1967, 15, 149; I. T. Harrison, S. Harrison, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1967, 89, 5723; C. Wu, P. R. Lecavalier, Y. X. Shen, H. W. Gibson, Chem. Mater. 1991, 3, 569; J.-C. Chambron, V. Heitz, J.-P. Sauvage, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1992, 1131; D. J. Cardenas, P. Gavina, J.-P. Sauvage, Chem. Commun. 1996, 1915; H. Sleiman, P. Baxter, J.-M. Lehn, K. Rissanen, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1995, 715; B. L. Allwood, N. Spencer, H. Shahriari-Zavareh, J. F. Stoddart, D. J. Williams, ibid. 1987, 1064; P. R. Ashton, P. T. Glink, J. F. Stoddart, P. A. Tasker, A. J. P. White, D. J. Williams, Chem. Eur. J. 1996, 2, 729; A. C. Benniston, A. Harriman, V. Lynch, Tetrahedron Lett. 1994, 35, 1473; H. Ogino, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1981, 103, 1303; T. V. S. Rao, D. D. Lawrence, ibid. 1990, 112, 3614; R. Isnin, A. E. Kaifer, ibid. 1991, 113, 8188; G. Wenz, E. van der Bey, L. Schmidt, Angew. Chem. 1992, 104, 758; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1992, 31, 783; S. Anderson, H. L. Anderson, ibid. 1996, 108, 2075 bzw. 1996, 35, 1956; A. Harada, J. Li, M. Kamachi, Nature 1993, 364, 516; G. Wenz, B. Keller, GIT Fachz. Lab. 1994, 608; M. Born, H. Ritter, Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 342; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 309; H. W. Gibson, S. Liu, P. Lecavalier, C. Wu, Y. X. Shen, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 852; P. E. Mason, I. W. Parsons, M. S. Tolley; Angew. Chem. 1996, 108, 2405; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1996, 35, 2238; Y.-M. Jeon, D. Whang, J. Kim, K. Kim, Chem. Lett. 1996, 503; Z.-T. Li, P. C. Stein, J. Becher, D. Jensen, P. Moerk, N. Svenstrup, Chem. Eur. J. 1996, 2, 624; recent reviews: H. W. Gibson, M. C. Bheda, P. T. Engen, Prog. Polym. Sci. 1994, 19, 843; D. B. Amabilino, J. F. Stoddart, Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 2725.
42. G. Schill, H. Zollenkopf, Nachr. Chem. Tech. 1967, 15, 149; I. T. Harrison, S. Harrison, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1967, 89, 5723; C. Wu, P. R. Lecavalier, Y. X. Shen, H. W. Gibson, Chem. Mater. 1991, 3, 569; J.-C. Chambron, V. Heitz, J.-P. Sauvage, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1992, 1131; D. J. Cardenas, P. Gavina, J.-P. Sauvage, Chem. Commun. 1996, 1915; H. Sleiman, P. Baxter, J.-M. Lehn, K. Rissanen, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1995, 715; B. L. Allwood, N. Spencer, H. Shahriari-Zavareh, J. F. Stoddart, D. J. Williams, ibid. 1987, 1064; P. R. Ashton, P. T. Glink, J. F. Stoddart, P. A. Tasker, A. J. P. White, D. J. Williams, Chem. Eur. J. 1996, 2, 729; A. C. Benniston, A. Harriman, V. Lynch, Tetrahedron Lett. 1994, 35, 1473; H. Ogino, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1981, 103, 1303; T. V. S. Rao, D. D. Lawrence, ibid. 1990, 112, 3614; R. Isnin, A. E. Kaifer, ibid. 1991, 113, 8188; G. Wenz, E. van der Bey, L. Schmidt, Angew. Chem. 1992, 104, 758; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1992, 31, 783; S. Anderson, H. L. Anderson, ibid. 1996, 108, 2075 bzw. 1996, 35, 1956; A. Harada, J. Li, M. Kamachi, Nature 1993, 364, 516; G. Wenz, B. Keller, GIT Fachz. Lab. 1994, 608; M. Born, H. Ritter, Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 342; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 309; H. W. Gibson, S. Liu, P. Lecavalier, C. Wu, Y. X. Shen, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 852; P. E. Mason, I. W. Parsons, M. S. Tolley; Angew. Chem. 1996, 108, 2405; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1996, 35, 2238; Y.-M. Jeon, D. Whang, J. Kim, K. Kim, Chem. Lett. 1996, 503; Z.-T. Li, P. C. Stein, J. Becher, D. Jensen, P. Moerk, N. Svenstrup, Chem. Eur. J. 1996, 2, 624; recent reviews: H. W. Gibson, M. C. Bheda, P. T. Engen, Prog. Polym. Sci. 1994, 19, 843; D. B. Amabilino, J. F. Stoddart, Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 2725.
