메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 4, Issue 2, 2003, Pages 99-111

Signatures of natural selection in the human genome

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CYTOCHROME P450 1A2; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT; PARACETAMOL;

EID: 0037307413     PISSN: 14710056     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/nrg999     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (357)

References (132)
  • 4
    • 0003421005 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts
    • Li, W. Molecular Evolution (Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts, 1997). An excellent introductory text that outlines the theoretical basis of molecular evolutionary analyses and provides insightful empirical examples.
    • (1997) Molecular Evolution
    • Li, W.1
  • 7
    • 0033611501 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High genomic deleterious mutation rates in hominids
    • Eyre-Walker, A. & Keightley, P. D. High genomic deleterious mutation rates in hominids Nature 397, 344-347 (1999).
    • (1999) Nature , vol.397 , pp. 344-347
    • Eyre-Walker, A.1    Keightley, P.D.2
  • 8
    • 0014421064 scopus 로고
    • Evolutionary rate at the molecular level
    • Kimura, M. Evolutionary rate at the molecular level. Nature 217, 624-626 (1968).
    • (1968) Nature , vol.217 , pp. 624-626
    • Kimura, M.1
  • 10
    • 0035546129 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The neutral theory in the genomic era
    • Fay, J. C. & Wu, C. I. The neutral theory in the genomic era. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 11, 642-646 (2001).
    • (2001) Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. , vol.11 , pp. 642-646
    • Fay, J.C.1    Wu, C.I.2
  • 11
    • 0034924997 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Positive and negative selection on the human genome
    • Fay, J. C., Wyckoff, G. J. & Wu, C. I. Positive and negative selection on the human genome. Genetics 158, 1227-1234 (2001).
    • (2001) Genetics , vol.158 , pp. 1227-1234
    • Fay, J.C.1    Wyckoff, G.J.2    Wu, C.I.3
  • 12
    • 0034575442 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Methods to detect selection in populations with applications to the human
    • Kreitman, M. Methods to detect selection in populations with applications to the human. Annu. Rev. Genomics Hum. Genet. 1, 539-559 (2000). A detailed review of analytical methods to detect the effects of natural selection on patterns of polymorphism.
    • (2000) Annu. Rev. Genomics Hum. Genet. , vol.1 , pp. 539-559
    • Kreitman, M.1
  • 13
    • 0030821992 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Statistical tests of neutrality of mutations against population growth, hitchhiking and background selection
    • Fu, Y. X. Statistical tests of neutrality of mutations against population growth, hitchhiking and background selection, Genetics 147, 915-925 (1997)
    • (1997) Genetics , vol.147 , pp. 915-925
    • Fu, Y.X.1
  • 14
    • 0029099781 scopus 로고
    • Properties of statistical tests of neutrality for DNA polymorphism data
    • Simonsen, K. L., Churchill, G. A. & Aquadro, C. F. Properties of statistical tests of neutrality for DNA polymorphism data. Genetics 141, 413-429 (1995).
    • (1995) Genetics , vol.141 , pp. 413-429
    • Simonsen, K.L.1    Churchill, G.A.2    Aquadro, C.F.3
  • 15
    • 0032884643 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recombination and the power of statistical tests of neutrality
    • Wall, J. D. Recombination and the power of statistical tests of neutrality. Genet. Res. 74, 65-79 (1999).
    • (1999) Genet. Res. , vol.74 , pp. 65-79
    • Wall, J.D.1
  • 16
    • 0035474085 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human population genomics: A bridge from evolutionary history to genetic medicine
    • Jorde, L. B., Watkins, W. S. & Bamshad, M. J. Human population genomics: a bridge from evolutionary history to genetic medicine. Mol. Genet. 10, 2199-2207 (2001).
    • (2001) Mol. Genet. , vol.10 , pp. 2199-2207
    • Jorde, L.B.1    Watkins, W.S.2    Bamshad, M.J.3
  • 18
    • 0034619822 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mitochondrial genome variation and the origin of modern humans
    • Ingman, M., Kaessmann, H., Paabo, S. & Gyllensten, U. Mitochondrial genome variation and the origin of modern humans. Nature 408, 708-713 (2000).
    • (2000) Nature , vol.408 , pp. 708-713
    • Ingman, M.1    Kaessmann, H.2    Paabo, S.3    Gyllensten, U.4
  • 19
    • 0035844029 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • African origin of modern humans in East Asia: A tale of 12,000 Y chromosomes
    • Ke, Y. et al. African origin of modern humans in East Asia: a tale of 12,000 Y chromosomes. Science 292, 1151-1153 (2001).
    • (2001) Science , vol.292 , pp. 1151-1153
    • Ke, Y.1
  • 20
    • 0033912515 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The distribution of human genetic diversity: A comparison of mitochondrial, autosomal and Y-chromosome data
    • Jorde, L. B. et al. The distribution of human genetic diversity: a comparison of mitochondrial, autosomal and Y-chromosome data. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 66, 979-988 (2000).
    • (2000) Am. J. Hum. Genet. , vol.66 , pp. 979-988
    • Jorde, L.B.1
  • 21
    • 0031916646 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Signatures of population expansion in microsatellite repeat data
    • Kimmel, M. et al. Signatures of population expansion in microsatellite repeat data Genetics 148, 1921-1930 (1998).
    • (1998) Genetics , vol.148 , pp. 1921-1930
    • Kimmel, M.1
  • 22
    • 0032493379 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic evidence for a Paleolithic human population expansion in Africa
    • Reich, D. E. & Goldstein, D. B. Genetic evidence for a Paleolithic human population expansion in Africa. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 95, 8119-8123 (1998).
    • (1998) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.95 , pp. 8119-8123
    • Reich, D.E.1    Goldstein, D.B.2
  • 23
    • 0033796908 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A Pleistocene population X-plosion?
    • Wooding, S. & Rogers, A. R. A Pleistocene population X-plosion? Hum. Biol. 72, 693-695 (2000).
