Molecular basis of pathogenesis of FMDV

Virus Research

Volumn 91, Issue 1, 2003, Pages 9-32

  Mason, Peter W ^a   Grubman, Marvin J ^a   Baxt, Barry ^a  

^a PLUM ISLAND ANIMAL DISEASE CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Attenuation; Foot and mouth disease; Interferon; Pathogenesis; Picornavirus; Receptors; Virulence

Indexed keywords

PROTEINASE; VIRUS PROTEIN;

3' UNTRANSLATED REGION; 5' UNTRANSLATED REGION; ANIMAL DISEASE; FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE; FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE VIRUS; GENE STRUCTURE; NONHUMAN; PATHOGENESIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN STRUCTURE; REVIEW; VIRUS CELL INTERACTION; VIRUS GENOME;

ANIMALS; CATTLE; CELL LINE; CRICETINAE; FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE; FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE VIRUS; MICE; VIRAL PROTEINS; VIRULENCE;

ANIMALIA; FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE VIRUS; PICORNAVIRIDAE; POLIOVIRUS; RNA VIRUSES;

EID: 0037232731     PISSN: 01681702     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0168-1702(02)00257-5     Document Type: Review

References (324)

1. Acharya R., Fry E., Stuart D., Fox G., Rowlands D., Brown F. The three-dimensional structure of foot-and-mouth disease virus at 2.9 Å resolution. Nature. 337:1989;709-716.
2. Ahl R., Rump A. Assay of bovine interferons in cultures of the porcine cell line IB-RS-2. Infect. Immun. 14:1976;603-606.
3. Allaire M., Chernaia M.M., Malcolm B.A., James M.N. Picornaviral 3C cysteine proteinases have a fold similar to chymotrypsin-like serine proteinases. Nature. 369:1994;72-76.
4. Almeida M.R., Rieder E., Chinsangaram J., Ward G., Beard C., Grubman M.J., Mason P.W. Construction and evaluation of an attenuated vaccine for foot-and-mouth disease: difficulty adapting the leader proteinase-deleted strategy to the serotype O1 virus. Virus Res. 55:1998;49-60.
5. Andino R., Rieckhof G.E., Baltimore D. A functional ribonucleoprotein complex forms around the 5′ end of poliovirus RNA. Cell. 63:1990;369-380.
6. Andino R., Rieckhof G.E., Achacoso P.L., Baltimore D. Poliovirus RNA synthesis utilizes an RNP complex formed around the 5′-end of viral RNA. EMBO J. 12:1993;3587-3598.
7. Ansardi D.C., Porter D.C., Morrow C.D. Myristylation of poliovirus capsid precursor P1 is required for assembly of subviral particles. J. Virol. 66:1992;4556-4563.
8. Ansardi D.C., Porter D.C., Anderson M.J., Morrow C.D. Poliovirus assembly and encapsidation of genomic RNA. Adv. Virus Res. 46:1996;1-68.
9. Argos P., Kamer G., Nicklin M.J., Wimmer E. Similarity in gene organization and homology between proteins of animal picornaviruses and a plant comovirus suggest common ancestry of these virus families. Nucleic Acids Res. 12:1984;7251-7267.
10. Arnold E., Luo M., Vriend G., Rossmann M.G., Palmenberg A.C., Parks G.D., Nicklin M.J., Wimmer E. Implications of the picornavirus capsid structure for polyprotein processing. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 84:1987;21-25.
11. Bablanian G.M., Grubman M.J. Characterization of the foot-and-mouth disease virus 3C protease expressed in Escherichia coli. Virology. 197:1993;320-327.
12. Bachrach H.L. Foot-and-mouth disease virus: properties, molecular biology and immunogenicity. Beltsville Symp. Agric. Res. 1:1977;3-32.
13. Bachrach H.L., Moore D.M., McKercher P.D., Polatnick J. Immune and antibody responses to an isolated capsid protein of foot-and-mouth disease virus. J. Immunol. 115:1975;1636-1641.
14. Bachrach H.L., Morgan D.O., Moore D.M. Foot-and-mouth disease virus immunogenic capsid protein VPT: N-terminal sequences and immunogenic peptides obtained by CNBr and tryptic cleavages. Intervirology. 12:1979;65-72.
15. Bachrach H.L., Morgan D.O., McKercher P.D., Moore D.M., Robertson B.H. Foot-and-mouth disease virus: immunogenicity and structure of fragments derived from capsid protein VP and of virus containing cleaved VP. Vet. Microbiol. 7:1982;85-96.
16. Baltera R.F. Jr, Tershak D.R. Guanidine-resistant mutants of poliovirus have distinct mutations in peptide 2C. J. Virol. 63:1989;4441-4444.
17. Banerjee R., Echeverri A., Dasgupta A. Poliovirus-encoded 2C polypeptide specifically binds to the 3′-terminal sequences of viral negative-strand RNA. J. Virol. 71:1997;9570-9578.
18. Banerjee R., Tsai W., Kim W., Dasgupta A. Interaction of poliovirus-encoded 2C/2BC polypeptides with the 3′ terminus negative-strand cloverleaf requires an intact stem-loop b. Virology. 280:2001;41-51.
19. Baranowski E., Ruiz-Jarabo C.M., Sevilla N., Andreu D., Beck E., Domingo E. Cell recognition by foot-and-mouth disease virus that lacks the RGD integrin-binding motif: flexibility in aphthovirus receptor usage. J. Virol. 74:2000;1641-1647.
20. Baranowski E., Ruiz-Jarabo C.M., Lim F., Domingo E. Foot-and-mouth disease virus lacking the VP1 G-H Loop: the mutant spectrum uncovers interactions among antigenic sites for fitness gain. Virology. 288:2001;192-202.
21. Barteling S.J., Meloen R.H., Wagenaar F., Gielkens A.L. Isolation and characterization of trypsin-resistant O1 variants of foot-and-mouth disease virus. J. Gen. Virol. 43:1979;383-393.
22. Barton D.J., Flanegan J.B. Synchronous replication of poliovirus RNA: initiation of negative-strand RNA synthesis requires the guanidine-inhibited activity of protein 2C. J. Virol. 71:1997;8482-8489.
23. Barton D.J., O'Donnell B.J., Flanegan J.B. 5′ Cloverleaf in poliovirus RNA is a cis-acting replication element required for negative-strand synthesis. EMBO J. 20:2001;1439-1448.
24. Basavappa R., Syed R., Flore O., Icenogle J.P., Filman D.J., Hogle J.M. Role and mechanism of the maturation cleavage of VP0 in poliovirus assembly: structure of the empty capsid assembly intermediate at 2.9 Å resolution. Protein Sci. 3:1994;1651-1669.
25. Baxt B. Effect of lysosomotropic compounds on early events in foot-and-mouth disease virus replication. Virus Res. 7:1987;257-271.
26. Baxt B., Bachrach H.L. Early interactions of foot-and-mouth disease virus with cultured cells. Virology. 104:1980;42-55.
27. Baxt B., Bachrach H.L. The adsorption and degradation of foot-and-mouth disease virus by isolated BHK-21 cell plasma membranes. Virology. 116:1982;391-405.
28. Baxt B., Becker Y. The effect of peptides containing the arginine-glycine-aspartic acid sequence on the adsorption of foot-and-mouth disease virus to tissue culture cells. Virus Genes. 4:1990;73-83.
29. Baxt B., Mason P.W. Foot-and-mouth disease virus undergoes restricted replication in macrophage cell cultures following Fc receptor-mediated adsorption. Virology. 207:1995;503-509.
30. Baxt B., Vakharia V., Moore D.M., Franke A.J., Morgan D.O. Analysis of neutralizing antigenic sites on the surface of type A12 foot-and-mouth disease virus. J. Virol. 63:1989;2143-2151.
31. Bazan J.F., Fletterick R.J. Viral cysteine proteases are homologous to the trypsin-like family of serine proteases: structural and functional implications. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 85:1988;7872-7876.
32. Beard C.W., Mason P.W. Genetic determinants of altered virulence of Taiwanese foot-and-mouth disease virus. J. Virol. 74:2000;987-991.
33. Beckman M.T., Kirkegaard K. Site size of cooperative single-stranded RNA binding by poliovirus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. J. Biol. Chem. 273:1998;6724-6730.
34. Bell Y.C., Semler B.L., Ehrenfeld E. Requirements for RNA replication of a poliovirus replicon by coxsackievirus B3 RNA polymerase. J. Virol. 73:1999;9413-9421.
35. Belnap D.M., Filman D.J., Trus B.L., Cheng N., Booy F.P., Conway J.F., Curry S., Hiremath C.N., Tsang S.K., Steven A.C., Hogle J.M. Molecular tectonic model of virus structural transitions: the putative cell entry states of poliovirus. J. Virol. 74:2000;1342-1354.
36. Belnap D.M., McDermott B.M. Jr, Filman D.J., Cheng N., Trus B.L., Zuccola H.J., Racaniello V.R., Hogle J.M., Steven A.C. Three-dimensional structure of poliovirus receptor bound to poliovirus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 97:2000;73-78.
