Free radicals and lipid signaling in endothelial cells

Antioxidants and Redox Signaling

Volumn 5, Issue 2, 2003, Pages 195-203

  O'Donnell, Valerie B ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARACHIDONIC ACID; CYTOCHROME P450; EPOXIDE; FREE RADICAL; HYDROPEROXIDE; HYDROXIDE; HYDROXYICOSATETRAENOIC ACID; ISOENZYME; LIPID; LIPOXYGENASE; NITROGEN; PROSTAGLANDIN SYNTHASE 1; PROSTAGLANDIN SYNTHASE 2; PROSTANOID; REACTIVE OXYGEN METABOLITE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ATHEROSCLEROSIS; DISEASE COURSE; ENDOTHELIUM CELL; ENZYME ACTIVATION; ENZYME ACTIVITY; ENZYME REGULATION; ENZYME SYNTHESIS; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; LIPID OXIDATION; LIPID PEROXIDATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN FUNCTION; REVIEW; SEQUENCE HOMOLOGY; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; UPREGULATION; VASCULAR DISEASE;

EID: 0037393827     PISSN: 15230864     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1089/152308603764816550     Document Type: Review

References (112)

1. Alpert E, Gruzman A, Totary H, Kaiser N, Reich R, and Sasson S. A natural protective mechanism against hyperglycaemia in vascular endothelial and smooth-muscle cells: role of glucose and 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid. Biochem J 362: 413-422, 2002.
2. Barrett-Connor E and Bush TL. Estrogen and coronary heart disease in women. JAMA 265: 1861-1867, 1991.
3. Belton O, Byrne D, Kearney D, Leahy A, and Fitzgerald DJ. Cyclooxygenase-1 and -2-dependent prostacyclin formation in patients with atherosclerosis. Circulation 102: 840-845, 2000.
4. Bishop-Bailey D and Hla T. Endothelial cell apoptosis induced by the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) ligand 15-deoxy-Delta12,14-prostaglandin J2. J Biol Chem 274: 17042-17048, 1999.
5. Brannon TS, North AJ, Wells LB, and Shaul PW. Prostacyclin synthesis in ovine pulmonary artery is developmentally regulated by changes in cyclooxygenase-1 gene expression. J Clin Invest 93: 2230-2235, 1994.
6. Braun M and Schror K. Prostaglandin D2 relaxes bovine coronary arteries by endothelium-dependent nitric oxide-mediated cGMP formation. Circ Res 71: 1305-1313, 1992.
7. Brooks PC, Montgomery AM, Rosenfeld M, Reisfeld RA, Hu T, Klier G, and Cheresh DA. Integrin alpha v beta 3 antagonists promote tumor regression by inducing apoptosis of angiogenic blood vessels. Cell 79: 1157-1164, 1994.
8. Brooks PC, Clark RAF, and Cheresh DA. Requirement of vascular integrin alpha v beta 3 for angiogenesis. Science 264: 569-571, 1994.
9. Brooks PC, Stromblad S, Klemke R, Visscher D, Sarkar FH, and Cheresh DA. Antiintegrin alpha v beta 3 blocks human breast cancer growth and angiogenesis in human skin. J Clin Invest 96: 1815-1822, 1995.
10. Buchanan MR, Haas TA, Lagarde M, and Guichardant M. 13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid is the vessel wall chemorepellent factor, LOX. J Biol Chem 260: 16056-16059, 1985.
11. Bush TL, Barrett-Connor E, Cowan LD, Criqui MH, Wallace RB, Suchindran CM, Tyroler HA, and Rifkind BM. Cardiovascular mortality and noncontraceptive use of estrogen in women: results from the Lipid Research Clinics Program Follow-up Study. Circulation 75: 1102-1109, 1987.
12. Bustos M, Coffman TM, Saadi S, and Platt JL. Modulation of eicosanoid metabolism in endothelial cells in a xenograft model. Role of cyclooxygenase-2. J Clin Invest 100: 1150-1158, 1997
13. Camacho M, Godessart N, Anton R, Garcia M, and Vila L. Interleukin-1 enhances the ability of cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells to oxidize linoleic acid. J Biol Chem 270: 17279-17286, 1995.