    • (2000) Hum. Biol. , vol.72 , pp. 693-695
    • Wooding, S.1    Rogers, A.R.2
  • 24
    • 0037147189 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic structure of human populations
    • Rosenberg, N. A. et al. Genetic structure of human populations. Science 298, 2381-2385 (2002). The most comprehensive analysis of global patterns of human population structure completed so far. It shows that there is substantial geographical structure among populations, although the proportion of an individual's ancestry from one or more of these populations is highly variable.
    • (2002) Science , vol.298 , pp. 2381-2385
    • Rosenberg, N.A.1
  • 25
    • 0037372658 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human population genetic structure and inference of group membership
    • in the press
    • Bamshad, M. et al. Human population genetic structure and inference of group membership. Am. J. Hum. Genet. (in the press).
    • Am. J. Hum. Genet.
    • Bamshad, M.1
  • 26
    • 0032539701 scopus 로고
    • Genetic traces of ancient demography
    • Harpending, H. C. Genetic traces of ancient demography. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 95, 1961-1967 (1995).
    • (1995) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA , vol.95 , pp. 1961-1967
    • Harpending, H.C.1
  • 27
    • 0027459098 scopus 로고
    • Allelic genealogy and human evolution
    • Takahata, N. Allelic genealogy and human evolution. Mol. Biol. Evol. 10, 2-22 (1993).
    • (1993) Mol. Biol. Evol. , vol.10 , pp. 2-22
    • Takahata, N.1
  • 28
    • 0029036829 scopus 로고
    • The hitchhiking effect on the site frequency spectrum of DNA polymorphisms
    • Braverman, J. M., Hudson, R. R., Kaplan, N. L. Langley, C. H. & Stephan, W. The hitchhiking effect on the site frequency spectrum of DNA polymorphisms Genetics 140, 783-796 (1995).
    • (1995) Genetics , vol.140 , pp. 783-796
    • Braverman, J.M.1    Hudson, R.R.2    Kaplan, N.L.3    Langley, C.H.4    Stephan, W.5
  • 29
    • 0036235796 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Geographic and haplotype structure of candidate type 2 diabetes susceptibility vanants at the calpain-10 locus
    • Fullerton, S. M. et al. Geographic and haplotype structure of candidate type 2 diabetes susceptibility vanants at the calpain-10 locus. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 70, 1096-1106 (2002).
    • (2002) Am. J. Hum. Genet. , vol.70 , pp. 1096-1106
    • Fullerton, S.M.1
  • 30
    • 0036679358 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A strong signature of balancing selection in the 5′ cis-regulatory region of CCR5
    • Bamshad, M. J. et al. A strong signature of balancing selection in the 5′ cis-regulatory region of CCR5. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 99, 10539-10544 (2002).
    • (2002) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.99 , pp. 10539-10544
    • Bamshad, M.J.1
  • 31
    • 0035919656 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Haplotype variation and linkage disequilibrium in 313 human genes
    • Stephens, J. C. et al. Haplotype variation and linkage disequilibrium in 313 human genes, Science 293, 489-493 (2001). An extensive survey of the level of polymorphism found in and near more than 300 genes, which includes a preliminary test of whether the patterns are consistent with neutrality.
    • (2001) Science , vol.293 , pp. 489-493
    • Stephens, J.C.1
  • 32
    • 0036196885 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The signature of positive salection at randomly chosen loci
    • Prezworski, M. The signature of positive salection at randomly chosen loci, Genetics 160, 1179-1189 (2002).
    • (2002) Genetics , vol.160 , pp. 1179-1189
    • Prezworski, M.1
  • 33
    • 0027305597 scopus 로고
    • The effect of deleterious mutations on neutral molecular variation
    • Charesworth, B. et al. The effect of deleterious mutations on neutral molecular variation, Genetics 134, 1289-1303 (1993).
    • (1993) Genetics , vol.134 , pp. 1289-1303
    • Charesworth, B.1
  • 34
    • 0028846610 scopus 로고
    • Deleterious background selection with recombination
    • Hudson, R. R. & Kaplan, N. L. Deleterious background selection with recombination. Genetics 141, 1605-1617 (1995).
    • (1995) Genetics , vol.141 , pp. 1605-1617
    • Hudson, R.R.1    Kaplan, N.L.2
  • 35
    • 0016220238 scopus 로고
    • The hitch-hiking effect of a favorable gene
    • Maynard-Smith, J. & Haigh, J. The hitch-hiking effect of a favorable gene. Genet. Res. 23, 23-35 (1974). A noteworthy exposition of the impact of positive selection on linked neutral polymorphisms.
    • (1974) Genet. Res. , vol.23 , pp. 23-35
    • Maynard-Smith, J.1    Haigh, J.2
  • 36
    • 0024372736 scopus 로고
    • The 'hitchhiking effect' revisited
    • Kaplan, N. L., Hudson, R. R. & Langley, C. H. The 'hitchhiking effect' revisited. Genetics 123, 887-899 (1989).
    • (1989) Genetics , vol.123 , pp. 887-899
    • Kaplan, N.L.1    Hudson, R.R.2    Langley, C.H.3
  • 37
    • 0026529344 scopus 로고
    • Levels of naturally occurring DNA polymorphism correlate with recombination rates in D. melanogaster
    • Begun, J. J. & Aquadro, C. F. Levels of naturally occurring DNA polymorphism correlate with recombination rates in D. melanogaster. Nature 356, 519-520 (1992).
    • (1992) Nature , vol.356 , pp. 519-520
    • Begun, J.J.1    Aquadro, C.F.2
  • 38
    • 0030726434 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patterns of DNA variability at X-linked loci in Mus domesticus
    • Nachman, M. W. Patterns of DNA variability at X-linked loci in Mus domesticus Genetics 147, 1303-1316 (1997).
    • (1997) Genetics , vol.147 , pp. 1303-1316
    • Nachman, M.W.1
  • 39
    • 0035451450 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Single nuclectide polymorphisms and recombination rate in humans
    • Nachman, M. W. Single nuclectide polymorphisms and recombination rate in humans. Trends Genet. 17, 481-485 (2001).
