메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 77, Issue 7, 2003, Pages 3898-3912

Alpha interferon induces distinct translational control programs to suppress hepatitis C virus RNA replication

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALPHA INTERFERON; INITIATION FACTOR 2; INITIATION FACTOR 2ALPHA; NONSTRUCTURAL PROTEIN 5A; PROTEIN KINASE; PROTEIN KINASE R; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VIRUS PROTEIN; VIRUS RNA;

EID: 0037379437     PISSN: 0022538X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1128/JVI.77.7.3898-3912.2003     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (206)

References (58)
  • 2
    • 0030955346 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epidemiology of hepatitis C
    • Alter, M. J. H. 1997. Epidemiology of hepatitis C. Hepatology 26:62-65.
    • (1997) Hepatology , vol.26 , pp. 62-65
    • Alter, M.J.H.1
  • 3
    • 0030843398 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The translation initiation factor eIF3-p48 subunit is encoded by int-6, a site of frequent integration by the mouse mammary tumor virus genome
    • Asano, K., W. Merrick, and J. Hershey. 1997. The translation initiation factor eIF3-p48 subunit is encoded by int-6, a site of frequent integration by the mouse mammary tumor virus genome. J. Biol. Chem. 272:23477-23480.
    • (1997) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.272 , pp. 23477-23480
    • Asano, K.1    Merrick, W.2    Hershey, J.3
  • 5
    • 0034623816 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficient inititation of HCV RNA replication in cell culture
    • Blight, K. J., A. A. Kolykhalov, and C. M. Rice. 2000. Efficient inititation of HCV RNA replication in cell culture. Science 290:1972-1974.
    • (2000) Science , vol.290 , pp. 1972-1974
    • Blight, K.J.1    Kolykhalov, A.A.2    Rice, C.M.3
  • 6
    • 0030725442 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase PKR: Structure and function
    • Clemens, M. J., and A. Elia. 1997. The double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase PKR: structure and function. J. Interferon Cytokine Res. 17:503-524.
    • (1997) J. Interferon Cytokine Res. , vol.17 , pp. 503-524
    • Clemens, M.J.1    Elia, A.2
  • 7
    • 0029118217 scopus 로고
    • Abrogation of translation initiation factor eIF-2 phosphorylation causes malignant transformation of NIH 3T3 cells
    • Donzé, O., R. Jagus, A. E. Koromilas, J. W. B. Hershey, and N. Sonenberg. 1995. Abrogation of translation initiation factor eIF-2 phosphorylation causes malignant transformation of NIH 3T3 cells. EMBO J. 14:3828-3834.
    • (1995) EMBO J. , vol.14 , pp. 3828-3834
    • Donzé, O.1    Jagus, R.2    Koromilas, A.E.3    Hershey, J.W.B.4    Sonenberg, N.5
  • 10
    • 0342618445 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What happens inside lentivirus or influenza virus infected cells: Insights into regulation of cellular and viral protein synthesis
    • Gale, M., Jr., and M. G. Katze. 1997. What happens inside lentivirus or influenza virus infected cells: insights into regulation of cellular and viral protein synthesis. Methods Companion Methods Enzymol. 11:383-401.
    • (1997) Methods Companion Methods Enzymol. , vol.11 , pp. 383-401
    • Gale M., Jr.1    Katze, M.G.2
  • 11
    • 0345164384 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular mechanisms of interferon resistance mediated by viral-directed inhibition of PKR, the interferon-induced protein kinase
    • Gale, M., Jr., and M. G. Katze. 1998. Molecular mechanisms of interferon resistance mediated by viral-directed inhibition of PKR, the interferon-induced protein kinase. Pharmacol. Ther. 78:29-46.
    • (1998) Pharmacol. Ther. , vol.78 , pp. 29-46
    • Gale M., Jr.1    Katze, M.G.2
  • 12
    • 0345004984 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anti-apoptotic and oncogenic potentials of hepatitis C virus are linked to interferon resistance by viral repression of the PKR protein kinase
    • Gale, M., Jr., B. Kwieciszewski, M. Dossett, H. Nakao, and M. G. Katze. 1999. Anti-apoptotic and oncogenic potentials of hepatitis C virus are linked to interferon resistance by viral repression of the PKR protein kinase. J. Virol. 73:6506-6516.