43. G. Schill, H. Zollenkopf, Nachr. Chem. Tech. 1967, 15, 149; I. T. Harrison, S. Harrison, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1967, 89, 5723; C. Wu, P. R. Lecavalier, Y. X. Shen, H. W. Gibson, Chem. Mater. 1991, 3, 569; J.-C. Chambron, V. Heitz, J.-P. Sauvage, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1992, 1131; D. J. Cardenas, P. Gavina, J.-P. Sauvage, Chem. Commun. 1996, 1915; H. Sleiman, P. Baxter, J.-M. Lehn, K. Rissanen, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1995, 715; B. L. Allwood, N. Spencer, H. Shahriari-Zavareh, J. F. Stoddart, D. J. Williams, ibid. 1987, 1064; P. R. Ashton, P. T. Glink, J. F. Stoddart, P. A. Tasker, A. J. P. White, D. J. Williams, Chem. Eur. J. 1996, 2, 729; A. C. Benniston, A. Harriman, V. Lynch, Tetrahedron Lett. 1994, 35, 1473; H. Ogino, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1981, 103, 1303; T. V. S. Rao, D. D. Lawrence, ibid. 1990, 112, 3614; R. Isnin, A. E. Kaifer, ibid. 1991, 113, 8188; G. Wenz, E. van der Bey, L. Schmidt, Angew. Chem. 1992, 104, 758; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1992, 31, 783; S. Anderson, H. L. Anderson, ibid. 1996, 108, 2075 bzw. 1996, 35, 1956; A. Harada, J. Li, M. Kamachi, Nature 1993, 364, 516; G. Wenz, B. Keller, GIT Fachz. Lab. 1994, 608; M. Born, H. Ritter, Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 342; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 309; H. W. Gibson, S. Liu, P. Lecavalier, C. Wu, Y. X. Shen, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 852; P. E. Mason, I. W. Parsons, M. S. Tolley; Angew. Chem. 1996, 108, 2405; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1996, 35, 2238; Y.-M. Jeon, D. Whang, J. Kim, K. Kim, Chem. Lett. 1996, 503; Z.-T. Li, P. C. Stein, J. Becher, D. Jensen, P. Moerk, N. Svenstrup, Chem. Eur. J. 1996, 2, 624; recent reviews: H. W. Gibson, M. C. Bheda, P. T. Engen, Prog. Polym. Sci. 1994, 19, 843; D. B. Amabilino, J. F. Stoddart, Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 2725.