37. Belsham G.J., Brangwyn J.K. A region of the 5′ noncoding region of foot-and-mouth disease virus RNA directs efficient internal initiation of protein synthesis within cells: involvement with the role of L-protease in translational control. J. Virol. 64:1990;5389-5395.
38. Belsham G.J., McInerney G.M., Ross-Smith N. Foot-and-mouth disease virus 3C protease induces cleavage of translation initiation factors eIF4A and eIF4G within infected cells. J. Virol. 74:2000;272-280.
39. 3) inhibit binding and infection of foot-and-mouth disease virus to cultured cells. J. Virol. 69:1995;2664-2666.
40. Bienz K., Egger D., Rasser Y., Bossart W. Intracellular distribution of poliovirus proteins and the induction of virus-specific cytoplasmic structures. Virology. 131:1983;39-48.
41. Bienz K., Egger D., Pasamontes L. Association of polioviral proteins of the P2 genomic region with the viral replication complex and virus-induced membrane synthesis as visualized by electron microscopic immunocytochemistry and autoradiography. Virology. 160:1987;220-226.
42. Bienz K., Egger D., Troxler M., Pasamontes L. Structural organization of poliovirus RNA replication is mediated by viral proteins of the P2 genomic region. J. Virol. 64:1990;1156-1163.
43. Bienz K., Egger D., Pfister T., Troxler M. Structural and functional characterization of the poliovirus replication complex. J. Virol. 66:1992;2740-2747.
44. Biron C.A., Sen G.C. Interferons and other cytokines. Knipe D.M., Howley P.H. Fields' Virology. 2001;321-351 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia.
45. Bishop N.E., Anderson D.A. Hepatitis A virus subviral particles: purification, accumulation, and relative infectivity of virions, provirions and procapsids. Arch. Virol. 142:1997;2147-2160.
46. Bittle J.L., Houghten R.A., Alexander H., Shinnick T.M., Sutcliffe J.G., Lerner R.A., Rowlands D.J., Brown F. Protection against foot-and-mouth disease by immunization with a chemically synthesized peptide predicted from the viral nucleotide sequence. Nature. 298:1982;30-33.
47. Bolten R., Egger D., Gosert R., Schaub G., Landmann L., Bienz K. Intracellular localization of poliovirus plus- and minus-strand RNA visualized by strand-specific fluorescent In situ hybridization. J. Virol. 72:1998;8578-8585.
48. Brown, F., 2003. The history of research in foot-and-mouth disease. Virus 91, 3-7.
49. Brown F., Newman J., Stott J., Porter A., Frisby D., Newton C., Carey N., Fellner P. Poly(C) in animal viral RNAs. Nature. 251:1974;342-344.
50. Brown C.C., Piccone M.E., Mason P.W., McKenna T.S., Grubman M.J. Pathogenesis of wild-type and leaderless foot-and-mouth disease virus in cattle. J. Virol. 70:1996;5638-5641.
51. Brown C.C., Chinsangaram J., Grubman M.J. Type I interferon production in cattle infected with 2 strains of foot-and-mouth disease virus, as determined by in situ hybridization. Can. J. Vet. Res. 64:2000;130-133.
52. Caliguiri L.A., Tamm I. Action of guanidine on the replication of poliovirus RNA. Virology. 35:1968;408-417.
53. Cao X.M., Bergmann I.E., Beck E. Comparison of the 5′ and 3′ untranslated genomic regions of virulent and attenuated foot-and-mouth disease viruses (strains O1 Campos and C3 Resende). J. Gen. Virol. 72:1991;2821-2825.
54. Cao X., Bergmann I.E., Fullkrug R., Beck E. Functional analysis of the two alternative translation initiation sites of foot-and-mouth disease virus. J. Virol. 69:1995;560-563.
55. Carrillo E.C., Giachetti C., Campos R.H. Effect of lysosomotropic agents on the foot-and-mouth disease virus replication. Virology. 135:1984;542-545.
56. Carrillo E.C., Giachetti C., Campos R. Early steps in FMDV replication: further analysis on the effects of chloroquine. Virology. 147:1985;118-125.
57. Cavanagh D., Sangar D.V., Rowlands D.J., Brown F. Immunogenic and cell attachment sites of FMDV: further evidence for their location in a single capsid polypeptide. J. Gen. Virol. 35:1977;149-158.
58. Cavanagh D., Rowlands D.J., Brown F. Early events in the interaction between foot-and-mouth disease virus and primary pig kidney cells. J. Gen. Virol. 41:1978;255-264.
59. Chinsangaram J., Mason P.W., Grubman M.J. Protection of swine by live and inactivated vaccines prepared from a leader proteinase-deficient serotype A12 foot-and-mouth disease virus. Vaccine. 16:1998;1516-1522.
60. Chinsangaram J., Piccone M.E., Grubman M.J. Ability of foot-and-mouth disease virus to form plaques in cell culture is associated with suppression of α/β-interferon. J. Virol. 73:1999;9891-9898.
61. Chinsangaram J., Koster M., Grubman M.J. Inhibition of L-deleted foot-and-mouth disease virus replication by α/β-interferon involves double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase. J. Virol. 75:2001;5498-5503.
62. Cho M.W., Teterina N., Egger D., Bienz K., Ehrenfeld E. Membrane rearrangement and vesicle induction by recombinant poliovirus 2C and 2BC in human cells. Virology. 202:1994;129-145.
63. Chow M., Newman J.F., Filman D., Hogle J.M., Rowlands D.J., Brown F. Myristylation of picornavirus capsid protein VP4 and its structural significance. Nature. 327:1987;482-486.
64. Clark M.E., Hammerle T., Wimmer E., Dasgupta A. Poliovirus proteinase 3C converts an active form of transcription factor IIIC to an inactive form: a mechanism for inhibition of host cell polymerase III transcription by poliovirus. EMBO J. 10:1991;2941-2947.
65. Clark M.E., Lieberman P.M., Berk A.J., Dasgupta A. Direct cleavage of human TATA-binding protein by poliovirus protease 3C in vivo and in vitro. Mol. Cell. Biol. 13:1993;1232-1237.
66. Clarke B.E., Sangar D.V. Processing and assembly of foot-and-mouth disease virus proteins using subgenomic RNA. J. Gen. Virol. 69:1988;2313-2325.
67. Clarke B.E., Sangar D.V., Burroughs J.N., Newton S.E., Carroll A.R., Rowlands D.J. Two initiation sites for foot-and-mouth disease virus polyprotein in vivo. J. Gen. Virol. 66:1985;2615-2626.
68. Clarke B.E., Brown A.L., Currey K.M., Newton S.E., Rowlands D.J., Carroll A.R. Potential secondary and tertiary structure in the genomic RNA of foot and mouth disease virus. Nucleic Acids Res. 15:1987;7067-7079.
69. Costa Giomi M.P., Bergmann I.E., Scodeller E.A., Auge de Mello P., Gomez I., La Torre J.L. Heterogeneity of the polyribocytidylic acid tract in aphthovirus: biochemical and biological studies of viruses carrying polyribocytidylic acid tracts of different lengths. J. Virol. 51:1984;799-805.
70. Cowan K.M., Graves J.H. A third antigenic component associated with foot-and-mouth disease infection. Virology. 30:1966;528-540.
71. Cui T., Porter A.G. Localization of binding site for encephalomyocarditis virus RNA polymerase in the 3′-noncoding region of the viral RNA. Nucleic Acids Res. 23:1995;377-382.
72. Cui T., Sankar S., Porter A.G. Binding of encephalomyocarditis virus RNA polymerase to the 3′-noncoding region of the viral RNA is specific and requires the 3′-poly(A) tail. J. Biol. Chem. 268:1993;26093-26098.
73. Curry S., Abrams C.C., Fry E., Crowther J.C., Belsham G.J., Stuart D.I., King A.M. Viral RNA modulates the acid sensitivity of foot-and-mouth disease virus capsids. J. Virol. 69:1995;430-438.
74. Curry S., Chow M., Hogle J.M. The poliovirus 135S particle is infectious. J. Virol. 70:1996;7125-7131.
75. Curry S., Fry E., Blakemore W., Abu-Ghazaleh R., Jackson T., King A., Lea S., Newman J., Stuart D. Dissecting the roles of VP0 cleavage and RNA packaging in picornavirus capsid stabilization: the structure of empty capsids of foot-and-mouth disease virus. J. Virol. 71:1997;9743-9752.
76. Datta U., Dasgupta A. Expression and subcellular localization of poliovirus VPg-precursor protein 3AB in eukaryotic cells: evidence for glycosylation in vitro. J. Virol. 68:1994;4468-4477.
77. Deitz S.B., Dodd D.A., Cooper S., Parham P., Kirkegaard K. MHC I-dependent antigen presentation is inhibited by poliovirus protein 3A. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 97:2000;13790-13795.
78. Devaney M.A., Vakharia V.N., Lloyd R.E., Ehrenfeld E., Grubman M.J. Leader protein of foot-and-mouth disease virus is required for cleavage of the p220 component of the cap-binding protein complex. J. Virol. 62:1988;4407-4409.
