Switching of pseudorotaxanes and catenanes incorporating a tetrathiafulvalene unit by redox and chemical inputs

Journal of Organic Chemistry

Volumn 65, Issue 7, 2000, Pages 1924-1936

  Balzani, Vincenzo ^a   Credi, Alberto ^a   Mattersteig, Gunter ^b   Matthews, Owen A ^b   Raymo, Françisco M ^b,d   Stoddart, J Fraser ^b   Venturi, Margherita ^a   White, Andrew J P ^c   Williams, David J ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BOLOGNA   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^c IMPERIAL COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^d Department of Biology   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CATENANE; MACROCYCLIC COMPOUND; POLYETHER; TAXANE DERIVATIVE; TETRATHIAFULVALENE DERIVATIVE;

ARTICLE; CHEMICAL STRUCTURE; ELECTROCHEMISTRY; OXIDATION REDUCTION REACTION; STEREOISOMERISM; SYNTHESIS;

EID: 0034616406     PISSN: 00223263     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/jo991781t     Document Type: Article

References (84)

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8. For reviews, see: (a) Balzani, V.; Scandola, F. Supramolecular Photochemistry; Horwood, Chichester, 1991. (b) Gust, D.; Moore, T. A. Top. Curr. Chem. 1991, 159, 103-151. (c) Balzani, V. Tetrahedron 1992, 48, 10443-10514. (d) Bissell, R. A.; de Silva, A. P.; Gunaratne, H. Q. N.; Lynch, P. L. M.; Maguire, G. E. M.; McCoy, C. P.; Sandanayake, K. R. A. S. Top. Curr. Chem. 1993, 168, 223-264. (e) Swager, T. M.; Marsella, M. J. Adv. Mater. 1994, 6, 595-597. (f) De Silva, A. P.; McCoy, C. P. Chem. Ind. 1994, 992-996. (g) Fabbrizzi, L.; Poggi, A. Chem. Soc. Rev. 1995, 24, 197-202. (h) Benniston, A. C. Chem. Soc. Rev. 1996, 25, 427-435. (i) Shinkai, S. Comprehensive Supramolecular Chemistry; Atwood, J. L., Davies, J. E. D., MacNicol, D. D., Vögtle, F., Eds.; Pergamon: Oxford, 1996; Vol. 1, pp 671-700. (j) de Silva, A. P.; Gunaratne, H. Q. N.; Gunnlaugsson, T.; Huxley, A. J. M.; McCoy, C. P.; Rademacher, J. T.; Rice, T. E. Chem. Rev. 1997, 97, 1515-1566. (k) Ward, M. D. Chem. Ind. 1997, 640-645. (l) Modular Chemistry; Michl, J., Ed.; Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht, 1997. (m) Beer, P. D. Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 71-80. (n) Swager, T. M. Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 201-207. (o) Boulas, P. L.; Gómez-Kaifer, M.; Echegoyen, L. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 216-247. (p) Balzani, V.; Gómez-López, M.; Stoddart, J. F. Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 405-414. (q) Sauvage, J.-P. Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 611-619. (r) Niemz, A.; Rotello, V. M. Acc. Chem. Res. 1999, 32, 42-52. (s) Kaifer, A. E. Acc. Chem. Res. 1999, 32, 62-71. (t) Piotrowiak, P. Chem. Soc. Rev. 1999, 28, 143-150.
9. For reviews, see: (a) Balzani, V.; Scandola, F. Supramolecular Photochemistry; Horwood, Chichester, 1991. (b) Gust, D.; Moore, T. A. Top. Curr. Chem. 1991, 159, 103-151. (c) Balzani, V. Tetrahedron 1992, 48, 10443-10514. (d) Bissell, R. A.; de Silva, A. P.; Gunaratne, H. Q. N.; Lynch, P. L. M.; Maguire, G. E. M.; McCoy, C. P.; Sandanayake, K. R. A. S. Top. Curr. Chem. 1993, 168, 223-264. (e) Swager, T. M.; Marsella, M. J. Adv. Mater. 1994, 6, 595-597. (f) De Silva, A. P.; McCoy, C. P. Chem. Ind. 1994, 992-996. (g) Fabbrizzi, L.; Poggi, A. Chem. Soc. Rev. 1995, 24, 197-202. (h) Benniston, A. C. Chem. Soc. Rev. 1996, 25, 427-435. (i) Shinkai, S. Comprehensive Supramolecular Chemistry; Atwood, J. L., Davies, J. E. D., MacNicol, D. D., Vögtle, F., Eds.; Pergamon: Oxford, 1996; Vol. 1, pp 671-700. (j) de Silva, A. P.; Gunaratne, H. Q. N.; Gunnlaugsson, T.; Huxley, A. J. M.; McCoy, C. P.; Rademacher, J. T.; Rice, T. E. Chem. Rev. 1997, 97, 1515-1566. (k) Ward, M. D. Chem. Ind. 1997, 640-645. (l) Modular Chemistry; Michl, J., Ed.; Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht, 1997. (m) Beer, P. D. Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 71-80. (n) Swager, T. M. Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 201-207. (o) Boulas, P. L.; Gómez-Kaifer, M.; Echegoyen, L. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 216-247. (p) Balzani, V.; Gómez-López, M.; Stoddart, J. F. Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 405-414. (q) Sauvage, J.-P. Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 611-619. (r) Niemz, A.; Rotello, V. M. Acc. Chem. Res. 1999, 32, 42-52. (s) Kaifer, A. E. Acc. Chem. Res. 1999, 32, 62-71. (t) Piotrowiak, P. Chem. Soc. Rev. 1999, 28, 143-150.
10. For reviews, see: (a) Balzani, V.; Scandola, F. Supramolecular Photochemistry; Horwood, Chichester, 1991. (b) Gust, D.; Moore, T. A. Top. Curr. Chem. 1991, 159, 103-151. (c) Balzani, V. Tetrahedron 1992, 48, 10443-10514. (d) Bissell, R. A.; de Silva, A. P.; Gunaratne, H. Q. N.; Lynch, P. L. M.; Maguire, G. E. M.; McCoy, C. P.; Sandanayake, K. R. A. S. Top. Curr. Chem. 1993, 168, 223-264. (e) Swager, T. M.; Marsella, M. J. Adv. Mater. 1994, 6, 595-597. (f) De Silva, A. P.; McCoy, C. P. Chem. Ind. 1994, 992-996. (g) Fabbrizzi, L.; Poggi, A. Chem. Soc. Rev. 1995, 24, 197-202. (h) Benniston, A. C. Chem. Soc. Rev. 1996, 25, 427-435. (i) Shinkai, S. Comprehensive Supramolecular Chemistry; Atwood, J. L., Davies, J. E. D., MacNicol, D. D., Vögtle, F., Eds.; Pergamon: Oxford, 1996; Vol. 1, pp 671-700. (j) de Silva, A. P.; Gunaratne, H. Q. N.; Gunnlaugsson, T.; Huxley, A. J. M.; McCoy, C. P.; Rademacher, J. T.; Rice, T. E. Chem. Rev. 1997, 97, 1515-1566. (k) Ward, M. D. Chem. Ind. 1997, 640-645. (l) Modular Chemistry; Michl, J., Ed.; Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht, 1997. (m) Beer, P. D. Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 71-80. (n) Swager, T. M. Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 201-207. (o) Boulas, P. L.; Gómez-Kaifer, M.; Echegoyen, L. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 216-247. (p) Balzani, V.; Gómez-López, M.; Stoddart, J. F. Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 405-414. (q) Sauvage, J.-P. Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 611-619. (r) Niemz, A.; Rotello, V. M. Acc. Chem. Res. 1999, 32, 42-52. (s) Kaifer, A. E. Acc. Chem. Res. 1999, 32, 62-71. (t) Piotrowiak, P. Chem. Soc. Rev. 1999, 28, 143-150.
11. For reviews, see: (a) Balzani, V.; Scandola, F. Supramolecular Photochemistry; Horwood, Chichester, 1991. (b) Gust, D.; Moore, T. A. Top. Curr. Chem. 1991, 159, 103-151. (c) Balzani, V. Tetrahedron 1992, 48, 10443-10514. (d) Bissell, R. A.; de Silva, A. P.; Gunaratne, H. Q. N.; Lynch, P. L. M.; Maguire, G. E. M.; McCoy, C. P.; Sandanayake, K. R. A. S. Top. Curr. Chem. 1993, 168, 223-264. (e) Swager, T. M.; Marsella, M. J. Adv. Mater. 1994, 6, 595-597. (f) De Silva, A. P.; McCoy, C. P. Chem. Ind. 1994, 992-996. (g) Fabbrizzi, L.; Poggi, A. Chem. Soc. Rev. 1995, 24, 197-202. (h) Benniston, A. C. Chem. Soc. Rev. 1996, 25, 427-435. (i) Shinkai, S. Comprehensive Supramolecular Chemistry; Atwood, J. L., Davies, J. E. D., MacNicol, D. D., Vögtle, F., Eds.; Pergamon: Oxford, 1996; Vol. 1, pp 671-700. (j) de Silva, A. P.; Gunaratne, H. Q. N.; Gunnlaugsson, T.; Huxley, A. J. M.; McCoy, C. P.; Rademacher, J. T.; Rice, T. E. Chem. Rev. 1997, 97, 1515-1566. (k) Ward, M. D. Chem. Ind. 1997, 640-645. (l) Modular Chemistry; Michl, J., Ed.; Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht, 1997. (m) Beer, P. D. Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 71-80. (n) Swager, T. M. Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 201-207. (o) Boulas, P. L.; Gómez-Kaifer, M.; Echegoyen, L. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 216-247. (p) Balzani, V.; Gómez-López, M.; Stoddart, J. F. Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 405-414. (q) Sauvage, J.-P. Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 611-619. (r) Niemz, A.; Rotello, V. M. Acc. Chem. Res. 1999, 32, 42-52. (s) Kaifer, A. E. Acc. Chem. Res. 1999, 32, 62-71. (t) Piotrowiak, P. Chem. Soc. Rev. 1999, 28, 143-150.