    • (2001) Trends Genet. , vol.17 , pp. 481-485
    • Nachman, M.W.1
  • 40
    • 0033927343 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Joint effects of genetic hitchhiking and background selection on neutral variation
    • Kim, Y. & Stephan, W. Joint effects of genetic hitchhiking and background selection on neutral variation. Genetics 155, 1415-1427(2000).
    • (2000) Genetics , vol.155 , pp. 1415-1427
    • Kim, Y.1    Stephan, W.2
  • 41
    • 0037186608 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Testing the neutral theory of molecular evolution with genomic data from Drosophila
    • Fay, J. C., Wyckoff, G. J. & Wu, C. I. Testing the neutral theory of molecular evolution with genomic data from Drosophila. Nature 415, 1024-1026 (2002).
    • (2002) Nature , vol.415 , pp. 1024-1026
    • Fay, J.C.1    Wyckoff, G.J.2    Wu, C.I.3
  • 42
    • 0036889183 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inference of selection from multiple species alignments
    • Yang, Z. Inference of selection from multiple species alignments. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 12, 1-7 (2002).
    • (2002) Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. , vol.12 , pp. 1-7
    • Yang, Z.1
  • 43
    • 0035349729 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predicting adaptive evolution
    • Bush, R. M. Predicting adaptive evolution. Nature Rev. Genet. 2, 387-392 (2001).
    • (2001) Nature Rev. Genet. , vol.2 , pp. 387-392
    • Bush, R.M.1
  • 44
    • 0034688140 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rapid evolution of mate reproductive genes in the descent of man
    • Wyckoff, G. J., Wang, W. & Wu, C. I. Rapid evolution of mate reproductive genes in the descent of man Nature 403, 304-309 (2000).
    • (2000) Nature , vol.403 , pp. 304-309
    • Wyckoff, G.J.1    Wang, W.2    Wu, C.I.3
  • 45
    • 0035807336 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Positive selection of a gene family during the emergence of humans and African apes
    • Johnson, M. E. et al. Positive selection of a gene family during the emergence of humans and African apes. Nature 413, 514-519 (2001).
    • (2001) Nature , vol.413 , pp. 514-519
    • Johnson, M.E.1
  • 46
    • 0037158715 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular evolution of FOXP2, a gene involved in speech and language
    • Enard, W. et al. Molecular evolution of FOXP2, a gene involved in speech and language. Nature 418, 869-872 (2002).
    • (2002) Nature , vol.418 , pp. 869-872
    • Enard, W.1
  • 47
    • 0037224073 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sequencing the chimpanzee genome: Insights into human evolution and disease
    • Olsen, M. V. & Varki, A. Sequencing the chimpanzee genome: insights into human evolution and disease. Genetics 4, 20-28 (2003).
    • (2003) Genetics , vol.4 , pp. 20-28
    • Olsen, M.V.1    Varki, A.2
  • 48
    • 70349566593 scopus 로고
    • Diabetes mellitus: A 'thrifty' genotype rendered detrimental by 'progress'?
    • Neel, J. V. Diabetes mellitus: a 'thrifty' genotype rendered detrimental by 'progress'? Am. J. Hum. Genet. 14, 353-362 (1962).
    • (1962) Am. J. Hum. Genet. , vol.14 , pp. 353-362
    • Neel, J.V.1
  • 49
    • 0036724899 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • DNA sequence variation in a 3.7-kb noncoding sequence 5′ of the CYP1A2 gene: Implications for human population history and natural selection
    • Wooding, S. P. et al. DNA sequence variation in a 3.7-kb noncoding sequence 5′ of the CYP1A2 gene: implications for human population history and natural selection. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 71, 528-542 (2002).
    • (2002) Am. J. Hum. Genet. , vol.71 , pp. 528-542
    • Wooding, S.P.1
  • 50
    • 0037167852 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Detecting recent positive selection in the human genome from haplotype structure
    • Sabeti, P. C. et al. Detecting recent positive selection in the human genome from haplotype structure. Nature 419, 832-837 (2002).
    • (2002) Nature , vol.419 , pp. 832-837
    • Sabeti, P.C.1
  • 51
    • 0035919696 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Haplotype diversity and linkage disequilibrium at human G6PD: Recent origin of alleles that confer malarial resistance
    • Tishkoff, S. A. et al. Haplotype diversity and linkage disequilibrium at human G6PD: recent origin of alleles that confer malarial resistance. Science 293, 455-462 (2001).
    • (2001) Science , vol.293 , pp. 455-462
    • Tishkoff, S.A.1
  • 52
    • 0036963687 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nucleotide variability at G6PD and the signature of malarial selection in humans
    • in the press
    • Saunders, M. A., Hammer, M. F. & Nachman, M. W. Nucleotide variability at G6PD and the signature of malarial selection in humans. Genetics (in the press).
    • Genetics
    • Saunders, M.A.1    Hammer, M.F.2    Nachman, M.W.3
  • 53
    • 0036671928 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sequence variation and haplotype structure at the human HFE locus
    • Toomajian, C. & Kreitman, M. Sequence variation and haplotype structure at the human HFE locus. Genetics 161, 1609-1623 (2002).
    • (2002) Genetics , vol.161 , pp. 1609-1623
    • Toomajian, C.1    Kreitman, M.2
  • 54
    • 0012873437 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Archaic African and Asian lineages in the genetic ancestry of modern humans
    • Harding, R. M. Archaic African and Asian lineages in the genetic ancestry of modern humans. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 70, 369-383 (1997).
    • (1997) Am. J. Hum. Genet. , vol.70 , pp. 369-383
    • Harding, R.M.1
  • 55
    • 0036671454 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The matrix coalescent and an application to human single-nucleotide polymorphisms
    • Wooding, S. & Rogers, A. The matrix coalescent and an application to human single-nucleotide polymorphisms. Genetics 161, 1641-1650 (2002).