79. Dever T.E., Glynias M.J., Merrick W.C. GTP-binding domain: three consensus sequence elements with distinct spacing. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 84:1987;1814-1818.
80. Dmitrieva T.M., Norkina K.B., Agol V.I. Encephalomyocarditis virus RNA polymerase preparations, with and without RNA helicase activity. J. Virol. 65:1991;2714-2717.
81. Doedens J.R., Kirkegaard K. Inhibition of cellular protein secretion by poliovirus proteins 2B and 3A. EMBO J. 14:1995;894-907.
82. Doedens J.R., Giddings T.H. Jr, Kirkegaard K. Inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum-to-Golgi traffic by poliovirus protein 3A: genetic and ultrastructural analysis. J. Virol. 71:1997;9054-9064.
83. Domingo, E., Escarmis, C., Baronowski, E., Ruiz-Jarabo, C.M., Carrillo, E., Nuñez, J.I., Sobrino, F., 2003. Evolution of foot-and-mouth disease virus, Virus 91, 47-63.
84. Donnelly M.L., Gani D., Flint M., Monaghan S., Ryan M.D. The cleavage activities of aphthovirus and cardiovirus 2A proteins. J. Gen. Virol. 78:1997;13-21.
85. Donnelly M.L., Hughes L.E., Luke G., Mendoza H., ten Dam E., Gani D., Ryan M.D. The 'cleavage' activities of foot-and-mouth disease virus 2A site- directed mutants and naturally occurring '2A-like' sequences. J. Gen. Virol. 82:2001;1027-1041.
86. Donnelly M.L., Luke G., Mehrotra A., Li X., Hughes L.E., Gani D., Ryan M.D. Analysis of the aphthovirus 2A/2B polyprotein 'cleavage' mechanism indicates not a proteolytic reaction, but a novel translational effect: a putative ribosomal 'skip'. J. Gen. Virol. 82:2001;1013-1025.
87. Dorsch-Hasler K., Yogo Y., Wimmer E. Replication of picornaviruses. I. Evidence from in vitro RNA synthesis that poly(A) of the poliovirus genome is genetically coded. J. Virol. 16:1975;1512-1517.
88. Dove A.W., Racaniello V.R. Cold-adapted poliovirus mutants bypass a postentry replication block. J. Virol. 71:1997;4728-4735.
89. Duke G.M., Palmenberg A.C. Cloning and synthesis of infectious cardiovirus RNAs containing short, discrete poly(C) tracts. J. Virol. 63:1989;1822-1826.
90. Duke G.M., Osorio J.E., Palmenberg A.C. Attenuation of Mengo virus through genetic engineering of the 5′-noncoding poly(C) tract. Nature. 343:1990;474-476.
91. Duke G.M., Hoffman M.A., Palmenberg A.C. Sequence and structural elements that contribute to efficient encephalomyocarditis virus RNA translation. J. Virol. 66:1992;1602-1609.
92. Dunn C.S., Donaldson A.I. Natural adaption to pigs of a Taiwanese isolate of foot-and-mouth disease virus. Vet. Rec. 141:1997;174-175.
93. Duque H., Palmenberg A.C. Phenotypic characterization of three phylogenetically conserved stem- loop motifs in the mengovirus 3′ untranslated region. J. Virol. 75:2001;3111-3120.
94. Escarmis C., Toja M., Medina M., Domingo E. Modifications of the 5′ untranslated region of foot-and-mouth disease virus after prolonged persistence in cell culture. Virus Res. 26:1992;113-125.
95. Escarmis C., Dopazo J., Davila M., Palma E.L., Domingo E. Large deletions in the 5′-untranslated region of foot-and-mouth disease virus of serotype C. Virus Res. 35:1995;155-167.
96. Etchison D., Milburn S.C., Edery I., Sonenberg N., Hershey J.W. Inhibition of HeLa cell protein synthesis following poliovirus infection correlates with the proteolysis of a 220 000-Da polypeptide associated with eucaryotic initiation factor 3 and a cap binding protein complex. J. Biol. Chem. 257:1982;14806-14810.
97. Evans D.M., Dunn G., Minor P.D., Schild G.C., Cann A.J., Stanway G., Almond J.W., Currey K., Maizel J.V. Jr. Increased neurovirulence associated with a single nucleotide change in a noncoding region of the Sabin type 3 poliovaccine genome. Nature. 314:1985;548-550.
98. Everaert L., Vrijsen R., Boeye A. Eclipse products of poliovirus after cold-synchronized infection of HeLa cells. Virology. 171:1989;76-82.
99. Falk M.M., Grigera P.R., Bergmann I.E., Zibert A., Multhaup G., Beck E. Foot-and-mouth disease virus protease 3C induces specific proteolytic cleavage of host cell histone H3. J. Virol. 64:1990;748-756.
100. Falk M.M., Sobrino F., Beck E. VPg gene amplification correlates with infective particle formation in foot-and-mouth disease virus. J. Virol. 66:1992;2251-2260.
101. Flanegan J.B., Baltimore D. Poliovirus-specific primer-dependent RNA polymerase able to copy poly(A). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 74:1977;3677-3680.
102. Flanegan J.B., Petterson R.F., Ambros V., Hewlett N.J., Baltimore D. Covalent linkage of a protein to a defined nucleotide sequence at the 5′-terminus of virion and replicative intermediate RNAs of poliovirus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 74:1977;961-965.
103. Forss S., Schaller H. A tandem repeat gene in a picornavirus. Nucleic Acids Res. 10:1982;6441-6450.
104. Forss S., Strebel K., Beck E., Schaller H. Nucleotide sequence and genome organization of foot-and-mouth disease virus. Nucleic Acids Res. 12:1984;6587-6601.
105. Fox G., Parry N.R., Barnett P.V., McGinn B., Rowlands D.J., Brown F. The cell attachment site on foot-and-mouth disease virus includes the amino acid sequence RGD (arginine-glycine-aspartic acid). J. Gen. Virol. 70:1989;625-637.
106. Frings W., Dotzauer A. Adaptation of primate cell-adapted hepatitis A virus strain HM175 to growth in guinea pig cells is independent of mutations in the 5′-nontranslated region. J. Gen. Virol. 82:2001;597-602.
107. Fry E.E., Lea S.M., Jackson T., Newman J.W., Ellard F.M., Blakemore W.E., Abu-Ghazaleh R., Samuel A., King A.M., Stuart D.I. The structure and function of a foot-and-mouth disease virus-oligosaccharide receptor complex. EMBO J. 18:1999;543-554.
108. Gamarnik A.V., Andino R. Two functional complexes formed by KH domain containing proteins with the 5′-noncoding region of poliovirus RNA. RNA. 3:1997;882-892.
109. George M., Venkataramanan R., Pattnaik B., Sanyal A., Gurumurthy C.B., Hemadri D., Tosh C. Sequence analysis of the RNA polymerase gene of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype Asia1. Virus Genes. 22:2001;21-26.
110. Gerber K., Wimmer E., Paul A.V. Biochemical and genetic studies of the initiation of human rhinovirus 2 RNA replication: identification of a cis-replicating element in the coding sequence of 2A(pro). J. Virol. 75:2001;10979-10990.
111. Giraudo A.T., Sagedahl A., Bergmann I.E., La Torre J.L., Scodeller E.A. Isolation and characterization of recombinants between attenuated and virulent aphthovirus strains. J. Virol. 61:1987;419-425.
112. Giraudo A.T., Beck E., Strebel K., de Mello P.A., La Torre J.L., Scodeller E.A., Bergmann I.E. Identification of a nucleotide deletion in parts of polypeptide 3A in two independent attenuated aphthovirus strains. Virology. 177:1990;780-783.
113. Goodfellow I., Chaudhry Y., Richardson A., Meredith J., Almond J.W., Barclay W., Evans D.J. Identification of a cis-acting replication element within the poliovirus coding region. J. Virol. 74:2000;4590-4600.
114. Gopinath K., Wellink J., Porta C., Taylor K.M., Lomonossoff G.P., van Kammen A. Engineering cowpea mosaic virus RNA-2 into a vector to express heterologous proteins in plants. Virology. 267:2000;159-173.
115. Gorbalenya A.E., Koonin E.V. Viral proteins containing the purine NTP-binding sequence pattern. Nucleic Acids Res. 17:1989;8413-8440.
116. Gorbalenya A.E., Blinov V.M., Donchenko A.P., Koonin E.V. An NTP-binding motif is the most conserved sequence in a highly diverged monophyletic group of proteins involved in positive strand RNA viral replication. J. Mol. Evol. 28:1989;256-268.
117. Gorbalenya A.E., Donchenko A.P., Blinov V.M., Koonin E.V. Cysteine proteases of positive strand RNA viruses and chymotrypsin-like serine proteases. A distinct protein superfamily with a common structural fold. FEBS Lett. 243:1989;103-114.