44. G. Schill, H. Zollenkopf, Nachr. Chem. Tech. 1967, 15, 149; I. T. Harrison, S. Harrison, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1967, 89, 5723; C. Wu, P. R. Lecavalier, Y. X. Shen, H. W. Gibson, Chem. Mater. 1991, 3, 569; J.-C. Chambron, V. Heitz, J.-P. Sauvage, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1992, 1131; D. J. Cardenas, P. Gavina, J.-P. Sauvage, Chem. Commun. 1996, 1915; H. Sleiman, P. Baxter, J.-M. Lehn, K. Rissanen, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1995, 715; B. L. Allwood, N. Spencer, H. Shahriari-Zavareh, J. F. Stoddart, D. J. Williams, ibid. 1987, 1064; P. R. Ashton, P. T. Glink, J. F. Stoddart, P. A. Tasker, A. J. P. White, D. J. Williams, Chem. Eur. J. 1996, 2, 729; A. C. Benniston, A. Harriman, V. Lynch, Tetrahedron Lett. 1994, 35, 1473; H. Ogino, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1981, 103, 1303; T. V. S. Rao, D. D. Lawrence, ibid. 1990, 112, 3614; R. Isnin, A. E. Kaifer, ibid. 1991, 113, 8188; G. Wenz, E. van der Bey, L. Schmidt, Angew. Chem. 1992, 104, 758; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1992, 31, 783; S. Anderson, H. L. Anderson, ibid. 1996, 108, 2075 bzw. 1996, 35, 1956; A. Harada, J. Li, M. Kamachi, Nature 1993, 364, 516; G. Wenz, B. Keller, GIT Fachz. Lab. 1994, 608; M. Born, H. Ritter, Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 342; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 309; H. W. Gibson, S. Liu, P. Lecavalier, C. Wu, Y. X. Shen, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 852; P. E. Mason, I. W. Parsons, M. S. Tolley; Angew. Chem. 1996, 108, 2405; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1996, 35, 2238; Y.-M. Jeon, D. Whang, J. Kim, K. Kim, Chem. Lett. 1996, 503; Z.-T. Li, P. C. Stein, J. Becher, D. Jensen, P. Moerk, N. Svenstrup, Chem. Eur. J. 1996, 2, 624; recent reviews: H. W. Gibson, M. C. Bheda, P. T. Engen, Prog. Polym. Sci. 1994, 19, 843; D. B. Amabilino, J. F. Stoddart, Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 2725.
45. G. Schill, H. Zollenkopf, Nachr. Chem. Tech. 1967, 15, 149; I. T. Harrison, S. Harrison, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1967, 89, 5723; C. Wu, P. R. Lecavalier, Y. X. Shen, H. W. Gibson, Chem. Mater. 1991, 3, 569; J.-C. Chambron, V. Heitz, J.-P. Sauvage, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1992, 1131; D. J. Cardenas, P. Gavina, J.-P. Sauvage, Chem. Commun. 1996, 1915; H. Sleiman, P. Baxter, J.-M. Lehn, K. Rissanen, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1995, 715; B. L. Allwood, N. Spencer, H. Shahriari-Zavareh, J. F. Stoddart, D. J. Williams, ibid. 1987, 1064; P. R. Ashton, P. T. Glink, J. F. Stoddart, P. A. Tasker, A. J. P. White, D. J. Williams, Chem. Eur. J. 1996, 2, 729; A. C. Benniston, A. Harriman, V. Lynch, Tetrahedron Lett. 1994, 35, 1473; H. Ogino, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1981, 103, 1303; T. V. S. Rao, D. D. Lawrence, ibid. 1990, 112, 3614; R. Isnin, A. E. Kaifer, ibid. 1991, 113, 8188; G. Wenz, E. van der Bey, L. Schmidt, Angew. Chem. 1992, 104, 758; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1992, 31, 783; S. Anderson, H. L. Anderson, ibid. 1996, 108, 2075 bzw. 1996, 35, 1956; A. Harada, J. Li, M. Kamachi, Nature 1993, 364, 516; G. Wenz, B. Keller, GIT Fachz. Lab. 1994, 608; M. Born, H. Ritter, Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 342; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 309; H. W. Gibson, S. Liu, P. Lecavalier, C. Wu, Y. X. Shen, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 852; P. E. Mason, I. W. Parsons, M. S. Tolley; Angew. Chem. 1996, 108, 2405; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1996, 35, 2238; Y.-M. Jeon, D. Whang, J. Kim, K. Kim, Chem. Lett. 1996, 503; Z.-T. Li, P. C. Stein, J. Becher, D. Jensen, P. Moerk, N. Svenstrup, Chem. Eur. J. 1996, 2, 624; recent reviews: H. W. Gibson, M. C. Bheda, P. T. Engen, Prog. Polym. Sci. 1994, 19, 843; D. B. Amabilino, J. F. Stoddart, Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 2725.