14. Campbell WB, Gebremedhin S, Pratt PF, and Harder DR. Identification of epoxyeicosatrienoic acids as endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factors. Circ Res 78: 415-423, 1996.
15. Capdevila JH, Falck JR, and Estabrook RW. Cytochrome P450 and the arachidonate cascade. FASEB J 6: 731-736, 1992.
16. Catella-Lawson F, McAdam B, Morrison BW, Kapoor S, Kujubu D, Antes L, Lasseter KC, Quan H, Gertz BJ, and Fitzgerald GA. Effects of specific inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 on sodium balance, hemodynamics and vasoactive eicosanoids. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 289: 735-741, 1999.
17. Caughey GE, Cleland LG, Gamble JR, and James MJ. Up-regulation of endothelial cyclooxygenase-2 and prostanoid synthesis by platelets. J Biol Chem 276: 37839-37845, 2001.
18. Caughey GE, Cleland LG, Penglis PS, Gamble JR, and James MJ. Roles of cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and COX-2 in prostanoid production by human endothelial cells: selective up-regulation of prostacyclin synthesis by COX-2. J Immunol 167: 2831-2838, 2001.
19. Chen JX, Berry LC, Christman BW, Tanner M, Myers PR, and Meyrick BO. NO regulates LPS-stimulated cyclooxygenase gene expression and activity in pulmonary artery endothelium. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 280: L450-L457, 2001.
20. Chiba Y, Ogita T, Ando K, and Fujita T. PPAR gamma ligands inhibit TNF-alpha-induced LOX-1 expression in cultured endothelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 286: 541-546, 2001.
21. Chu SJ, Tang LO, Watney C, Chi EY, and Henderson WR. In situ amplification of 5-lipoxygenase and 5-lipoxygenase activating protein in allergic airway inflammation and inhibition by leukotriene blockade. J Immunol 165: 4640-4648, 2000.
22. Claesson HE and Haeggstron J. Human endothelial cells stimulate leukotriene synthesis and convert granulocyte released leukotriene A4 into leukotrienes B4, C4, D4 and E4. Eur J Biochem 173: 93-100, 1988.
23. 2 but not of systemic prostacyclin by controlled-release aspirin N Engl J Med 325: 1137-1141, 1991.
24. Colavitti R, Pani G, Bedogni B, Anzevino R, Borrello S, Waltenberger J, and Galeotti T. Reactive oxygen species as downstream mediators of angiogenic signaling by vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2/KDR. J Biol Chem 277: 3101-3108, 2002.
25. Cullen L, Kelly L, O'Connor S, and Fitzgerald DJ. Selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition by nimesulide in man. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 287: 578-582, 1998.
26. Curtis JF, Reddy NG, Mason RP, Kalyanaraman B, and Eling TE. Nitric oxide: a prostaglandin H synthase 1 and 2 reducing cosubstrate that does not stimulate cyclooxygenase activity or prostaglandin H synthase expression in murine macrophages. Arch Biochem Biophys 335: 369-376, 1996.
27. Daniel TO, Liu H, Morrow JD, Crews BC, and Marnett LJ. Thromboxane A2 is a mediator of cyclooxygenase-2-dependent endothelial migration and angiogenesis. Cancer Res 59: 4574-4577, 1999.
28. Davi G, Averna M, Catalano I, Barbagallo C, Ganci A, Notarbartolo A, Ciabattoni G, and Patrono C. Increased thromboxane biosynthesis in type IIa hypercholesterolemia. Circulation 85: 1792-1798, 1992.
29. 2α is increased in hypercholesterolemia. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 17: 3230-3235, 1997.
30. Davidge ST, Baker PN, McLaughlin MK, and Roberts JM. Nitric oxide produced by endothelial cells increases production of eicosanoids through activation of prostaglandin H synthase. Circ Res 77: 274-283, 1995.