    • (1999) J. Virol. , vol.73 , pp. 6506-6516
    • Gale M., Jr.1    Kwieciszewski, B.2    Dossett, M.3    Nakao, H.4    Katze, M.G.5
  • 13
    • 0343431521 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Translational control of viral gene expression in eukaryotes
    • Gale, M., Jr., S.-L. Tan, and M. G. Katze. 1999, Translational control of viral gene expression in eukaryotes. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 64:239-280.
    • (1999) Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. , vol.64 , pp. 239-280
    • Gale M., Jr.1    Tan, S.-L.2    Katze, M.G.3
  • 14
    • 0035839592 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comprehensive view of regulation of gene expression by double-stranded RNA-mediated cell signaling
    • Geiss, G. K., G. Jin, J. Guo, R. E. Bumgarner, M. G. Katze, and G. C. Sen. 2001. A comprehensive view of regulation of gene expression by double-stranded RNA-mediated cell signaling. J. Biol. Chem. 276:30178-30182.
    • (2001) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.276 , pp. 30178-30182
    • Geiss, G.K.1    Jin, G.2    Guo, J.3    Bumgarner, R.E.4    Katze, M.G.5    Sen, G.C.6
  • 15
    • 0036067898 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An altered cellular response to interferon and upregulation of interleukin-8 induced by the hepatitis C viral protein NS5A uncovered by microarray analysis
    • Girard, S., P. Shalhoub, P. Lescure, A. Sabile, D. Misek, S. Hanash, C. Brechot, and L. Beretta. 2002. An altered cellular response to interferon and upregulation of interleukin-8 induced by the hepatitis C viral protein NS5A uncovered by microarray analysis. Virology 295:272-283.
    • (2002) Virology , vol.295 , pp. 272-283
    • Girard, S.1    Shalhoub, P.2    Lescure, P.3    Sabile, A.4    Misek, D.5    Hanash, S.6    Brechot, C.7    Beretta, L.8
  • 16
    • 0033795196 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interferons: Cell signaling, immune modulation, antiviral responses and virus countermeasures
    • Goodbourn, S., L. Didcock, and R. E. Randall. 2000. Interferons: cell signaling, immune modulation, antiviral responses and virus countermeasures, J. Gen. Virol. 81:2341-2364.
    • (2000) J. Gen. Virol. , vol.81 , pp. 2341-2364
    • Goodbourn, S.1    Didcock, L.2    Randall, R.E.3
  • 17
    • 0034888396 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of alpha interferon on the hepatitis C virus replication
    • Guo, J., V. Bichko, and C. Seeger. 2001. Effect of alpha interferon on the hepatitis C virus replication. J. Virol. 75:8516-8523.
    • (2001) J. Virol. , vol.75 , pp. 8516-8523
    • Guo, J.1    Bichko, V.2    Seeger, C.3
  • 18
    • 0034671570 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A new pathway of translational regulation mediated by eukaryotic initiation factor 3
    • Guo, J., D. J. Hui, W. C. Merrick, and G. C. Sen. 2000. A new pathway of translational regulation mediated by eukaryotic initiation factor 3. EMBO J. 19:6891-6899.
    • (2000) EMBO J. , vol.19 , pp. 6891-6899
    • Guo, J.1    Hui, D.J.2    Merrick, W.C.3    Sen, G.C.4
  • 19
    • 0034652704 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Induction of the human protein p56 by interferon, double-stranded RNA, or virus infection
    • Guo, J., K. L. Peters, and G. C. Sen. 2000. Induction of the human protein p56 by interferon, double-stranded RNA, or virus infection. Virology 267:209-219.