    • (2002) Genetics , vol.161 , pp. 1641-1650
    • Wooding, S.1    Rogers, A.2
  • 56
    • 0033911892 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Detection of the signature of natural selection in humans: Evidence from the Duffy blood group locus
    • Hamblin, M. T. & Di Rienzo, A. Detection of the signature of natural selection in humans: evidence from the Duffy blood group locus. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 66, 1669-1679 (2000).
    • (2000) Am. J. Hum. Genet. , vol.66 , pp. 1669-1679
    • Hamblin, M.T.1    Di Rienzo, A.2
  • 57
    • 0036157464 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Complex signatures of natural selection at the Duffy blood group locus
    • Hamblin, M. T. Thompson, E. E. & Di Rienzo, A. Complex signatures of natural selection at the Duffy blood group locus. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 70, 369-383 (2002). A meticulous analysis of the molecular signature of selection on a classical human trait, which illustrates the potential confounding effects of population history and the interaction of several selective forces.
    • (2002) Am. J. Hum. Genet. , vol.70 , pp. 369-383
    • Hamblin, M.T.1    Thompson, E.E.2    Di Rienzo, A.3
  • 58
    • 0033927855 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence for variable selective pressures at MC1R
    • Harding, R. M. et al. Evidence for variable selective pressures at MC1R. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 66, 1351-1361 (2000).
    • (2000) Am. J. Hum. Genet. , vol.66 , pp. 1351-1361
    • Harding, R.M.1
  • 59
    • 0034924340 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human DNA sequence variation in a 6.6-kb region containing the melanocortin 1 receptor promoter
    • Makova, K. D., Ramsay M., Jenkins, T. & Li, W. H. Human DNA sequence variation in a 6.6-kb region containing the melanocortin 1 receptor promoter. Genetics 158, 1253-1268 (2001).
    • (2001) Genetics , vol.158 , pp. 1253-1268
    • Makova, K.D.1    Ramsay, M.2    Jenkins, T.3    Li, W.H.4
  • 60
    • 18244373484 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence of positive selection acting at the human dopamine doicarnine receptor D4 gene locus
    • Ding, Y. C. et al. Evidence of positive selection acting at the human dopamine doicarnine receptor D4 gene locus. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 99, 309-314 (2002).
    • (2002) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.99 , pp. 309-314
    • Ding, Y.C.1
  • 61
    • 0035873844 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human populations show reduced DNA sequence variation at the factor IX locus
    • Harris, E. E. & Hey, J. Human populations show reduced DNA sequence variation at the factor IX locus. Curr. Biol. 11, 774-778 (2001).
    • (2001) Curr. Biol. , vol.11 , pp. 774-778
    • Harris, E.E.1    Hey, J.2
  • 62
    • 0033899763 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Contrasting evolutionary histories of two introns of the Duchenne muscular dystrophy gene, Dmd, in humans
    • Nachman, M. W. & Crowell, S. L. Contrasting evolutionary histories of two introns of the Duchenne muscular dystrophy gene, Dmd, in humans. Genetics 155, 1855-1864 (2000).
    • (2000) Genetics , vol.155 , pp. 1855-1864
    • Nachman, M.W.1    Crowell, S.L.2
  • 64
    • 0036479030 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification of a variant associated with adult-type hypolactasia
    • Enattah, N. S. et al. Identification of a variant associated with adult-type hypolactasia. Nature Genet. 30, 233-237 (2002). A good example of the difficulties of finding the functional variants under selection at a locus with a signature of positive selection.
    • (2002) Nature Genet. , vol.30 , pp. 233-237
    • Enattah, N.S.1
  • 65
    • 17344372255 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dating the origin of the CCR5-Δ32 AIDS-rasistance allele by the coalescence of haplotypes
    • Stephens, J. C. et al. Dating the origin of the CCR5-Δ32 AIDS-rasistance allele by the coalescence of haplotypes. Am. J. Hum. Genet 62, 1507-1515 (1998).
    • (1998) Am. J. Hum. Genet. , vol.62 , pp. 1507-1515
    • Stephens, J.C.1
  • 66
    • 6844240236 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Δ32-ccr5 mutation conferring protection against HIV-1 in Caucasian populations has a single and recent origin in Northeastern Europe
    • Leber, F. et al. The Δ32-ccr5 mutation conferring protection against HIV-1 in Caucasian populations has a single and recent origin in Northeastern Europe. Hum. Mol. Genet. 7, 399-406 (1998).
    • (1998) Hum. Mol. Genet. , vol.7 , pp. 399-406
    • Leber, F.1
  • 67
    • 0034660560 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pharmacogenetics and the practice of medicine
    • Roses, A. D. Pharmacogenetics and the practice of medicine. Nature 405, 857-865 (2001).
    • (2001) Nature , vol.405 , pp. 857-865
    • Roses, A.D.1
  • 68
    • 0012846403 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cytochrome P450 polymorphisms and response to antipsychotic therapy
    • Scordo, M. G. & Spina M. Cytochrome P450 polymorphisms and response to antipsychotic therapy. Pharmacogenomics 31, 1-18 (2002).
    • (2002) Pharmacogenomics , vol.31 , pp. 1-18
    • Scordo, M.G.1    Spina, M.2
  • 69
    • 0024445437 scopus 로고
    • Human CYP1A2: Sequence, gene structure, comparison with the mouse and rat orthologous gene, and differences in liver 1A2 mRNA expression
    • Ikeya, K. et al. Human CYP1A2: sequence, gene structure, comparison with the mouse and rat orthologous gene, and differences in liver 1A2 mRNA expression. Mol. Endocrinol. 3, 1399-1408 (1989).
    • (1989) Mol. Endocrinol. , vol.3 , pp. 1399-1408
    • Ikeya, K.1
  • 70
    • 0036245438 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genealogical trees, coalescent theory and the analysis of genetic polymorphisms
    • Rosenberg, N. A. & Nordborg, M. Genealogical trees, coalescent theory and the analysis of genetic polymorphisms. Nature Rev. Genet. 3, 380-390 (2002).