12. For reviews, see: (a) Balzani, V.; Scandola, F. Supramolecular Photochemistry; Horwood, Chichester, 1991. (b) Gust, D.; Moore, T. A. Top. Curr. Chem. 1991, 159, 103-151. (c) Balzani, V. Tetrahedron 1992, 48, 10443-10514. (d) Bissell, R. A.; de Silva, A. P.; Gunaratne, H. Q. N.; Lynch, P. L. M.; Maguire, G. E. M.; McCoy, C. P.; Sandanayake, K. R. A. S. Top. Curr. Chem. 1993, 168, 223-264. (e) Swager, T. M.; Marsella, M. J. Adv. Mater. 1994, 6, 595-597. (f) De Silva, A. P.; McCoy, C. P. Chem. Ind. 1994, 992-996. (g) Fabbrizzi, L.; Poggi, A. Chem. Soc. Rev. 1995, 24, 197-202. (h) Benniston, A. C. Chem. Soc. Rev. 1996, 25, 427-435. (i) Shinkai, S. Comprehensive Supramolecular Chemistry; Atwood, J. L., Davies, J. E. D., MacNicol, D. D., Vögtle, F., Eds.; Pergamon: Oxford, 1996; Vol. 1, pp 671-700. (j) de Silva, A. P.; Gunaratne, H. Q. N.; Gunnlaugsson, T.; Huxley, A. J. M.; McCoy, C. P.; Rademacher, J. T.; Rice, T. E. Chem. Rev. 1997, 97, 1515-1566. (k) Ward, M. D. Chem. Ind. 1997, 640-645. (l) Modular Chemistry; Michl, J., Ed.; Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht, 1997. (m) Beer, P. D. Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 71-80. (n) Swager, T. M. Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 201-207. (o) Boulas, P. L.; Gómez-Kaifer, M.; Echegoyen, L. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 216-247. (p) Balzani, V.; Gómez-López, M.; Stoddart, J. F. Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 405-414. (q) Sauvage, J.-P. Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 611-619. (r) Niemz, A.; Rotello, V. M. Acc. Chem. Res. 1999, 32, 42-52. (s) Kaifer, A. E. Acc. Chem. Res. 1999, 32, 62-71. (t) Piotrowiak, P. Chem. Soc. Rev. 1999, 28, 143-150.
13. For reviews, see: (a) Balzani, V.; Scandola, F. Supramolecular Photochemistry; Horwood, Chichester, 1991. (b) Gust, D.; Moore, T. A. Top. Curr. Chem. 1991, 159, 103-151. (c) Balzani, V. Tetrahedron 1992, 48, 10443-10514. (d) Bissell, R. A.; de Silva, A. P.; Gunaratne, H. Q. N.; Lynch, P. L. M.; Maguire, G. E. M.; McCoy, C. P.; Sandanayake, K. R. A. S. Top. Curr. Chem. 1993, 168, 223-264. (e) Swager, T. M.; Marsella, M. J. Adv. Mater. 1994, 6, 595-597. (f) De Silva, A. P.; McCoy, C. P. Chem. Ind. 1994, 992-996. (g) Fabbrizzi, L.; Poggi, A. Chem. Soc. Rev. 1995, 24, 197-202. (h) Benniston, A. C. Chem. Soc. Rev. 1996, 25, 427-435. (i) Shinkai, S. Comprehensive Supramolecular Chemistry; Atwood, J. L., Davies, J. E. D., MacNicol, D. D., Vögtle, F., Eds.; Pergamon: Oxford, 1996; Vol. 1, pp 671-700. (j) de Silva, A. P.; Gunaratne, H. Q. N.; Gunnlaugsson, T.; Huxley, A. J. M.; McCoy, C. P.; Rademacher, J. T.; Rice, T. E. Chem. Rev. 1997, 97, 1515-1566. (k) Ward, M. D. Chem. Ind. 1997, 640-645. (l) Modular Chemistry; Michl, J., Ed.; Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht, 1997. (m) Beer, P. D. Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 71-80. (n) Swager, T. M. Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 201-207. (o) Boulas, P. L.; Gómez-Kaifer, M.; Echegoyen, L. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 216-247. (p) Balzani, V.; Gómez-López, M.; Stoddart, J. F. Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 405-414. (q) Sauvage, J.-P. Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 611-619. (r) Niemz, A.; Rotello, V. M. Acc. Chem. Res. 1999, 32, 42-52. (s) Kaifer, A. E. Acc. Chem. Res. 1999, 32, 62-71. (t) Piotrowiak, P. Chem. Soc. Rev. 1999, 28, 143-150.
14. For reviews, see: (a) Balzani, V.; Scandola, F. Supramolecular Photochemistry; Horwood, Chichester, 1991. (b) Gust, D.; Moore, T. A. Top. Curr. Chem. 1991, 159, 103-151. (c) Balzani, V. Tetrahedron 1992, 48, 10443-10514. (d) Bissell, R. A.; de Silva, A. P.; Gunaratne, H. Q. N.; Lynch, P. L. M.; Maguire, G. E. M.; McCoy, C. P.; Sandanayake, K. R. A. S. Top. Curr. Chem. 1993, 168, 223-264. (e) Swager, T. M.; Marsella, M. J. Adv. Mater. 1994, 6, 595-597. (f) De Silva, A. P.; McCoy, C. P. Chem. Ind. 1994, 992-996. (g) Fabbrizzi, L.; Poggi, A. Chem. Soc. Rev. 1995, 24, 197-202. (h) Benniston, A. C. Chem. Soc. Rev. 1996, 25, 427-435. (i) Shinkai, S. Comprehensive Supramolecular Chemistry; Atwood, J. L., Davies, J. E. D., MacNicol, D. D., Vögtle, F., Eds.; Pergamon: Oxford, 1996; Vol. 1, pp 671-700. (j) de Silva, A. P.; Gunaratne, H. Q. N.; Gunnlaugsson, T.; Huxley, A. J. M.; McCoy, C. P.; Rademacher, J. T.; Rice, T. E. Chem. Rev. 1997, 97, 1515-1566. (k) Ward, M. D. Chem. Ind. 1997, 640-645. (l) Modular Chemistry; Michl, J., Ed.; Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht, 1997. (m) Beer, P. D. Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 71-80. (n) Swager, T. M. Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 201-207. (o) Boulas, P. L.; Gómez-Kaifer, M.; Echegoyen, L. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 216-247. (p) Balzani, V.; Gómez-López, M.; Stoddart, J. F. Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 405-414. (q) Sauvage, J.-P. Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 611-619. (r) Niemz, A.; Rotello, V. M. Acc. Chem. Res. 1999, 32, 42-52. (s) Kaifer, A. E. Acc. Chem. Res. 1999, 32, 62-71. (t) Piotrowiak, P. Chem. Soc. Rev. 1999, 28, 143-150.
15. For reviews, see: (a) Balzani, V.; Scandola, F. Supramolecular Photochemistry; Horwood, Chichester, 1991. (b) Gust, D.; Moore, T. A. Top. Curr. Chem. 1991, 159, 103-151. (c) Balzani, V. Tetrahedron 1992, 48, 10443-10514. (d) Bissell, R. A.; de Silva, A. P.; Gunaratne, H. Q. N.; Lynch, P. L. M.; Maguire, G. E. M.; McCoy, C. P.; Sandanayake, K. R. A. S. Top. Curr. Chem. 1993, 168, 223-264. (e) Swager, T. M.; Marsella, M. J. Adv. Mater. 1994, 6, 595-597. (f) De Silva, A. P.; McCoy, C. P. Chem. Ind. 1994, 992-996. (g) Fabbrizzi, L.; Poggi, A. Chem. Soc. Rev. 1995, 24, 197-202. (h) Benniston, A. C. Chem. Soc. Rev. 1996, 25, 427-435. (i) Shinkai, S. Comprehensive Supramolecular Chemistry; Atwood, J. L., Davies, J. E. D., MacNicol, D. D., Vögtle, F., Eds.; Pergamon: Oxford, 1996; Vol. 1, pp 671-700. (j) de Silva, A. P.; Gunaratne, H. Q. N.; Gunnlaugsson, T.; Huxley, A. J. M.; McCoy, C. P.; Rademacher, J. T.; Rice, T. E. Chem. Rev. 1997, 97, 1515-1566. (k) Ward, M. D. Chem. Ind. 1997, 640-645. (l) Modular Chemistry; Michl, J., Ed.; Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht, 1997. (m) Beer, P. D. Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 71-80. (n) Swager, T. M. Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 201-207. (o) Boulas, P. L.; Gómez-Kaifer, M.; Echegoyen, L. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 216-247. (p) Balzani, V.; Gómez-López, M.; Stoddart, J. F. Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 405-414. (q) Sauvage, J.-P. Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 611-619. (r) Niemz, A.; Rotello, V. M. Acc. Chem. Res. 1999, 32, 42-52. (s) Kaifer, A. E. Acc. Chem. Res. 1999, 32, 62-71. (t) Piotrowiak, P. Chem. Soc. Rev. 1999, 28, 143-150.
16. For reviews, see: (a) Balzani, V.; Scandola, F. Supramolecular Photochemistry; Horwood, Chichester, 1991. (b) Gust, D.; Moore, T. A. Top. Curr. Chem. 1991, 159, 103-151. (c) Balzani, V. Tetrahedron 1992, 48, 10443-10514. (d) Bissell, R. A.; de Silva, A. P.; Gunaratne, H. Q. N.; Lynch, P. L. M.; Maguire, G. E. M.; McCoy, C. P.; Sandanayake, K. R. A. S. Top. Curr. Chem. 1993, 168, 223-264. (e) Swager, T. M.; Marsella, M. J. Adv. Mater. 1994, 6, 595-597. (f) De Silva, A. P.; McCoy, C. P. Chem. Ind. 1994, 992-996. (g) Fabbrizzi, L.; Poggi, A. Chem. Soc. Rev. 1995, 24, 197-202. (h) Benniston, A. C. Chem. Soc. Rev. 1996, 25, 427-435. (i) Shinkai, S. Comprehensive Supramolecular Chemistry; Atwood, J. L., Davies, J. E. D., MacNicol, D. D., Vögtle, F., Eds.; Pergamon: Oxford, 1996; Vol. 1, pp 671-700. (j) de Silva, A. P.; Gunaratne, H. Q. N.; Gunnlaugsson, T.; Huxley, A. J. M.; McCoy, C. P.; Rademacher, J. T.; Rice, T. E. Chem. Rev. 1997, 97, 1515-1566. (k) Ward, M. D. Chem. Ind. 1997, 640-645. (l) Modular Chemistry; Michl, J., Ed.; Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht, 1997. (m) Beer, P. D. Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 71-80. (n) Swager, T. M. Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 201-207. (o) Boulas, P. L.; Gómez-Kaifer, M.; Echegoyen, L. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 216-247. (p) Balzani, V.; Gómez-López, M.; Stoddart, J. F. Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 405-414. (q) Sauvage, J.-P. Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 611-619. (r) Niemz, A.; Rotello, V. M. Acc. Chem. Res. 1999, 32, 42-52. (s) Kaifer, A. E. Acc. Chem. Res. 1999, 32, 62-71. (t) Piotrowiak, P. Chem. Soc. Rev. 1999, 28, 143-150.