    • (2000) Virology , vol.267 , pp. 209-219
    • Guo, J.1    Peters, K.L.2    Sen, G.C.3
  • 20
    • 0035041305 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regulation of mRNA translation and cellular signaling by hepatitis C virus nonstructural protein NS5A
    • He, Y., S.-L. Tan, S. U. Tareen, S. Viyasri, J. O. Langland, B. Jacobs, and M. G. Katze. 2001. Regulation of mRNA translation and cellular signaling by hepatitis C virus nonstructural protein NS5A. J. Virol. 75:5090-5098.
    • (2001) J. Virol. , vol.75 , pp. 5090-5098
    • He, Y.1    Tan, S.-L.2    Tareen, S.U.3    Viyasri, S.4    Langland, J.O.5    Jacobs, B.6    Katze, M.G.7
  • 21
    • 0033970975 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cell cycle regulation of hepatitis C virus internal ribosomal entry site-directed translation
    • Honda, M., S. Kaneko, E. Matsushita, K. Kobayashi, G. Abell, and S. M. Lemon. 2000. Cell cycle regulation of hepatitis C virus internal ribosomal entry site-directed translation. Gastroenterology 118:152-162.
    • (2000) Gastroenterology , vol.118 , pp. 152-162
    • Honda, M.1    Kaneko, S.2    Matsushita, E.3    Kobayashi, K.4    Abell, G.5    Lemon, S.M.6
  • 23
    • 0037099367 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interferons specifically suppress the translation from the internal ribosome entry site of hepatitis C virus through a double-stranded RNA-activiated protein kinase-independent pathway
    • Kato, J., N. Kato, M. Moriyama, T. Goto, H. Taniguchi, Y. Shiratori, and M. Omata. 2002. Interferons specifically suppress the translation from the internal ribosome entry site of hepatitis C virus through a double-stranded RNA-activiated protein kinase-independent pathway. J. Infect. Dis. 186:155-163.
    • (2002) J. Infect. Dis. , vol.186 , pp. 155-163
    • Kato, J.1    Kato, N.2    Moriyama, M.3    Goto, T.4    Taniguchi, H.5    Shiratori, Y.6    Omata, M.7
  • 24
    • 0036715591 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Viruses and interferon: A fight for supremacy
    • Katze, M. G., Y. He, and M. Gale, Jr. 2002. Viruses and interferon: a fight for supremacy. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2:675-677.
    • (2002) Nat. Rev. Immunol. , vol.2 , pp. 675-677
    • Katze, M.G.1    He, Y.2    Gale M., Jr.3
  • 26
    • 0030927170 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regulation of the protein kinase PKR by the vaccinia virus pseudosubstrate inhibitor K3L is dependent on residues conserved between the K3L protein and the PKR substrate eIF-2α
    • Kawagishi-Kobayashi, M., J. B. Silverman, T. L. Ung, and T. E. Dever. 1997. Regulation of the protein kinase PKR by the vaccinia virus pseudosubstrate inhibitor K3L is dependent on residues conserved between the K3L protein and the PKR substrate eIF-2α. Mol. Cell. Biol. 17:4146-4158.
    • (1997) Mol. Cell. Biol. , vol.17 , pp. 4146-4158
    • Kawagishi-Kobayashi, M.1    Silverman, J.B.2    Ung, T.L.3    Dever, T.E.4
  • 27
    • 0035260658 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanism of ribosome recruitment by hepatitis C IRES RNA
    • Kieft, J. S., K. Zhou, R. Jubin, and J. A. Doudna. 2001. Mechanism of ribosome recruitment by hepatitis C IRES RNA. RNA 7:194-206.
    • (2001) RNA , vol.7 , pp. 194-206
    • Kieft, J.S.1    Zhou, K.2    Jubin, R.3    Doudna, J.A.4
  • 28
    • 0036308571 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hepatitis C virus IRES-dependent translation is insensitive to an eIF2α-independent mechanisms of inhibition by interferon in hepatocyte cell lines
    • Koev, G., R. Duncan, and M. M. C. Lai. 2002. Hepatitis C virus IRES-dependent translation is insensitive to an eIF2α-independent mechanisms of inhibition by interferon in hepatocyte cell lines. Virology 297:195-202.