    • (2002) Nature Rev. Genet. , vol.3 , pp. 380-390
    • Rosenberg, N.A.1    Nordborg, M.2
  • 71
    • 0023760376 scopus 로고
    • The coalescent process in models with selection and recombination
    • Hudson, R. R. & Kaplan, N. L. The coalescent process in models with selection and recombination. Genetics 120, 831-840 (1988).
    • (1988) Genetics , vol.120 , pp. 831-840
    • Hudson, R.R.1    Kaplan, N.L.2
  • 72
    • 0035949547 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular genetics and the evolution of ultraviolet vision in vertebrates
    • Shi, Y., Radlwimmer, F. B. & Yokoyama, S. Molecular genetics and the evolution of ultraviolet vision in vertebrates. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 98, 11731-11736 (2001).
    • (2001) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.98 , pp. 11731-11736
    • Shi, Y.1    Radlwimmer, F.B.2    Yokoyama, S.3
  • 73
    • 0036468808 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Linkage disequilibrium: What history has to tell us
    • Nordborg, M. & Tavare, S. Linkage disequilibrium: what history has to tell us. Trends Genet. 18, 83-90 (2002).
    • (2002) Trends Genet. , vol.18 , pp. 83-90
    • Nordborg, M.1    Tavare, S.2
  • 74
    • 0001947980 scopus 로고
    • Malaria and human polymorphisms
    • Livingstone, F. B. Malaria and human polymorphisms. Annu. Rev. Genet. 5, 33-64 (1974).
    • (1974) Annu. Rev. Genet. , vol.5 , pp. 33-64
    • Livingstone, F.B.1
  • 75
    • 0035653671 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetics of susceptibility to human infectious disease
    • Cooke, G. S. & Hill, A. V. S. Genetics of susceptibility to human infectious disease. Nature Rev. Genet. 2, 967-977 (2001).
    • (2001) Nature Rev. Genet. , vol.2 , pp. 967-977
    • Cooke, G.S.1    Hill, A.V.S.2
  • 76
    • 0028301804 scopus 로고
    • Impact of malaria on genetic polymorphism and genetic diseases in Africans and African Americans
    • Miller, L. H. Impact of malaria on genetic polymorphism and genetic diseases in Africans and African Americans. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 91, 2415-2419 (1974).
    • (1974) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.91 , pp. 2415-2419
    • Miller, L.H.1
  • 77
    • 0026580948 scopus 로고
    • The molecular basis of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency
    • Vulliamy, T. J., Mason, P. & Luzzatto, L. The molecular basis of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. Trends Genet. 8, 138-142 (1992).
    • (1992) Trends Genet. , vol.8 , pp. 138-142
    • Vulliamy, T.J.1    Mason, P.2    Luzzatto, L.3
  • 78
    • 0027940492 scopus 로고
    • G6PD defciency
    • Beutler, E. G6PD defciency. Blood 84, 3613-3636 (1994).
    • (1994) Blood , vol.84 , pp. 3613-3636
    • Beutler, E.1
  • 79
    • 0029076429 scopus 로고
    • Natural selection of hemi- and heterozygotes for G6PD deficiency in Africa by resistance to severe malaria
    • Ruwende, C. et al. Natural selection of hemi- and heterozygotes for G6PD deficiency in Africa by resistance to severe malaria. Nature 376, 246-249 (1995).
    • (1995) Nature , vol.376 , pp. 246-249
    • Ruwende, C.1
  • 80
    • 0035823291 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Very large long-term effective population size in the virulent human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum
    • Austin, L. H. & Federica, V. Very large long-term effective population size in the virulent human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 268, 1855-1860 (2001).
    • (2001) Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B , vol.268 , pp. 1855-1860
    • Austin, L.H.1    Federica, V.2
  • 81
    • 0033181710 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The clay feet of the malaria giant and its African roots: Hypotheses and inferences about origin, spread and control of Plasmodium falciparum
    • Coluzzi, M. The clay feet of the malaria giant and its African roots: hypotheses and inferences about origin, spread and control of Plasmodium falciparum. Parassitologia 41, 277-283 (1999).
    • (1999) Parassitologia , vol.41 , pp. 277-283
    • Coluzzi, M.1
  • 82
    • 9344224529 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A novel MHC class I-like gene is mutated in patients with hereditary haemochromatosis
    • Feder, J. N. et al. A novel MHC class I-like gene is mutated in patients with hereditary haemochromatosis. Nature Genet. 13, 399-408 (1996).
    • (1996) Nature Genet. , vol.13 , pp. 399-408
    • Feder, J.N.1
  • 84
    • 16944362620 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Haplotype analysis of hemochromatosis: Evaluation of different linkage-disequilibrium approaches and evolution of disease chromosomes
    • Ajioka, R. S. et al. Haplotype analysis of hemochromatosis: evaluation of different linkage-disequilibrium approaches and evolution of disease chromosomes. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 60, 1439-1447 (1997).
    • (1997) Am. J. Hum. Genet. , vol.60 , pp. 1439-1447
    • Ajioka, R.S.1
  • 85
    • 0031744492 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Haplotype and linkage disequilibrium analysis of the hereditary hemochromatosis gene region
    • Thomas, W. et al. Haplotype and linkage disequilibrium analysis of the hereditary hemochromatosis gene region. Hum. Genet. 102, 517-525 (1998).
    • (1998) Hum. Genet. , vol.102 , pp. 517-525
    • Thomas, W.1
  • 86
    • 0029827481 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical and biochemical abnormalities in people heterozygous for hemochromatosis
    • Bulaj, Z. J., Griffen, L. M., Jorde, L. B., Edwards, C. Q. & Kushner, J. P. Clinical and biochemical abnormalities in people heterozygous for hemochromatosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 335, 1799-1805 (1996).