31. DeWitt DL and Smith WL. Primary structure of prostaglandin G/H synthase from sheep vesicular gland determined from the complementary DNA sequence. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85: 1412-1416, 1988.
32. Dietz R, Nastainczyk W, and Ruf HH. Higher oxidation states of prostaglandin H synthase. Rapid electronic spectroscopy detected two spectral intermediates during the peroxidase reaction with prostaglandin G2. Eur J Biochem 171: 321-328, 1988.
33. Dumont I, Hou X, Hardy P, Peri KG, Beauchamp M, Najarian T, Molotchnikoff S, Varma DR, and Chemtob S. Developmental regulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase in cerebral vessels of newborn pig by prostaglandin E(2). J Pharmacol Exp Ther 291: 627-633, 1999.
34. Elalamy I, Said FA, Singer M, Couetil J, and Hatmi M. Inhibition by extracellular cAMP of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-induced prostaglandin H synthase-2 expression in human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells. Involvement of an ecto-protein kinase A activity. J Biol Chem 275: 13662-13667, 2000.
35. Feinmark SJ and Cannon PJ. Endothelial cell leukotriene C4 synthesis results from intercellular transfer of leukotriene A4 synthesised by polymorphonuclear leukocytes. J Biol Chem 261: 16466-16472, 1986.
36. Fitzgerald GA, Smith B, Pedersen AK, and Brash AR. Increased prostacyclin biosynthesis in patients with severe atherosclerosis. N Engl J Med 310: 1065-1068, 1984.
37. Funk CD, Funk LB, Fitzgerald GA, and Samuelsson B. Characterization of human 12-lipoxygenase genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89:3962-3966, 1992.
38. Gniwotta C, Morrow JD, Roberts LJ, and Kühn H. Prostaglandin F2-like compounds, F2-isoprostanes, are present in increased amounts in human atherosclerotic lesions. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 17: 3236-3241, 1997.
39. Gobeil F Jr, Dumont I, Marrache AM, Vasquez-Tello A, Bernier SG, Abran D, Hou X, Beauchamp MH, Quiniou C, Bouayad A, Choufani S, Bhattacharya M, Molotchnikoff S, Ribeiro-Da-Silva A, Varma DR, Bkaily G, and Chemtob S. Regulation of eNOS expression in brain endothelial clels by perinuclear EP(3) receptors. Circ Res 90: 682-689, 2002.
40. Goodwin DC, Gunther MR, Hsi LC, Crews BC, Eling TE, Mason RP, and Marnett LJ. Nitric oxide trapping of tyrosyl radicals generated during prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase turnover: detection of the radical derivative of tyrosine 385. J Biol Chem 273: 8903-8909, 1998.
41. 2+ entry into human and bovine endothelial cells. J Physiol (Lond) 482: 259-274, 1995.
42. Habib A, Bernard C, Lebret M, Creminon C, Esposito B, Tedgui A, and Maclouf J. Regulation of the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 by nitric oxide in rat peritoneal macrophages. J Immunol 158: 3845-3851, 1997.
43. Hailer NP, Oppermann E, Leckel K, Cinatl J, Markus BH, and Blaheta RA. Prostaglandin E2 induces expression of P-selectin (CD62P) on cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells and enhances endothelial binding of CD4-T-cells. Transplantation 70: 236-240, 2000.
44. Hedrick CC, Kim MD, Natarajan RD, and Nadler JL. 12-lipoxygenase products increase monocyte:endothelial interactions. Adv Exp Med Biol 469: 455-460, 1999.
45. Honda HM, Leitinger N, Frankel M, Goldhaber JL, Natarajan R, Nadler JL, Weiss JN, and Berliner JA. Induction of monocyte binding to endothelial cells by MM-LDL, role of lipoxygenase metabolites. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 19: 680-686, 1999.
46. Hopkins NK, Oglesby TD, Bundy GI, and Gorman RR. Biosynthesis and metabolism of 15-hydroperoxy-5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoic acid by human umbilical vein endothelial cells. J Biol Chem 259: 14048-14053, 1984.