    • (2002) Virology , vol.297 , pp. 195-202
    • Koev, G.1    Duncan, R.2    Lai, M.M.C.3
  • 29
    • 0035032237 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Enhancement of hepatitis C virus RNA replication by cell culture-adaptive mutations
    • Kreiger, N., V. Lohmann, and R. Bartenschlager. 2001. Enhancement of hepatitis C virus RNA replication by cell culture-adaptive mutations. J. Virol. 75:4614-4654.
    • (2001) J. Virol. , vol.75 , pp. 4614-4654
    • Kreiger, N.1    Lohmann, V.2    Bartenschlager, R.3
  • 32
    • 0030928696 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Therapy of hepatitis C: An overview
    • Lindsay, K. L. 1997. Therapy of hepatitis C: an overview. Hepatology 26:71S-77S.
    • (1997) Hepatology , vol.26
    • Lindsay, K.L.1
  • 33
    • 0345188811 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Replication of subgenomic hepatitis C virus RNAs in a hepatoma cell line
    • Lohmann, V., F. Korner, J.-O. Kock, L. Theilmann, and R. Bartenschlager. 1999. Replication of subgenomic hepatitis C virus RNAs in a hepatoma cell line. Science 285:110-113.
    • (1999) Science , vol.285 , pp. 110-113
    • Lohmann, V.1    Korner, F.2    Kock, J.-O.3    Theilmann, L.4    Bartenschlager, R.5
  • 35
    • 0002523042 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The pathway and mechanism of eukaryotic protein synthesis
    • J. Hershey, M. Mathews, and N. Sonenberg (ed.). Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.
    • Merrick, W. C., and J. W. B. Hershey. 1996. The pathway and mechanism of eukaryotic protein synthesis, p. 31-70. In J. Hershey, M. Mathews, and N. Sonenberg (ed.), Translational control. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.
    • (1996) Translational Control , pp. 31-70
    • Merrick, W.C.1    Hershey, J.W.B.2
  • 37
    • 0035661068 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of mutation in hepatitis C virus nonstructural protein 5A on interferon resistance mediated by inhibition of PKR kinase activity in mammalian cells
    • Noguchi, T., S. Satoh, T. Noshi, E. Hatada, R. Fukuda, A. Kawai, S. Ikeda, M. Hijikata, and K. Shimotohno. 2001. Effects of mutation in hepatitis C virus nonstructural protein 5A on interferon resistance mediated by inhibition of PKR kinase activity in mammalian cells. Microbiol. Immunol. 45:829-840.
    • (2001) Microbiol. Immunol. , vol.45 , pp. 829-840
    • Noguchi, T.1    Satoh, S.2    Noshi, T.3    Hatada, E.4    Fukuda, R.5    Kawai, A.6    Ikeda, S.7    Hijikata, M.8    Shimotohno, K.9
  • 38
    • 0033760016 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hepatitis C virus resistance to antiviral therapy
    • Pawlotsky, J.-M. 2000. Hepatitis C virus resistance to antiviral therapy. Hepatology 32:889-896.
    • (2000) Hepatology , vol.32 , pp. 889-896
    • Pawlotsky, J.-M.1
  • 41
    • 0035148546 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characterization of cell lines carrying self-replicating hepatitis C virus RNAs
    • Pietschmann, T., V. Lohmann, G. Rutter, K. Kurpanek, and R. Bartenschlager. 2001. Characterization of cell lines carrying self-replicating hepatitis C virus RNAs. J. Virol. 75:1252-1264.
    • (2001) J. Virol. , vol.75 , pp. 1252-1264
    • Pietschmann, T.1    Lohmann, V.2    Rutter, G.3    Kurpanek, K.4    Bartenschlager, R.5
  • 42
    • 0028289625 scopus 로고
    • Multiple effects of interferon on the replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1
    • Pitha, P. M. 1994. Multiple effects of interferon on the replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Antiviral Res. 24:205-219.