    • (1996) N. Engl. J. Med. , vol.335 , pp. 1799-1805
    • Bulaj, Z.J.1    Griffen, L.M.2    Jorde, L.B.3    Edwards, C.Q.4    Kushner, J.P.5
  • 87
    • 0026660118 scopus 로고
    • Anemia vs iron deficiency: Increased risk of preterm delivery in a prospective study
    • Scholl, T. O., Hediger M. L., Fischer, R. L. & Shearer, J. W. Anemia vs iron deficiency: increased risk of preterm delivery in a prospective study. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 55, 985-988 (1992).
    • (1992) Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , vol.55 , pp. 985-988
    • Scholl, T.O.1    Hediger, M.L.2    Fischer, R.L.3    Shearer, J.W.4
  • 88
    • 0034969437 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Are rare variants responsible for susceptibility to complex diseases?
    • Pritchard, J. K. Are rare variants responsible for susceptibility to complex diseases? Am. J. Hum. Genet. 69, 124-137 (2001).
    • (2001) Am. J. Hum. Genet. , vol.69 , pp. 124-137
    • Pritchard, J.K.1
  • 90
    • 0013937664 scopus 로고
    • A molecular approach to the study of genetic heterozygosity in natural populations. II. Amount of variation and degree of heterozygosity in natural populations of Drosophila pseudoobscura
    • Lewontin, R. C. & Hubby, J. L. A molecular approach to the study of genetic heterozygosity in natural populations. II. Amount of variation and degree of heterozygosity in natural populations of Drosophila pseudoobscura Genetics 54, 595-609 (1966).
    • (1966) Genetics , vol.54 , pp. 595-609
    • Lewontin, R.C.1    Hubby, J.L.2
  • 91
    • 0023815589 scopus 로고
    • The coalescent process in models with selection
    • Kaplan, N. L., Darden, T. & Hudson, R. R. The coalescent process in models with selection. Genetics 120, 819-829 (1988).
    • (1988) Genetics , vol.120 , pp. 819-829
    • Kaplan, N.L.1    Darden, T.2    Hudson, R.R.3
  • 92
    • 0033524474 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Self-incompatibility alleles from Physalis: Implications for historical inference from balanced genetic polymorphisms
    • Richman, A. D. & Kohn, J. R. Self-incompatibility alleles from Physalis: implications for historical inference from balanced genetic polymorphisms Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 96, 168-172 (1999).
    • (1999) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.96 , pp. 168-172
    • Richman, A.D.1    Kohn, J.R.2
  • 93
    • 0032426345 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Natural selection at major histocompatibility complex loci of vertebrates
    • Hughes, A. L. & Yeager, M. Natural selection at major histocompatibility complex loci of vertebrates. Annu. Rev. Genet. 32, 415-435 (1998).
    • (1998) Annu. Rev. Genet. , vol.32 , pp. 415-435
    • Hughes, A.L.1    Yeager, M.2
  • 94
    • 0036842917 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence for balancing selection from nucleotide sequence analyses of human G6PD
    • Verrelli, B. C. et al. Evidence for balancing selection from nucleotide sequence analyses of human G6PD. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 71, 1112-1128 (2002).
    • (2002) Am. J. Hum. Genet. , vol.71 , pp. 1112-1128
    • Verrelli, B.C.1
  • 95
    • 0036187509 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Natural selection on the erythrocyte surface
    • Baum, J., Ward, R. H. & Conway, D. H. Natural selection on the erythrocyte surface. Mol. Biol. Evol. 19, 223-229 (2002).
    • (2002) Mol. Biol. Evol. , vol.19 , pp. 223-229
    • Baum, J.1    Ward, R.H.2    Conway, D.H.3
  • 96
    • 0035346169 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A population genetics study of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the interleukin 4 receptor a (IL4RA) gene
    • Wu, X., Di Rienzo, A. & Ober, C. A population genetics study of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the interleukin 4 receptor a (IL4RA) gene. Genes Immun. 2, 128-134 (2001).
    • (2001) Genes Immun. , vol.2 , pp. 128-134
    • Wu, X.1    Di Rienzo, A.2    Ober, C.3
  • 97
    • 15844388931 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Homozygous defect in HIV-1 coreceptor accounts for resistance of some multiply exposed individuals to HIV-1 infection
    • Liu, R. et al. Homozygous defect in HIV-1 coreceptor accounts for resistance of some multiply exposed individuals to HIV-1 infection. Cell 86, 367-377 (1996).
    • (1996) Cell , vol.86 , pp. 367-377
    • Liu, R.1
  • 98
    • 0033837024 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of subdivision on variation at multi-allelic loci under balancing selection
    • Schierup, M. H., Vekemans, X. & Charlesworth, D. The effect of subdivision on variation at multi-allelic loci under balancing selection. Genet. Res. 76, 51-62 (2000).
    • (2000) Genet. Res. , vol.76 , pp. 51-62
    • Schierup, M.H.1    Vekemans, X.2    Charlesworth, D.3
  • 99
    • 0031450133 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of local selection, balanced polymorphism and background selection on equilibrium patterns of genetic diversity in subdivided populations
    • Charlesworth, B., Nordborg, M. & Charlesworth, D. The effects of local selection, balanced polymorphism and background selection on equilibrium patterns of genetic diversity in subdivided populations. Genet. Res. 70, 155-174 (1997).
    • (1997) Genet. Res. , vol.70 , pp. 155-174
    • Charlesworth, B.1    Nordborg, M.2    Charlesworth, D.3
  • 100
    • 0025255468 scopus 로고
    • Allelic genealogy under overdominant and frequency-dependent selection and polymorphism of major histocompatibility complex loci
    • Takahata, N. & Nei, M. Allelic genealogy under overdominant and frequency-dependent selection and polymorphism of major histocompatibility complex loci. Genetics 124, 967-978 (1990).
    • (1990) Genetics , vol.124 , pp. 967-978
    • Takahata, N.1    Nei, M.2
  • 101
    • 0032929373 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolution of HLA class II molecules: Allelic and amino acid site variability across populations
    • Salamon, H. et al. Evolution of HLA class II molecules: allelic and amino acid site variability across populations. Genetics 152, 393-400 (1999).