47. + channels in vascular smooth muscles by cytochrome P450 metabolites of arachidonic acid. Eur J Pharmacol 230: 215-221, 1993.
48. Huang HS, Chen CJ, Lu HS, and Chang WC. Identification of a lipoxygenase inhibitor in A431 cells as a phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase. FEBS Lett 424: 22-26, 1998.
49. Jackson SM, Parhami F, Xi XP, Berliner JA, Hsueh WA, Law RE, and Demer LL. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor activators target human endothelial cells to inhibit leukocyte-endothelial cell interaction. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 19: 2094-2104, 1999.
50. Jozkowicz A, Dulak J, Prager M, Nanobashvili J, Nigisch A, Winter B, Weigel G, and Huk I. Prostaglandin-J2 induces synthesis of interleukin-8 by endothelial cells in a PPAR-gamma-independent manner. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 66: 165-177, 2001.
51. Jun SS, Chen Z, Pace MC, and Shaul PW. Estrogen up-regulates cyclooxygenase-1 gene expression in ovine fetal pulmonary artery endothelium. J Clin Invest 102: 176-183, 1998.
52. Kage K, Fujita N, Oh-hara T, Ogata E, Fujita T, and Tsuruo T. Basic fibroblast growth factor induces cyclooxygenase-2 expression in endothelial cells derived from bone. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 254: 259-263, 1999.
53. Karim S, Habib A, Levy-Toledano S, and Maclouf J. Cyclooxygenases-1 and -2 of endothelial cells utilise exogenous or endogenous arachidonic acid for transcellular production of thromboxane. J Biol Chem 271: 12042-12048, 1996.
54. Karthein R, Dietz R, Nastainczyk W, and Ruf HH. Higher oxidation states of prostaglandin H synthase. EPR study of a transient tyrosyl radical in the enzyme during the peroxidase reaction. Eur J Biochem 171: 313-320, 1988.
55. Koizimi T, Yamauchi R, Irie A, Negishi M, and Ichikawa A. Induction of a 31,000-dalton stress protein by prostaglandins D2 and J2 in porcine aortic endothelial cells. Biochem Pharmacol 42: 777-785, 1991.
56. Koizumi T, Negishi M, and Ichikawa A. Induction of heme oxygenase by delta 12-prostaglandin J2 in porcine aortic endothelial cells. Prostaglandins 43: 121-131, 1992.
57. Kühn H, Belkner J, Zaiss S, Fahrenklemper T, and Wohlfeil S. Involvement of 15-lipoxygenase in early stages of atherogenesis. J Exp Med 179: 1903-1911, 1994.
58. Kukreja RC, Kontos HA, Hess ML, and Ellis EF. PGH synthase and lipoxygenase generate superoxide in the presence of NADH or NADPH. Circ Res 59: 612-619, 1986.
59. Kulkarni AP, Mitra A, Chaudhuri J, Byczkowski JZ, and Richards I. Hydrogen peroxide: a potent activator of dioxygenase activity of soybean lipoxygenase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 166: 417-423, 1990.
60. Kurumbail RG, Stevens AM, Gierse JK, McDonald JJ, Stegeman RA, Pak JY, Gildehaus D, Miyashiro JM, Penning TD, Seibert K, Isakson PC, and Stallings WC. Structural basis for selective inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 by anti-inflammatory agents. Nature 384: 644-648, 1996.
61. Landino LM, Crews BC, Gierse JK, Hauser SD, and Marnett LJ. Mutational analysis of the role of the distal histidine and glutamine residues of prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase-2 in peroxidase catalysis, hydroperoxide reduction, and cyclooxygenase activation. J Biol Chem 272: 21565-21574, 1997.
62. Lee YW, Kühn H, Kaiser S, Hennig B, Daugherty A, and Toborek M. Interleukin 4 induces transcription of the 15-lipoxygenase 1 gene in human endothelial cells. J Lipid Res 42: 783-791, 1991.