46. G. Schill, H. Zollenkopf, Nachr. Chem. Tech. 1967, 15, 149; I. T. Harrison, S. Harrison, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1967, 89, 5723; C. Wu, P. R. Lecavalier, Y. X. Shen, H. W. Gibson, Chem. Mater. 1991, 3, 569; J.-C. Chambron, V. Heitz, J.-P. Sauvage, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1992, 1131; D. J. Cardenas, P. Gavina, J.-P. Sauvage, Chem. Commun. 1996, 1915; H. Sleiman, P. Baxter, J.-M. Lehn, K. Rissanen, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1995, 715; B. L. Allwood, N. Spencer, H. Shahriari-Zavareh, J. F. Stoddart, D. J. Williams, ibid. 1987, 1064; P. R. Ashton, P. T. Glink, J. F. Stoddart, P. A. Tasker, A. J. P. White, D. J. Williams, Chem. Eur. J. 1996, 2, 729; A. C. Benniston, A. Harriman, V. Lynch, Tetrahedron Lett. 1994, 35, 1473; H. Ogino, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1981, 103, 1303; T. V. S. Rao, D. D. Lawrence, ibid. 1990, 112, 3614; R. Isnin, A. E. Kaifer, ibid. 1991, 113, 8188; G. Wenz, E. van der Bey, L. Schmidt, Angew. Chem. 1992, 104, 758; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1992, 31, 783; S. Anderson, H. L. Anderson, ibid. 1996, 108, 2075 bzw. 1996, 35, 1956; A. Harada, J. Li, M. Kamachi, Nature 1993, 364, 516; G. Wenz, B. Keller, GIT Fachz. Lab. 1994, 608; M. Born, H. Ritter, Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 342; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 309; H. W. Gibson, S. Liu, P. Lecavalier, C. Wu, Y. X. Shen, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 852; P. E. Mason, I. W. Parsons, M. S. Tolley; Angew. Chem. 1996, 108, 2405; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1996, 35, 2238; Y.-M. Jeon, D. Whang, J. Kim, K. Kim, Chem. Lett. 1996, 503; Z.-T. Li, P. C. Stein, J. Becher, D. Jensen, P. Moerk, N. Svenstrup, Chem. Eur. J. 1996, 2, 624; recent reviews: H. W. Gibson, M. C. Bheda, P. T. Engen, Prog. Polym. Sci. 1994, 19, 843; D. B. Amabilino, J. F. Stoddart, Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 2725.
47. G. Schill, H. Zollenkopf, Nachr. Chem. Tech. 1967, 15, 149; I. T. Harrison, S. Harrison, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1967, 89, 5723; C. Wu, P. R. Lecavalier, Y. X. Shen, H. W. Gibson, Chem. Mater. 1991, 3, 569; J.-C. Chambron, V. Heitz, J.-P. Sauvage, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1992, 1131; D. J. Cardenas, P. Gavina, J.-P. Sauvage, Chem. Commun. 1996, 1915; H. Sleiman, P. Baxter, J.-M. Lehn, K. Rissanen, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1995, 715; B. L. Allwood, N. Spencer, H. Shahriari-Zavareh, J. F. Stoddart, D. J. Williams, ibid. 1987, 1064; P. R. Ashton, P. T. Glink, J. F. Stoddart, P. A. Tasker, A. J. P. White, D. J. Williams, Chem. Eur. J. 1996, 2, 729; A. C. Benniston, A. Harriman, V. Lynch, Tetrahedron Lett. 1994, 35, 1473; H. Ogino, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1981, 103, 1303; T. V. S. Rao, D. D. Lawrence, ibid. 1990, 112, 3614; R. Isnin, A. E. Kaifer, ibid. 1991, 113, 8188; G. Wenz, E. van der Bey, L. Schmidt, Angew. Chem. 1992, 104, 758; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1992, 31, 783; S. Anderson, H. L. Anderson, ibid. 1996, 108, 2075 bzw. 1996, 35, 1956; A. Harada, J. Li, M. Kamachi, Nature 1993, 364, 516; G. Wenz, B. Keller, GIT Fachz. Lab. 1994, 608; M. Born, H. Ritter, Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 342; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 309; H. W. Gibson, S. Liu, P. Lecavalier, C. Wu, Y. X. Shen, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 852; P. E. Mason, I. W. Parsons, M. S. Tolley; Angew. Chem. 1996, 108, 2405; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1996, 35, 2238; Y.-M. Jeon, D. Whang, J. Kim, K. Kim, Chem. Lett. 1996, 503; Z.-T. Li, P. C. Stein, J. Becher, D. Jensen, P. Moerk, N. Svenstrup, Chem. Eur. J. 1996, 2, 624; recent reviews: H. W. Gibson, M. C. Bheda, P. T. Engen, Prog. Polym. Sci. 1994, 19, 843; D. B. Amabilino, J. F. Stoddart, Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 2725.