17. For reviews, see: (a) Balzani, V.; Scandola, F. Supramolecular Photochemistry; Horwood, Chichester, 1991. (b) Gust, D.; Moore, T. A. Top. Curr. Chem. 1991, 159, 103-151. (c) Balzani, V. Tetrahedron 1992, 48, 10443-10514. (d) Bissell, R. A.; de Silva, A. P.; Gunaratne, H. Q. N.; Lynch, P. L. M.; Maguire, G. E. M.; McCoy, C. P.; Sandanayake, K. R. A. S. Top. Curr. Chem. 1993, 168, 223-264. (e) Swager, T. M.; Marsella, M. J. Adv. Mater. 1994, 6, 595-597. (f) De Silva, A. P.; McCoy, C. P. Chem. Ind. 1994, 992-996. (g) Fabbrizzi, L.; Poggi, A. Chem. Soc. Rev. 1995, 24, 197-202. (h) Benniston, A. C. Chem. Soc. Rev. 1996, 25, 427-435. (i) Shinkai, S. Comprehensive Supramolecular Chemistry; Atwood, J. L., Davies, J. E. D., MacNicol, D. D., Vögtle, F., Eds.; Pergamon: Oxford, 1996; Vol. 1, pp 671-700. (j) de Silva, A. P.; Gunaratne, H. Q. N.; Gunnlaugsson, T.; Huxley, A. J. M.; McCoy, C. P.; Rademacher, J. T.; Rice, T. E. Chem. Rev. 1997, 97, 1515-1566. (k) Ward, M. D. Chem. Ind. 1997, 640-645. (l) Modular Chemistry; Michl, J., Ed.; Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht, 1997. (m) Beer, P. D. Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 71-80. (n) Swager, T. M. Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 201-207. (o) Boulas, P. L.; Gómez-Kaifer, M.; Echegoyen, L. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 216-247. (p) Balzani, V.; Gómez-López, M.; Stoddart, J. F. Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 405-414. (q) Sauvage, J.-P. Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 611-619. (r) Niemz, A.; Rotello, V. M. Acc. Chem. Res. 1999, 32, 42-52. (s) Kaifer, A. E. Acc. Chem. Res. 1999, 32, 62-71. (t) Piotrowiak, P. Chem. Soc. Rev. 1999, 28, 143-150.
18. For reviews, see: (a) Balzani, V.; Scandola, F. Supramolecular Photochemistry; Horwood, Chichester, 1991. (b) Gust, D.; Moore, T. A. Top. Curr. Chem. 1991, 159, 103-151. (c) Balzani, V. Tetrahedron 1992, 48, 10443-10514. (d) Bissell, R. A.; de Silva, A. P.; Gunaratne, H. Q. N.; Lynch, P. L. M.; Maguire, G. E. M.; McCoy, C. P.; Sandanayake, K. R. A. S. Top. Curr. Chem. 1993, 168, 223-264. (e) Swager, T. M.; Marsella, M. J. Adv. Mater. 1994, 6, 595-597. (f) De Silva, A. P.; McCoy, C. P. Chem. Ind. 1994, 992-996. (g) Fabbrizzi, L.; Poggi, A. Chem. Soc. Rev. 1995, 24, 197-202. (h) Benniston, A. C. Chem. Soc. Rev. 1996, 25, 427-435. (i) Shinkai, S. Comprehensive Supramolecular Chemistry; Atwood, J. L., Davies, J. E. D., MacNicol, D. D., Vögtle, F., Eds.; Pergamon: Oxford, 1996; Vol. 1, pp 671-700. (j) de Silva, A. P.; Gunaratne, H. Q. N.; Gunnlaugsson, T.; Huxley, A. J. M.; McCoy, C. P.; Rademacher, J. T.; Rice, T. E. Chem. Rev. 1997, 97, 1515-1566. (k) Ward, M. D. Chem. Ind. 1997, 640-645. (l) Modular Chemistry; Michl, J., Ed.; Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht, 1997. (m) Beer, P. D. Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 71-80. (n) Swager, T. M. Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 201-207. (o) Boulas, P. L.; Gómez-Kaifer, M.; Echegoyen, L. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 216-247. (p) Balzani, V.; Gómez-López, M.; Stoddart, J. F. Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 405-414. (q) Sauvage, J.-P. Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 611-619. (r) Niemz, A.; Rotello, V. M. Acc. Chem. Res. 1999, 32, 42-52. (s) Kaifer, A. E. Acc. Chem. Res. 1999, 32, 62-71. (t) Piotrowiak, P. Chem. Soc. Rev. 1999, 28, 143-150.
19. For reviews, see: (a) Balzani, V.; Scandola, F. Supramolecular Photochemistry; Horwood, Chichester, 1991. (b) Gust, D.; Moore, T. A. Top. Curr. Chem. 1991, 159, 103-151. (c) Balzani, V. Tetrahedron 1992, 48, 10443-10514. (d) Bissell, R. A.; de Silva, A. P.; Gunaratne, H. Q. N.; Lynch, P. L. M.; Maguire, G. E. M.; McCoy, C. P.; Sandanayake, K. R. A. S. Top. Curr. Chem. 1993, 168, 223-264. (e) Swager, T. M.; Marsella, M. J. Adv. Mater. 1994, 6, 595-597. (f) De Silva, A. P.; McCoy, C. P. Chem. Ind. 1994, 992-996. (g) Fabbrizzi, L.; Poggi, A. Chem. Soc. Rev. 1995, 24, 197-202. (h) Benniston, A. C. Chem. Soc. Rev. 1996, 25, 427-435. (i) Shinkai, S. Comprehensive Supramolecular Chemistry; Atwood, J. L., Davies, J. E. D., MacNicol, D. D., Vögtle, F., Eds.; Pergamon: Oxford, 1996; Vol. 1, pp 671-700. (j) de Silva, A. P.; Gunaratne, H. Q. N.; Gunnlaugsson, T.; Huxley, A. J. M.; McCoy, C. P.; Rademacher, J. T.; Rice, T. E. Chem. Rev. 1997, 97, 1515-1566. (k) Ward, M. D. Chem. Ind. 1997, 640-645. (l) Modular Chemistry; Michl, J., Ed.; Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht, 1997. (m) Beer, P. D. Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 71-80. (n) Swager, T. M. Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 201-207. (o) Boulas, P. L.; Gómez-Kaifer, M.; Echegoyen, L. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 216-247. (p) Balzani, V.; Gómez-López, M.; Stoddart, J. F. Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 405-414. (q) Sauvage, J.-P. Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 611-619. (r) Niemz, A.; Rotello, V. M. Acc. Chem. Res. 1999, 32, 42-52. (s) Kaifer, A. E. Acc. Chem. Res. 1999, 32, 62-71. (t) Piotrowiak, P. Chem. Soc. Rev. 1999, 28, 143-150.
20. For reviews, see: (a) Balzani, V.; Scandola, F. Supramolecular Photochemistry; Horwood, Chichester, 1991. (b) Gust, D.; Moore, T. A. Top. Curr. Chem. 1991, 159, 103-151. (c) Balzani, V. Tetrahedron 1992, 48, 10443-10514. (d) Bissell, R. A.; de Silva, A. P.; Gunaratne, H. Q. N.; Lynch, P. L. M.; Maguire, G. E. M.; McCoy, C. P.; Sandanayake, K. R. A. S. Top. Curr. Chem. 1993, 168, 223-264. (e) Swager, T. M.; Marsella, M. J. Adv. Mater. 1994, 6, 595-597. (f) De Silva, A. P.; McCoy, C. P. Chem. Ind. 1994, 992-996. (g) Fabbrizzi, L.; Poggi, A. Chem. Soc. Rev. 1995, 24, 197-202. (h) Benniston, A. C. Chem. Soc. Rev. 1996, 25, 427-435. (i) Shinkai, S. Comprehensive Supramolecular Chemistry; Atwood, J. L., Davies, J. E. D., MacNicol, D. D., Vögtle, F., Eds.; Pergamon: Oxford, 1996; Vol. 1, pp 671-700. (j) de Silva, A. P.; Gunaratne, H. Q. N.; Gunnlaugsson, T.; Huxley, A. J. M.; McCoy, C. P.; Rademacher, J. T.; Rice, T. E. Chem. Rev. 1997, 97, 1515-1566. (k) Ward, M. D. Chem. Ind. 1997, 640-645. (l) Modular Chemistry; Michl, J., Ed.; Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht, 1997. (m) Beer, P. D. Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 71-80. (n) Swager, T. M. Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 201-207. (o) Boulas, P. L.; Gómez-Kaifer, M.; Echegoyen, L. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 216-247. (p) Balzani, V.; Gómez-López, M.; Stoddart, J. F. Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 405-414. (q) Sauvage, J.-P. Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 611-619. (r) Niemz, A.; Rotello, V. M. Acc. Chem. Res. 1999, 32, 42-52. (s) Kaifer, A. E. Acc. Chem. Res. 1999, 32, 62-71. (t) Piotrowiak, P. Chem. Soc. Rev. 1999, 28, 143-150.
21. For reviews, see: (a) Balzani, V.; Scandola, F. Supramolecular Photochemistry; Horwood, Chichester, 1991. (b) Gust, D.; Moore, T. A. Top. Curr. Chem. 1991, 159, 103-151. (c) Balzani, V. Tetrahedron 1992, 48, 10443-10514. (d) Bissell, R. A.; de Silva, A. P.; Gunaratne, H. Q. N.; Lynch, P. L. M.; Maguire, G. E. M.; McCoy, C. P.; Sandanayake, K. R. A. S. Top. Curr. Chem. 1993, 168, 223-264. (e) Swager, T. M.; Marsella, M. J. Adv. Mater. 1994, 6, 595-597. (f) De Silva, A. P.; McCoy, C. P. Chem. Ind. 1994, 992-996. (g) Fabbrizzi, L.; Poggi, A. Chem. Soc. Rev. 1995, 24, 197-202. (h) Benniston, A. C. Chem. Soc. Rev. 1996, 25, 427-435. (i) Shinkai, S. Comprehensive Supramolecular Chemistry; Atwood, J. L., Davies, J. E. D., MacNicol, D. D., Vögtle, F., Eds.; Pergamon: Oxford, 1996; Vol. 1, pp 671-700. (j) de Silva, A. P.; Gunaratne, H. Q. N.; Gunnlaugsson, T.; Huxley, A. J. M.; McCoy, C. P.; Rademacher, J. T.; Rice, T. E. Chem. Rev. 1997, 97, 1515-1566. (k) Ward, M. D. Chem. Ind. 1997, 640-645. (l) Modular Chemistry; Michl, J., Ed.; Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht, 1997. (m) Beer, P. D. Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 71-80. (n) Swager, T. M. Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 201-207. (o) Boulas, P. L.; Gómez-Kaifer, M.; Echegoyen, L. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 216-247. (p) Balzani, V.; Gómez-López, M.; Stoddart, J. F. Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 405-414. (q) Sauvage, J.-P. Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 611-619. (r) Niemz, A.; Rotello, V. M. Acc. Chem. Res. 1999, 32, 42-52. (s) Kaifer, A. E. Acc. Chem. Res. 1999, 32, 62-71. (t) Piotrowiak, P. Chem. Soc. Rev. 1999, 28, 143-150.