    • (1994) Antiviral Res. , vol.24 , pp. 205-219
    • Pitha, P.M.1
  • 43
    • 0034969251 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hepatitis C virus nonstructural 5A protein induces interleukin-8, leading to partial inhibition of the interferon-induced antiviral response
    • Polyak, S. J., K. Khabar, D. Paschal, H. Ezelle, G. Duverlie, G. Barber, D. Levy, N. Mukaida, and D. Gretch. 2001. Hepatitis C virus nonstructural 5A protein induces interleukin-8, leading to partial inhibition of the interferon-induced antiviral response. J. Virol. 75:6095-6106.
    • (2001) J. Virol. , vol.75 , pp. 6095-6106
    • Polyak, S.J.1    Khabar, K.2    Paschal, D.3    Ezelle, H.4    Duverlie, G.5    Barber, G.6    Levy, D.7    Mukaida, N.8    Gretch, D.9
  • 44
    • 0031906287 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular characterization of hepatitis C virus
    • H. W. Reesink (ed.). Karger, Basel, Switzerland
    • Reed, K. E., and C. M. Rice. 1998. Molecular characterization of hepatitis C virus, p. 1-37. In H. W. Reesink (ed.), Hepatitis C virus, vol. 1. Karger, Basel, Switzerland.
    • (1998) Hepatitis C Virus , vol.1 , pp. 1-37
    • Reed, K.E.1    Rice, C.M.2
  • 45
    • 0030828466 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phosphorylation of the hepatitis C virus NS5A protein in vitro and in vivo: Properties of the NS5A-associated kinase
    • Reed, K. E., J. Xu, and C. M. Rice. 1997. Phosphorylation of the hepatitis C virus NS5A protein in vitro and in vivo: properties of the NS5A-associated kinase. J. Virol. 71:7187-7197.
    • (1997) J. Virol. , vol.71 , pp. 7187-7197
    • Reed, K.E.1    Xu, J.2    Rice, C.M.3
  • 46
    • 0003020465 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Analysis of ribosome loading onto mRNA species: Implications for translational control
    • J. D. Richter (ed.). Academic Press, Inc., New York, N.Y.
    • Ruan, H., C. Y. Brown, and D. R. Morris. 1997. Analysis of ribosome loading onto mRNA species: implications for translational control, p. 305-321. In J. D. Richter (ed.), mRNA formation and function. Academic Press, Inc., New York, N.Y.
    • (1997) mRNA Formation and Function , pp. 305-321
    • Ruan, H.1    Brown, C.Y.2    Morris, D.R.3
  • 47
    • 0034769960 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Viruses and interferons
    • Sen, G. C. 2001. Viruses and interferons. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 55:255-281.
    • (2001) Annu. Rev. Microbiol. , vol.55 , pp. 255-281
    • Sen, G.C.1
  • 48
    • 0027352378 scopus 로고
    • Interferon-induced antiviral actions and their regulation
    • Sen, G. C., and R. M. Ransohoff. 1993. Interferon-induced antiviral actions and their regulation. Adv. Virus Res. 42:57-102.
    • (1993) Adv. Virus Res. , vol.42 , pp. 57-102
    • Sen, G.C.1    Ransohoff, R.M.2
  • 49
    • 0036137686 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inhibition of internal ribosomal entry site-directed translation of HCV by recombinant IFN-alpha correlates with a reduced La protein
    • Shimazaki, T., M. Honda, S. Kaneko, and K. Kobayashi. 2002. Inhibition of internal ribosomal entry site-directed translation of HCV by recombinant IFN-alpha correlates with a reduced La protein. Hepatology 35:199-208.
    • (2002) Hepatology , vol.35 , pp. 199-208
    • Shimazaki, T.1    Honda, M.2    Kaneko, S.3    Kobayashi, K.4
  • 50
    • 0027931663 scopus 로고
    • Fascination with 2-5A-dependent RNase: A unique enzyme that functions in interferon action
    • Silverman, R. H. 1994. Fascination with 2-5A-dependent RNase: a unique enzyme that functions in interferon action. J. Interferon Res. 14:101-104.
    • (1994) J. Interferon Res. , vol.14 , pp. 101-104
    • Silverman, R.H.1
  • 51
    • 0031901132 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Specific interaction of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 with the 5′ nontranslated regions of hepatitis C virus and classical swine fever virus RNAs
    • Sizova, D. V., V. G. Kolupaeva, T. V. Pestova, I. N. Shatsky, and C. T. Hellen. 1998. Specific interaction of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 with the 5′ nontranslated regions of hepatitis C virus and classical swine fever virus RNAs. J. Virol. 72:4775-4782.