48. G. Schill, H. Zollenkopf, Nachr. Chem. Tech. 1967, 15, 149; I. T. Harrison, S. Harrison, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1967, 89, 5723; C. Wu, P. R. Lecavalier, Y. X. Shen, H. W. Gibson, Chem. Mater. 1991, 3, 569; J.-C. Chambron, V. Heitz, J.-P. Sauvage, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1992, 1131; D. J. Cardenas, P. Gavina, J.-P. Sauvage, Chem. Commun. 1996, 1915; H. Sleiman, P. Baxter, J.-M. Lehn, K. Rissanen, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1995, 715; B. L. Allwood, N. Spencer, H. Shahriari-Zavareh, J. F. Stoddart, D. J. Williams, ibid. 1987, 1064; P. R. Ashton, P. T. Glink, J. F. Stoddart, P. A. Tasker, A. J. P. White, D. J. Williams, Chem. Eur. J. 1996, 2, 729; A. C. Benniston, A. Harriman, V. Lynch, Tetrahedron Lett. 1994, 35, 1473; H. Ogino, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1981, 103, 1303; T. V. S. Rao, D. D. Lawrence, ibid. 1990, 112, 3614; R. Isnin, A. E. Kaifer, ibid. 1991, 113, 8188; G. Wenz, E. van der Bey, L. Schmidt, Angew. Chem. 1992, 104, 758; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1992, 31, 783; S. Anderson, H. L. Anderson, ibid. 1996, 108, 2075 bzw. 1996, 35, 1956; A. Harada, J. Li, M. Kamachi, Nature 1993, 364, 516; G. Wenz, B. Keller, GIT Fachz. Lab. 1994, 608; M. Born, H. Ritter, Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 342; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 309; H. W. Gibson, S. Liu, P. Lecavalier, C. Wu, Y. X. Shen, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 852; P. E. Mason, I. W. Parsons, M. S. Tolley; Angew. Chem. 1996, 108, 2405; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1996, 35, 2238; Y.-M. Jeon, D. Whang, J. Kim, K. Kim, Chem. Lett. 1996, 503; Z.-T. Li, P. C. Stein, J. Becher, D. Jensen, P. Moerk, N. Svenstrup, Chem. Eur. J. 1996, 2, 624; recent reviews: H. W. Gibson, M. C. Bheda, P. T. Engen, Prog. Polym. Sci. 1994, 19, 843; D. B. Amabilino, J. F. Stoddart, Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 2725.
49. G. Schill, H. Zollenkopf, Nachr. Chem. Tech. 1967, 15, 149; I. T. Harrison, S. Harrison, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1967, 89, 5723; C. Wu, P. R. Lecavalier, Y. X. Shen, H. W. Gibson, Chem. Mater. 1991, 3, 569; J.-C. Chambron, V. Heitz, J.-P. Sauvage, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1992, 1131; D. J. Cardenas, P. Gavina, J.-P. Sauvage, Chem. Commun. 1996, 1915; H. Sleiman, P. Baxter, J.-M. Lehn, K. Rissanen, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1995, 715; B. L. Allwood, N. Spencer, H. Shahriari-Zavareh, J. F. Stoddart, D. J. Williams, ibid. 1987, 1064; P. R. Ashton, P. T. Glink, J. F. Stoddart, P. A. Tasker, A. J. P. White, D. J. Williams, Chem. Eur. J. 1996, 2, 729; A. C. Benniston, A. Harriman, V. Lynch, Tetrahedron Lett. 1994, 35, 1473; H. Ogino, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1981, 103, 1303; T. V. S. Rao, D. D. Lawrence, ibid. 1990, 112, 3614; R. Isnin, A. E. Kaifer, ibid. 1991, 113, 8188; G. Wenz, E. van der Bey, L. Schmidt, Angew. Chem. 1992, 104, 758; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1992, 31, 783; S. Anderson, H. L. Anderson, ibid. 1996, 108, 2075 bzw. 1996, 35, 1956; A. Harada, J. Li, M. Kamachi, Nature 1993, 364, 516; G. Wenz, B. Keller, GIT Fachz. Lab. 1994, 608; M. Born, H. Ritter, Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 342; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 309; H. W. Gibson, S. Liu, P. Lecavalier, C. Wu, Y. X. Shen, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 852; P. E. Mason, I. W. Parsons, M. S. Tolley; Angew. Chem. 1996, 108, 2405; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1996, 35, 2238; Y.-M. Jeon, D. Whang, J. Kim, K. Kim, Chem. Lett. 1996, 503; Z.-T. Li, P. C. Stein, J. Becher, D. Jensen, P. Moerk, N. Svenstrup, Chem. Eur. J. 1996, 2, 624; recent reviews: H. W. Gibson, M. C. Bheda, P. T. Engen, Prog. Polym. Sci. 1994, 19, 843; D. B. Amabilino, J. F. Stoddart, Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 2725.