63. Levonen AL, Dickinson DA, Moellering DR, Mulcahy RT, Forman HJ, and Darley-Usmar VM. Biphasic effects of 15-deoxy-Delta(12,14)-prostaglandinJ2 on glutathione induction and apoptosis in human endothelial cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 21: 1846-1851, 2001.
64. Liu B, Marnett LJ, Chaudhary A, Ji C, Blair IA, Johnson CR, Diglio CA, and Honn KV. Biosynthesis of 12(S)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid by B16 amelanotic melanoma cells is a determinant of their metastatic potential. Lab Invest 70: 314-323, 1994.
65. Manfield L, Jang D, and Murrell GA. Nitric oxide enhances cyclooxygenase activity in articular cartilage. Inflamm Res 45: 254-258, 1996.
66. Mark KS, Trickler WJ, and Miller DW. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha induces cyclooxygenase-2 expression and prostaglandin release in brain microvessel endothelial cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 297: 1051-1058, 2001.
67. Marnett LJ and Maddipati KR. In: Peroxidases in Chemistry and Biology, edited by Everse J, Everse K, and Grisham M. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1991, Vol. I, pp. 293-334.
68. Marx N, Bourcier T, Sukhova GK, Libby P, and Plutsky J. PPARgamma activation in human endothelial cells increases plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 expression: PPARgamma as a potential mediator in vascular disease. Arteriosler Thromb Vasc Biol 19: 546-551, 1999.
69. Marx N, Mach F, Sauty A, Leung JH, Sarafi MN, Ransohoff RM, Libby P, Plutzky J, and Luster AD. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma activators inhibit IFN-gamma induced expression of the T cell active CXC chemokines IP-10, Mig, and I-TAC in human endothelial cells. J Immunol 164: 6503-6508, 2000.
70. McAdam BF, Catella-Lawson F, Mardini IA, Kapoor S, Lawson JA, and Fitzgerald GA. Systemic biosynthesis of prostacyclin by cyclooxygenase (COX)-2: the human pharmacology of a selective inhibitor of COX-2. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96: 272-277, 1999.
71. Minghetti L, Polazzi E, Nicolini A, Creminon C, and Levi G. Interferon-gamma and nitric oxide down-regulate lipopolysaccharide-induced prostanoid production in cultured rat microglial cells by inhibiting cyclooxygenase-2 expression. J Neurochem 66: 1963-1970, 1996.
72. Murphy JF and Fitzgerald DJ. Vascular endothelial growth factor induces cyclooxygenase-dependent proliferation of endothelial cells via the VEGF-2 receptor. FASEB J 15: 1667-1669, 2001.
73. Nakatsuka M and Osawa Y. Selective inhibition of the 12-lipoxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism by L-arginine or sodium nitroprusside in intact human platelets. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 200: 1630-1634, 1994.
74. Needleman P, Turk J, Jakschik BA, Morrison AR, and Lefkowith JB. Arachidonic acid metabolism. Annu Rev Biochem 55: 69-102, 1986.
75. Nie D, Hillman GG, Geddes T, Tang K, Pierson C, Grignon DJ, and Honn KV. Platelet-type 12-lipoxygenase in a human prostate carcinoma stimulates angiogenesis and tumor growth. Cancer Res 58: 4047-4051, 1998.
76. Nie D, Tang K, Diglio C, and Honn KV. Eicosanoid regulation of angiogenesis: role of endothelial arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase. Blood 95: 2304-2311, 2000.
77. O'Donnell VB, Taylor KP, Parthasarathy S, Kühn H, Koesling D, Friebe A, Bloodsworth A, Darley-Usmar VM, and Freeman BA. 15-Lipoxygenase catalytically consumes nitric oxide and impairs activation of guanylate cyclase. J Biol Chem 274: 20083-20091, 1999.
78. O'Donnell VB, Coles B, Lewis MJ, Crews BC, Marnett LJ, and Freeman BA. Catalytic consumption of nitric oxide by prostaglandin H synthase-1 regulates platelet function. J Biol Chem 275: 38239-38244, 2000.