118. Gorbalenya A.E., Koonin E.V., Lai M.M. Putative papain-related thiol proteases of positive-strand RNA viruses. Identification of rubi- and aphthovirus proteases and delineation of a novel conserved domain associated with proteases of rubi-, alpha- and coronaviruses. FEBS Lett. 288:1991;201-205.
119. Gosert R., Egger D., Bienz K. A cytopathic and a cell culture adapted hepatitis A virus strain differ in cell killing but not in intracellular membrane rearrangements. Virology. 266:2000;157-169.
120. Graff J., Kasang C., Normann A., Pfisterer-Hunt M., Feinstone S.M., Flehmig B. Mutational events in consecutive passages of hepatitis A virus strain GBM during cell culture adaptation. Virology. 204:1994;60-68.
121. Graff J., Normann A., Feinstone S.M., Flehmig B. Nucleotide sequence of wild-type hepatitis A virus GBM in comparison with two cell culture-adapted variants. J. Virol. 68:1994;548-554.
122. Grigera P.R., Tisminetzky S.G. Histone H3 modification in BHK cells infected with foot-and-mouth disease virus. Virology. 136:1984;10-19.
123. Groot Bramel-Verheije M.H., Rottier P.J., Meulenberg J.J. Expression of a foreign epitope by porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Virology. 278:2000;380-389.
124. Grubman M.J. The 5′-end of foot-and-mouth disease virion RNA contains a protein covalently linked to the nucleotide pUp. Arch. Virol. 63:1980;311-315.
125. Grubman M.J., Bachrach H.L. Isolation of foot-and-mouth disease virus messenger RNA from membrane- bound polyribosomes and characterization of its 5′- and 3′-termini. Virology. 98:1979;466-470.
126. Grubman M.J., Chinsangaram J. Foot-and-mouth disease virus: The role of the leader proteinase in viral pathogenesis. Recent Res. Dev. Virol. 2:2000;123-134.
127. Grubman M.J., Robertson B.H., Morgan D.O., Moore D.M., Dowbenko D. Biochemical map of polypeptides specified by foot-and-mouth disease virus. J. Virol. 50:1984;579-586.
128. Grubman M.J., Morgan D.O., Kendall J., Baxt B. Capsid intermediates assembled in a foot-and-mouth disease virus genome RNA-programmed cell-free translation system and in infected cells. J. Virol. 56:1985;120-126.
129. Grubman M.J., Zellner M., Wagner J. Antigenic comparison of the polypeptides of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotypes and other picornaviruses. Virology. 158:1987;133-140.
130. Grubman M.J., Zellner M., Bablanian G., Mason P.W., Piccone M.E. Identification of the active-site residues of the 3C proteinase of foot-and-mouth disease virus. Virology. 213:1995;581-589.
131. Guarne A., Tormo J., Kirchweger R., Pfistermueller D., Fita I., Skern T. Structure of the foot-and-mouth disease virus leader protease: a papain- like fold adapted for self-processing and eIF4G recognition. EMBO J. 17:1998;7469-7479.
132. Gutierrez A., Martinez-Salas E., Pintado B., Sobrino F. Specific inhibition of aphthovirus infection by RNAs transcribed from both the 5′- and the 3′-noncoding regions. J. Virol. 68:1994;7426-7432.
133. Guttman N., Baltimore D. Morphogenesis of poliovirus. IV. existence of particles sedimenting at 150S and having the properties of provirion. J. Virol. 23:1977;363-367.
134. Hansen J.L., Long A.M., Schultz S.C. Structure of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of poliovirus. Structure. 5:1997;1109-1122.
135. Harber J.J., Bradley J., Anderson C.W., Wimmer E. Catalysis of poliovirus VP0 maturation cleavage is not mediated by serine 10 of VP2. J. Virol. 65:1991;326-334.
136. Harris T.J., Brown F. Biochemical analysis of a virulent and an avirulent strain of foot-and-mouth disease virus. J. Gen. Virol. 34:1977;87-105.
137. Harris K.S., Xiang W., Alexander L., Lane W.S., Paul A.V., Wimmer E. Interaction of poliovirus polypeptide 3CDpro with the 5′ and 3′ termini of the poliovirus genome. Identification of viral and cellular cofactors needed for efficient binding. J. Biol. Chem. 269:1994;27004-27014.
138. He Y., Bowman V.D., Mueller S., Bator C.M., Bella J., Peng X., Baker T.S., Wimmer E., Kuhn R.J., Rossmann M.G. Interaction of the poliovirus receptor with poliovirus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 97:2000;79-84.
139. Hentze M.W. eIF4G: a multipurpose ribosome adapter. Science. 275:1997;500-501.
140. Herold J., Andino R. Poliovirus RNA replication requires genome circularization through a protein-protein bridge. Mol. Cell. 7:2001;581-591.
141. Hindiyeh M., Li Q.H., Basavappa R., Hogle J.M., Chow M. Poliovirus mutants at histidine 195 of VP2 do not cleave VP0 into VP2 and VP4. J. Virol. 73:1999;9072-9079.
142. Hobson S.D., Rosenblum E.S., Richards O.C., Richmond K., Kirkegaard K., Schultz S.C. Oligomeric structures of poliovirus polymerase are important for function. EMBO J. 20:2001;1153-1163.
143. Hoey E.M., Martin S.J. A possible precursor containing RNA of a bovine enterovirus: the provirion 11. J. Gen. Virol. 24:1974;515-524.
144. Hogle J.M., Chow M., Filman D.J. Three-dimensional structure of poliovirus at 2.9 A resolution. Science. 229:1985;1358-1365.
145. Holcik M., Sonenberg N., Korneluk R.G. Internal ribosome initiation of translation and the control of cell death. Trends Genet. 16:2000;469-473.
146. Hope D.A., Diamond S.E., Kirkegaard K. Genetic dissection of interaction between poliovirus 3D polymerase and viral protein 3AB. J. Virol. 71:1997;9490-9498.
147. Huang Y., Hogle J.M., Chow M. Is the 135S poliovirus particle an intermediate during cell entry. J. Virol. 74:2000;8757-8761.
148. Jackson T., Ellard F.M., Ghazaleh R.A., Brookes S.M., Blakemore W.E., Corteyn A.H., Stuart D.I., Newman J.W., King A.M. Efficient infection of cells in culture by type O foot-and-mouth disease virus requires binding to cell surface heparan sulfate. J. Virol. 70:1996;5282-5287.
149. Jackson T., Sheppard D., Denyer M., Blakemore W., King A.M. The epithelial integrin alphavbeta6 is a receptor for foot-and-mouth disease virus. J. Virol. 74:2000;4949-4956.
150. Jackson, T., Stuart, D.I., Fry, E., 2003. Structure and receptor binding. Virus 91, 33-46.
151. Jacobson M.F., Baltimore D. Polypeptide cleavages in the formation of poliovirus proteins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 61:1968;77-84.
152. Jang S.K., Krausslich H.G., Nicklin M.J., Duke G.M., Palmenberg A.C., Wimmer E. A segment of the 5′ nontranslated region of encephalomyocarditis virus RNA directs internal entry of ribosomes during in vitro translation. J. Virol. 62:1988;2636-2643.
153. Jecht M., Probst C., Gauss-Muller V. Membrane permeability induced by hepatitis A virus proteins 2B and 2BC and proteolytic processing of HAV 2BC. Virology. 252:1998;218-227.
154. Kaaden O.R., Adam K.H., Strohmeier K. Induction of neutralizing antibodies and immunity in vaccinated guinea pigs by cyanogen bromide-peptides of VP3 of foot-and-mouth disease virus. J. Gen. Virol. 34:1977;397-400.
155. Kawamura N., Kohara M., Abe S., Komatsu T., Tago K., Arita M., Nomoto A. Determinants in the 5′ noncoding region of poliovirus Sabin 1 RNA that influence the attenuation phenotype. J. Virol. 63:1989;1302-1309.
156. King A.M., Sangar D.V., Harris T.J., Brown F. Heterogeneity of the genome-linked protein of foot-and-mouth disease virus. J. Virol. 34:1980;627-634.
157. Kirchweger R., Ziegler E., Lamphear B.J., Waters D., Liebig H.D., Sommergruber W., Sobrino F., Hohenadl C., Blaas D., Rhoads R.E., et al. Foot-and-mouth disease virus leader proteinase: purification of the Lb form and determination of its cleavage site on eIF-4 gamma. J. Virol. 68:1994;5677-5684.
158. Kitamura N., Semler B.L., Rothberg P.G., Larsen G.R., Adler C.J., Dorner A.J., Emini E.A., Hanecak R., Lee J.J., van der Werf S., Anderson C.W., Wimmer E. Primary structure, gene organization and polypeptide expression of poliovirus RNA. Nature. 291:1981;547-553.
159. Kitson J.D., McCahon D., Belsham G.J. Sequence analysis of monoclonal antibody resistant mutants of type O foot and mouth disease virus: evidence for the involvement of the three surface exposed capsid proteins in four antigenic sites. Virology. 179:1990;26-34.
160. Kleid D.G., Yansura D., Small B., Dowbenko D., Moore D.M., Grubman M.J., McKercher P.D., Morgan D.O., Robertson B.H., Bachrach H.L. Cloned viral protein vaccine for foot-and-mouth disease: responses in cattle and swine. Science. 214:1981;1125-1129.