    • (1999) Genetics , vol.152 , pp. 393-400
    • Salamon, H.1
  • 102
    • 0031773259 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • HLA-H a pseudogene with increased variation due to balancing selection at neighboring loci
    • Grimsley, C. Mather, K. A. & Ober, C. HLA-H: a pseudogene with increased variation due to balancing selection at neighboring loci. Mol. Biol. Evol. 15, 1581-1588 (1998).
    • (1998) Mol. Biol. Evol. , vol.15 , pp. 1581-1588
    • Grimsley, C.1    Mather, K.A.2    Ober, C.3
  • 103
    • 1542802459 scopus 로고
    • Our load of mutation
    • Muller, H. J. Our load of mutation. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 2, 111-176 (1950).
    • (1950) Am. J. Hum. Genet. , vol.2 , pp. 111-176
    • Muller, H.J.1
  • 105
    • 0035986885 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Searching for evidence of positive selection in the human genome using patterns of microsatellite variability
    • Payseur, B. A., Cutter, A. D. & Nachman, M. W. Searching for evidence of positive selection in the human genome using patterns of microsatellite variability Mol. Biol. Evol. 19, 1143-1153 (2002).
    • (2002) Mol. Biol. Evol. , vol.19 , pp. 1143-1153
    • Payseur, B.A.1    Cutter, A.D.2    Nachman, M.W.3
  • 106
    • 0032991552 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characterization of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in coding regions of human genes
    • Cargill, M. et al. Characterization of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in coding regions of human genes. Nature Genet. 22, 231-238 (1999).
    • (1999) Nature Genet. , vol.22 , pp. 231-238
    • Cargill, M.1
  • 107
    • 0034255419 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • SNP frequencies in human genes an excess of rare alleles and differing modes of selection
    • Sunyaev, S. R., Lathe, W. C., Ramensky, V. E. & Bork, P. SNP frequencies in human genes an excess of rare alleles and differing modes of selection. Trends Genet. 16, 335-337 (2000).
    • (2000) Trends Genet. , vol.16 , pp. 335-337
    • Sunyaev, S.R.1    Lathe, W.C.2    Ramensky, V.E.3    Bork, P.4
  • 108
    • 0036911353 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interrogating a high-density SNP map for signatures of natural selection
    • Akey, J. M., Zhang, G., Zhang, K., Jin, L. & Shriver, M. D. Interrogating a high-density SNP map for signatures of natural selection. Genome Res. 12, 1805-1814 (2002).
    • (2002) Genome Res. , vol.12 , pp. 1805-1814
    • Akey, J.M.1    Zhang, G.2    Zhang, K.3    Jin, L.4    Shriver, M.D.5
  • 109
    • 0032098302 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of selective sweeps on the variance of the allele distribution of a linked multiallele locus: Hitchhiking of microsatellites
    • Wiehe, T. The effect of selective sweeps on the variance of the allele distribution of a linked multiallele locus: hitchhiking of microsatellites. Theor. Popul. Biol. 53, 272-283 (1998).
    • (1998) Theor. Popul. Biol. , vol.53 , pp. 272-283
    • Wiehe, T.1
  • 110
    • 0036263105 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Population, evolutionary and genomic consequences of interference selection
    • Comeron, J. M. & Kreitman, M. Population, evolutionary and genomic consequences of interference selection. Genetics 161, 389-410 (2002).
    • (2002) Genetics , vol.161 , pp. 389-410
    • Comeron, J.M.1    Kreitman, M.2
  • 111
    • 0035989435 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of multilocus balancing selection on neutral variability
    • Navarro, A. & Barton, N. H. The effects of multilocus balancing selection on neutral variability. Genetics 161, 849-863 (2002).
    • (2002) Genetics , vol.161 , pp. 849-863
    • Navarro, A.1    Barton, N.H.2
  • 112
    • 0016491430 scopus 로고
    • On the number of segregating sites in genetical models without recombination
    • Watterson, G. A. On the number of segregating sites in genetical models without recombination. Theor. Popul. Biol. 7, 256-276 (1975).
    • (1975) Theor. Popul. Biol. , vol.7 , pp. 256-276
    • Watterson, G.A.1
  • 113
    • 0021066244 scopus 로고
    • Evolutionary relationships of DNA sequences in finite populations
    • Tajima, F. Evolutionary relationships of DNA sequences in finite populations. Genetics 105, 437-460 (1983).
    • (1983) Genetics , vol.105 , pp. 437-460
    • Tajima, F.1
  • 114
    • 0035865322 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A map of human genome sequence variation containing 1.42 million single nucleotide polymorphisms
    • Sachidanandam, R. et al. A map of human genome sequence variation containing 1.42 million single nucleotide polymorphisms. Nature 409, 928-933 (2001).
    • (2001) Nature , vol.409 , pp. 928-933
    • Sachidanandam, R.1
  • 115
    • 0026053092 scopus 로고
    • Low nueleotide diversity in man
    • Li, W. H. & Sadler, L. A. Low nueleotide diversity in man Genetics 129, 513-523 (1991).
    • (1991) Genetics , vol.129 , pp. 513-523
    • Li, W.H.1    Sadler, L.A.2
  • 116
    • 0036725017 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human genome sequence variation and the influence of gene history, mutation and recombination
    • Reich, D. E. et al. Human genome sequence variation and the influence of gene history, mutation and recombination. Nature Genet. 32, 135-142 (2002).
    • (2002) Nature Genet. , vol.32 , pp. 135-142
    • Reich, D.E.1
  • 117
    • 15144359446 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic structure of the ancestral population of modern humans
    • Zietkiewicz, E. et al. Genetic structure of the ancestral population of modern humans. J. Mol. Evol. 47, 146-155 (1998).
    • (1998) J. Mol. Evol. , vol.47 , pp. 146-155
    • Zietkiewicz, E.1
  • 118
    • 0024313579 scopus 로고
    • Statistical method for testing the neutral mutation hypothesis by DNA polymorphism
    • Talima, F. Statistical method for testing the neutral mutation hypothesis by DNA polymorphism. Genetics 123, 585-595 (1989).