79. Oliw EH, Bylund J, and Herman C. Bisallylic hydroxylation and epoxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids by cytochrome P450. Lipids 31: 1003-1021, 1996.
80. Pai R, Szabo IL, Soreghan BA, Atay S, Kawanaka H, and Tarnawski AS. PGE(2) stimulates VEGF expression in endothelial cells via ERK2/JNK1 signaling pathways. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 286: 923-928, 2001.
81. Parthasarathy S, Wieland E, and Steinberg D. A role for endothelial cell lipoxygenase in the oxidative modification of low density lipoprotein. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86: 1046-1050, 1989.
82. Patricia MK, Kim JA, Harper CM, Shih PT, Berliner JA, Natarajan R, Nadler JL, and Hedrick CC. Lipoxygenase products increase monocyte adhesion to human aortic endothelial cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 19: 2615-2622, 1999.
83. Patricia MK, Natarajan R, Dooley AN, Hernandez F, Gu JL, Berliner JA, Rossi JJ, Nadler JL, Meidell RS, and Hedrick CC. Adenoviral delivery of a leukocyte-type 12-lipoxygenase ribozyme inhibits effects of glucose and platelet-derived growth factor in vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells. Circ Res 88: 659-665, 2001.
84. Picot D, Loll PJ, and Garavito RM. The X-ray crystal structure of the membrane protein prostaglandin H2 synthase-1. Nature 367: 243-249, 1994.
85. Revtyak GE, Johnson AR, and Campbell WB. Cultured bovine coronary arterial endothelial cells synthesize HETEs and prostacyclin. Am J Physiol 254: C8-C19, 1988.
86. Rosolowski M and Campbell WB. Synthesis of hydroxyeicosatetraenoic (HETEs) and epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) by cultured bovine artery endothelial cells. Biochim Biophys Acta 1299: 267-277, 1996.
87. Rouzer CA and Samuelsson B. The importance of hydroperoxide activation for the detection and assay of mammalian 5-lipoxygenase. FEBS Lett 204: 293-296, 1986.
88. Roy P, Sajan MP, and Kulkarni AP. Lipoxygenase-mediated glutathione oxidation and superoxide generation. J Biochem Toxicol 10: 111-120, 1995.
89. Sakamoto H, Imai H, and Nakagawa Y. Involvement of phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase in the modulation of prostaglandin D2 synthesis. J Biol Chem 275: 40028-40035, 2000.
90. Salvemini D, Misko TP, Masferrer JL, Seibert K, Currie MG, and Needleman P. Nitric oxide activates cyclooxygenase enzymes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 90: 7240-7244, 1993.
91. Salvemini D, Seibert K, Masferrer JL, Misko TP, Currie MG, and Needleman P. Endogenous nitric oxide enhances prostaglandin production in a model of renal inflammation. J Clin Invest 93: 1940-1947, 1994.
92. Salvemini D, Currie MG, and Mollace V. Nitric oxide-mediated cyclooxygenase activation. A key event in the antiplatelet effects of nitrovasodilators. J Clin Invest 97: 2562-2568, 1996.
93. Schmedtje JF, Ji YS, Liu WL, DuBois RN, and Runge MS. Hypoxia induces cyclooxygenase-2 via the NF-kappaB p65 transcription factor in human vascular endothelial cells. J Biol Chem 272: 601-608, 1997.
94. Schreiber J, Foureman GL, Hughes MF, Mason RP, and Eling TE. Detection of glutathione thiyl free radical catalyzed by prostaglandin H synthase present in keratinocytes. Study of co-oxidation in a cellular system. J Biol Chem 264: 7936-7943, 1989.
95. Shornick LP and Holtzman MJ. A cryptic, microsomal-type arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase is tonically inactivated by oxidation-reduction conditions in cultured epithelial cells. J Biol Chem 268: 371-376, 1993.
96. Smith WL and De Witt DL. Prostaglandin endoperoxide H synthases-1 and -2. Adv Immunol 62: 167-214, 1996.
97. Smith WL and Marnett LJ. Prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase: structure and catalysis. Biochim Biophys Acta 1083: 1-17, 1991.