161. Klein M., Eggers H.J., Nelsen-Salz B. Echovirus 9 strain barty non-structural protein 2C has NTPase activity. Virus Res. 65:1999;155-160.
162. Klein M., Hadaschik D., Zimmermann H., Eggers H.J., Nelsen-Salz B. The picornavirus replication inhibitors HBB and guanidine in the echovirus-9 system: the significance of viral protein 2C. J. Gen. Virol. 81:(Pt. 4):2000;895-901.
163. Kleina L.G., Grubman M.J. Antiviral effects of a thiol protease inhibitor on foot-and-mouth disease virus. J. Virol. 66:1992;7168-7175.
164. Klump W., Marquardt O., Hofschneider P.H. Biologically active protease of foot and mouth disease virus is expressed from cloned viral cDNA in Escherichia coli. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 81:1984;3351-3355.
165. Knipe T., Rieder E., Baxt B., Ward G., Mason P.W. Characterization of synthetic foot-and-mouth disease virus provirions separates acid-mediated disassembly from infectivity. J. Virol. 71:1997;2851-2856.
166. Knowles, N.J., Samuel, A.R., 2003. Molecular epidemiology of foot-and-mouth disease virus. Virus 91, 65-80.
167. Knowles N.J., Davies P.R., Henry T., O'Donnell V., Pacheco J.M., Mason P.W. Emergence in Asia of foot-and-mouth disease viruses with altered host range: characterization of alterations in the 3A protein. J. Virol. 75:2001;1551-1556.
168. Kokuho T., Watanabe S., Yokomizo Y., Inumaru S. Production of biologically active, heterodimeric porcine interleukin-12 using a monocistronic baculoviral expression system. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 72:1999;289-302.
169. Kolatkar P.R., Bella J., Olson N.H., Bator C.M., Baker T.S., Rossmann M.G. Structural studies of two rhinovirus serotypes complexed with fragments of their cellular receptor. EMBO J. 18:1999;6249-6259.
170. Kuhn R., Luz N., Beck E. Functional analysis of the internal translation initiation site of foot-and-mouth disease virus. J. Virol. 64:1990;4625-4631.
171. Lama J., Sanz M.A., Rodriguez P.L. A role for 3AB protein in poliovirus genome replication. J. Biol. Chem. 270:1995;14430-14438.
172. Lama J., Sanz M.A., Carrasco L. Genetic analysis of poliovirus protein 3A: characterization of a non-cytopathic mutant virus defective in killing Vero cells. J. Gen. Virol. 79:1998;1911-1921.
173. Lamphear B.J., Kirchweger R., Skern T., Rhoads R.E. Mapping of functional domains in eukaryotic protein synthesis initiation factor 4G (eIF4G) with picornaviral proteases. Implications for cap-dependent and cap-independent translational initiation. J. Biol. Chem. 270:1995;21975-21983.
174. Lea S., Hernandez J., Blakemore W., Brocchi E., Curry S., Domingo E., Fry E., Abu-Ghazaleh R., King A., Newman J., et al. The structure and antigenicity of a type C foot-and-mouth disease virus. Structure. 2:1994;123-139.
175. Lee Y.F., Nomoto A., Detjen B.M., Wimmer E. A protein covalently linked to poliovirus genome RNA. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 74:1977;59-63.
176. Lee W.M., Monroe S.S., Rueckert R.R. Role of maturation cleavage in infectivity of picornaviruses: activation of an infectosome. J. Virol. 67:1993;2110-2122.
177. Leippert M., Beck E., Weiland F., Pfaff E. Point mutations within the βG-βH loop of foot-and-mouth disease virus O1K affect virus attachment to target cells. J. Virol. 71:1997;1046-1051.
178. Lemon S.M., Murphy P.C., Shields P.A., Ping L.H., Feinstone S.M., Cromeans T., Jansen R.W. Antigenic and genetic variation in cytopathic hepatitis A virus variants arising during persistent infection: evidence for genetic recombination. J. Virol. 65:1991;2056-2065.
179. Li F., Browning G.F., Studdert M.J., Crabb B.S. Equine rhinovirus 1 is more closely related to foot-and-mouth disease virus than to other picornaviruses. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 93:1996;990-995.
180. Lloyd R.E., Grubman M.J., Ehrenfeld E. Relationship of p220 cleavage during picornavirus infection to 2A proteinase sequencing. J. Virol. 62:1988;4216-4223.
181. Lobert P.E., Escriou N., Ruelle J., Michiels T. A coding RNA sequence acts as a replication signal in cardioviruses. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 96:1999;11560-11565.
182. Logan D., Abu-Ghazaleh R., Blakemore W., Curry S., Jackson T., King A., Lea S., Lewis R., Newman J., Parry N., et al. Structure of a major immunogenic site on foot-and-mouth disease virus. Nature. 362:1993;566-568.
183. Lonberg-Holm K., Whiteley N.M. Physical and metabolic requirements for early interaction of poliovirus and human rhinovirus with HeLa cells. J. Virol. 19:1976;857-870.
184. Lopez de Quinto S., Martinez-Salas E. Conserved structural motifs located in distal loops of aphthovirus internal ribosome entry site domain 3 are required for internal initiation of translation. J. Virol. 71:1997;4171-4175.
185. Lopez de Quinto S., Martinez-Salas E. Involvement of the aphthovirus RNA region located between the two functional AUGs in start codon selection. Virology. 255:1999;324-336.
186. Lopez de Quinto S., Martinez-Salas E. Interaction of the eIF4G initiation factor with the aphthovirus IRES is essential for internal translation initiation in vivo. RNA. 6:2000;1380-1392.
187. Lopez de Quinto S., Lafuente E., Martinez-Salas E. IRES interaction with translation initiation factors: functional characterization of novel RNA contacts with eIF3, eIF4B, and eIF4GII. RNA. 7:2001;1213-1226.
188. Lowe P.A., Brown F. Isolation of a soluble and template-dependent foot-and-mouth disease virus RNA polymerase. Virology. 111:1981;23-32.
189. Lubroth J., Brown F. Identification of native foot-and-mouth disease virus non-structural protein 2C as a serological indicator to differentiate infected from vaccinated livestock. Res. Vet. Sci. 59:1995;70-78.
190. Luo M., Vriend G., Kamer G., Minor I., Arnold E., Rossmann M.G., Boege U., Scraba D.G., Duke G.M., Palmenberg A.C. The atomic structure of Mengo virus at 3.0 Å resolution. Science. 235:1987;182-191.
191. Luz N., Beck E. A cellular 57 kDa protein binds to two regions of the internal translation initiation site of foot-and-mouth disease virus. FEBS Lett. 269:1990;311-314.
192. Luz N., Beck E. Interaction of a cellular 57-kDa protein with the internal translation initiation site of foot-and-mouth disease virus. J. Virol. 65:1991;6486-6494.
193. Macejak D.G., Sarnow P. Internal initiation of translation mediated by the 5′ leader of a cellular mRNA. Nature. 353:1991;90-94.
194. Marc D., Girard M., van der Werf S. A Gly1 to Ala substitution in poliovirus capsid protein VP0 blocks its myristoylation and prevents viral assembly. J. Gen. Virol. 72:1991;1151-1157.
195. Marongiu M.E., Pani A., Corrias M.V., Sau M., La Colla P. Poliovirus morphogenesis. I. Identification of 80S dissociable particles and evidence for the artifactual production of procapsids. J. Virol. 39:1981;341-347.
196. Martinez M.A., Verdaguer N., Mateu M.G., Domingo E. Evolution subverting essentiality: dispensability of the cell attachment Arg-Gly-Asp motif in multiply passaged foot-and-mouth disease virus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 94:1997;6798-6802.
197. Martinez-Salas E., Ortin J., Domingo E. Sequence of the viral replicase gene from foot-and-mouth disease virus C1-Santa Pau (C-S8). Gene. 35:1985;55-61.
198. Martinez-Salas E., Saiz J.C., Davila M., Belsham G.J., Domingo E. A single nucleotide substitution in the internal ribosome entry site of foot-and-mouth disease virus leads to enhanced cap-independent translation in vivo. J. Virol. 67:1993;3748-3755.
199. Martinez-Salas E., Ramos R., Lafuente E., Lopez de Quinto S. Functional interactions in internal translation initiation directed by viral and cellular IRES elements. J. Gen. Virol. 82:2001;973-984.
200. Mason P.W., Baxt B., Brown F., Harber J., Murdin A., Wimmer E. Antibody-complexed foot-and-mouth disease virus, but not poliovirus, can infect normally insusceptible cells via the Fc receptor. Virology. 192:1993;568-577.
201. Mason P.W., Rieder E., Baxt B. RGD sequence of foot-and-mouth disease virus is essential for infecting cells via the natural receptor but can be bypassed by an antibody-dependent enhancement pathway. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 91:1994;1932-1936.