    • (1989) Genetics , vol.123 , pp. 585-595
    • Talima, F.1
  • 119
    • 0033911640 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hitchhiking under positive Darwinian selection
    • Fay, J. C. & Wu, C. I. Hitchhiking under positive Darwinian selection. Genetics 155, 1405-1413 (2000). Introduces a new statistical test of neutrality on the basis of the prediction that, immediately after a selective sweep, an excess of high-frequency-derived polymorphisms is expected at linked sites.
    • (2000) Genetics , vol.155 , pp. 1405-1413
    • Fay, J.C.1    Wu, C.I.2
  • 120
    • 0036196885 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The signature of positive selection at randomly chosen loci
    • Przeworski, M. The signature of positive selection at randomly chosen loci. Genetics 160, 1179-1189 (2002).
    • (2002) Genetics , vol.160 , pp. 1179-1189
    • Przeworski, M.1
  • 121
    • 0033779877 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dichotomy of single-nucleotide polymorphism haplotypes in olfactory receptor genes and pseudogenes
    • Gilad, Y. et al. Dichotomy of single-nucleotide polymorphism haplotypes in olfactory receptor genes and pseudogenes. Nature Genet. 26, 221-224 (2000).
    • (2000) Nature Genet. , vol.26 , pp. 221-224
    • Gilad, Y.1
  • 122
    • 0034425607 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adaptive evolution of the tumor suppressor BRCA 1 in humans and chimpanzees
    • Huttley, G. A. et al. Adaptive evolution of the tumor suppressor BRCA 1 in humans and chimpanzees. Nature Genet. 25, 410-413 (2000).
    • (2000) Nature Genet. , vol.25 , pp. 410-413
    • Huttley, G.A.1
  • 123
    • 0032849322 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A method for detecting positive selection at single amino acid sites
    • Suzuki, Y. & Gojobon, T. A method for detecting positive selection at single amino acid sites. Mol. Biol. Evol. 16, 1315-1328 (1999).
    • (1999) Mol. Biol. Evol. , vol.16 , pp. 1315-1328
    • Suzuki, Y.1    Gojobon, T.2
  • 124
    • 0036888985 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Towards a molecular characterization of adaptation in local populations
    • Schlotterer, C. Towards a molecular characterization of adaptation in local populations. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 12, 1-4 (2002).
    • (2002) Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. , vol.12 , pp. 1-4
    • Schlotterer, C.1
  • 125
    • 0015879546 scopus 로고
    • Distribution of gene frequency as a test of the theory of the selective neutrality of polymorphisms
    • Lewontin, R. C. & Krakauer, J. Distribution of gene frequency as a test of the theory of the selective neutrality of polymorphisms. Genetics 74, 175-195 (1973).
    • (1973) Genetics , vol.74 , pp. 175-195
    • Lewontin, R.C.1    Krakauer, J.2
  • 126
    • 0026087208 scopus 로고
    • Drift, admixture, and selection in human evolution: A study with DNA polymorphisms
    • Bowcock, A. M. et al. Drift, admixture, and selection in human evolution: a study with DNA polymorphisms. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 88, 839-843 (1991).
    • (1991) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.88 , pp. 839-843
    • Bowcock, A.M.1
  • 127
    • 0030467524 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluating loci for use in genetic analysis of population structure
    • Beaumont, M. A. & Nichols, R. A Evaluating loci for use in genetic analysis of population structure. Proc. R Soc. Lond. B 263, 1619-1626 (1996).
    • (1996) Proc. R Soc. Lond. B , vol.263 , pp. 1619-1626
    • Beaumont, M.A.1    Nichols, R.A.2
  • 128
    • 0026428610 scopus 로고
    • Adaptive protein evolution at the ADH locus in Drosophila
    • McDonald, J. H. & Kreitman, M. Adaptive protein evolution at the ADH locus in Drosophila. Nature 351, 652-654 (1991).
    • (1991) Nature , vol.351 , pp. 652-654
    • McDonald, J.H.1    Kreitman, M.2
  • 129
    • 0027453041 scopus 로고
    • Statistical tests of neutrality of mutations
    • Fu, X. Y. & Li, W. H. Statistical tests of neutrality of mutations. Genetics 133, 693-709 (1993).
    • (1993) Genetics , vol.133 , pp. 693-709
    • Fu, X.Y.1    Li, W.H.2
  • 130
    • 0022005270 scopus 로고
    • A new method for estimating synonymous and nonsynonymous rates of nucleotide substitution considering the relative likelihood of nucleotide and codon changes
    • Li, W. H., Wu, C. I. & Luo, C. C. A new method for estimating synonymous and nonsynonymous rates of nucleotide substitution considering the relative likelihood of nucleotide and codon changes. Mol. Biol. Evol 2, 150-174 (1985).
    • (1985) Mol. Biol. Evol. , vol.2 , pp. 150-174
    • Li, W.H.1    Wu, C.I.2    Luo, C.C.3
  • 131
    • 0022507362 scopus 로고
    • Simple methods for estimating the numbers of synonymous and nonsynonymous nucleotide substitutions
    • Nei, M. & Gojobori, T. Simple methods for estimating the numbers of synonymous and nonsynonymous nucleotide substitutions. Mol. Biol. Evol. 3, 418-426 (1985)
    • (1985) Mol. Biol. Evol. , vol.3 , pp. 418-426
    • Nei, M.1    Gojobori, T.2
  • 132
    • 0023339852 scopus 로고
    • A test of neutral molecular evolution based on nucleotide data
    • Hudson, R. R., Kreitman, M. & Aguade, M. A test of neutral molecular evolution based on nucleotide data. Genetics 116, 153-159 (1987).
    • (1987) Genetics , vol.116 , pp. 153-159
    • Hudson, R.R.1    Kreitman, M.2    Aguade, M.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.