22. For reviews, see: (a) Balzani, V.; Scandola, F. Supramolecular Photochemistry; Horwood, Chichester, 1991. (b) Gust, D.; Moore, T. A. Top. Curr. Chem. 1991, 159, 103-151. (c) Balzani, V. Tetrahedron 1992, 48, 10443-10514. (d) Bissell, R. A.; de Silva, A. P.; Gunaratne, H. Q. N.; Lynch, P. L. M.; Maguire, G. E. M.; McCoy, C. P.; Sandanayake, K. R. A. S. Top. Curr. Chem. 1993, 168, 223-264. (e) Swager, T. M.; Marsella, M. J. Adv. Mater. 1994, 6, 595-597. (f) De Silva, A. P.; McCoy, C. P. Chem. Ind. 1994, 992-996. (g) Fabbrizzi, L.; Poggi, A. Chem. Soc. Rev. 1995, 24, 197-202. (h) Benniston, A. C. Chem. Soc. Rev. 1996, 25, 427-435. (i) Shinkai, S. Comprehensive Supramolecular Chemistry; Atwood, J. L., Davies, J. E. D., MacNicol, D. D., Vögtle, F., Eds.; Pergamon: Oxford, 1996; Vol. 1, pp 671-700. (j) de Silva, A. P.; Gunaratne, H. Q. N.; Gunnlaugsson, T.; Huxley, A. J. M.; McCoy, C. P.; Rademacher, J. T.; Rice, T. E. Chem. Rev. 1997, 97, 1515-1566. (k) Ward, M. D. Chem. Ind. 1997, 640-645. (l) Modular Chemistry; Michl, J., Ed.; Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht, 1997. (m) Beer, P. D. Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 71-80. (n) Swager, T. M. Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 201-207. (o) Boulas, P. L.; Gómez-Kaifer, M.; Echegoyen, L. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 216-247. (p) Balzani, V.; Gómez-López, M.; Stoddart, J. F. Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 405-414. (q) Sauvage, J.-P. Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 611-619. (r) Niemz, A.; Rotello, V. M. Acc. Chem. Res. 1999, 32, 42-52. (s) Kaifer, A. E. Acc. Chem. Res. 1999, 32, 62-71. (t) Piotrowiak, P. Chem. Soc. Rev. 1999, 28, 143-150.
23. For reviews, see: (a) Balzani, V.; Scandola, F. Supramolecular Photochemistry; Horwood, Chichester, 1991. (b) Gust, D.; Moore, T. A. Top. Curr. Chem. 1991, 159, 103-151. (c) Balzani, V. Tetrahedron 1992, 48, 10443-10514. (d) Bissell, R. A.; de Silva, A. P.; Gunaratne, H. Q. N.; Lynch, P. L. M.; Maguire, G. E. M.; McCoy, C. P.; Sandanayake, K. R. A. S. Top. Curr. Chem. 1993, 168, 223-264. (e) Swager, T. M.; Marsella, M. J. Adv. Mater. 1994, 6, 595-597. (f) De Silva, A. P.; McCoy, C. P. Chem. Ind. 1994, 992-996. (g) Fabbrizzi, L.; Poggi, A. Chem. Soc. Rev. 1995, 24, 197-202. (h) Benniston, A. C. Chem. Soc. Rev. 1996, 25, 427-435. (i) Shinkai, S. Comprehensive Supramolecular Chemistry; Atwood, J. L., Davies, J. E. D., MacNicol, D. D., Vögtle, F., Eds.; Pergamon: Oxford, 1996; Vol. 1, pp 671-700. (j) de Silva, A. P.; Gunaratne, H. Q. N.; Gunnlaugsson, T.; Huxley, A. J. M.; McCoy, C. P.; Rademacher, J. T.; Rice, T. E. Chem. Rev. 1997, 97, 1515-1566. (k) Ward, M. D. Chem. Ind. 1997, 640-645. (l) Modular Chemistry; Michl, J., Ed.; Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht, 1997. (m) Beer, P. D. Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 71-80. (n) Swager, T. M. Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 201-207. (o) Boulas, P. L.; Gómez-Kaifer, M.; Echegoyen, L. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 216-247. (p) Balzani, V.; Gómez-López, M.; Stoddart, J. F. Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 405-414. (q) Sauvage, J.-P. Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 611-619. (r) Niemz, A.; Rotello, V. M. Acc. Chem. Res. 1999, 32, 42-52. (s) Kaifer, A. E. Acc. Chem. Res. 1999, 32, 62-71. (t) Piotrowiak, P. Chem. Soc. Rev. 1999, 28, 143-150.
24. For reviews, see: (a) Balzani, V.; Scandola, F. Supramolecular Photochemistry; Horwood, Chichester, 1991. (b) Gust, D.; Moore, T. A. Top. Curr. Chem. 1991, 159, 103-151. (c) Balzani, V. Tetrahedron 1992, 48, 10443-10514. (d) Bissell, R. A.; de Silva, A. P.; Gunaratne, H. Q. N.; Lynch, P. L. M.; Maguire, G. E. M.; McCoy, C. P.; Sandanayake, K. R. A. S. Top. Curr. Chem. 1993, 168, 223-264. (e) Swager, T. M.; Marsella, M. J. Adv. Mater. 1994, 6, 595-597. (f) De Silva, A. P.; McCoy, C. P. Chem. Ind. 1994, 992-996. (g) Fabbrizzi, L.; Poggi, A. Chem. Soc. Rev. 1995, 24, 197-202. (h) Benniston, A. C. Chem. Soc. Rev. 1996, 25, 427-435. (i) Shinkai, S. Comprehensive Supramolecular Chemistry; Atwood, J. L., Davies, J. E. D., MacNicol, D. D., Vögtle, F., Eds.; Pergamon: Oxford, 1996; Vol. 1, pp 671-700. (j) de Silva, A. P.; Gunaratne, H. Q. N.; Gunnlaugsson, T.; Huxley, A. J. M.; McCoy, C. P.; Rademacher, J. T.; Rice, T. E. Chem. Rev. 1997, 97, 1515-1566. (k) Ward, M. D. Chem. Ind. 1997, 640-645. (l) Modular Chemistry; Michl, J., Ed.; Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht, 1997. (m) Beer, P. D. Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 71-80. (n) Swager, T. M. Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 201-207. (o) Boulas, P. L.; Gómez-Kaifer, M.; Echegoyen, L. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 216-247. (p) Balzani, V.; Gómez-López, M.; Stoddart, J. F. Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 405-414. (q) Sauvage, J.-P. Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 611-619. (r) Niemz, A.; Rotello, V. M. Acc. Chem. Res. 1999, 32, 42-52. (s) Kaifer, A. E. Acc. Chem. Res. 1999, 32, 62-71. (t) Piotrowiak, P. Chem. Soc. Rev. 1999, 28, 143-150.
25. For reviews, see: (a) Balzani, V.; Scandola, F. Supramolecular Photochemistry; Horwood, Chichester, 1991. (b) Gust, D.; Moore, T. A. Top. Curr. Chem. 1991, 159, 103-151. (c) Balzani, V. Tetrahedron 1992, 48, 10443-10514. (d) Bissell, R. A.; de Silva, A. P.; Gunaratne, H. Q. N.; Lynch, P. L. M.; Maguire, G. E. M.; McCoy, C. P.; Sandanayake, K. R. A. S. Top. Curr. Chem. 1993, 168, 223-264. (e) Swager, T. M.; Marsella, M. J. Adv. Mater. 1994, 6, 595-597. (f) De Silva, A. P.; McCoy, C. P. Chem. Ind. 1994, 992-996. (g) Fabbrizzi, L.; Poggi, A. Chem. Soc. Rev. 1995, 24, 197-202. (h) Benniston, A. C. Chem. Soc. Rev. 1996, 25, 427-435. (i) Shinkai, S. Comprehensive Supramolecular Chemistry; Atwood, J. L., Davies, J. E. D., MacNicol, D. D., Vögtle, F., Eds.; Pergamon: Oxford, 1996; Vol. 1, pp 671-700. (j) de Silva, A. P.; Gunaratne, H. Q. N.; Gunnlaugsson, T.; Huxley, A. J. M.; McCoy, C. P.; Rademacher, J. T.; Rice, T. E. Chem. Rev. 1997, 97, 1515-1566. (k) Ward, M. D. Chem. Ind. 1997, 640-645. (l) Modular Chemistry; Michl, J., Ed.; Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht, 1997. (m) Beer, P. D. Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 71-80. (n) Swager, T. M. Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 201-207. (o) Boulas, P. L.; Gómez-Kaifer, M.; Echegoyen, L. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 216-247. (p) Balzani, V.; Gómez-López, M.; Stoddart, J. F. Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 405-414. (q) Sauvage, J.-P. Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 611-619. (r) Niemz, A.; Rotello, V. M. Acc. Chem. Res. 1999, 32, 42-52. (s) Kaifer, A. E. Acc. Chem. Res. 1999, 32, 62-71. (t) Piotrowiak, P. Chem. Soc. Rev. 1999, 28, 143-150.
26. For recent papers, see: (a) Willner, I.; Willner, B. Adv. Mater. 1997, 9, 351-355. (b) Ashton, P. R.; Ballardini, R.; Balzani, V.; Boyd, S. E.; Credi, A.; Gandolfi, M. T.; Gómez-López, M.; Iqbal, S.; Philp, D.; Preece, J. A.; Prodi, L.; Ricketts, H. G.; Stoddart, J. F.; Tolley, M. S.; Venturi, M.; White, A. J. P.; Williams, D. J. Chem. Eur. J. 1997, 3, 152-170. (c) Deans, R.; Niemz, A.; Breinlinger, E. C.; Rotello, V. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 10863-10864. (d) Livoreil, A.; Sauvage, J.-P.; Armaroli, N.; Balzani, V.; Flamigni, L.; Ventura, B. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 12114-12124. (e) Wang, Y.; Alvarez, J.; Kaifer, A. E. Chem. Commun. 1998, 1457-1458. (f) Takashita, M.; Irie, M. J. Org. Chem. 1998, 63, 6643-6649. (g) Archut, A.; Azzellini, G. C.; Balzani, V.; De Cola, L.; Vögtle, F. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 12187-12191. (h) Steinberg-Yfrach, G.; Rigaud, J.-L.; Durantini, E. N.; Moore, A. L.; Gust, D.; Moore, T. A. Nature 1998, 392, 479-482. (i) de Silva, A. P.; Dixon, I. M.; Gunaratne, H. Q. N.; Gunnlaugsson, T.; Maxwell, P. R. S.; Rice, T. E. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 1393- 1394. (j) Fabbrizzi, L.; Gatti, F.; Pallavicini, P.; Zambarbieri, E. Chem. Eur. J. 1999, 5, 682-690. (k) Asakawa, M.; Ashton, P. R.; Balzani, V.; Brown, C. L.; Credi, A.; Menzer, S.; Newton, S. P.; Raymo, F. M.; Shipway, A. N.; Spencer, N.; Quick, A.; Stoddart, J. F.; White, A. J. P.; Williams, D. J. Chem. Eur. J. 1999, 5, 860-875. (l) Ishow, E.; Credi, A.; Balzani, V.; Spadola, F.; Mandolini, L. Chem. Eur. J. 1999, 5, 984- 989.