202. Mason P.W., Piccone M.E., McKenna T.S., Chinsangaram J., Grubman M.J. Evaluation of a live-attenuated foot-and-mouth disease virus as a vaccine candidate. Virology. 227:1997;96-102.
203. Mason P.W., Bezborodova S.V., Henry T.M. Identification and characterization of a cis-acting replication element (cre) adjacent to the internal ribosome entry site of foot-and-mouth disease virus. J. Virol. 76:2002;9686-9694.
204. Mateu M.G. Antibody recognition of picornaviruses and escape from neutralization: a structural view. Virus Res. 38:1995;1-24.
205. Mateu M.G., Hernandez J., Martinez M.A., Feigelstock D., Lea S., Perez J.J., Giralt E., Stuart D., Palma E.L., Domingo E. Antigenic heterogeneity of a foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype in the field is mediated by very limited sequence variation at several antigenic sites. J. Virol. 68:1994;1407-1417.
206. Matthews D.A., Smith W.W., Ferre R.A., Condon B., Budahazi G., Sisson W., Villafranca J.E., Janson C.A., McElroy H.E., Gribskov C.L., et al. Structure of human rhinovirus 3C protease reveals a trypsin-like polypeptide fold, RNA-binding site, and means for cleaving precursor polyprotein. Cell. 77:1994;761-771.
207. Mattion N.M., Harnish E.C., Crowley J.C., Reilly P.A. Foot-and-mouth disease virus 2A protease mediates cleavage in attenuated Sabin 3 poliovirus vectors engineered for delivery of foreign antigens. J. Virol. 70:1996;8124-8127.
208. McCullough K.C., Crowther J.R., Carpenter W.C., Brocchi E., Capucci L., De Simone F., Xie Q., McCahon D. Epitopes on foot-and-mouth disease virus particles. I. Topology. Virology. 157:1987;516-525.
209. McKenna T.S., Lubroth J., Rieder E., Baxt B., Mason P.W. Receptor binding site-deleted foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus protects cattle from FMD. J. Virol. 69:1995;5787-5790.
210. McKnight K.L., Lemon S.M. Capsid coding sequence is required for efficient replication of human rhinovirus 14 RNA. J. Virol. 70:1996;1941-1952.
211. McKnight K.L., Lemon S.M. The rhinovirus type 14 genome contains an internally located RNA structure that is required for viral replication. RNA. 4:1998;1569-1584.
212. Medina M., Domingo E., Brangwyn J.K., Belsham G.J. The two species of the foot-and-mouth disease virus leader protein, expressed individually, exhibit the same activities. Virology. 194:1993;355-359.
213. Melchers W.J., Hoenderop J.G., Bruins Slot H.J., Pleij C.W., Pilipenko E.V., Agol V.I., Galama J.M. Kissing of the two predominant hairpin loops in the coxsackie B virus 3′ untranslated region is the essential structural feature of the origin of replication required for negative-strand RNA synthesis. J. Virol. 71:1997;686-696.
214. Meyer K., Petersen A., Niepmann M., Beck E. Interaction of eukaryotic initiation factor eIF-4B with a picornavirus internal translation initiation site. J. Virol. 69:1995;2819-2824.
215. Moore D.M., Cowan K.M. Effect of trypsin and chymotrypsin on the polypeptides of large and small plaque variants of foot-and-mouth disease virus: relationship to specific antigenicity and infectivity. J. Gen. Virol. 41:1978;549-562.
216. Morace G., Pisani G., Beneduce F., Divizia M., Pana A. Mutations in the 3A genomic region of two cytopathic strains of hepatitis A virus isolated in Italy. Virus Res. 28:1993;187-194.
217. Morgan D.O., Moore D.M., McKercher P.D. Purification of foot-and-mouth disease virus infection-associated antigen. Proc. Annu. Meet. US Anim. Health Assoc. 82:1978;277-283.
218. Moscufo N., Simons J., Chow M. Myristoylation is important at multiple stages in poliovirus assembly. J. Virol. 65:1991;2372-2380.
219. Moss E.G., O'Neill R.E., Racaniello V.R. Mapping of attenuating sequences of an avirulent poliovirus type 2 strain. J. Virol. 63:1989;1884-1890.
220. Muckelbauer J.K., Kremer M., Minor I., Diana G., Dutko F.J., Groarke J., Pevear D.C., Rossmann M.G. The structure of coxsackievirus B3 at 3.5 Å resolution. Structure. 3:1995;653-667.
221. 3 as its receptor. J. Virol. 72:1998;3587-3594.
222. 3 as a receptor for foot-and-mouth disease virus is dependent on the bovine β(3) subunit. J. Virol. 74:2000;7298-7306.
223. Newman J.F., Cartwright B., Doel T.R., Brown F. Purification and identification of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of foot-and-mouth disease virus. J. Gen. Virol. 45:1979;497-507.
224. Newton S.E., Carroll A.R., Campbell R.O., Clarke B.E., Rowlands D.J. The sequence of foot-and-mouth disease virus RNA to the 5′ side of the poly(C) tract. Gene. 40:1985;331-336.
225. Nugent C.I., Johnson K.L., Sarnow P., Kirkegaard K. Functional coupling between replication and packaging of poliovirus replicon RNA. J. Virol. 73:1999;427-435.
226. Nunez J.I., Baranowski E., Molina N., Ruiz-Jarabo C.M., Sanchez C., Domingo E., Sobrino F. A single amino acid substitution in nonstructural protein 3A can mediate adaptation of foot-and-mouth disease virus to the guinea pig. J. Virol. 75:2001;3977-3983.
227. O'Donnell V.K., Pacheco J.M., Henry T.M., Mason P.W. Subcellular distribution of the foot-and-mouth disease virus 3A protein in cells infected with viruses encoding wild-type and bovine-attenuated forms of 3A. Virology. 287:2001;151-162.
228. Ochs K., Rust R.C., Niepmann M. Translation initiation factor eIF4B interacts with a picornavirus internal ribosome entry site in both 48S and 80S initiation complexes independently of initiator AUG location. J. Virol. 73:1999;7505-7514.
229. Onodera S., Phillips B.A. A novel method for obtaining poliovirus 14S pentamers from procapsids and their self-assembly into virus-like shells. Virology. 159:1987;278-287.
230. Palmenberg A.C. Proteolytic processing of picornaviral polyprotein. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 44:1990;603-623.
231. Palmenberg A.C., Parks G.D., Hall D.J., Ingraham R.H., Seng T.W., Pallai P.V. Proteolytic processing of the cardioviral P2 region: primary 2A/2B cleavage in clone-derived precursors. Virology. 190:1992;754-762.
232. Pata J.D., Schultz S.C., Kirkegaard K. Functional oligomerization of poliovirus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. RNA. 1:1995;466-477.
233. Pelham H.R. Translation of encephalomyocarditis virus RNA in vitro yields an active proteolytic processing enzyme. Eur. J. Biochem. 85:1978;457-462.
234. Pelletier J., Sonenberg N. Internal initiation of translation of eukaryotic mRNA directed by a sequence derived from poliovirus RNA. Nature. 334:1988;320-325.
235. Percy N., Barclay W.S., Garcia-Sastre A., Palese P. Expression of a foreign protein by influenza A virus. J. Virol. 68:1994;4486-4492.
236. Pestova T.V., Hellen C.U., Shatsky I.N. Canonical eukaryotic initiation factors determine initiation of translation by internal ribosomal entry. Mol. Cell. Biol. 16:1996;6859-6869.
237. Pestova T.V., Shatsky I.N., Hellen C.U. Functional dissection of eukaryotic initiation factor 4F: the 4A subunit and the central domain of the 4G subunit are sufficient to mediate internal entry of 43S preinitiation complexes. Mol. Cell. Biol. 16:1996;6870-6878.
238. Pestova T.V., Kolupaeva V.G., Lomakin I.B., Pilipenko E.V., Shatsky I.N., Agol V.I., Hellen C.U. Molecular mechanisms of translation initiation in eukaryotes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 98:2001;7029-7036.
239. Pfister T., Wimmer E. Characterization of the nucleoside triphosphatase activity of poliovirus protein 2C reveals a mechanism by which guanidine inhibits poliovirus replication. J. Biol. Chem. 274:1999;6992-7001.
240. Pfaff E., Mussgay M., Bohm H.O., Schulz G.E., Schaller H. Antibodies against a preselected peptide recognize and neutralize foot and mouth disease virus. EMBO J. 1:1982;869-874.
241. Pfaff E., Thiel H.J., Beck E., Strohmaier K., Schaller H. Analysis of neutralizing epitopes on foot-and-mouth disease virus. J. Virol. 62:1988;2033-2040.
242. Pfister T., Jones K.W., Wimmer E. A cysteine-rich motif in poliovirus protein 2C(ATPase) is involved in RNA replication and binds zinc in vitro. J. Virol. 74:2000;334-343.
243. Piccone M.E., Rieder E., Mason P.W., Grubman M.J. The foot-and-mouth disease virus leader proteinase gene is not required for viral replication. J. Virol. 69:1995;5376-5382.