50. G. Schill, H. Zollenkopf, Nachr. Chem. Tech. 1967, 15, 149; I. T. Harrison, S. Harrison, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1967, 89, 5723; C. Wu, P. R. Lecavalier, Y. X. Shen, H. W. Gibson, Chem. Mater. 1991, 3, 569; J.-C. Chambron, V. Heitz, J.-P. Sauvage, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1992, 1131; D. J. Cardenas, P. Gavina, J.-P. Sauvage, Chem. Commun. 1996, 1915; H. Sleiman, P. Baxter, J.-M. Lehn, K. Rissanen, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1995, 715; B. L. Allwood, N. Spencer, H. Shahriari-Zavareh, J. F. Stoddart, D. J. Williams, ibid. 1987, 1064; P. R. Ashton, P. T. Glink, J. F. Stoddart, P. A. Tasker, A. J. P. White, D. J. Williams, Chem. Eur. J. 1996, 2, 729; A. C. Benniston, A. Harriman, V. Lynch, Tetrahedron Lett. 1994, 35, 1473; H. Ogino, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1981, 103, 1303; T. V. S. Rao, D. D. Lawrence, ibid. 1990, 112, 3614; R. Isnin, A. E. Kaifer, ibid. 1991, 113, 8188; G. Wenz, E. van der Bey, L. Schmidt, Angew. Chem. 1992, 104, 758; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1992, 31, 783; S. Anderson, H. L. Anderson, ibid. 1996, 108, 2075 bzw. 1996, 35, 1956; A. Harada, J. Li, M. Kamachi, Nature 1993, 364, 516; G. Wenz, B. Keller, GIT Fachz. Lab. 1994, 608; M. Born, H. Ritter, Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 342; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 309; H. W. Gibson, S. Liu, P. Lecavalier, C. Wu, Y. X. Shen, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 852; P. E. Mason, I. W. Parsons, M. S. Tolley; Angew. Chem. 1996, 108, 2405; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1996, 35, 2238; Y.-M. Jeon, D. Whang, J. Kim, K. Kim, Chem. Lett. 1996, 503; Z.-T. Li, P. C. Stein, J. Becher, D. Jensen, P. Moerk, N. Svenstrup, Chem. Eur. J. 1996, 2, 624; recent reviews: H. W. Gibson, M. C. Bheda, P. T. Engen, Prog. Polym. Sci. 1994, 19, 843; D. B. Amabilino, J. F. Stoddart, Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 2725.
51. We thank Prof. Dr. P. von R. Schleyer (Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Prof. Dr. J. Gasteiger (Computer-Chemie-Centrum Erlangen-Nürnberg), and Dr. B. Schürmann (Humboldt-Universität Berlin) for the cooperation with calculations.
52. Y. Geerts, D. Muscat, K. Müllen, Makromol. Chem. 1995, 196, 3425; D. Muscat, A. Witte, W. Köhler, K. Müllen, Y. Geerts, Macromol. Rapid Commun. 1997, 18, 233.
53. Y. Geerts, D. Muscat, K. Müllen, Makromol. Chem. 1995, 196, 3425; D. Muscat, A. Witte, W. Köhler, K. Müllen, Y. Geerts, Macromol. Rapid Commun. 1997, 18, 233.
54. We have also tried to synthesize these rotaxanes by slowly heating corresponding mixtures of wheel and axle in an oil bath (to 320°C). This led to decreased yields of the corresponding rotaxanes and increased portions of by-products.