27. For recent papers, see: (a) Willner, I.; Willner, B. Adv. Mater. 1997, 9, 351-355. (b) Ashton, P. R.; Ballardini, R.; Balzani, V.; Boyd, S. E.; Credi, A.; Gandolfi, M. T.; Gómez-López, M.; Iqbal, S.; Philp, D.; Preece, J. A.; Prodi, L.; Ricketts, H. G.; Stoddart, J. F.; Tolley, M. S.; Venturi, M.; White, A. J. P.; Williams, D. J. Chem. Eur. J. 1997, 3, 152-170. (c) Deans, R.; Niemz, A.; Breinlinger, E. C.; Rotello, V. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 10863-10864. (d) Livoreil, A.; Sauvage, J.-P.; Armaroli, N.; Balzani, V.; Flamigni, L.; Ventura, B. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 12114-12124. (e) Wang, Y.; Alvarez, J.; Kaifer, A. E. Chem. Commun. 1998, 1457-1458. (f) Takashita, M.; Irie, M. J. Org. Chem. 1998, 63, 6643-6649. (g) Archut, A.; Azzellini, G. C.; Balzani, V.; De Cola, L.; Vögtle, F. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 12187-12191. (h) Steinberg-Yfrach, G.; Rigaud, J.-L.; Durantini, E. N.; Moore, A. L.; Gust, D.; Moore, T. A. Nature 1998, 392, 479-482. (i) de Silva, A. P.; Dixon, I. M.; Gunaratne, H. Q. N.; Gunnlaugsson, T.; Maxwell, P. R. S.; Rice, T. E. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 1393- 1394. (j) Fabbrizzi, L.; Gatti, F.; Pallavicini, P.; Zambarbieri, E. Chem. Eur. J. 1999, 5, 682-690. (k) Asakawa, M.; Ashton, P. R.; Balzani, V.; Brown, C. L.; Credi, A.; Menzer, S.; Newton, S. P.; Raymo, F. M.; Shipway, A. N.; Spencer, N.; Quick, A.; Stoddart, J. F.; White, A. J. P.; Williams, D. J. Chem. Eur. J. 1999, 5, 860-875. (l) Ishow, E.; Credi, A.; Balzani, V.; Spadola, F.; Mandolini, L. Chem. Eur. J. 1999, 5, 984- 989.
28. For recent papers, see: (a) Willner, I.; Willner, B. Adv. Mater. 1997, 9, 351-355. (b) Ashton, P. R.; Ballardini, R.; Balzani, V.; Boyd, S. E.; Credi, A.; Gandolfi, M. T.; Gómez-López, M.; Iqbal, S.; Philp, D.; Preece, J. A.; Prodi, L.; Ricketts, H. G.; Stoddart, J. F.; Tolley, M. S.; Venturi, M.; White, A. J. P.; Williams, D. J. Chem. Eur. J. 1997, 3, 152-170. (c) Deans, R.; Niemz, A.; Breinlinger, E. C.; Rotello, V. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 10863-10864. (d) Livoreil, A.; Sauvage, J.-P.; Armaroli, N.; Balzani, V.; Flamigni, L.; Ventura, B. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 12114-12124. (e) Wang, Y.; Alvarez, J.; Kaifer, A. E. Chem. Commun. 1998, 1457-1458. (f) Takashita, M.; Irie, M. J. Org. Chem. 1998, 63, 6643-6649. (g) Archut, A.; Azzellini, G. C.; Balzani, V.; De Cola, L.; Vögtle, F. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 12187-12191. (h) Steinberg-Yfrach, G.; Rigaud, J.-L.; Durantini, E. N.; Moore, A. L.; Gust, D.; Moore, T. A. Nature 1998, 392, 479-482. (i) de Silva, A. P.; Dixon, I. M.; Gunaratne, H. Q. N.; Gunnlaugsson, T.; Maxwell, P. R. S.; Rice, T. E. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 1393- 1394. (j) Fabbrizzi, L.; Gatti, F.; Pallavicini, P.; Zambarbieri, E. Chem. Eur. J. 1999, 5, 682-690. (k) Asakawa, M.; Ashton, P. R.; Balzani, V.; Brown, C. L.; Credi, A.; Menzer, S.; Newton, S. P.; Raymo, F. M.; Shipway, A. N.; Spencer, N.; Quick, A.; Stoddart, J. F.; White, A. J. P.; Williams, D. J. Chem. Eur. J. 1999, 5, 860-875. (l) Ishow, E.; Credi, A.; Balzani, V.; Spadola, F.; Mandolini, L. Chem. Eur. J. 1999, 5, 984- 989.
29. For recent papers, see: (a) Willner, I.; Willner, B. Adv. Mater. 1997, 9, 351-355. (b) Ashton, P. R.; Ballardini, R.; Balzani, V.; Boyd, S. E.; Credi, A.; Gandolfi, M. T.; Gómez-López, M.; Iqbal, S.; Philp, D.; Preece, J. A.; Prodi, L.; Ricketts, H. G.; Stoddart, J. F.; Tolley, M. S.; Venturi, M.; White, A. J. P.; Williams, D. J. Chem. Eur. J. 1997, 3, 152-170. (c) Deans, R.; Niemz, A.; Breinlinger, E. C.; Rotello, V. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 10863-10864. (d) Livoreil, A.; Sauvage, J.-P.; Armaroli, N.; Balzani, V.; Flamigni, L.; Ventura, B. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 12114-12124. (e) Wang, Y.; Alvarez, J.; Kaifer, A. E. Chem. Commun. 1998, 1457-1458. (f) Takashita, M.; Irie, M. J. Org. Chem. 1998, 63, 6643-6649. (g) Archut, A.; Azzellini, G. C.; Balzani, V.; De Cola, L.; Vögtle, F. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 12187-12191. (h) Steinberg-Yfrach, G.; Rigaud, J.-L.; Durantini, E. N.; Moore, A. L.; Gust, D.; Moore, T. A. Nature 1998, 392, 479-482. (i) de Silva, A. P.; Dixon, I. M.; Gunaratne, H. Q. N.; Gunnlaugsson, T.; Maxwell, P. R. S.; Rice, T. E. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 1393- 1394. (j) Fabbrizzi, L.; Gatti, F.; Pallavicini, P.; Zambarbieri, E. Chem. Eur. J. 1999, 5, 682-690. (k) Asakawa, M.; Ashton, P. R.; Balzani, V.; Brown, C. L.; Credi, A.; Menzer, S.; Newton, S. P.; Raymo, F. M.; Shipway, A. N.; Spencer, N.; Quick, A.; Stoddart, J. F.; White, A. J. P.; Williams, D. J. Chem. Eur. J. 1999, 5, 860-875. (l) Ishow, E.; Credi, A.; Balzani, V.; Spadola, F.; Mandolini, L. Chem. Eur. J. 1999, 5, 984- 989.
30. For recent papers, see: (a) Willner, I.; Willner, B. Adv. Mater. 1997, 9, 351-355. (b) Ashton, P. R.; Ballardini, R.; Balzani, V.; Boyd, S. E.; Credi, A.; Gandolfi, M. T.; Gómez-López, M.; Iqbal, S.; Philp, D.; Preece, J. A.; Prodi, L.; Ricketts, H. G.; Stoddart, J. F.; Tolley, M. S.; Venturi, M.; White, A. J. P.; Williams, D. J. Chem. Eur. J. 1997, 3, 152-170. (c) Deans, R.; Niemz, A.; Breinlinger, E. C.; Rotello, V. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 10863-10864. (d) Livoreil, A.; Sauvage, J.-P.; Armaroli, N.; Balzani, V.; Flamigni, L.; Ventura, B. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 12114-12124. (e) Wang, Y.; Alvarez, J.; Kaifer, A. E. Chem. Commun. 1998, 1457-1458. (f) Takashita, M.; Irie, M. J. Org. Chem. 1998, 63, 6643-6649. (g) Archut, A.; Azzellini, G. C.; Balzani, V.; De Cola, L.; Vögtle, F. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 12187-12191. (h) Steinberg-Yfrach, G.; Rigaud, J.-L.; Durantini, E. N.; Moore, A. L.; Gust, D.; Moore, T. A. Nature 1998, 392, 479-482. (i) de Silva, A. P.; Dixon, I. M.; Gunaratne, H. Q. N.; Gunnlaugsson, T.; Maxwell, P. R. S.; Rice, T. E. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 1393- 1394. (j) Fabbrizzi, L.; Gatti, F.; Pallavicini, P.; Zambarbieri, E. Chem. Eur. J. 1999, 5, 682-690. (k) Asakawa, M.; Ashton, P. R.; Balzani, V.; Brown, C. L.; Credi, A.; Menzer, S.; Newton, S. P.; Raymo, F. M.; Shipway, A. N.; Spencer, N.; Quick, A.; Stoddart, J. F.; White, A. J. P.; Williams, D. J. Chem. Eur. J. 1999, 5, 860-875. (l) Ishow, E.; Credi, A.; Balzani, V.; Spadola, F.; Mandolini, L. Chem. Eur. J. 1999, 5, 984- 989.
31. For recent papers, see: (a) Willner, I.; Willner, B. Adv. Mater. 1997, 9, 351-355. (b) Ashton, P. R.; Ballardini, R.; Balzani, V.; Boyd, S. E.; Credi, A.; Gandolfi, M. T.; Gómez-López, M.; Iqbal, S.; Philp, D.; Preece, J. A.; Prodi, L.; Ricketts, H. G.; Stoddart, J. F.; Tolley, M. S.; Venturi, M.; White, A. J. P.; Williams, D. J. Chem. Eur. J. 1997, 3, 152-170. (c) Deans, R.; Niemz, A.; Breinlinger, E. C.; Rotello, V. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 10863-10864. (d) Livoreil, A.; Sauvage, J.-P.; Armaroli, N.; Balzani, V.; Flamigni, L.; Ventura, B. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 12114-12124. (e) Wang, Y.; Alvarez, J.; Kaifer, A. E. Chem. Commun. 1998, 1457-1458. (f) Takashita, M.; Irie, M. J. Org. Chem. 1998, 63, 6643-6649. (g) Archut, A.; Azzellini, G. C.; Balzani, V.; De Cola, L.; Vögtle, F. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 12187-12191. (h) Steinberg-Yfrach, G.; Rigaud, J.-L.; Durantini, E. N.; Moore, A. L.; Gust, D.; Moore, T. A. Nature 1998, 392, 479-482. (i) de Silva, A. P.; Dixon, I. M.; Gunaratne, H. Q. N.; Gunnlaugsson, T.; Maxwell, P. R. S.; Rice, T. E. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 1393- 1394. (j) Fabbrizzi, L.; Gatti, F.; Pallavicini, P.; Zambarbieri, E. Chem. Eur. J. 1999, 5, 682-690. (k) Asakawa, M.; Ashton, P. R.; Balzani, V.; Brown, C. L.; Credi, A.; Menzer, S.; Newton, S. P.; Raymo, F. M.; Shipway, A. N.; Spencer, N.; Quick, A.; Stoddart, J. F.; White, A. J. P.; Williams, D. J. Chem. Eur. J. 1999, 5, 860-875. (l) Ishow, E.; Credi, A.; Balzani, V.; Spadola, F.; Mandolini, L. Chem. Eur. J. 1999, 5, 984- 989.