244. Piccone M.E., Zellner M., Kumosinski T.F., Mason P.W., Grubman M.J. Identification of the active-site residues of the L proteinase of foot-and-mouth disease virus. J. Virol. 69:1995;4950-4956.
245. Pierschbacher M.D., Ruoslahti E. Variants of the cell recognition site of fibronectin that retain attachment-promoting activity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 81:1984;5985-5988.
246. Pilipenko E.V., Blinov V.M., Chernov B.K., Dmitrieva T.M., Agol V.I. Conservation of the secondary structure elements of the 5′-untranslated region of cardio- and aphthovirus RNAs. Nucleic Acids Res. 17:1989;5701-5711.
247. Pilipenko E.V., Blinov V.M., Romanova L.I., Sinyakov A.N., Maslova S.V., Agol V.I. Conserved structural domains in the 5′-untranslated region of picornaviral genomes: an analysis of the segment controlling translation and neurovirulence. Virology. 168:1989;201-209.
248. Pilipenko E.V., Gmyl A.P., Maslova S.V., Svitkin Y.V., Sinyakov A.N., Agol V.I. Prokaryotic-like cis-elements in the cap-independent internal initiation of translation on picornavirus RNA. Cell. 68:1992;119-131.
249. Pilipenko E.V., Maslova S.V., Sinyakov A.N., Agol V.I. Towards identification of cis-acting elements involved in the replication of enterovirus and rhinovirus RNAs: a proposal for the existence of tRNA-like terminal structures. Nucleic Acids Res. 20:1992;1739-1745.
250. Pilipenko E.V., Poperechny K.V., Maslova S.V., Melchers W.J., Slot H.J., Agol V.I. Cis-element, oriR, involved in the initiation of (-) strand poliovirus RNA: a quasi-globular multi-domain RNA structure maintained by tertiary ('kissing') interactions. EMBO J. 15:1996;5428-5436.
251. Pilipenko E.V., Pestova T.V., Kolupaeva V.G., Khitrina E.V., Poperechnaya A.N., Agol V.I., Hellen C.U. A cell cycle-dependent protein serves as a template-specific translation initiation factor. Genes Dev. 14:2000;2028-2045.
252. Pincus S.E., Wimmer E. Production of guanidine-resistant and -dependent poliovirus mutants from cloned cDNA: mutations in polypeptide 2C are directly responsible for altered guanidine sensitivity. J. Virol. 60:1986;793-796.
253. Pincus S.E., Diamond D.C., Emini E.A., Wimmer E. Guanidine-selected mutants of poliovirus: mapping of point mutations to polypeptide 2C. J. Virol. 57:1986;638-646.
254. Polatnick J. Isolation of a foot-and-mouth disease polyuridylic acid polymerase and its inhibition by antibody. J. Virol. 33:1980;774-779.
255. Polatnick J., Arlinghaus R.B. Foot-and-mouth disease virus-induced ribonucleic acid polymerase in baby hamster kidney cells. Virology. 31:1967;601-608.
256. Polatnick J., Wool S.H. Association of foot-and-mouth disease virus induced RNA polymerase with host cell organelles. Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 6:1983;265-272.
257. Polatnick J., Wool S.H. Correlation of surface and internal ultrastructural changes in cells infected with foot-and-mouth disease virus. Can. J. Comp. Med. 47:1983;440-444.
258. Polatnick J., Arlinghaus R.B., Graves J.H., Cowan K.M. Inhibition of cell-free foot-and-mouth disease virus-ribonucleic acid synthesis by antibody. Virology. 31:1967;609-615.
259. Putnak J.R., Phillips B.A. Differences between poliovirus empty capsids formed in vivo and those formed in vitro: a role for the morphopoietic factor. J. Virol. 40:1981;173-183.
260. Ramos R., Martinez-Salas E. Long-range RNA interactions between structural domains of the aphthovirus internal ribosome entry site (IRES). RNA. 5:1999;1374-1383.
261. Raychaudhuri G., Govindarajan S., Shapiro M., Purcell R.H., Emerson S.U. Utilization of chimeras between human (HM-175) and simian (AGM-27) strains of hepatitis A virus to study the molecular basis of virulence. J. Virol. 72:1998;7467-7475.
262. Reynolds J.E., Kaminski A., Kettinen H.J., Grace K., Clarke B.E., Carroll A.R., Rowlands D.J., Jackson R.J. Unique features of internal initiation of hepatitis C virus RNA translation. EMBO J. 14:1995;6010-6020.
263. Richards O.C., Ehrenfeld E. Effects of poliovirus 3AB protein on 3D polymerase-catalyzed reaction. J. Biol. Chem. 273:1998;12832-12840.
264. Rieder E., Bunch T., Brown F., Mason P.W. Genetically engineered foot-and-mouth disease viruses with poly(C) tracts of two nucleotides are virulent in mice. J. Virol. 67:1993;5139-5145.
265. Rieder E., Berinstein A., Baxt B., Kang A., Mason P.W. Propagation of an attenuated virus by design: engineering a novel receptor for a noninfectious foot-and-mouth disease virus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 93:1996;10428-10433.
266. Rivera V.M., Welsh J.D., Maizel J.V. Jr. Comparative sequence analysis of the 5′ noncoding region of the enteroviruses and rhinoviruses. Virology. 165:1988;42-50.
267. Roberts P.J., Belsham G.J. Identification of critical amino acids within the foot-and-mouth disease virus leader protein, a cysteine protease. Virology. 213:1995;140-146.
268. Robertson B.H., Moore D.M., Grubman M.J., Kleid D.G. Identification of an exposed region of the immunogenic capsid polypeptide VP1 on foot-and-mouth disease virus. J. Virol. 46:1983;311-316.
269. Robertson B.H., Morgan D.O., Moore D.M., Grubman M.J., Card J., Fischer T., Weddell G., Dowbenko D., Yansura D. Identification of amino acid and nucleotide sequence of the foot-and-mouth disease virus RNA polymerase. Virology. 126:1983;614-623.
270. Robertson B.H., Grubman M.J., Weddell G.N., Moore D.M., Welsh J.D., Fischer T., Dowbenko D.J., Yansura D.G., Small B., Kleid D.G. Nucleotide and amino acid sequence coding for polypeptides of foot-and-mouth disease virus type A12. J. Virol. 54:1985;651-660.
271. Rodriguez P.L., Carrasco L. Poliovirus protein 2C has ATPase and GTPase activities. J. Biol. Chem. 268:1993;8105-8110.
272. Rohll J.B., Moon D.H., Evans D.J., Almond J.W. The 3′ untranslated region of picornavirus RNA: features required for efficient genome replication. J. Virol. 69:1995;7835-7844.
273. Rombaut B., Foriers A., Boeye A. In vitro assembly of poliovirus 14S subunits: identification of the assembly promoting activity of infected cell extracts. Virology. 180:1991;781-787.
274. Rossmann M.G., Arnold E., Erickson J.W., Frankenberger E.A., Griffith J.P., Hecht H.J., Johnson J.E., Kamer G., Luo M., Mosser A.G., et al. Structure of a human common cold virus and functional relationship to other picornaviruses. Nature. 317:1985;145-153.
275. Rueckert R.R. Picornaviridae: the viruses and their replication. Fields B.N., Knipe D.M., Howley P.H. Field's Virology. 1996;609-654 Lippincott-Raven Publishers, Philadelphia and New York.
276. Rueckert R.R., Wimmer E. Systematic nomenclature of picornavirus proteins. J. Virol. 50:1984;957-959.
277. Rust R.C., Ochs K., Meyer K., Beck E., Niepmann M. Interaction of eukaryotic initiation factor eIF4B with the internal ribosome entry site of foot-and-mouth disease virus is independent of the polypyrimidine tract-binding protein. J. Virol. 73:1999;6111-6113.
278. Ryan M.D., Drew J. Foot-and-mouth disease virus 2A oligopeptide mediated cleavage of an artificial polyprotein. EMBO J. 13:1994;928-933.
279. Ryan M.D., Belsham G.J., King A.M. Specificity of enzyme-substrate interactions in foot-and-mouth disease virus polyprotein processing. Virology. 173:1989;35-45.
280. Ryan M.D., King A.M., Thomas G.P. Cleavage of foot-and-mouth disease virus polyprotein is mediated by residues located within a 19 amino acid sequence. J. Gen. Virol. 72:1991;2727-2732.
281. Ryman K.D., Klimstra W.B., Nguyen K.B., Biron C.A., Johnston R.E. Alpha/beta interferon protects adult mice from fatal Sindbis virus infection and is an important determinant of cell and tissue tropism. J. Virol. 74:2000;3366-3378.
282. Sa-Carvalho D., Rieder E., Baxt B., Rodarte R., Tanuri A., Mason P.W. Tissue culture adaptation of foot-and-mouth disease virus selects viruses that bind to heparin and are attenuated in cattle. J. Virol. 71:1997;5115-5123.
283. Sagedahl A., Giraudo A.T., De Mello P.A., Bergmann I.E., La Torre J.L., Scodeller E.A. Biochemical characterization of an aphthovirus type C3 strain Resende attenuated for cattle by serial passages in chicken embryos. Virology. 157:1987;366-374.