98. Spencer AG, Woods JW, Arakawa T, Singer II, and Smith WL. Subcellular localization of prostaglandin endoperoxide H synthases-1 and -2 by immunoelectron microscopy. J Biol Chem 273: 9886-9893, 1998.
99. Stadler J, Harbrecht BG, Di Silvio M, Curran RD, Jordan ML, Simmons RL, and Billiar TR. Endogenous nitric oxide inhibits the synthesis of cyclooxygenase products and interleukin-6 by rat Kupffer cells. J Leukoc Biol 53: 165-172, 1993.
100. Stemme V, Swedenborg J, Claesson H, and Hansson GK. Expression of the cyclooxygenase-2 in human atherosclerotic carotic arteries. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 20: 146-152, 2000.
101. Tang DG, Diglio CA, and Honn KV. Activation of microvascular endothelium by eicosanoid 12(S) hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid leads to enhanced tumor cell adhesion via up-regulation of surface expression of alpha v beta 3 integrin: a posttranscriptional, protein kinase C- and cytoskeleton-dependent process. Cancer Res 54: 1119-1129, 1994.
102. Tang DG, Diglio CA, Bazaz R, and Honn KV. Transcriptional activation of endothelial cell integrin alpha v by protein kinase C activator 12(S)-HETE. J Cell Sci 108: 2629-2644, 1995.
103. Tang DG, Renaud C, Stojakovic S, Diglio CA, Porter A, and Honn KV. 12(S)-HETE is a mitogenic factor for microvascular endothelial cells: its potential role in angiogenesis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 211: 462-468, 1995.
104. Topper JN, Cai J, Falb D, and Gimbrone MA. Identification of vascular endothelial genes differentially responsive to fluid mechanical stimuli: cyclooxygenase-2, manganese superoxide dismutase, and endothelial cell nitric oxide synthase are selectively up-regulated by steady laminar shear stress. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 93: 10417-10422, 1996.
105. Tsai AI, Palmer G, Xiao G, Swinney DC, and Kulmacz RJ. Structural characterization of arachidonyl radicals formed by prostaglandin H synthase-2 and prostaglandin H synthase-1 reconstituted with mangano protoporphyrin IX. J Biol Chem 273: 3888-3894, 1998.
106. VanRollins M, Kaduce TL, Knapp HR, and Spector AA. Epoxyeicosatrienoic acid metabolism in endothelial cells. Circ Res 34: 1931-1942, 1993.
107. Voelkel NF, Tuder RM, Wade K, Hoper M, Lepley RA, Goulet JL, Koller BH, and Fitzpatrick F. Inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein (FLAP) reduces pulmonary vascular reactivity and pulmonary hypertension in hypoxic rats. J Clin Invest 97: 2491-2498, 1996.
108. Walker JL, Loscalzo J, and Xhang YY. 5-Lipoxygenase and human pulmonary artery endothelial cell proliferation. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 282: H585-593, 2002.
109. Wright L, Tuder RM, Wang J, Cool CD, Lepley RA, and Voelkel NF. 5-Lipoxygenase and 5-lipoxygenase activating protein (FLAP) immunoreactivity in lungs from patients with primary pulmonary hypertension. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 157: 219-229, 1998.
110. Xu XM, Sansores-Garcia L, Chen XM, Matijevic-Aleksic N, Du M, and Wu KK. Suppression of inducible cyclooxygenase 2 gene transcription by aspirin and sodium salicylate. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96: 5292-5297, 1999.
111. Zhang YY, Walker JL, Huang A, Keaney JF, Clish CB, Serhan CN, and Loscalzo J. Expression of 5-lipoxygenase in pulmonary artery endothelial cells. Biochem J 361: 267-276, 2002.
112. Zink MH, Oltman CL, Lu T, Katakam PVG, Kaduce TL, Lee HC, Dellsberger KC, Spector AA, Myers PR, and Weintraub NL. 12-Lipoxygenase in porcine coronary microcirculation: implications for coronary vasoregulation. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 280: H693-H704, 2001.