    • (1998) J. Virol. , vol.72 , pp. 4775-4782
    • Sizova, D.V.1    Kolupaeva, V.G.2    Pestova, T.V.3    Shatsky, I.N.4    Hellen, C.T.5
  • 52
    • 0032730328 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Opposite translational control of GLUT1 and GLUT4 glucose transporter mRNAs in response to insulin
    • Taha, C., Z. Liu, J. Jin, H. Al-Hasani, N. Sonenberg, and A. Klip. 1999. Opposite translational control of GLUT1 and GLUT4 glucose transporter mRNAs in response to insulin. J. Biol. Chem. 274:33085-33091.
    • (1999) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.274 , pp. 33085-33091
    • Taha, C.1    Liu, Z.2    Jin, J.3    Al-Hasani, H.4    Sonenberg, N.5    Klip, A.6
  • 53
    • 0035947270 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How hepatitis C virus counteracts the interferon response: The jury is still out on NS5A
    • Tan, S.-L., and M. G. Katze. 2001. How hepatitis C virus counteracts the interferon response: the jury is still out on NS5A. Virology 284:1-12.
    • (2001) Virology , vol.284 , pp. 1-12
    • Tan, S.-L.1    Katze, M.G.2
  • 54
    • 0033516497 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inhibition of the interferon-inducible protein kinase PKR by HCV E2 protein
    • Taylor, D. R., S. T. Shi, P. R. Romano, G. N. Barber, and M. M. C. Lai. 1999. Inhibition of the interferon-inducible protein kinase PKR by HCV E2 protein. Science 285:107-110.
    • (1999) Science , vol.285 , pp. 107-110
    • Taylor, D.R.1    Shi, S.T.2    Romano, P.R.3    Barber, G.N.4    Lai, M.M.C.5
  • 55
    • 0026442274 scopus 로고
    • Mechanism of interferon action: Autoregulation of RNA-dependent PI/eIF-2 alpha protein kinase (PKR) expression in the transfected mammalian cells
    • Thomis, D. C., and C. E. Samuel. 1992. Mechanism of interferon action: autoregulation of RNA-dependent PI/eIF-2 alpha protein kinase (PKR) expression in the transfected mammalian cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:10837-10841.
    • (1992) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.89 , pp. 10837-10841
    • Thomis, D.C.1    Samuel, C.E.2
  • 56
    • 0035215781 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Statistical analysis of combined substitutions in nonstructural 5A region of hepatitis C virus and interferon response
    • Witherell, G. W., and P. Belbeke. 2000. Statistical analysis of combined substitutions in nonstructural 5A region of hepatitis C virus and interferon response. J. Med. Virol. 63:8-16.
    • (2000) J. Med. Virol. , vol.63 , pp. 8-16
    • Witherell, G.W.1    Belbeke, P.2
  • 57
    • 0032742095 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inhibitory role of the host apoptogenic gene PKR in the establishment of persistent infection by encephalomyocarditis virus in U937 cells
    • Yeung, M. C., D. L. Chang, R. E. Camantigue, and A. S. Lau. 1999. Inhibitory role of the host apoptogenic gene PKR in the establishment of persistent infection by encephalomyocarditis virus in U937 cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96:11860-11865.
    • (1999) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.96 , pp. 11860-11865
    • Yeung, M.C.1    Chang, D.L.2    Camantigue, R.E.3    Lau, A.S.4
  • 58
    • 0027512013 scopus 로고
    • Detection of hepatitis C virus RNA by a combined reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assay
    • Young, K., R. Resnick, and T. Myers. 1993. Detection of hepatitis C virus RNA by a combined reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assay. J. Clin. Microbiol. 31:882-886.
    • (1993) J. Clin. Microbiol. , vol.31 , pp. 882-886
    • Young, K.1    Resnick, R.2    Myers, T.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.