284. Saiz M., Gomez S., Martinez-Salas E., Sobrino F. Deletion or substitution of the aphthovirus 3′ NCR abrogates infectivity and virus replication. J. Gen. Virol. 82:2001;93-101.
285. Saleh L., Rust R.C., Fullkrug R., Beck E., Bassili G., Ochs K., Niepmann M. Functional interaction of translation initiation factor eIF4G with the foot-and-mouth disease virus internal ribosome entry site. J. Gen. Virol. 82:2001;757-763.
286. Sangar D.V., Rowlands D.J., Harris T.J., Brown F. Protein covalently linked to foot-and-mouth disease virus RNA. Nature. 268:1977;648-650.
287. Sangar D.V., Newton S.E., Rowlands D.J., Clarke B.E. All foot and mouth disease virus serotypes initiate protein synthesis at two separate AUGs. Nucleic Acids Res. 15:1987;3305-3315.
288. Saunders K., King A.M. Guanidine-resistant mutants of aphthovirus induce the synthesis of an altered nonstructural polypeptide, P34. J. Virol. 42:1982;389-394.
289. Saunders K., King A.M., McCahon D., Newman J.W., Slade W.R., Forss S. Recombination and oligonucleotide analysis of guanidine-resistant foot-and-mouth disease virus mutants. J. Virol. 56:1985;921-929.
290. Schlegel A., Giddings T.H. Jr, Ladinsky M.S., Kirkegaard K. Cellular origin and ultrastructure of membranes induced during poliovirus infection. J. Virol. 70:1996;6576-6588.
291. Sekiguchi K., Franke A.J., Baxt B. Competition for cellular receptor sites among selected aphthoviruses. Arch. Virol. 74:1982;53-64.
292. Sellers R.F. Multiplication, interferon production and sensitivity of virulent and attenuated strains of the virus of foot-and-mouth disease. Nature. 198:1963;1228-1229.
293. Skinner M.A., Racaniello V.R., Dunn G., Cooper J., Minor P.D., Almond J.W. New model for the secondary structure of the 5′ non-coding RNA of poliovirus is supported by biochemical and genetic data that also show that RNA secondary structure is important in neurovirulence. J. Mol. Biol. 207:1989;379-392.
294. Stewart S.R., Semler B.L. RNA determinants of picornavirus cap-independent translation initiation. Semin. Virol. 8:1997;242-255.
295. Strebel K., Beck E. A second protease of foot-and-mouth disease virus. J. Virol. 58:1986;893-899.
296. Strohmaier K., Franze R., Adam K.H. Location and characterization of the antigenic portion of the FMDV immunizing protein. J. Gen. Virol. 59:1982;295-306.
297. Stuart D. Viruses. Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. 3:1993;167-174.
298. Suhy D.A., Giddings T.H. Jr, Kirkegaard K. Remodeling the endoplasmic reticulum by poliovirus infection and by individual viral proteins: an autophagy-like origin for virus-induced vesicles. J. Virol. 74:2000;8953-8965.
299. Tamkun J.W., DeSimone D.W., Fonda D., Patel R.S., Buck C., Horwitz A.F., Hynes R.O. Structure of integrin, a glycoprotein involved in the transmembrane linkage between fibronectin and actin. Cell. 46:1986;271-282.
300. Tesar M., Marquardt O. Foot-and-mouth disease virus protease 3C inhibits cellular transcription and mediates cleavage of histone H3. Virology. 174:1990;364-374.
301. Tesar M., Berger H.G., Marquardt O. Serological probes for some foot-and-mouth disease virus nonstructural proteins. Virus Genes. 3:1989;29-44.
302. Teterina N.L., Egger D., Bienz K., Brown D.M., Semler B.L., Ehrenfeld E. Requirements for assembly of poliovirus replication complexes and negative-strand RNA synthesis. J. Virol. 75:2001;3841-3850.
303. Todd S., Towner J.S., Brown D.M., Semler B.L. Replication-competent picornaviruses with complete genomic RNA 3′ noncoding region deletions. J. Virol. 71:1997;8868-8874.
304. Tsang S.K., McDermott B.M., Racaniello V.R., Hogle J.M. Kinetic analysis of the effect of poliovirus receptor on viral uncoating: the receptor as a catalyst. J. Virol. 75:2001;4984-4989.
305. Vakharia V.N., Devaney M.A., Moore D.M., Dunn J.J., Grubman M.J. Proteolytic processing of foot-and-mouth disease virus polyproteins expressed in a cell-free system from clone-derived transcripts. J. Virol. 61:1987;3199-3207.
306. van Kuppeveld F.J., Hoenderop J.G., Smeets R.L., Willems P.H., Dijkman H.B., Galama J.M., Melchers W.J. Coxsackievirus protein 2B modifies endoplasmic reticulum membrane and plasma membrane permeability and facilitates virus release. EMBO J. 16:1997;3519-3532.
307. van Kuppeveld F.J., Melchers W.J., Kirkegaard K., Doedens J.R. Structure-function analysis of coxsackie B3 virus protein 2B. Virology. 227:1997;111-118.
308. Verdaguer N., Mateu M.G., Bravo J., Domingo E., Fita I. Induced pocket to accommodate the cell attachment Arg-Gly-Asp motif in a neutralizing antibody against foot-and-mouth-disease virus. J. Mol. Biol. 256:1996;364-376.
309. Verdaguer N., Sevilla N., Valero M.L., Stuart D., Brocchi E., Andreu D., Giralt E., Domingo E., Mateu M.G., Fita I. A similar pattern of interaction for different antibodies with a major antigenic site of foot-and-mouth disease virus: implications for intratypic antigenic variation. J. Virol. 72:1998;739-748.
310. Verlinden Y., Cuconati A., Wimmer E., Rombaut B. Cell-free synthesis of poliovirus: 14S subunits are the key intermediates in the encapsidation of poliovirus RNA. J. Gen. Virol. 81:(Pt. 11):2000;2751-2754.
311. Villaverde A., Martinez-Salas E., Domingo E. 3D gene of foot-and-mouth disease virus. Conservation by convergence of average sequences. J. Mol. Biol. 204:1988;771-776.
312. Weber S., Granzow H., Weiland F., Marquardt O. Intracellular membrane proliferation in E. coli induced by foot-and mouth- disease virus 3A gene products. Virus Genes. 12:1996;5-14.
313. Wimmer E. Genome-linked proteins of viruses. Cell. 28:1982;199-201.
314. Wutz G., Auer H., Nowotny N., Grosse B., Skern T., Kuechler E. Equine rhinovirus serotypes 1 and 2: relationship to each other and to aphthoviruses and cardioviruses. J. Gen. Virol. 77:1996;1719-1730.
315. Xiang W., Harris K.S., Alexander L., Wimmer E. Interaction between the 5′-terminal cloverleaf and 3AB/3CDpro of poliovirus is essential for RNA replication. J. Virol. 69:1995;3658-3667.
316. Xiang W., Cuconati A., Hope D., Kirkegaard K., Wimmer E. Complete protein linkage map of poliovirus P3 proteins: interaction of polymerase 3Dpol with VPg and with genetic variants of 3AB. J. Virol. 72:1998;6732-6741.
317. Xiao C., Bator C.M., Bowman V.D., Rieder E., He Y., Hebert B., Bella J., Baker T.S., Wimmer E., Kuhn R.J., Rossmann M.G. Interaction of coxsackievirus A21 with its cellular receptor, ICAM-1. J. Virol. 75:2001;2444-2451.
318. Xie Q.C., McCahon D., Crowther J.R., Belsham G.J., McCullough K.C. Neutralization of foot-and-mouth disease virus can be mediated through any of at least three separate antigenic sites. J. Gen. Virol. 68:1987;1637-1647.
319. Yafal A.G., Palma E.L. Morphogenesis of foot-and-mouth disease virus. I. Role of procapsids as virion precursors. J. Virol. 30:1979;643-649.
320. Yalamanchili P., Weidman K., Dasgupta A. Cleavage of transcriptional activator Oct-1 by poliovirus encoded protease 3Cpro. Virology. 239:1997;176-185.
321. Yang P.C., Chu R.M., Chung W.B., Sung H.T. Epidemiological characteristics and financial costs of the 1997 foot-and-mouth disease epidemic in Taiwan. Vet. Rec. 145:1999;731-734.
322. Ypma-Wong M.F., Dewalt P.G., Johnson V.H., Lamb J.G., Semler B.L. Protein 3CD is the major poliovirus proteinase responsible for cleavage of the P1 capsid precursor. Virology. 166:1988;265-270.
323. Zibert A., Maass G., Strebel K., Falk M.M., Beck E. Infectious foot-and-mouth disease virus derived from a cloned full-length cDNA. J. Virol. 64:1990;2467-2473.
324. Ziegler E., Borman A.M., Kirchweger R., Skern T., Kean K.M. Foot-and-mouth disease virus Lb proteinase can stimulate rhinovirus and enterovirus IRES-driven translation and cleave several proteins of cellular and viral origin. J. Virol. 69:1995;3465-3474.