32. For recent papers, see: (a) Willner, I.; Willner, B. Adv. Mater. 1997, 9, 351-355. (b) Ashton, P. R.; Ballardini, R.; Balzani, V.; Boyd, S. E.; Credi, A.; Gandolfi, M. T.; Gómez-López, M.; Iqbal, S.; Philp, D.; Preece, J. A.; Prodi, L.; Ricketts, H. G.; Stoddart, J. F.; Tolley, M. S.; Venturi, M.; White, A. J. P.; Williams, D. J. Chem. Eur. J. 1997, 3, 152-170. (c) Deans, R.; Niemz, A.; Breinlinger, E. C.; Rotello, V. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 10863-10864. (d) Livoreil, A.; Sauvage, J.-P.; Armaroli, N.; Balzani, V.; Flamigni, L.; Ventura, B. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 12114-12124. (e) Wang, Y.; Alvarez, J.; Kaifer, A. E. Chem. Commun. 1998, 1457-1458. (f) Takashita, M.; Irie, M. J. Org. Chem. 1998, 63, 6643-6649. (g) Archut, A.; Azzellini, G. C.; Balzani, V.; De Cola, L.; Vögtle, F. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 12187-12191. (h) Steinberg-Yfrach, G.; Rigaud, J.-L.; Durantini, E. N.; Moore, A. L.; Gust, D.; Moore, T. A. Nature 1998, 392, 479-482. (i) de Silva, A. P.; Dixon, I. M.; Gunaratne, H. Q. N.; Gunnlaugsson, T.; Maxwell, P. R. S.; Rice, T. E. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 1393- 1394. (j) Fabbrizzi, L.; Gatti, F.; Pallavicini, P.; Zambarbieri, E. Chem. Eur. J. 1999, 5, 682-690. (k) Asakawa, M.; Ashton, P. R.; Balzani, V.; Brown, C. L.; Credi, A.; Menzer, S.; Newton, S. P.; Raymo, F. M.; Shipway, A. N.; Spencer, N.; Quick, A.; Stoddart, J. F.; White, A. J. P.; Williams, D. J. Chem. Eur. J. 1999, 5, 860-875. (l) Ishow, E.; Credi, A.; Balzani, V.; Spadola, F.; Mandolini, L. Chem. Eur. J. 1999, 5, 984- 989.
33. For recent papers, see: (a) Willner, I.; Willner, B. Adv. Mater. 1997, 9, 351-355. (b) Ashton, P. R.; Ballardini, R.; Balzani, V.; Boyd, S. E.; Credi, A.; Gandolfi, M. T.; Gómez-López, M.; Iqbal, S.; Philp, D.; Preece, J. A.; Prodi, L.; Ricketts, H. G.; Stoddart, J. F.; Tolley, M. S.; Venturi, M.; White, A. J. P.; Williams, D. J. Chem. Eur. J. 1997, 3, 152-170. (c) Deans, R.; Niemz, A.; Breinlinger, E. C.; Rotello, V. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 10863-10864. (d) Livoreil, A.; Sauvage, J.-P.; Armaroli, N.; Balzani, V.; Flamigni, L.; Ventura, B. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 12114-12124. (e) Wang, Y.; Alvarez, J.; Kaifer, A. E. Chem. Commun. 1998, 1457-1458. (f) Takashita, M.; Irie, M. J. Org. Chem. 1998, 63, 6643-6649. (g) Archut, A.; Azzellini, G. C.; Balzani, V.; De Cola, L.; Vögtle, F. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 12187-12191. (h) Steinberg-Yfrach, G.; Rigaud, J.-L.; Durantini, E. N.; Moore, A. L.; Gust, D.; Moore, T. A. Nature 1998, 392, 479-482. (i) de Silva, A. P.; Dixon, I. M.; Gunaratne, H. Q. N.; Gunnlaugsson, T.; Maxwell, P. R. S.; Rice, T. E. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 1393- 1394. (j) Fabbrizzi, L.; Gatti, F.; Pallavicini, P.; Zambarbieri, E. Chem. Eur. J. 1999, 5, 682-690. (k) Asakawa, M.; Ashton, P. R.; Balzani, V.; Brown, C. L.; Credi, A.; Menzer, S.; Newton, S. P.; Raymo, F. M.; Shipway, A. N.; Spencer, N.; Quick, A.; Stoddart, J. F.; White, A. J. P.; Williams, D. J. Chem. Eur. J. 1999, 5, 860-875. (l) Ishow, E.; Credi, A.; Balzani, V.; Spadola, F.; Mandolini, L. Chem. Eur. J. 1999, 5, 984- 989.
34. For recent papers, see: (a) Willner, I.; Willner, B. Adv. Mater. 1997, 9, 351-355. (b) Ashton, P. R.; Ballardini, R.; Balzani, V.; Boyd, S. E.; Credi, A.; Gandolfi, M. T.; Gómez-López, M.; Iqbal, S.; Philp, D.; Preece, J. A.; Prodi, L.; Ricketts, H. G.; Stoddart, J. F.; Tolley, M. S.; Venturi, M.; White, A. J. P.; Williams, D. J. Chem. Eur. J. 1997, 3, 152-170. (c) Deans, R.; Niemz, A.; Breinlinger, E. C.; Rotello, V. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 10863-10864. (d) Livoreil, A.; Sauvage, J.-P.; Armaroli, N.; Balzani, V.; Flamigni, L.; Ventura, B. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 12114-12124. (e) Wang, Y.; Alvarez, J.; Kaifer, A. E. Chem. Commun. 1998, 1457-1458. (f) Takashita, M.; Irie, M. J. Org. Chem. 1998, 63, 6643-6649. (g) Archut, A.; Azzellini, G. C.; Balzani, V.; De Cola, L.; Vögtle, F. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 12187-12191. (h) Steinberg-Yfrach, G.; Rigaud, J.-L.; Durantini, E. N.; Moore, A. L.; Gust, D.; Moore, T. A. Nature 1998, 392, 479-482. (i) de Silva, A. P.; Dixon, I. M.; Gunaratne, H. Q. N.; Gunnlaugsson, T.; Maxwell, P. R. S.; Rice, T. E. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 1393-1394. (j) Fabbrizzi, L.; Gatti, F.; Pallavicini, P.; Zambarbieri, E. Chem. Eur. J. 1999, 5, 682-690. (k) Asakawa, M.; Ashton, P. R.; Balzani, V.; Brown, C. L.; Credi, A.; Menzer, S.; Newton, S. P.; Raymo, F. M.; Shipway, A. N.; Spencer, N.; Quick, A.; Stoddart, J. F.; White, A. J. P.; Williams, D. J. Chem. Eur. J. 1999, 5, 860-875. (l) Ishow, E.; Credi, A.; Balzani, V.; Spadola, F.; Mandolini, L. Chem. Eur. J. 1999, 5, 984- 989.
35. For recent papers, see: (a) Willner, I.; Willner, B. Adv. Mater. 1997, 9, 351-355. (b) Ashton, P. R.; Ballardini, R.; Balzani, V.; Boyd, S. E.; Credi, A.; Gandolfi, M. T.; Gómez-López, M.; Iqbal, S.; Philp, D.; Preece, J. A.; Prodi, L.; Ricketts, H. G.; Stoddart, J. F.; Tolley, M. S.; Venturi, M.; White, A. J. P.; Williams, D. J. Chem. Eur. J. 1997, 3, 152-170. (c) Deans, R.; Niemz, A.; Breinlinger, E. C.; Rotello, V. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 10863-10864. (d) Livoreil, A.; Sauvage, J.-P.; Armaroli, N.; Balzani, V.; Flamigni, L.; Ventura, B. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 12114-12124. (e) Wang, Y.; Alvarez, J.; Kaifer, A. E. Chem. Commun. 1998, 1457-1458. (f) Takashita, M.; Irie, M. J. Org. Chem. 1998, 63, 6643-6649. (g) Archut, A.; Azzellini, G. C.; Balzani, V.; De Cola, L.; Vögtle, F. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 12187-12191. (h) Steinberg-Yfrach, G.; Rigaud, J.-L.; Durantini, E. N.; Moore, A. L.; Gust, D.; Moore, T. A. Nature 1998, 392, 479-482. (i) de Silva, A. P.; Dixon, I. M.; Gunaratne, H. Q. N.; Gunnlaugsson, T.; Maxwell, P. R. S.; Rice, T. E. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 1393- 1394. (j) Fabbrizzi, L.; Gatti, F.; Pallavicini, P.; Zambarbieri, E. Chem. Eur. J. 1999, 5, 682-690. (k) Asakawa, M.; Ashton, P. R.; Balzani, V.; Brown, C. L.; Credi, A.; Menzer, S.; Newton, S. P.; Raymo, F. M.; Shipway, A. N.; Spencer, N.; Quick, A.; Stoddart, J. F.; White, A. J. P.; Williams, D. J. Chem. Eur. J. 1999, 5, 860-875. (l) Ishow, E.; Credi, A.; Balzani, V.; Spadola, F.; Mandolini, L. Chem. Eur. J. 1999, 5, 984- 989.
36. For recent papers, see: (a) Willner, I.; Willner, B. Adv. Mater. 1997, 9, 351-355. (b) Ashton, P. R.; Ballardini, R.; Balzani, V.; Boyd, S. E.; Credi, A.; Gandolfi, M. T.; Gómez-López, M.; Iqbal, S.; Philp, D.; Preece, J. A.; Prodi, L.; Ricketts, H. G.; Stoddart, J. F.; Tolley, M. S.; Venturi, M.; White, A. J. P.; Williams, D. J. Chem. Eur. J. 1997, 3, 152-170. (c) Deans, R.; Niemz, A.; Breinlinger, E. C.; Rotello, V. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 10863-10864. (d) Livoreil, A.; Sauvage, J.-P.; Armaroli, N.; Balzani, V.; Flamigni, L.; Ventura, B. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 12114-12124. (e) Wang, Y.; Alvarez, J.; Kaifer, A. E. Chem. Commun. 1998, 1457-1458. (f) Takashita, M.; Irie, M. J. Org. Chem. 1998, 63, 6643-6649. (g) Archut, A.; Azzellini, G. C.; Balzani, V.; De Cola, L.; Vögtle, F. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 12187-12191. (h) Steinberg-Yfrach, G.; Rigaud, J.-L.; Durantini, E. N.; Moore, A. L.; Gust, D.; Moore, T. A. Nature 1998, 392, 479-482. (i) de Silva, A. P.; Dixon, I. M.; Gunaratne, H. Q. N.; Gunnlaugsson, T.; Maxwell, P. R. S.; Rice, T. E. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 1393- 1394. (j) Fabbrizzi, L.; Gatti, F.; Pallavicini, P.; Zambarbieri, E. Chem. Eur. J. 1999, 5, 682-690. (k) Asakawa, M.; Ashton, P. R.; Balzani, V.; Brown, C. L.; Credi, A.; Menzer, S.; Newton, S. P.; Raymo, F. M.; Shipway, A. N.; Spencer, N.; Quick, A.; Stoddart, J. F.; White, A. J. P.; Williams, D. J. Chem. Eur. J. 1999, 5, 860-875. (l) Ishow, E.; Credi, A.; Balzani, V.; Spadola, F.; Mandolini, L. Chem. Eur. J. 1999, 5, 984- 989.
37. For recent papers, see: (a) Willner, I.; Willner, B. Adv. Mater. 1997, 9, 351-355. (b) Ashton, P. R.; Ballardini, R.; Balzani, V.; Boyd, S. E.; Credi, A.; Gandolfi, M. T.; Gómez-López, M.; Iqbal, S.; Philp, D.; Preece, J. A.; Prodi, L.; Ricketts, H. G.; Stoddart, J. F.; Tolley, M. S.; Venturi, M.; White, A. J. P.; Williams, D. J. Chem. Eur. J. 1997, 3, 152-170. (c) Deans, R.; Niemz, A.; Breinlinger, E. C.; Rotello, V. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 10863-10864. (d) Livoreil, A.; Sauvage, J.-P.; Armaroli, N.; Balzani, V.; Flamigni, L.; Ventura, B. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 12114-12124. (e) Wang, Y.; Alvarez, J.; Kaifer, A. E. Chem. Commun. 1998, 1457-1458. (f) Takashita, M.; Irie, M. J. Org. Chem. 1998, 63, 6643-6649. (g) Archut, A.; Azzellini, G. C.; Balzani, V.; De Cola, L.; Vögtle, F. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 12187-12191. (h) Steinberg-Yfrach, G.; Rigaud, J.-L.; Durantini, E. N.; Moore, A. L.; Gust, D.; Moore, T. A. Nature 1998, 392, 479-482. (i) de Silva, A. P.; Dixon, I. M.; Gunaratne, H. Q. N.; Gunnlaugsson, T.; Maxwell, P. R. S.; Rice, T. E. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 1393- 1394. (j) Fabbrizzi, L.; Gatti, F.; Pallavicini, P.; Zambarbieri, E. Chem. Eur. J. 1999, 5, 682-690. (k) Asakawa, M.; Ashton, P. R.; Balzani, V.; Brown, C. L.; Credi, A.; Menzer, S.; Newton, S. P.; Raymo, F. M.; Shipway, A. N.; Spencer, N.; Quick, A.; Stoddart, J. F.; White, A. J. P.; Williams, D. J. Chem. Eur. J. 1999, 5, 860-875. (l) Ishow, E.; Credi, A.; Balzani, V.; Spadola, F.; Mandolini, L. Chem. Eur. J. 1999, 5, 984-989.
38. (a) Philp, D.; Slawin, A. M. Z.; Spencer, N.; Stoddart, J. F.; Williams, D. J. J. Chem. Soc., Chem Commun. 1991, 1584-1586.
39. (b) Ashton, P. R.; Bissell, R. A.; Górski, R.; Philp, D.; Spencer, N.; Stoddart, J. F.; Tolley, M. S. Synlett 1992, 919-922.
40. (c) Anelli, P.-L.; Asakawa, M.; Ashton, P. R.; Bissell, R. A.; Clavier, G.; Górski, R.; Kaifer, A. E.; Langford, S. J.; Mattersteig, G.; Menzer, S.; Philp, D.; Slawin, A. M. Z.; Spencer, N.; Stoddart, J. F.; Tolley, M. S.; Williams, D. J. Chem. Eur. J. 1997, 3, 1113-1135.
41. (d) Asakawa, M.; Ashton, P. R.; Balzani, V.; Credi, A.; Mattersteig, G.; Matthews, O. A.; Montalti, M.; Spencer, N.; Stoddart, J. F.; Venturi, M. Chem. Eur. J. 1997, 3, 1992-1996.
42. (e) Asakawa, M.; Ashton, P. R.; Balzani, V.; Credi, A.; Hamers, C.; Mattersteig, G.; Montalti, M.; Shipway, A. N.; Spencer, N.; Stoddart, J. F.; Tolley, M. S.; Venturi, M.; White, A. J. P.; Williams, D. J. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 333-337.
43. (f) Credi, A.; Balzani, V.; Langford, S. J.; Montalti, M.; Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. New J. Chem. 1998, 22, 1061-1065.
44. (g) Asakawa, M.; Ashton, P. R.; Balzani, V.; Boyd, S. E.; Credi, A.; Mattersteig, G.; Menzer, S.; Montalti, M.; Raymo, F. M.; Ruffilli, C.; Stoddart, J. F.; Venturi, M.; Williams, D. J. Eur. J. Org. Chem. 1999, 985-994.
45. For related pseudorotaxanes, rotaxanes, and catenanes containing TTF units, see: (a) Jørgensen, T.; Becher, J.; Chambron, J.-C.; Sauvage, J.-P. Tetrahedron Lett. 1994, 35, 4339-4342. (b) Li, Z. T.; Stein, P. C.; Svenstrup, N.; Lund, K. H.; Becher, J. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 2524-2528. (c) Li, Z. T.; Becher, J. Chem. Commun. 1996, 639-640. (d) Li, Z. T.; Stein, P. C.; Becher, J.; Jensen, D.; Mørk, P.; Svenstrup, N. Chem. Eur. J. 1996, 2, 624-633. (e) Devonport, M.; Blower, M. A.; Bryce, M. R.; Goldenberg, L. M. J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 885-887. (f) Becher, J.; Li, Z. T.; Blanchard, P.; Svenstrup, N.; Lau, J.; Nielsen, M. B.; Leriche, P. Pure Appl. Chem. 1997, 69, 465-470. (g) Li, Z. T.; Becher, J. Synlett 1997, 557-560. (h) Nielsen, M. B.; Thorup, N.; Becher, J. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1998, 1305-1308.
46. For related pseudorotaxanes, rotaxanes, and catenanes containing TTF units, see: (a) Jørgensen, T.; Becher, J.; Chambron, J.-C.; Sauvage, J.-P. Tetrahedron Lett. 1994, 35, 4339-4342. (b) Li, Z. T.; Stein, P. C.; Svenstrup, N.; Lund, K. H.; Becher, J. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 2524-2528. (c) Li, Z. T.; Becher, J. Chem. Commun. 1996, 639-640. (d) Li, Z. T.; Stein, P. C.; Becher, J.; Jensen, D.; Mørk, P.; Svenstrup, N. Chem. Eur. J. 1996, 2, 624-633. (e) Devonport, M.; Blower, M. A.; Bryce, M. R.; Goldenberg, L. M. J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 885-887. (f) Becher, J.; Li, Z. T.; Blanchard, P.; Svenstrup, N.; Lau, J.; Nielsen, M. B.; Leriche, P. Pure Appl. Chem. 1997, 69, 465-470. (g) Li, Z. T.; Becher, J. Synlett 1997, 557-560. (h) Nielsen, M. B.; Thorup, N.; Becher, J. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1998, 1305-1308.
47. For related pseudorotaxanes, rotaxanes, and catenanes containing TTF units, see: (a) Jørgensen, T.; Becher, J.; Chambron, J.-C.; Sauvage, J.-P. Tetrahedron Lett. 1994, 35, 4339-4342. (b) Li, Z. T.; Stein, P. C.; Svenstrup, N.; Lund, K. H.; Becher, J. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 2524-2528. (c) Li, Z. T.; Becher, J. Chem. Commun. 1996, 639-640. (d) Li, Z. T.; Stein, P. C.; Becher, J.; Jensen, D.; Mørk, P.; Svenstrup, N. Chem. Eur. J. 1996, 2, 624-633. (e) Devonport, M.; Blower, M. A.; Bryce, M. R.; Goldenberg, L. M. J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 885-887. (f) Becher, J.; Li, Z. T.; Blanchard, P.; Svenstrup, N.; Lau, J.; Nielsen, M. B.; Leriche, P. Pure Appl. Chem. 1997, 69, 465-470. (g) Li, Z. T.; Becher, J. Synlett 1997, 557-560. (h) Nielsen, M. B.; Thorup, N.; Becher, J. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1998, 1305-1308.
48. For related pseudorotaxanes, rotaxanes, and catenanes containing TTF units, see: (a) Jørgensen, T.; Becher, J.; Chambron, J.-C.; Sauvage, J.-P. Tetrahedron Lett. 1994, 35, 4339-4342. (b) Li, Z. T.; Stein, P. C.; Svenstrup, N.; Lund, K. H.; Becher, J. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 2524-2528. (c) Li, Z. T.; Becher, J. Chem. Commun. 1996, 639-640. (d) Li, Z. T.; Stein, P. C.; Becher, J.; Jensen, D.; Mørk, P.; Svenstrup, N. Chem. Eur. J. 1996, 2, 624-633. (e) Devonport, M.; Blower, M. A.; Bryce, M. R.; Goldenberg, L. M. J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 885-887. (f) Becher, J.; Li, Z. T.; Blanchard, P.; Svenstrup, N.; Lau, J.; Nielsen, M. B.; Leriche, P. Pure Appl. Chem. 1997, 69, 465-470. (g) Li, Z. T.; Becher, J. Synlett 1997, 557-560. (h) Nielsen, M. B.; Thorup, N.; Becher, J. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1998, 1305-1308.
49. For related pseudorotaxanes, rotaxanes, and catenanes containing TTF units, see: (a) Jørgensen, T.; Becher, J.; Chambron, J.-C.; Sauvage, J.-P. Tetrahedron Lett. 1994, 35, 4339-4342. (b) Li, Z. T.; Stein, P. C.; Svenstrup, N.; Lund, K. H.; Becher, J. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 2524-2528. (c) Li, Z. T.; Becher, J. Chem. Commun. 1996, 639-640. (d) Li, Z. T.; Stein, P. C.; Becher, J.; Jensen, D.; Mørk, P.; Svenstrup, N. Chem. Eur. J. 1996, 2, 624-633. (e) Devonport, M.; Blower, M. A.; Bryce, M. R.; Goldenberg, L. M. J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 885-887. (f) Becher, J.; Li, Z. T.; Blanchard, P.; Svenstrup, N.; Lau, J.; Nielsen, M. B.; Leriche, P. Pure Appl. Chem. 1997, 69, 465-470. (g) Li, Z. T.; Becher, J. Synlett 1997, 557-560. (h) Nielsen, M. B.; Thorup, N.; Becher, J. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1998, 1305-1308.
50. For related pseudorotaxanes, rotaxanes, and catenanes containing TTF units, see: (a) Jørgensen, T.; Becher, J.; Chambron, J.-C.; Sauvage, J.-P. Tetrahedron Lett. 1994, 35, 4339-4342. (b) Li, Z. T.; Stein, P. C.; Svenstrup, N.; Lund, K. H.; Becher, J. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 2524-2528. (c) Li, Z. T.; Becher, J. Chem. Commun. 1996, 639-640. (d) Li, Z. T.; Stein, P. C.; Becher, J.; Jensen, D.; Mørk, P.; Svenstrup, N. Chem. Eur. J. 1996, 2, 624-633. (e) Devonport, M.; Blower, M. A.; Bryce, M. R.; Goldenberg, L. M. J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 885-887. (f) Becher, J.; Li, Z. T.; Blanchard, P.; Svenstrup, N.; Lau, J.; Nielsen, M. B.; Leriche, P. Pure Appl. Chem. 1997, 69, 465-470. (g) Li, Z. T.; Becher, J. Synlett 1997, 557-560. (h) Nielsen, M. B.; Thorup, N.; Becher, J. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1998, 1305-1308.
51. For related pseudorotaxanes, rotaxanes, and catenanes containing TTF units, see: (a) Jørgensen, T.; Becher, J.; Chambron, J.-C.; Sauvage, J.-P. Tetrahedron Lett. 1994, 35, 4339-4342. (b) Li, Z. T.; Stein, P. C.; Svenstrup, N.; Lund, K. H.; Becher, J. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 2524-2528. (c) Li, Z. T.; Becher, J. Chem. Commun. 1996, 639-640. (d) Li, Z. T.; Stein, P. C.; Becher, J.; Jensen, D.; Mørk, P.; Svenstrup, N. Chem. Eur. J. 1996, 2, 624-633. (e) Devonport, M.; Blower, M. A.; Bryce, M. R.; Goldenberg, L. M. J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 885-887. (f) Becher, J.; Li, Z. T.; Blanchard, P.; Svenstrup, N.; Lau, J.; Nielsen, M. B.; Leriche, P. Pure Appl. Chem. 1997, 69, 465-470. (g) Li, Z. T.; Becher, J. Synlett 1997, 557-560. (h) Nielsen, M. B.; Thorup, N.; Becher, J. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1998, 1305-1308.
52. For related pseudorotaxanes, rotaxanes, and catenanes containing TTF units, see: (a) Jørgensen, T.; Becher, J.; Chambron, J.-C.; Sauvage, J.-P. Tetrahedron Lett. 1994, 35, 4339-4342. (b) Li, Z. T.; Stein, P. C.; Svenstrup, N.; Lund, K. H.; Becher, J. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 2524-2528. (c) Li, Z. T.; Becher, J. Chem. Commun. 1996, 639-640. (d) Li, Z. T.; Stein, P. C.; Becher, J.; Jensen, D.; Mørk, P.; Svenstrup, N. Chem. Eur. J. 1996, 2, 624-633. (e) Devonport, M.; Blower, M. A.; Bryce, M. R.; Goldenberg, L. M. J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 885-887. (f) Becher, J.; Li, Z. T.; Blanchard, P.; Svenstrup, N.; Lau, J.; Nielsen, M. B.; Leriche, P. Pure Appl. Chem. 1997, 69, 465-470. (g) Li, Z. T.; Becher, J. Synlett 1997, 557-560. (h) Nielsen, M. B.; Thorup, N.; Becher, J. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1998, 1305-1308.
53. The [2]pseudorotaxanes and the [2]catenanes are labeled with the numbers of their two components separated by the symbols "·" and "/", respectively.
54. 4 were also obtained as mixtures of their cis- and trans-isomers. All attempts to separate the two isomers of these compounds were unsuccessful. For the synthesis of 4, see: Andreu, R.; Garin, J.; Orduna, J.; Saviron, M.; Cousseau, J.; Gorgues, A.; Morrisson, V.; Nozdryn, T.; Becher, J.; Clausen, R. P.; Bryce, M. R.; Skabara, P. J.; Dehaen, W. Tetrahedron Lett. 1994, 35, 9243-9246.
55. Amabilino, D. B.; Asakawa, M.; Ashton, P. R.; Ballardini, R.; Balzani, V.; Belohradsky, M.; Credi, A.; Higuchi, M.; Raymo, F. M.; Shimizu, T.; Stoddart, J. F.; Venturi, M.; Yase, K. New J. Chem. 1998, 22, 959-972.
56. Ashton, P. R.; Ballardini, R.; Balzani, V.; Credi, A.; Gaudolfi, M. T.; Menzer, S.; Pérez-García, L.; Prodi, L.; Stoddart, J. F.; Venturi, M.; White, A. J. P.; Williams, D. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 11171-11197.
57. Asakawa, M.; Ashton, P. R.; Ballardini, R.; Balzani, V.; Belohradsky, M.; Gandolfi, M. T.; Kocian, O.; Prodi, L.; Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F.; Venturi, M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 302-310.
58. ex = 350 nm).
59. For a definition of the term "coconformation", see: Fyfe, M. C. T.; Glink, P. T.; Menzer, S.; Stoddart, J. F.; White, A. J. P.; Williams, D. J. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 2068-2070.
60. Anelli, P.-L.; Ashton, P. R.; Ballardini, R.; Balzani, V.; Delgado, M.; Gandolfi, M. T.; Goodnow, T. T.; Kaifer, A. E.; Philp, D.; Pietraszkiewicz, M.; Prodi, L.; Reddington, M. V.; Slawin, A. M. Z.; Spencer, N.; Stoddart, J. F.; Vicent, C.; Williams, D. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1992, 114, 193-218.
61. Ashton, P. R.; Baxter, I.; Fyfe, M. C. T.; Raymo, F. M.; Spencer, N.; Stoddart, J. F.; White, A. J. P.; Williams, D. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 2297-2307.
62. (a) Ashton, P. R.; Ballardini, R.; Balzani, V.; Belohradsky, M.; Gandolfi, M. T.; Philp, D.; Prodi, L.; Raymo, F. M.; Reddington, M. V.; Spencer, N.; Stoddart, J. F.; Venturi, M.; Williams, D. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1996, 118, 4931-4951.
63. (b) Raymo, F. M.; Houk, K. N.; Stoddart, J. F. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 9318-9322.
64. -1.
65. 4+.
66. 4+ is very fast and can be considered instantaneous on the time scale of the present experiment (Hammarström, L.; Balzani, V.; Stoddart, J. F. Work in progress).
67. Credi, A.; Prodi, L. Spectrochim. Acta A 1998, 54, 159-170.
68. Ballardini, R.; Balzani, V.; Credi, A.; Brown, C. L.; Gillard, R. E.; Montalti, M.; Philp, D.; Stoddart, J. F.; Venturi, M.; White, A. J. P.; Williams, B. J.; Williams, D. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 12503-12513.
69. None of these process can be attributed to 1,5-dioxynaphthalene-type impurities since (i) the potential values are different from that of the model compound, and (ii) the presence of such impurities would have been clearly evidenced by luminescence measurements.
70. The alternative explanation, based on lack of reversibility of the electrode process on account of restricted access to the "inside" TTF unit, can be ruled out on the basis of the behavior observed for all other catenanes and rotaxanes previously investigated. See, for example, refs 10 and 16a.
71. 4+ and a phenylenediamine-based dumbbell takes place at different potentials. They rationalized this result to "communication" of the two units through the interposed electron donor moiety, see: Córdova, E.; Bissell, R. A.; Kaifer, A. E. J. Org. Chem. 1995, 60, 1033-1038.
72. For a report on an adduct formed between TTF and p-chloroanil, see: Mayerle, J. J.; Crowley, J. I. Acta Crystallogr. 1979, B35, 2988-2995.
73. + results from an adduct formation between the TTF unit and o-chloroanil.
74. 1H NMR spectroscopy.
75. b′.
76. For examples of the reversible chemically controlled switching of [2]pseudorotaxanes as a result of the competitive formation of adducts, see: (a) Ballardini, R.; Balzani, V.; Credi, A.; Gandolfi, M. T.; Langford, S. J.; Menzer, S.; Prodi, L.; Stoddart, J. F.; Venturi, M.; Williams, D. J. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1996, 35, 978-981.
77. For examples of the reversible chemically controlled switching of [2]pseudorotaxanes as a result of the competitive formation of adducts, see: (a) Ballardini, R.; Balzani, V.; Credi, A.; Gandolfi, M. T.; Langford, S. J.; Menzer, S.; Prodi, L.; Stoddart, J. F.; Venturi, M.; Williams, D. J. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1996, 35, 978-981. (b) Credi, A.; Balzani, V.; Langford, S. J.; Stoddart, J. F. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 2679-2681.
78. 4+ resonate (see ref 14) in the region of δ = 3.0-3.5.
79. 4+ resonate in the region of δ = 2.1-2.6. For examples, see: Asakawa, M.; Ashton, P. R.; Boyd, S. E.; Brown, C. L.; Gillard, R. E.; Kocian, O.; Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F.; Tolley, M. S.; White, A. J. P.; Williams, D. J. J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 26-37.
80. The location of the TTF unit inside the cavity of the tetracationic cyclophane was confirmed by the cross-peaks between the protons of the methylene groups attached to this unit and both the α-bipyridinium and the p-phenylene protons observed in a 2D ROESY spectrum.
81. Perrin, D. D.; Armarego, W. L. Purification of Laboratory Chemicals, 3rd ed.; Pergamon Press: New York, 1988.
82. Ashton, P. R.; Huff, J.; Parsons, I. W.; Preece, J. A.; Stoddart, J. F.; Williams, D. J.; White, A. J. P.; Tolley, M. S. Chem. Eur. J. 1996, 2, 123-136.
83. Asakawa, M.; Dehaen, W.; L'abbé, G.; Menzer, S.; Nouwen, J.; Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F.; Williams, D. J. J. Org. Chem. 1996, 61, 9591-9595.
84. Juris, A.; Balzani, V.; Barigelletti, F.; Campagna, S.; Belser, P.; von Zelewsky, A. Coord. Chem. Rev. 1988, 84, 85-277.